{% > : te 
; aie Te 


» is 


> 


~ 
Ym 


Return this book on or before the 
Latest Date Stamped below. 


University of Illinois Library 


L161—H41 


A DICTIONARY 


OF THE LEADING 


TECHNICAL*®AND TRADE TERMS 


OF 


Architectural Design and Building Construction. 


BEING PRACTICAL DESCRIPTIONS, WITH TECHNICAL DETAILS OF 
THE DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTS CONNECTED 
WITH THE VARIOUS SUBJECTS. 


WITH DERIVATIONS OF AND FRENCH AND GERMAN EQUIVALENTS 
OR SYNONYMS FOR THE VARIOUS TERMS. 


BY THE 
EDITOR OF ‘‘ THE INDUSTRIAL SELF-INSTRUCTOR,’’ 


COPIOUSLY ILLUSTRATED WITH EXPLANATORY DIAGRAMS. 


WARD, LOCK AND CO, 
LONDON, NEW YORK, AND MELBOURNE. 


[All rights reserved. } 


TECHNICAL EDUCATION FOR THE PEOPLE, 


In five vols., demy 4to, cl. gilt, 7s. 6d. each. 
THE INDUSTRIAL SELF-INSTRUCTOR in 


the leading branches of TECHNICAL SCIENCE and 
INDUSTRIAL ARTS and PRocEssEs. With Coloured 
Plates, and many Hundreds of Working Draw- 
ings, Designs and Diagrams. 


‘‘ Promises to be one of the most useful books ever issued 
from the British press.”"—FREEMAN’S JOURNAL. 


WARD, LOCK AND Co., 
LONDON, NEW YORK AND MELBOURNE. 


awet 30, a et a iaceeer a 


PREFACE. 


INASMUCH as in the introductory matter information is given on the various 
points which it is necessary the reader should know in relation to the plan 
on which the work is based, its scope and scheme, little needs to be said here 
by way of preface, further than this. That the matter originally appeared 
in the Technical Journal and Industrial Self-Instructor, as embracing the 
leading terms in one of the classes of technical knowledge and practice, this 
class taking up only those terms connected with Architectural Design and 
Building Construction. Forming thus part of a general scheme, the number 
of terms was at first greatly restricted, as a certain space only could be given 
to the class. But from the interest which the matter of the Dictionary 
created, and from the practically useful purpose which it was obviously 


' fulfilling, it was ultimately determined to conclude the work with a series 


of additional terms. This gave a completeness to the Dictionary, embracing, 
as it then did, nearly if not quite the whole of the terms connected with 
Architectural Design and Building Construction. In this way the volume 
has assumed its present form, affording a facility for ready reference in 
ascertaining the meaning of the trade terms in one of the leading branches 
of technical knowledge. This arrangement left other branches—such, for 
example, as that connected with Mechanical Engineering and Machine Making 
—to be treated in the same way, but designed to form separate volumes for 
ready reference, suitable for both practical men and general readers. 


SUA glance at the pages of the present volume, and a perusal of the intro- 


4 
: 
w 


ductory matter presently to be given, will show the intelligent reader that 
they make up not merely a dictionary or glossary giving the general and 
accepted meaning of the term. It is this, but something more is added ; and 
added, we believe, for the first time in a work of the kind. For, in place of 
a very brief, bald explanation of the term, a concise description is given 
of leading points of the subject, not only interesting but practically useful 
in character. To this is added, whenever the origin of the term will throw, 


Kas it very frequently does, a practical light on the subject which it indicates 


* 


ii (THY As 


or with which it is connected, the derivation or linguistic root of the term. 


vi PREFACE. 


Still further to add to the utility of the work, the synonyms or equivalents in 
the French and German languages of the various terms are given. For 
the Technical Dictionary, as now presented to the reader, a reasonably fair 
claim, then, at once for novelty in its scope and scheme and for completeness 
in the way in which that scheme has been realised, may with all modesty 
be made. To aver that no mistakes have crept into its pages, that no 
omissions have been made in their matter, would be to claim for it a 
perfection which does not fall to the lot of the work of human hands. At 
the same time it may be permitted us to say that every effort—including a 
patient research of which if its extent or range and the time it occupied 
were named might surprise some readers—has been made to insure accuracy 
and completeness. In conclusion, and in view of what has been here and 
will in the introductory matter be presently given, the Editor may express 
the hope that the volume as it now appears will prove to be of some practical] 
value to the increased and daily increasing numbers of those who take an 
interest in technical and trade subjects connected with the important 
departments of Architecture and of Building Construction. 


DNC Dee GT Ornh ay G 


Many circumstances have conspired during recent years to give to technical 
work and processes, and the sciences on which these are based, a prominence, 
and a place in the regard of the community generally, which only a compara- 
tively short time ago but few even of the most sanguine could have expected 
—fewer still could have foretold. From a variety of causes too numerous to 
name here, scientific investigation has been pushed forward with so much 
vigour, has entered a domain at once so new and so wide, that discoveries 
marked and numerous have been made, which, applied to practical work, 
have opened up new classes of labour that have given employment to vast 
numbers of workers and demanded the application of enormous capital. 
Following upon this new vitality in applied science, and in large measure 
created by it, came an increased desire for scientific knowledge, leading in 
time to a wider range of scientific literature. And as the discovery of new 
processes, of new materials, and of new and improved methods of making 
and working old materials, brought into existence new trade names and 
technical terms, scientific literature became of necessity marked by the 
frequency with which these were used. And in process of time, and as an 
almost necessary consequence of the increased facilities afforded by jour- 
nalism, the desire to give readers information on new industrial processes, 
and of readers to have this, the columns of current literature began to 
be invaded, so to say, by a host of scientific names and technical and 
trade terms, the great majority of which might be said to be altogether 
unknown to the wide circle of general readers. It was only through the 
context, or perhaps, as in many instances, by some remark made by the 
writer, that their meaning could be guessed at ; but, like many guesses, the 
conjectures were at the best vague and unsatisfactory. And when readers 
of a higher because more inquiring class, anxious to know what the terms 
were which they so frequently met with in current literature, turned to the 
ordinary dictionaries as the likely sources of information, they only turned 
to them to be in the main disappointed. Nor is the reason for this disap- 
pointing deficiency far to seek. It is not merely the fact that many of the 
terms of applied science and of general technical and industrial work are of 
such recent introduction that it is only the newly published dictionaries of 
the ordinary class which can possibly give them, but it is this other fact— 
that the technical and trade terms are, from the causes above alluded to, 
so exceedingly numerous, that if they were given an appropriate place in 
ordinary dictionaries these would assume such portentous bulk, and be 
necessarily, as a result of this, not only difficult of reference, but of such 
increased cost, as to place them out of the convenient range, and beyond the 


viii INTRODUCTORY. 


means of many purchasers. Hence has arisen the demand for technical 
dictionaries or glossaries, as part not merely of the necessities of readers of 
general or current literature, but of students of science as applied to industrial 
‘ or technical work. But here, again, in the attempt to meet this desideratum in 
practical literature, the difficulty or rather the difficulties above noted are 
encountered, and have to be met with in one way or another. For the 
number of branches of industrial processes, of sciences applicable to practical 
work, is so great that when ranged systematically into classes, the list 
becomes a very long one. Again, the number of terms in each class are 
themselves so numerous that when the whole of all the classes are attempted 
to be compressed within the range of one volume, it is necessary to give but 
the baldest and briefest explanation of each term in order to keep its size 
within fair bounds and the price so moderate as to meet the often limited 
means of workers and students. But while this plan may meet the necessities 
of general readers (although in one sense it does even this in an unsatisfactory 
way), it falls far short of those who are practically and from business reasons 
interested in the study and practice of technical trades and sciences. For 
a class it is necessary that the information given along with each term should 
be as full and complete as possible—full enough, at all events, to convey 
what will be of real practical and suggestive value. If it falls short of this, 
it fails to meet the first necessity of a practical work designed for practical 
people. The only way, therefore, in which this necessity can be met is to 
take what in point of fact is the natural division into which the various 
departments of technical work fall when systematically classified, and give 
one part or volume of the Technical Dictionary to the terms of one of those 
classes only. Or, as some are of less importance, so to say, than others, where 
one class will not yield ‘‘ terms” enough to make one fair-sized volume, 
two classes should be taken up by it, care being taken to choose two classes 
the subjects of which are cognate to each other. This is the principle or 
system which has been adopted by the publishers of the present volume, 
which takes up the terms of one of the most important classes of technical 
work. One advantage arising from the adoption of this class or sectional 
system of treatment has this great practical value : that each class of workers, 
or of those interested in or connected with the special class of technical work 
chosen as the subject of one part or volume, will find under one head and 
arranged in alphabetical order all the leading and important terms con- 
nected with that one special class. 

A glance at the pages of the Dictionary which follows, and a somewhat 
more careful perusal of the matter given under. but one or two of the 
terms in a few pages, will enable the intelligent reader to appreciate the 
advantages which flow from the adoption of the sectional or class system of 
treating the work of a Technical Dictionary. What these are it will be right 
in the interest of the reader to detail somewhat fully, inasmuch as in doing 
this some points of great interest will be explained and their practical 
value enforced. 

In the first place it will be observed that, in place of a few words giving 
in baldest fashion the meaning of any given term, a pretty full explanation 
of itis met with. In the explanation thus given it has been the aim of the 
writers to give as much practical information as possible, and to lead the 
student to think for himself and to mark the salient and suggestive features 
likely to be of service in actual work. In the second place the intelligent 
reader will observe that in nearly every case the derivation or linguistic root 
of the term is given. The value of this information is not patent to every 


INTRODUCTORY. ix 


one, but it carries with it so much that is of practical importance, that a 
few remarks in connection with it will be of some service to the student. 
The general or popular notion in regard to derivatives, or the linguistic roots 
of words or terms, is that they are interesting, or to put it in the popular 
phrase, it ‘‘is nice to know them.”” But this gives a very restricted value to 
a derivation. That value is, in point of fact, much higher. For in almost 
every case the root or derivation of a scientific term, where itis known, throws 
so much light upon the meaning of the word or term, is so closely connected 
with what the subject known by the term is, that when one knows its 
derivation, one has a much clearer conception of what is the science or 
scientific point which the name is used to designate. The scientific or 
technical term or name of an art or science, when it is examined in a 
proper way—-approached, so to say, from the right side—will always convey a 
direct and simple meaning ; and, further, when the meaning is understood 
of a scientific term, the student has gained some knowledge of a scientific 
fact or principle. Thus the scientific names given to scientific facts or 
principles are generally given in such a way that it does not require any 
exertion of the memory to remember the name separate from that required 
to remember the fact or principle. The name gives, in truth, the key to the 
fact or principle or nature of the thing. A very good illustration of this 
double oftice which a scientific name given on this principle serves is met 
with in one of the terms of the science of geometry—pentagon. When we 
find out that the word is based upon or derived from two Greek words, 
penta, five, and gona, an angle, we know that it is a figure which has five 
angles, and as the angles must be formed by the meeting of lines or sides 
there must be five of those sides or lines; hence one immediately knows 
that the term pentagon means a five-sided figure. The term geometry 
itself has its meaning made clear when we know its two linguistic roots— 
gé, the earth, and metron, a measure—the science of measuring the earth or 
land. This science had its origin in Egypt, where it was necessary to 
measure the cultivated lands within the boundaries of the plots allotted to 
different individuals ; and as this was one of the first necessities or outcomes 
of early civilisation, that each man should know his own land and not 
encroach or be encroached upon by that of others, the name was thus given. 
But as the greater includes the less, the art or science of measuring other 
things besides land was called by the same name. Another illustration 
of the fact above alluded to—that a scientific name when analysed, or its 
derivatives shown, gives the meaning of the object and also explains the 
purpose for which the thing is used, or in other words that the name suggests 
the use just as its use at first suggested the name, is met with in the word 
stethoscope. This is derived from or based upon two Greek words, stethos, 
the breast, or as we call it the chest of a human being, and skoped, I look 
into or inspect. A stethoscope is therefore a chest inspector, and this 
inspection is made through the medium of sound communicated to the ear 
by the agency of the instrument, which is made of wood, a good conductor 
of sound. By this, the nature or character of their sounds, the medical 
man knows the condition of the lungs or bronchial tubes of the patient 
examined almost as well as if he could see their internal condition—that is, 
inspect or examine them,—the medical man of course knowing from long 
practice what particular sound distinguishes healthy from unhealthy action. 
As a rule with few exceptions, all scientific terms are based upon or 
have their linguistic roots in one or other of the two classical languages, the 
Greek and the Latin. The reasons for this are not difficult to account for. 


= INTRODUCTORY. 


In the first place very many of the sciences, at least the foundation of many 
of them, were known to the Greeks and the Romans, who naturally gave 
Greek or Latin names to them ; and as a matter of course, when other nations 
became acquainted with the sciences they retained the Greek or Latin names 
for them. In the second place the Latin language was for a long course 
of generations the chief, almost the only language of civilised peoples ; and 
when other and what are called modern languages arose, Latin for a long 
time still remained the chief medium by which the learned or educated men 
of all civilised peoples wrote, conversed and corresponded with other learned 
men. And the third reason for the retention of the classical languages as 
the basis or root source of modern scientific names is that all educated men 
now have a knowledge, more or less profound or complete, of those languages, 
especially that of the Latin, the use of which is for obvious reasons more 
extended than that of Greek. The use of the classical languages in this 
way is even more convenient for those who have not an educated knowledge 
of them. For it is obvious that if scientific names were based upon words 
of the French language, one would require to have a good knowledge of it 
before he could understand the meaning of the terms. This would also apply 
to other languages, as German, Italian, etc. But by having the classical 
languages as the basis of scientific terms, as all educated men are more or 
less familiarly acquainted with these languages, the peoples of different 
nations can all understand equally well what the term exactly means. To 
those, again, who are not acquainted with the Greek or Latin languages, 
if they have, as in the present volume, the derivatives or linguistic roots of 
such terms as are based upon those languages, they at once have the key 
to the meaning of the terms, a key which is readily obtained by turning to 
the term in its place in the alphabetical arrangement of the Dictionary. 
Thus provided, they are practically independent of dictionaries either in 
Latin or in Greek 

But many of the technical terms in use have origins quite apart from 
languages such as the Greek or Latin, and even from modern languages. 
Thus, some sciences have the origin of their names in the name of a place or 
of a district, or derive their name from that of the inventor or discoverer. 
Thus the name of the science known as magnetism is derived from the 
Greek term magnetes, and this from the district of Magnesia, near a town in 
which—Heracleum—the peculiar stone which we call a “lodestone” was found. 
This stone has the property of drawing or attracting metals to it when placed 
near it, and of imparting the same property to a metal, so that it can attract 
another metal placed near it. A bar of metal having this property given to it is 
said to be magnetised; and if freely suspended it always points in one direction 
—that is, to the north or the ‘ pole star,” the pointer, as it is called, of the 
constellation known as “the Plough,” which is always due north. Hence the 
derivation of the word lodestone, which comes from the Old English word 
ladan, to guide or direct to, as the magnetised bar of iron, the needle of the 
mariner’s compass, leads, directs, or points to the pole star, otherwise called 
from this the lodestar, for which the technical name is magnet. An example 
of a name of a science derived from the name of the discoverer is that of 
galvanism, Galvani, the celebrated philosopher of Bologna, being the dis- 
coverer. Many examples of this kind could here be given, many machines 
and processes of modern times being known by the name of their inventors 
and discoverers. A well-known example is that of Bessemer steel, from the 
name of the discoverer of the process, Sir Henry Bessemer. Another well- 
known example is met with in the term “ macadamised road,” from the name 


INTRODUCTORY. xi 


(Macadam) of the inventor who brought ont a peculiar system of constructing 
roads. In carpentry the form of roof known as the ‘‘ Mansard ” embalms, 
so to say, the name of its inventor or designer. 

But while there are so many technical and scientific terms which have a 
distinct figurative meaning, these for the most part being based upon the 
Greek or the Latin, there are others which have no such metaphorical 
meaning, being simply names and ‘‘nothing more.” In some terms the 
name has been developed or changed from its original figurative or meta- 
phorical meaning, and this by a series of gradual changes. And to the 
student in comparative philology, which is the science of tracing the course 
of formation and comparing the words of different languages, there is a wide 
field of most interesting investigation opened up in this direction. In this 
connection, and in that of the general roots or bases of technical terms, the 
Technical Dictionary which forms this volume is not designed, it should 
be scarcely necessary to say, to teach the student Greek or Latin or French 
or German, nor to give examples of philology as such. It aims only at 
the directly practical purpose of showing how a fair knowledge of these 
languages may be profitably used in studying scientific and technical terms ; 
and to those who have not an educated acquaintance with these languages, 
the deficiency is made up by our giving the roots or derivatives of each term 
according to the language on which it is based. And amongst the languages 
referred to, the reader will find that the Old English or Anglo-Saxon plays 
an important part. 

But while it is comparatively easy to trace the derivations of many 
of our scientific and technical terms, it is by no means an easy—in many 
cases it is quite an impossible—thing to trace the meaning of terms employed 
in many of the special trades or manufactures. Not a few of the names 
or terms have had their origin apparently in pure whim or fancy ; many 
are positively jocular or humorous. Sometimes they are given to an object, 
as a machine or tool or a part of construction, from some fancied resem- 
blance to a natural object. An example of this is met with in the name 
“‘ throstle,” given to one of the machines used in the cotton trade, and 
this apparently because the noise it makes from the high speed at which 
some of its parts revolve has a fancied resemblance to the song or chirrup 
of the bird known in the north of England as the ‘‘throstle,” in the 
south as the thrush, and in Scotland as the mavis. Then, again, there 
is often a tendency to contract or to vulgarise terms, so that they have 
in many cases ultimately assumed such a grotesque form that their origin 
has been nearly lost sight of. And there are others of which it is now 
quite impossible to have even a faint conception as to how they originated. 
In such cases we cannot even conjecture. In others conjecture is open to 
us ; and a little consideration is only required to show that it is so common- 
sense in character that we may safely conclude that our conjecture is correct. 
Some trade terms are purely local in their origin and use, and it affords a 
curious object of study to trace the reasons why such names have been 
given. Taking the subject as a whole, we have said enough to show the 
important part which derivatives or the linguistic roots of technical and 
scientific terms play in helping us to understand their meaning, and not 
only this, but in giving us frequently not a little information as to the 
subjects themselves. And enough has been said, moreover, to point out 
to the reader how wide and how interesting a field of investigation is thus 
opened up to the student, in connection with our technical and trade terms. 

We have now finally to offer a few words by way of explanation with 


xil INTRODUCTORY 


reference to the French and German equivalents for the technical terms, 
which form a marked feature of our Technical Dictionary. These synonyms 
do not serve merely to throw an additional interest around the general 
subject, but they possess a special and a directly practical value to those 
interested in our sciences, arts, and industrial trades and callings. Of late 
years, chiefly through the influence of large and important trade and com- 
mercial transactions, the intercourse between the three peoples—the English, 
the French, and the German—has become very wide and extended, and it is 
becoming more extended daily. And with ever-increasing business relation- 
ships this intercourse is becoming the closer and the more intimate, the 
more extended it becomes. This has naturally brought about a very 
decided interchange between the languages of the three peoples, in their 
spoken, written, and printed forms. A knowledge of the languages in which 
business is transacted, either orally or by letter, is obviously of great value 
to those living in different countries who have the tie or bond of a business 
relationship existing between them. But the value of this knowledge is not 
confined to directly-carried-on business connections only. A vast number 
of works on technical, trade, and commercial subjects are published in 
France and Germany, and many of these are of the highest value. To those 
who have acquired a knowledge of French and German these treasures are 
placed within their reach, as the books for the most part are easily obtained 
in this country through the agency of any respectable bookseller. This adds 
another reason to the number which now urge so many of our technical and 
trade students to study the above languages. But, although one may be 
acquainted with French and German to such an extent at least as to enable 
him to consult, and intelligently understand dictionaries in these languages, 
the same difficulty we have already noted in regard to English dictionaries is 
found to exist—namely, the fewness and in some cases the entire absence of 
technical, trade, and scientific terms. To meet, then, the above-mentioned 
wants, which are entirely of a practical character, as well as to give an 
additional educational interest to our volume, we append in nearly every case 
the French or German equivalent for the English terms named. These do 
not always give the conventional or purely technical terms as used abroad. 
This, indeed, has for the most part been avoided, as- they obviously (being, 
as a rule, only conventional, and many of them purely local) would not 
convey to the English reader what he is desirous to learn—namely, what 
are the French and German equivalents for his English terms. And to 
make these equivalents still more practically useful, and their meaning 
clearer, in someanstances a free translation is given. 

Lastly, a wide and a legitimate desire on the part of students and readers 
is to have some acquaintance with the method of pronouncing the French 
and German words or the equivalents of the English terms in those lan- 
guages. This desire has been gratified in our pages. 

By the combination of purposes or objects we have now in these intro- 
ductory remarks named, our volume will obviously serve the student ina 
threefold capacity. First, it will be a Dictionary of Words, or glossary 
giving the meaning of terms; second, a Dictionary of Derivations, showing 
the origin of terms, or how they have been constructed or formed ; and 
third, a Dictionary of Pronunciation, so far as French and German words 
are concerned. It is hoped that a volume is now presented to the reader 
which will take a useful place in practical English literature. 


o 


‘ 
’ 


yids 


ae 


’ 


Tk ey 
LaF 


FP 
Ors 


PRELIMINARY DISSERTATION. 


PRELIMINARY 


DISSERTATION. 


Introduction. 


Berore giving an outline of the general plan of 
the Dictionary and drawing attention to some 
of its characteristics, the conductors of ‘‘ Tux 
TECHNICAL JOURNAL ” believe it right to allude 
to the practical reasons which led them to 
decide to make it a part of the work, and to 
name some of the considerations which, while 
they show the high utility which it will have to 
the General Reader, will also be found to have 
@ close bearing upon the special subject of 
Technical Work and Education. 

We have elsewhere passed under brief review 
some of the causes which have given such a 
marked prominence to the applications of science 
to all classes of technical work. Scientific in- 
vestigations have been of late years pushed to 
such a point of advance, and the discoveries 
consequent upon these have increased so rapidly, 
that quite a new phase has been entered upon 
in what may be called the application of pure 
science to practical work in all branches of 
national industry. Trades and manufactures 
altogether new have been established, some of 
which, considered individually, have given em- 
ployment to numerous workmen, and have put 
into circulation enormous capital. Materials 
altogether unknown but a few years ago, useful 
in a wide range of the arts and sciences, have 
been discovered, many of them the products of 
what at one time were the waste or refuse 
Substances, so utterly useless that they were 
in every sense of the term nuisances. Other 
materials, although old, and long known to the 
practical man, have been so improved in the 
process of manufacture that they may be said 
to form materials altogether new. While in 
other cases what were produced or made in 
such limited quantities that they were in some 
instances very dear, or so difficult to be got, 
that they might be called products of the 
chemical laboratory rather than for use in the 
practical workshop, are now produced in large 
quantities to which there seems no limit but 
that of demand, 


New Trade Processes and Advanced Tech- 
nical Work the causes of a New or 
more Extended Nomenclature, 


All this has of necessity created, along with 
the new processes, a new nomenclature. It 
has forced upon men the creating or coining 
of new words to designate the new objects or 
goods produced and manufactured, and the 
new combinations of substances or materials 
employed. Hence have arisen of late years 
new sets of words and terms which have 
become part of our language. But although 
these have been in daily use, it has chiefly been 
in those confined circles in which the new pro- 
cesses or manufactures with which they were 
connected, and which may be said to have 
given to them their existence, that they have 
been chiefly—indeed in some instances almost 
exclusively employed. 

But on the wider spread of scientific know- 
ledge has followed a wider extension of 
scientific literature. In this, as the new dis- 
coveries and processes dependent on them were 
described, this nomenclature was of course 
adopted, and thus it came about that the new 
words and terms became embalmed, so to say, 
and found an abiding place in English litera- 
ture. But this, like the new processes which 
were known only completely to those who fol- 
lowed their practice, was confined to classes 
in numbers but limited at the best. 


The Extension of Technical Education 
and Literature giving a Wider Field 
for the use of Technical and Trade 
Terms. 


But as in progress of time the importance 
of technical education forced itself upon the 
public mind, and the general reading of scien- 
tific works became more and more a marked 
feature of modern times, the new words and 
‘terms were brought before an infinitely greater 


xvi PRELIMINARY 
number of readers than before, and attention 
was thus more widely drawn to them. 

By a combination of circumstances, the nature 
of which can be easily understood, the new 
scientific and technical words and terms, from 
being used in special works, gradually spread 
till they invaded, so to say, the fields of general 
or ordinary literature. But while they were used 
with a frequency and familiarity which seemed 
to indicate a knowledge of their meaning on the 
part of writers for the general public, it was, 
unfortunately, but too frequently the fact that 
general readers, for the most part, were in 
almost total ignorance of them. In some cases 
they might from the context gain some glimmer- 
ing idea, more or less faint, of what the words 
and terms conveyed. But this was all, and at 
the best it was but little. Nor could a result 
other than this be expected, nor were the genera] 
public at all to blame for it. For, however 
frequently a desire to know sent them to the 
ordinary or popular dictionaries, to gain the 
knowledge, it was not always that the dic- 
tionaries supplied the information—indeed, but 
seldom. For it must be recollected that with 
the great advance of applied science bringing 
about a rapid progress in new discoveries and 
processes, the creation, so to say, of the new 
words and terms relating to them was far in 
advance of the publication of a series of new 
dictionaries or fresh editions of old ones,—and 
it was only a new series which could meet the 
difficulties arising from the new condition of 
things in scientific and technical progress. And 
it is by no means true that new dictionaries, 
of a popular or ordinary description, give the 
new technical and scientific phrases—which , 
notwithstanding, are largely used in ordinary 
or everyday literature. So numerous and so 
varied in kind are the different classes of scien- 
tific and technical work, and such a multitude 
of words and terms are employed by them, that 
if they were attempted to be given in every 
ordinary dictionary, the result would either 
be on the one hand a portentous bulk which 
would be exceedingly inconvenient for purposes 
of ready reference ; or on the other, in order to 
avoid this, the crushing out of a multitude of 
words useful in everyday life which could not, 
or ought not to, be dispensed with. From what 
has been said, it will not be matter of surprise 
hat there should be a wide field of practical 
usefulness amongst those engaged in the actual 
work of technical industry for a dictionary of 
the leading terms used in connection with its 
varied and various departments. And we may 
perceive how much this field may and will be 
extended, when we consider the vast number of 
those who are only generally—not specially or 
from a business point of view—interested in this 
class of work. 


DISSERTATION 


The Comprehensive Aim of the ‘‘ Cyclo- 
pedic Dictionary.” 


But while the ‘‘Cyclopzedic Technical Dic- 
tionary’’ will give a marked place in its pages to 
terms which may be said to be specially applic- 
able to technical industry, it has for its aim 
a wider and yet a highly practical purpose ; for 
it proposes to give the leading terms in those 
general sciences which, ‘“‘ applied,” have made 
them of the highest possible service to technical 
industry, in giving greater precision to its 
work, and in extending it over a wider area. 
Although those terms of the general sciences 
cannot be said to be new in the same sense 
which can be employed in the case of new dis- 
coveries, new processes and inventions recently 
introduced, they are, nevertheless, new to a vast 
number, especially of youthful readers, who do 
not know, cannot even guess at, their meaning, 
however frequently they may have met with 
them in special or in general literature. And 
this chiefly from the circumstance that they are 
derived from the Greek or Latin—which to so 
many are sealed languages—and which, even to 
those who have learned these languages at, are 
not easily remembered when away from, school. 

Having thus shown some of the directions in 
which a dictionary of the class now under con- 
sideration can be eminently useful in practical 
work and study, it ‘remains for us to describe 
the plan upon which it s arranged and some of 
its characteristics. We prefix the term ‘‘ Cyclo- 
peedic”’ to our title, to signify that it is some- 
thing more than a mere dictionary—that is, 
using this term in its ordinary sense, in which 
the meanings or definitions of the words are of 
the very briefest. In the ‘‘Cyclopwedic Tech- 
nical Dictionary,’ while the Definitions will of 
necessity be brief, they will be nevertheless so 
full, and will as a rule contain so much specific 
information on the subject, as to warrant in 
large measure the adoption of the prefix we 
have named above. 


The Systems of Arrangement open for 
Adoption in the Dictionary. 


There are two methods of arrangement open 
for adoption. First, what may be called the 
normal or ordinary dictionary form. In this 
all the words and terms follow one upon another, 
arranged simply in accordance with their place 
in alpbabetical order. The terms of all the 
classes of technical and industrial work are thus 
mixed up or intermingled; so that a term in 
Mechanics may follow upon oné in the class of 
Chemistry, while that may be preceded by a 
term in the divisions of Masonry or Carpentry,. 
and so on throughout all the numerous classes 
of technical science and industrial work, For 


PRELIMINARY 


the general readez the dictionary must therefore 
be completed before it can be consulted with cer- 
tainty that the word in any division or class of 
technical or industrial work will be found in it, 
The second method is based upon a principle 
essentially distinct from that employed in the 
first. It may be called the sectional or class 
arrangement. If the reader will glance at the 
paper in our text entitled ‘‘ Technical Education 
in Relation to our National Industrial Work,’’ 
he will find a statement of the classes or groups 
‘under which technical and industrial work are 
‘practically ranged. From this it will be ob- 
‘served that, while there is a nexus or chain 
which binds the whole of those classes together 
in what may be called the bond of a common 
origin and a common aim or object, there is 
nevertheless a wide variety of circumstances 
brought into existence by the actual facts of 
daily life and work, which have caused certain 
classes of technical and industrial work to be 
ranged under one head or general designation 
while certain other classes have been ranged 
under another head. The practical result is 
this—that in the popular mind at least, one class 
of work is considered to be essentially different 
from that of another. And this popular may 
also be said to be the accurate conception. 
For while, as we have said above, all the 
classes of work are bound together in principle 
by a scientific bond common to them all, still 
the application of science is so different in kind 
in one case from that in another, that the work, 
for example, of the carpenter is quite different 
and distinct from that of the machine maker 
The same may be said of any two of the classes 
of work which are generally held to be distinct 
or different from each other. And this although 
all are bound together, as we have said, by 
the principles of the science of Physics, or the 
science of bodies regulating all material pheno- 
mena, and which may be called the Philosophy 
of Materials as distinguished from the science 
of Metaphysics, or the Philosophy of Mind, 
which takes cognizance only of mental charac- 
teristics and phenomena or manifestations, 
Taking the list as given in the paper on 
Technical Education above alluded to, of the 
classes or divisions of technical and industrial 
work as a fairly accurate and complete one, the 
second method now under consideration of 
arranging the ‘‘ Cyclopzedic Technical Diction- 
ary” is simply this. Any one class or division 
or section is taken—as, for example, that of 
Chemical Industry, or, as it is sometimes 
called, Applied Chemistry: all the technical 
terms and words used in all the branches of 
this section—and those branches are very 
numerous—are collected and presented to the 
reader in one complete body. To facilitate 
ready reference, the alphabetical order is of 


DISSERTATION. xvii 
course in such a sectional arrangement that 
adopted for the words and terms. The same 
is done in all the other classes, such as those of 
Farming, Gardening, or Rural Arts and Sciences, 
Building Construction, jncluding Carpentry, 
Masonry, Joinery, etc., Machine Construction, 
General Science, etc,, etc, 


The Sectional System adopted in the 
Dictionary. 


After mature consideration of all the points 
involyed, preference has been given to the last- 
named method of arrangement, not because the 
conductors believe that it is best both from a 
practical and anaccurate-—that is, ascientific— 
point of view, but simply because it falls in best 
with, and meets, the practical necessities of their 
publishing and editorial arrangements. That 
these, in connection with technical and indus- 
trial work, with the varied and extensive 
interests it has to consult, mustjnecessitate a 
pre-arranged and a determinate plan of opera- 
tions, will be obvious to most readers. One 
advantage this class or sectional arrangement 
will possess, if it has no other to recommend 
it, is that each class of workers, or of those 
interested in any particular branch of technical 
and industrial work, will find under one 
head, and arranged in alphabetical order for 
easy reference, all the leading or important 
“terms’’ connected with it. This advantage 
will be found to be so practically useful that 
it may be said to outweigh all considerations 
connected with, and to be the most cogent of 
reasons for setting aside, the ordinary or con- 
tinuous alphabetical arrangement, and adopting 
in place of it the Sectional or Class System. 


Derivatives or Linguistic Roots of 
Technical and Trade Terms. 


We now come to another important feature of 
our ‘‘ Technical and Trade Dictionary,” namely, 
the derivatives or linguistic roots of the terms 
of which the meanings or descriptions are given. 
And here pointed attention is drawn to the fact 
that these ‘‘ derivatives’? are not merely, and, 
as some seem to think, solely interesting, but 
they carry with them in almost every case 
practical information of the highest value. It 
may almost be said, with perfect truth, that there 
is scarcely one of the roots or derivatives of 
scientific terms which does not throw so much 
light upon the meaning of the term or word, 
that the reader has a much clearer conception of 
what the point in science is which the word or 
term is meant to convey. This point carries 
with it so much of what has an immediate and 
direct bearing on the whole subject of technical 


xviil PRELIMINARY 
education and self-culture in scientific and 
industrial subjects, that we purpose glancing 
somewhat fully at its general features. 


Practical Value of the Derivatives or 
Linguistic Roots of Technical Terms— 
Various Examples of Scientific Terms. 


The language of everyday life has been well 
described as ‘‘ powdered metaphor,” for if we 
take the trouble to examine some of the com- 
monest and most frequently used words, we 
shall find that originally they contained a 
figurative mearing, which has only lost its 
prominence through our familiarity with it, 
Sometimes, again, words preserve a historical 
fact,—tell us, for instance, who first discovered 
or invented a thing, whence a thing first came 
to this country, and so on. The same remarks 
may well be applied to the learned language 
of General Science. At first the strange terms 
of science seem absolutely to bristle with diffi- 
culty ; it looks as though there would be as 
much labour in learning the mere names of 
the things with which a science has to do as 
in mastering the facts and truths about them 
that the science reveals. But this appearance 
is not borne out by fact. The terms of an 
art or science, although to a beginner strange 
and uncouth, will almost always yield a simple 
direct meaning, when they are approached from 
the proper side. And inmany cases the student 
will find that in learning the meaning of a 
scientific name or term he has also learned a 
scientific fact, and that in understanding one 
word he has the key to a dozen more. Now, 
the proper side from which to approach is 
the side of Etymology. Just as Comparative 
Philology—that is, the science of tracing 
the course and comparing the words of 
different languages—has unravelled and is 
still unravelling some of the great problems of 
the past, so Etymology—that is, the study of the 
roots or sources of words—will clearly explain 
to the most unscientific student the meaning of 
terms used in science. (The word Etymology is 
derived from the Greek etumon, and this from 
etumos, signifying the real or true word, and 
from logos, a speech. The Latin word is etymo- 
logia. The French is almost identical with 
our own term, efymologie, pronounced like eh- or 
ai-tea-moll-oh-gee—the g¢ soft, as in our word 
“fulgent,” or as if combined with the letter j. 
English pronunciation, etty-moll-oh-jee.) The 
reason of this is very simple. Men do not 
like to increase their own difficulties, and so, 
when they find out any new fact in science, 
they do not like to give it a name that will 
require a separate exertion to remember, in 
addition to the exertion of remembering the 


DISSERTATION. 


fact itself. Thus they try to give names that 
will describe the facts, or at least, that will de- 
scribe some part or something connected with 
the fact. For example, when M. Laennec dis 
covered howto make an instrument that enabled 
doctors to examine the state of the chest of a 
patient, he called it by a name that meant “‘chest- 
examiner”; and so when any one heard the 
name of the stethoscope, he knew what its use was. 
No one had first to learn its name and then to ask 
what it was used for. The name suggests its 
use, just as its use first suggestedits name. The 
word is from the Greek stethos, the breast, or 
chest as we call it, and skopeo, I inspect or 
look into. This is an example of what is the 
case in most scientific names: they describe 
sometimes the shape or appearance of what they 
name—as in the case of geometrical figures; as 
in the “‘ pentagon” or five-sided figure (from 
the Greek penta, five, and gonia, an angle) ; 
sometimes the use of a thing—as we have seen ; 
sometimes the inventor of a thing—as, for 
example, in the case of galvanism, from the 
name of the discoverer, Galvani, the celebrated 
Italian philosopher of Bologna; and sometimes 
the place where the thing was first made or 
found—asin magnetism, and so on. The deri- 
vation of this latter word is very curious and 
suggestive to the student of Etymology. It 
means the attractive power of magnets, popu- 
larly the science of magnetism, which the young 
reader will perceive is so general that it conveys 
nothing definite, throwing one back upon what 
it is, A ‘‘magnet” generally defined is that 
which has the property of the loadstone—pro- 
perly ‘‘lodestone ’—that is, of attracting matter 
such as metal, or drawing it towards it. A 
metal bar freely suspended under the influence 
of the loadstone—or ‘‘ magnetised,’’ in popular 
language—points always in one direction, that 
is, to the north or the pole-star, called otherwise 
the load- or lode-star—‘‘ the star which guides,” 
remaining always in the same position in the 
heavens. This name lodestar is derived from 
the Old English word ledan, to guide or direct. 
A lodestone is therefore a stone or ore which 
guides or directs (to the north or pole-star) This 
stone or ore having this peculiar, and to man 
invaluable property, is said to have been dis- 
covered in the town of Heracleum, near Magne- 
sia; hence the Greek name given to it—magnetes. 


Latin and Greek the Source of General 
Scientific Names and Technical Terms. 


Of course, in inventing or giving names, men 
used the languages that they were familiar 
with, or those that they thought would be most 
useful; and in most cases of hard scientific 
names, it is Latin or Greek that has supplied 
them. There are several reasons why this is 


PRELIMINARY 


80. In the first place a large number of sciences 
were known to the Greeks and Romans, and 
when other nations learned those they took the 
names they found already made. Then Latin 
was for centuries the chief language of civiliza- 
tion; and long after modern languages arose, 
Latin remained the learned language, which 
almost everybody endeayoured to speak and 
write besides their own. And even yet the 
learned men, the scholars of all civilized coun- 
tries, study Latin and Greek, although they may 
not know a word of any modern language except 
their own. It is natural, therefore, since some 
of the terms of science came down to us in Latin 
or Greek form, that the new terms should be 
made after the same fashion in the same lan- 
guage; and secondly, that learned and scientific 
men should use in the middle ages what were 
considered the only scientific languages; and 
thirdly, that even in modern times, terms should 
be formed from the languages that all learned 
men understand. 

Even to one who has not learned either Latin 
or Greek, it is more conyenient that new terms 
should be formed from words in these lan- 
guages ; for otherwise he would require to know 
French very well in order to understana the 
meanings of terms coined by Frenchmen; 
German for German terms ; Italian for Italian, 
etc.. besides Latin and Greek for those coined 
by Romans and Greeks. And it is more con- 
venient for scientific and learned men them- 
selves to have a language common to all: for 
then they are able to understand exactly what a 
foreign scholar means when he uses a Latin 
term ; and exactitude is one of the first requi- 
sites in scientific study. When once, there- 
fore, a knowledge of the two great classical 
tongues— Latin and Greek — is acquired, the 
main difficulties connected with scientific terms 
melt away like snow-drifts before the sun. 
The chief thing to be learned after that is 
merely how to apply the knowledge; for just 
as the whole art Of arithmetic, even in its most 
intricate processes, consists entirely in the use 
and adaptation of the four simple rules, so the 
explanation of scientific terms depends wholly 
upon the mode in which the simple ideas indi- 
cated by them are to be understood. 


\ 


The Latin or Greek Name gives a Direct 
Clue to the Meaning of the Term. 


It thus follows that any one who has a fair 
acquaintance with Latin and Greek, together 
with a fair proportion of intelligence, need not 
either blench before the crabbed rows of tech- 
nical terms in a new science, or even depend 
wholly on his dictionary. He has in his own 
head a key to the meaning of the terms; and if 


DISSERTATION. xix 
he thoroughly realizes their simple root-mean- 
ing, he will probably discover that he exactly 
understands their technical force. 

The terms used in geometry give excellent 
illustrations of what has just been said. The 
very name of the science itself contains an inter- 
esting historical and descriptive fact wrapped 
up in the thin Greek mantle. Ge signifies 
the earth, and metron a measure; together they 
mean earth-measurement, and easily remind 
us that the traditional first use of geometry was 
to measure out land, as in ancient Egypt, where 
the science originated. Thence it requires no 
great intellectual stride to see how the word 
came to mean other measurement of spaces, 
while still retaining its original form. Certain 
chief terms in this science —as line, square, 
figure, arch, point, etc.—can hardly be described 
as being peculiar to geometry, for they are the 
common property of every one who can speak 
English, even though he has never heard of the 
Pons Asinorum, the crucial test of the student of 
Euclid’s Geometry. And even if we exclude 
from this list such a word as angle, it is 
only for a moment. Angle is derived from 
angkulos, bent or crooked—an excellent popular 
description of an angle, which is the corner 
made by a bent line. From this basis it is 
easy to proceed to the various kinds of angles. 
It is easy to remember, even to discover, that 
a right angle is the angle made when the line 
is so bent that one part stands quite upright 
(rectus) or perpendicular to the other. An 
acute angle (acutws—sharp) can be nothing 
else than a sharp corner, i.e. sharper, or as it is 
termed, less than aright angle; while an obtuse 
(obtusus = blunt) angle must, in like manner, 
be a blunter angle or corner than a right angle. 
Next, a brief thought will show how a reflex 
angle (reflerus = bent back) must be made when 
the line is bent back upon itself, and so forms 
an angle greater than two right angles. 

Not less plain are the names of the geometrical 
figures ; anda person on learning their root-mean- 
ings would be able todraw,them at once. Thus 
triangle (from tres, three, and angle, which we 
know already) can only mean a figure with 
three angles. A few moments with a pencil 
show us firstly that such a figure can only have 
three sides; and secondly that there can be 
several kinds of triangles, differing in the rela- 
tive sizes of their sides. All the sides may be 
equal—a simple fact that is crystallized in the 
name equilateral (equus, equal, and latus, -eris, 
a side), neither more nor less than equal-sided 
Or again all the sides may be unequal; and for 
that we are provided with the name scalene 
(scalenos = limping, or uneyen-legged), uneven. 
The only remaining case is when two of the 
sides are equal; and that state of matters is 
exactly described—not without a touch of 


xx PRELIMINARY 
humour—by the word isosceles (isos, equal, 
and skelos, leg) which means equal-legged, i.e. 
having two legs (like a man) that are equal. 
The other figures are named quite as simply. 
Quadrilateral (quattuor, four, and latus, a side); 
pentagon (see above) ; hexagon and decagon (her 
=six, and deca = ten), are self-explanatory; and 
so through the whole series of numerals, Latin 
or Greek, till we take refuge in the vague 
polygon (polus, many), or many-sided figure, 
which may be used for convenience to mean 
any figure with more than four sides. The 
phrase ‘regular polygon” need cause no hesi- 
tation. Regular means according to regula, or 
a rule; so the phrase means a figure whose 
sides and angles obey one rule, and are there- 
fore equal to each other. So in talking about 
a circle there is little difficulty. Even if we 
must regard circumference as a technical term, 
we need only remember that circum means 
roundabout, and fero I carry; and by reflect- 
ing what part of a circle we produce by 
carrying a line round about its centre, we 
see at once what part of a circle a circum- 
ference is; and we can recognize that the 
word from the Greek, perimeter (from peri = 
circum, and metron=a measure), must mean the 
same thing, or the measure all round a circle. 
So diameter (from dia, through or across) means 
the measure or line right across the circle. 
Arcus, in Latin, means a bow: are must 
mean something like a bow—i.e. a part of the 
circumference. Chord means bow-string; and 
in geometry, as well as in archery, it is the 
traight line that joins the two ends of the arc 
or bow. 


Scientific Terms frequently involving 
Historical, Personal, and other In- 
teresting and Useful Facts. 


In many cases, however, the names are not 
so descriptive—i.e. are not so immediately self- 
explanatory, except to very profound classical 
scholars. These are the words formed from 
the ordinary Latin or Greek names for things, 
in which the descriptive metaphor has become 
as much hidden as in many English words. 
They give no information about what they 
name; they simply serve as names and nothing 
more. Thus the word arc describes the shape 
of the line it names; but the word ornithology 
(from ornithos, bird, and logos, discourse) merely 
tells us the scientific name of the science that 
discourses or treats about birds ; and it involves 
no historical fact, as geometry does. Most of 
the names of the sciences are alike in this, as 
will be seen in the section of the “‘ Cyclopadia 
Dictionary ” devoted to the terms of General 
Science. Sometimes the technical meaning of 


DISSERTATION. 


a word has been developed from its original 
meaning, and a little help in tracing its 
gradual changes—for the changes are always 
gradual—is required by the student. Examples 
of this are given in the section just named, 
under such words as organ, mathematics, 
theory, substance, tide, etc. Such changes 
are very interesting and important, for they 
very often let us see how a past age used 
to think, and in what manner it looked at 
things. Thus in the word substance we get a 
glimpse of old philosophy. Then again words 
were often applied to things in a metaphorical 
way: that is, a resemblance between some 
scientific object or action and some ordinary 
object or action was seen, and the name of 
the latter was in consequence transferred or 
extended to the former. This we see in such 
words as mortice, scale, surd, molar, method, 
problem, andmany Others. These transferences 
also give us hints of how the ancients used to 
think. The place or position of a thing some- 
times gained it its name, as we can see in 
profile, meteor, mural circle, solstice, and 
others. Sometimes the way in which a thing 
acted or seemed to act was taken into account 
in naming it; and so we have plunger, slot, 
planet, spring. Or again, some one property of 
a thing was taken as the basis of its name, and 
thus come mammal and marsupial, from visible 
parts; and oxygen, narcotic, power, from the 
effects they could produce ; and symmetry, etc., 
from general characteristics. We have already 
seen, in reference to certain terms of geometry, 
how shape dictated names; but even in cases 
where the shape is not of so much outstanding 
importance asin ascience that actually measures 
shape and space, we find examples of this. Thus 
in architecture we have newel and niche; in 
chemistry retort; and in the other sciences 
tunnel, siphon, valve, oolite, nucleus, ete. 
Sometimes a process receives a name that 
serves to roughly explain its action, as in photo- 
graphy ; sometimes an outstanding peculierity 
in a thing is seized on, as in palimpsest; and 
sometimes a general description is given, as in 
peristyle and parapet. Very often the use to 
which a thing is put gives it a name, as in pat- 
tern, pole, etc. Quite a large number of words 
contain an interesting historical or social fect. 
Thus the names of inventors are embalmed in 
the words galvanism, mesmerism, macadamize, 
etc.; of places and men connected with dis- 
coveries or knowledge in magnetism, orrery, 
etc. Gleams of light arethrown on Greek social 
life in the words metropolis and toxicology ; and 
on their astronomy in the name zodiac; and we 
have a hint of Roman institutions in the familiar 
term money. 

There is thus a most interesting and pictu- 
resque field opened up in what at first looks 


PRELIMINARY 


like the dry and barren region of technical 
terms. In the ‘‘Cyclopedic Technical Diction- 
ary” there are given many examples both of 
the abeve-mentioned methods of word-coining 
and of others which the student will easily find 
for himself. The Dictionary is not meant to 
teach Latin and Greek, or French or German, nor 
to give examples of the science of philology; it 
1s meant simply to show how a fair knowledge 
of the classical and modern languages may be 
used to profit in studying scientific and technical 
subjects. There is thus no attempt made to trace 
a word back to its very first root, but only to 
take its genealogy back to some word that an 
average student might be expected to know. 
Neither does the section on General Science 
we have named profess to be an exhaustive 
list of all its terms, but from the examples 
that it contains enough knowledge should be 
gleaned to attack any, even the strangest and 
most unfamiliar term. 


_ 


The Derivations of Purely Trade or Con- 
structive Technical Terms. 


These remarks, though having special refer- 
ence to the section which is devoted to the terms 
of General Science, apply to great extent to 
other sections which comprise words more purely 
technical, or what may be called trade terms. 
In those secticns—as, for example, that which 
gives the terms used in Building Construction, 
including in the phrase the arts of masonry, 
carpentry, bricklaying, and the like, as well 
as of that of architecture, as a fine as well as a 
useful art—it is not by any means an easy thing 
to find the roots or derivatives of many of the 
terms. In the more peculiarly mechanical 
difficulties of construction, building or machine 
—that is, those which take up work, not the 
principles upon which it is based, and the 
tools and appliances by which it is performed— 
it may be said that, as arule, there is now no 
means of tracing the process of naming, or the 
reasons why such and such designations were 
given to certain parts or methods of construc- 
tion or to tools. Nor need this be matter of 
surprise if we endeavour to trace the rise and 
progress of those departments of constructive 
work. From this it will be seen how purely 
conventional the names are, in many cases. 
These are given to the work or to the tools 
through a mere whim—often, indeed, they con- 
vey a kind of rough pun or joke, sometimes a 
fancied resemblance to some natural object 
very far removed indeed in its surroundings 
and associations from the work done or the 
tool used; while a machine may have a 
name given to it to keep in memory that of 
its inventor or first user, or, as has some- 


DISSERTATION. xxi 
times been done, with a touch of good nature 
and sometimes of ill humour. Many names 
also are simply corruptions of more accurate 
designations which have at first been given to 
the kind of work done, or to the object, such 
as a tool or a machine; while in some cases 
the name is simply a contraction of a precise 
and definite word in one of the ancient or 
classic, as Latin, or the modern languages, 
as French and German, 


Some Suggestive Examples of the Curious 
Origin of Technical and Trade Terms. 


Many curious examples of the above cases 
might here be given; we have space only for 
a few, but these will sufficiently illustrate 
them, Taking the last-named case first, in the 
technical term ‘‘ plumb,’? which when applied 
to an object means that it is standing truly 
vertical or perpendicular to the line of the 
horizon or the surface of the ground, we 
have simply a contraction of the Latin word 
plumbum, signifying lead. The student would 
at first sight fail to see what connection 
there was between the meaning of the term 
and this Latin word; but in tracing it out we 
find that what seems to be a fanciful conjecture 
gives us in reality a curious fact in the history 
of construction. A weight released from the 
hand at any given height from the ground falls, 
in virtue of the attraction of gravitation, to 
its surface in a line perfectly vertical. Any 
object erected on the ground which had its face 
parallel to this imaginary line would be vertical, 
and therefore, other circumstances being equal, 
stable—that is, would have no tendency to fall 
to one side any more than to the other and 
opposite. If the weight, in place of being allowed 
to drop from the hand to the ground, was sus- 
pended by a cord, string, or rope, the tendency 
of the weight still to gravitate vertically would 
keep the string or cord also perfectly vertical. 
We now have in place of an imaginary vertical 
line one which can be actually seen, and by a 
simple arrangement this visible line or cord 
can be compared with the lines of other 
objects. A heavy weight would keep the cord 
more securely and perfectly on the stretch than 
a light one; and as a material not only more 
easily obtained, but much more easily wrought 
or hammered or moulded or cast into any 
desired shape in the early days of masonry 
than iron or bronze, lead would by our ancestors 
be used to hang to the line or cord. And as 
just as likely as not the Romans, who were the 
most remarkable constructionists of early times, 
would be the first to invent or adapt a hanging 
weighted line to practically useful purposes, 
the Latin name for lead, plumbum, would sug- 


xxii PRELIMINARY 
gest a name for the new building appliance. 
This in later times, in virtue of the tendency 
existing amongst working men to abbreviate, 
already alluded to, would get shortened to 
plumb”; and this still later on would be 
made into plum, and the name of the weight— 
as distinguished from the complete applance— 
wvuld follow, and hence the term “ plummet.” 
Another tendency of some workmen is from 
one cause or another to alter the form of a 
word or to make it common or vulgar, as 
compared with its original and accurate form. 
Hence in some provincial districts, especially 
in the north of England, we find the term plum 
—“ off the plumb”’—is vulgarized into plim ; and 
we hear a workman saying that this is “ off the 
plim,”’ or on it, as the case may be; or telling 
a fellow-workman to set it “plim.” 


Tendency to Contract and Vulgarize 
Technical and Trade Terms. 


This double tendency to contract and to 
vulgarize is illustrated in a curious way in 
connection with a technical term giving the 
name of a certain part of the colour-printing 
machine used in the calico trade. This is what 
is called the ‘‘ docior,’’ a name very puzzling 
indeed to account for. As this appliance or 
implement is a species of knife or blade, some 
have traced the origin of the name to the fact 
that doctors use blades or knives in their 
painful operations: hence the name. But this 
fanciful and far-fetched derivation was at once 
set aside when tne true history of the appliance 
was traced out. The office of the ‘‘ doctor” 
is to take off the colour from the surface of 
the printing cylinder, leaving the colour only 
in the indented parts or those engraved in 
intaglio. As it performs its work with a motion 
like that of shaving, it might as well have been 
called a barber as a doctor. This clever appli- 
ance was invented or at least first introduced in 
France, and its office gave it its name ‘“ con- 
ducteur ’’—that is, a thing leading off the colour. 
As working men have short time for long words, 
the “‘con’’ would be cut off very speedily, leaving 
*ducteur’? asthe name. On being introduced 
into Lancashire, in this country—what with 
the tendency to vulgarize (and this is done often 
so grotesquely that we may say to caricature) 
words, and what with the then thoroughly 
national horror of anything French, to say 
nothing of the difficulty to pronounce the 
word “‘ducteur’’--its change into the easily- 
pronounced and to many funny word ‘‘the 
doctor’? was inevitable. And so it stands 
embalmed in this form, and has a permanent 
~lace in the technical terms of the calico 
trade, 


DISSERTATION. 


Derivatives and their Absence in the case 
of many Manufacturing Technical and 
Trade Terms, 


The various branches of our manufactures 
afford abundant examples of technical and trade 
terms or names which afford little or no evidence 
in themselves as to how they originated. They 
have, so to say, no derivative, no root to which 
we can go back or down to find something 
which will guide us in the matter. In many 
cases, so thoroughly arbitrary has been the 
reason why such names haye been given to 
certain things, that we cannot even conjecture or 
guess as to it. In other cases some conjecture 
is left us, and in some this is so common-sense 
that we may pretty clearly decide that we have 
hit upon the reason for the name. Thus, in the 
case of the machine—and a wonderful machine 
it is in its movements, which are such as make 
one feel that it can think as well as work— 
known in the cotton manufactures as the “‘mule,”’ 
many have wondered why this odd name should 
have been given to this machine. But a little 
knowledge of the trade’s history gives us a 
conjecture which, as said above, seems to be the 
true reason. Two machines, that invented by 
Crompton and that by Hargreaves, did in the 
early days of the trade the work of ‘‘ spinning,” 
or finishing the cotton slivers or rovings. 
When anew machine was introduced possessing 
some of the features of both of these machines, 
forming a combination, 80 to say, of the prin- 
ciples of each—just as a cross between a horse 
and an ass is called a mule, so naturally this 
new machine, being a cross, so to say, between 
two others, got to be so called. The same trade 
gives another curious illustration in this direc- 
tion, in the name of another spinning machine, 
called the ‘‘spinning jenny,” in the early days 
of the cotton trade. The daughter—a favourite 
daughter—of the inventor is said to have been 
Jenny; and as the object of the machine was to 
save labour, it is said also that he was pleased 
to think that his daughter, who was herself a 
spinner, would be saved much hard work by 
the use of his machine ; hence by all these asso- 
ciations the machine itself got to be called by 
her name. In like manner we find the name 
“water twist frame” given to the spinning or 
twisting frame invented by Arkwright, not from 
any peculiarity in the yarn per se, but simply 
because it was a frame (cotton machines nearly 
always were called, and some are still called, 
‘*frames’’) driven by a water-wheel, and as on its. 
first introduction showing that its powers went 
beyond mere hand labour or turning, and re- 
quired a special motor, and at that time the 
water-wheel was the prime motor almost always 
used, the steam engine not then having been 
introduced as a machine driver. We thus ses 


PRELIMINARY DISSERTATION. 


that the attempt to trace the origin of technical 
names, which at first sight appear to be purely 
unmeaning or nonsensical, may lead to some 
discoveries not altogether useless, and fre- 
quently very interesting, though in many cases 
all that can be said of our knowledge is that we 
know nothing, and seeing that so many names 
have been given from mere caprice, and some 
for no reason at all, we do not lose if we fail to 
trace their origin. 

From what has now been said, the reader 
will perceive how it is that in a large number of 
instances, while giving the definitions or mean- 
ings of technical terms, we do not give their 
derivatives or information by which we can 
trace their origin. Wherever there is a root 
from which the technical term, so to say, 
springs, it will generally be found that its 
examination will throw a light more or less 
clear upon the subject or thing named. Enough 
will at all events be placed before him to set 
the student thinking ; and the faculty of giving 
thought to what he has in hand is, in con- 
zunction with that of observing things, one 
of the main elements of success. Nor will it be 
lost time if, in cases where no origin of a techni- 
cal name is recorded, from facts not being now 
attainable, he endeavours to trace or find out 
this for himself. One of these days, perhaps, 
some patient investigators may devote them- 
selves to tracing the history of certain branches 
of our technical work, in order to find out, if 
that be possible, the points connected with 
+heir nomenclature. Should this ever be done, 
we shall be surprised at the mine of interesting 
and in some points practically useful informa- 
tion thus opened up. 


Limited Area or District over which 
Certain Technical and Trade Terms 
are used, 


We now come to notice another feature, and 
that an important one so far as the objects of 
a Technical Dictionary are concerned. This 
feature gives further evidence that in a great 
number of instances they cannot be traced to 
and are not dependent upon a common root, but 
have had their origin in one or other of the ways 
above alluded to. This is that even in any one 
country the names given to work tools or 
machines and to industrial processes—the latter 
in fewer instances, as may be imagined, than in 
the former—are not uniformly given or equally 
understood over all its districts or provinces. 
Hence we have certain names given to certain 
classes of work, or to certain parts of it, which, 
while quite familiar to workmen in one district, 
are unknown to those in another district. So 


Xxiii 


that a specification drawn up in one part of the 
country, and which would be understood by the 
workmen there employed or living, would, so 
far as many of its technical trade terms are 
concerned, be as a sealed book in an unknown 
language to workmen engaged in precisely the 
same class of work in another and more or 
less distant part. No doubt this difficulty is 
practically got over by guessing at what is 
meant, and the conjecture is all the more easily 
and likely to be accurately made from the 
perfect knowledge of the character of the 
work to be done, the context greatly helping in 
this. But while this is soin practice, it obviously 
leads to a difficulty in arranging any one sec- 
tion of technical terms; and this is perhaps 
more marked in the case of that connected with 
building construction than in any other. As 
there are so many names used throughout the 
kingdom to designate precisely the same kind 
or class of work—one district, as we have seen, 
using terms unknown, at least not in actual use, 
in another district—to give within the section all 
those names would obviously demand a much 
greater amount of space than the limits of our 
work would give. Andifweattempted to lessen 
this difficulty by giving the terms of one or two 
districts, excluding those-of others, we should 
lay ourselves open to the charge of showing for 
one reason or another a preference for one to 
the prejudice of another district. We arethere 
fore compelled, so to say, to restrict our list of 
terms to that class which has the widest accepta- 
tion and is the most generally understood. Thus, 
for example, in building construction, which is 
the first section we shall take up, we confine 
ourselves chiefly to those definitions which being 
used in London and the districts immediately 
surrounding, may be called by the name of 
metropolitan. 


Different Districts in the Kingdom have 
often Different Technical and Trade 
Terms. 


While the scheme and scope of “‘ The Cyclo- 
pedic Dictionary of Technical Terms ’”’ prevents 
us from even attempting to give all the terms or 
names used in different districts of the kingdom, 
in view of the value of a complete list we may 
here express the hope that this will at no very 
distant date be drawn up and published for the 
benefit of all those interested in technical work 
and education. This undertaking, from the very 
nature of its details, is, we fear, beyond the 
limits of individual ability or of private enter- 
prise. And if the experience of the past is to be 
any guide as to the anticipation of the future, 
it is, we fear, utterly useless to cherish the hope 


XxivV PRELIMINARY 
that our Government will undertake this useful 
work. The examples given us by Continental 
governments and those of North America in 
aiding technical work may yet possibly tell 
upon our Government, who have hitherto dis- 
played a remarkable indifference to all move- 
ments in this direction. If the science masters 
or technical teachers now or henceforth to be 
sent out from the department at South Ken- 
sington, or the New Technical College recently 
opened in the same locality, were instructed to 
collect in their several districts the technical 
trade terms in use there, we should by this 
means have in possession an amount of infor- 
mation from which a complete list or glossary 
of British Technical Terms could be arranged. 
(See a note under the head of ‘‘ Technical News 2 
on this subject.) 

And valuable in a purely business and educa- 
tional sense as this would be, the writer of these 
lines has so far an acquaintance with some of 
the points involved in such a national inquiry, 
that he is prepared to state that the result 
of it would be an illustration of the influences of 
certain local, or what might be called provincial 
if not national, characteristicsin giving a certain 
stamp of individuality to the names given to 
work or the tools and appliances by which it is 
done. The inquiry we have here suggested 
might thus have a philological value much 
higher, certainly much more interesting, than 
might be anticipated from the somewhat unpro- 
mising nature of the subject which it presents at 
first sight. Inthis direction we have space only 
to allude in a very general way to the tendency 
amongst those engaged in constructive work in 
Scotland—and, although ina less marked de- 
gree, also observable in the north of England— 
to use terms or phrases indicating certain 
classes of work or objects very short or brief 
as compared with those used in the southern 
parts of the kingdom. This is carried in 
some instances to its ultimate point, where a 
single word is used to denote a part which it 
takes several words to indicate in the series of 
technical trade terms in use in the south of 
England. This tendency receives an illustra- 
tion when we compare the technical trade 
terms used in France with those used in the 
south of England for the same class of work. 
Here we find that generally the English terms 
are as noted for their brevity or condensa- 
tion compared with the French, as are the 
Scottish compared with the English or the 
southern parts of the kingdom. In following 
up this direction of investigation into what 
may be called the philology of technical 
trade terms, some exceedingly interesting and 
in many respects practically suggestive points 
are opened up and elucidated more or less 
clearly. 


DISSERTATION 


Equivalents in French and English of 
the Terms, a Feature of the ‘‘ Cyclo- 
pedic Dictionary.” 


In addition to the definitions or meanings of 
technical terms, and to the derivations where 
such are known, which will form the principal 
characteristics of our “ Cyclopzdic Dictionary 
of Technical and Industrial Terms,’’ we propose 
to add another feature. This is, that in addition 
to the English terms their Continental equiva- 
lents or names, either in French or German, or 
in many cases in both languages, will be given. 
It is right, however, to draw the attention of the 
reader distinctly to the fact that this under- 
taking is only conditional. Our spaceis only very 
limited, or if in one sense not so, there are so 
many demands upon it, inasmuch as to be useful 
at all, the leading branches at least must be 
somewhat fully treated. Space, therefore, may 
not be at disposal to enable us to give in all 
the sections of the *‘ Technical Dictionary” the 
French or German equivalents of the English 
terms given. Beginning, however, with the hope 
that by judicious arrangement space sufficient 
will be had in which to give those Continental 
equivalents, either in French or in German or 
in both, in all the sections; we are able at pre- 
sent to state that at the very least two sections, 
and those perhaps the most important, will be 
so treated. In connection with this feature 
of the work, it will for various reasons be 
obvious that, while in many instances we may 
give such terms as are purely conventional, 
that is, shop or trade or local names, in English 
—as used in this country alone—we do not 
purpose to give the conventional equivalents 
as used in France and Germany. Apart from 
the large additional space which this would 
demand, it may well be doubted whether the 
information given would repay the reader for the 
time it would take up to master it. Such con- 
ventional, or shop, trade or local terms in foreigr 
languages would only be useful to one going to 
work in the respective countries, and would 
have no direct utility in the work of technical 
education as carried on here. 

It is confidently expected that this feature 
of giving the French or German equivalents 
for or names of English technical terms will be 
found both interesting and useful. Interest- 
ing it is certain to be; and anything which 
imparts an added interest to a subject under 
consideration is always valuable, if in no other 
way than in giving the reader or student a 
desire to know more. And if information can 
be obtained with comparatively little trouble— 
flowing, as it were, naturally out of any subject 
in hand, as will be the case in the present 
instance—the reader is sure fo be gratified. 
For to one having a thirst for knowledge it is 


PRELIMINARY 


always a source of satisfaction to be made 
acquainted with something which he did not 
know before. 


Direct and Special Business Value of the 
Continental Equivalents for English 
Technical and Trade Terms. 


But these French and German equivalents 
for, or translations of, English terms given in 
our Dictionary have, in addition to this general 
interest, a special and a directly practical value. 
The intercourse which now takes place between 
the three peoples, English, French, and German 
—brought about by large and important com- 
mercial and trade interests—is very extended ; 
and with ever increasing business relations, 
this intercourse is becoming all the closer and 
more intimate, the more extended it becomes. 
And as one of the many results of this, the 
interchange, as it may be called, of the three 
languages, both in their spoken and written or 
printed forms, has been carried out to an extent 
far beyond what one only looking at the surface 
of things would supppse to be at all the case. 
And this interchange is becoming wider and 
wider in its operation every day, embracing 
within its influence largely increasing numbers. 
And thisis brought about not merely by what 
may be called the purely personal influences 
which trade or commerce creates and maintains, 
but by scholastic or educational influences. 
For there are now amongst us a very great 
number of students who can read with greater 
or less ease, but always so as to be able to 
understand, both French and German—of these 
two French haying the superior claim. And 
this facility to read has opened up a wide perusal 
of books of all kinds printed in French, or in 
the crabbed and always—to all peoples but them- 
selves—confusing characters or letters used 
throughout Germany. 

There is one class of Continental literature 
possessed of the highest value to the readers, 
and bearing in the closest of ways upon the 
scheme and scope of the TkrcuNIcaL JoURNAL. 
This is the class which includes all kinds of 
books connected with technical and industrial 
work. The extension of a systematic technical 
education amongst us will naturally lead to a 
wider knowledge of, and a closer practical 
acquaintance with, the contents of purely tech- 
nical and scientific works published in France 
and Germany. 


Value of the Continental Equivalents to 
the Reader of General Literature. 
In connection with Continental technical 


literature our Dictionary equivalents in French 
or German, or in both, of English terms used, 


DISSERTATION. XXV 


will be useful, we have every reason to believe, 
ina marked and practical manner. For although 
the number of the technical works of the Conti- 
tent is very great, and this is every year in- 
creasing; and although through the causes we 
have named operating every year more and 
more powerfully, the number of such works 
read or consulted in this country is much 
greater now than ever it was before—and is 
likely to be greater still as time goes on—the 
reader may, notwithstanding, be surprised to 
learn that, as a rule, technical and scientific 
words are not given and explained in ordinary 
French-and-English, or English-and-French, or 
in German-English or English-German diction- 
aries. True, there are technical dictionaries 
published; but those are few in number, chiefly 
published abroad, always bulky in size, and 
what is more to the point so far as technical 
3tudents and readers are concerned, high in 
price; and in none are the features combined 
which make ours at once a dictionary of words 
or a vocabulary—a dictionary of derivations—or 
a cyclopexdia of information—and a dictionary 
of foreign equivalents and their translation and 
derivation. Those difficulties now glanced at 
will, it is hoped, be effectively met by the 
““Cyclopedic Technical Dictionary,” with the 
features appended now being considered, so far 
as its scheme and scope extend. 


Value of the Translation or giving the 
Meaning of French and German 
Equivalents for Technical Terms as 
given in the Dictionary. 


But if we gave in the ‘‘ Cyclopeedic Dictionary 
of Technical Terms”’ the mere foreign equiva- 
lents of the English terms—that is, the words in 
French or in German—itis obvious that, however 
interesting it might be to the reader or student 
to know them, there would be but little practical 
value attached to the list ; for they would form in 
reality but a mere vocabulary or word-list, and 
so far as the meaning of the words or the phrases 
given in French or German would be concerned, 
the reader—who for the present we presume to 
be ignorant of those languages, and it is but 
very few indeed in this country who know both 
of them, not many who know but one—would 
be, to use a graphic expression, left entirely in 
the dark. 

By our plan of giving a translation, therefore, 
of the words in French or German which 
are equivalents for our corresponding English 
technical terms, we shall do more than merely 
give what will be interesting or valuable from a 
linguistic point of view ; we shall be serving in- 
terests of a much wider practical value, For the 
reader not acquainted with the subject must not 


XXvV1 PRELIMINARY 
here suppose, what at first sight he is apt to 
conclude would be the case, that the French or 
German equivalent for an English term would be 
simply a translation of that English term, con- 
verted or turned over, so to say, into the French 
or German. Onthe contrary, it will be found that 
it is only in rare cases that one word in French 
or German will be the simple equivalent or 
translation of a single English word, and that 
in the great majority of instances more than 
one word, and in not a few cases a great many 
words, will be required to give the exact equiva- 
lent for a technical term in English, which may 
be expressed in one word only. The cases are, 
indeed, comparatively but few in which two or 
more words are required in our language. This 
characteristic of many words being required to 
give the equivalent for an English technical term 
is much more a feature of the German than 
of the French language. And a very puzzling 
characteristic of a German technical term is the 
combination of perhaps very many words or 
terms having different meanings, which are, 
however, strung continuously together without 
any division, so as to form one long word, the 
meaning of which as one word only is the 
equivalent of the English term, which latter 
may be given as a single word only, or, as 
in but few cases, two or three words at the 
most. While a multiplicity of words is also toa 
great extent a feature of the French technical 
terms, there is this difference, taking the term 
as a whole—namely, that there is a division be- 
tween the words, the different words making up 
asentence. The reader will thus see that if we 
merely gave him the equivalents in French or 
German. we should frequently, in the case of 
French for example, give him a long series of 
words, of which we presume that he would not 
know the meaning, and in the case of German 
a long series of letters forming a word of to 
him interminable length, which would be more 
suggestive of grotesque ideas than of practical 
ones. By dividing this long array of letters 
into separate words we give a key to its mean- 
ing. We cite only one example: in the English 
technical term ‘‘bat’’ (which see), the French 
equivalent takes no fewer than seven words to 
express what to an English bricklayer is con- 
‘veyed by the one word bat. In the German 
five words are required. If we simply gave 
those words, the reader no doubt would have 
the equivalent foreign technical term, but the 
words would, to one ignorant of the languages, 
convey no meaning. To give a translation of 
all the foreign words will not be interesting 
only, and useful as giving a knowledge, in a 
very easy because incidental way, of a vast 
number of foreign words, but a practical pur- 
pose would be served altogether marked and 
useful. And in many cases a great interest will 


DISSERTATION. 


be thrown around a subject by its derivation 
or root being given; and in the majority of 
instances we purpose giving the derivations of 
foreign technical terms in their own language. It 
is unnecessary to follow out examp es shuwing 
the practical utility of information such as that 
we have now explained: a little consideration 
will bring up many to the minds of those en- 
gaged in any technical business. 


A Method of giving the Pronunciation of 
French and English Words as closely 
as can be attained by the Use of 
English Words and Letters a Feature 
of the Dictionary. 


In glancing at the title of the Cyclopedic 
Dictionary the reader will have observed that 
one of its features is that the Pronunciation of 
the Continental words or equivalents of English 
technical terms is proposed to be given, and 
this upon a plan somewhat novel. And from 
various trials of it, extending through several 
years, we have some reason to believe that it 
will be effective and readily understood and 
applied as it is novel. It forms no part of 
the present paper to take up, even in the most 
sketchy of methods, the general subject of the 
study of the French and German languages. 
But, as we have reason to believe that a fairly 
and generally accurate pronunciation of the 
words in those languages which we give as 
equivalents for corresponding English technical 
terms will be desired by the great majority of 
our readers, who as yet have no acquaintance 
with the subject, we feel that it is our duty to 
offer a few remarks on pronunciation of French 
and German words, which will help to make 
clear the method or system we have adopted, 
and which will further be interesting to them- 
selves. 

In this G¢onnection it will be well to state 
that we purpose to give, on a plan the same in 
principle as the one above alluded to, the pro- 
nunciation of difficult English words. From 
what we have said the reader will understand 
how it is that many of the scientific and techni- 
cal terms, derived as they are from Greek or 
Latin, some from Continental and some from 
Old English or Saxon words, present to the eye 
an appearance of novelty, more or less removed 
from that of ordinary English words, and 
lending themselves by no means easily to the 
ordinary modes of English pronunciation. Even 
those otherwise or generally well educated are 
not seldom at a loss how to pronounce certain 
scientific or technical terms, the practical result 
being that one often hears them pronounced in 
different ways, and a difficulty arises in deciding 
which of those is the correct one. Numerous 


PRELIMINARY 


examples of this could be given here; we 
content ourselves by citing only such words as 
gypsum, gneiss, chalybeate, campanile, abat- 
toir, and acetate. In all cases where we con- 
ceive that a term comes under this class of 
obscure or debatable pronunciation, we shall 
endeavour to give the correct one by the plan 
we have above alluded to in connection with the 
French and German terms. 

It is scarcely necessary to say that it is by no 
means a new thing to give in dictionaries and 
other works treating on the French and German 
languages methods of conveying to the reader 
or learner an idea of how the words are pro- 
nounced, All these methods, and also of course 
of necessity the method we have ourselves 
adopted in the Dictionary of the TECHNICAL 
JourNAL, labour under the great disadvan- 
tage of appealing only to the mind of the 
student through the medium of the eye. Now, 
it is known to every schoolboy that the 
greatest help in acquiring a knowledge of pro- 
nunciation of a language is obtained through 
the medium of the ear. A child speaks long 
before he can read, and even when he can read 
the accuracy of his pronunciation depends upon 
lis ear. Of course, this also upon his teachers, 
or the influence of those—educated or other- 
wise—with whom he is daily in contact. And 
the difficulties, admittedly great as they are 
in acquiring a correct pronunciation in English, 
are assuredly much greater in connection with 
the Continental languages. 


The Peculiarities and Linguistic Charac- 
teristics of the French Language, 


Of the two with which our “Cyclopaxdic 
Technical Dictionary” concerns itself—French 
and German—the French is that which presents 
by far the greatest difficulty as regards its pro- 
nunciation. In German every or nearly every 
letter is sounded; but in French many are not 
80, being altogether dropped out. And for 
this there appears to be no rule, it being 
decided apparently altogether conventionally. 
Hence the varieties in the mode of pronuncia- 
tion, such as those prevalent in the provinces ; 
and even in Paris, which gives the tone to 
everything in France, the pronunciation of some 
words is not yet quite a settled matter. The 
only guide to an Englishman in this matter is 
the ear, of which it may be said that he who 
has a good ear for music is much more likely 
to learn French pronunciation quickly than he 
who does not possess it, But, as before said, all 
written or practical attempts to convey pronun- 
ciation labour under the very great disadvantage 
of not having the ear to appeal to, only the eye 
Nevertheless it is, we believe, a matter of com- 


DISSERTATION, XXvii 
parative ease to convey. by means of printed 
instructions a fairly accurate conception of the 
leading features of French, and also of German 
pronunciation. This must, however, be taken 
with the proviso that it is only a fairly accurate 
conception or approximative pronunciation 
which can be thus obtained, and that only 
in certain directions. But this much may be 
promised—that by attention to what is about 
to be stated very gross blunders in the pro- 
nunciation may be avoided ; and this although 
in one sense only a negative, is practically a 
positive advantage of considerable value. 

Let us, then, take up the subject of pronun- 
ciation in such of its leading features as are 
capable of being to a certain extent usefully 
explained by directions which are to be seen or 
read; there being others to which this mode of 
explanation is not at all applicable, vivd-voce 
and ear or oral instruction being absolutely 
necessary. We have said that one peculiarity 
of French words is that in few cases do the 
letters composing them give a clue to their pro- 
nurciation : certain letters are not only dropped 
out—that is, not pronounced at ali—but they 
for the most part have sounds very difficult for 
the English ear to take up and give. And so 
finely adjusted, so to say, is this, that in some 
cases there is but the nicest shade of difference 
between the pronunciation of two words, which 
mean nevertheless two quite different things, 
And this shade can only be accurately distin- 
guished and learned by the ear, and generally 
only by long practice. A very noted example of 
this is in the words signifying ‘‘ one,” as one 
thing or a thing,—which are un, this being the 
masculine form of the French word; wne, this 
being the feminine for it. It is not possible to 
give a set of English letters which will convey 
what the attentive discriminating ear knows 
to be the very nice or fine distinction between 
the word ‘‘ one” (which in English is used for all 
genders) in its two forms of unand une. The 
nearest approach to the masculine form un is 
in the English word ‘‘earn’’ not sounding the 
“‘r.”? In the feminine form wne, the nearest ap- 
proach is uehn or uh-n; the final n in both cases 
being, as it were, breathed out rather than 
actually spoken. 

What is called the nasal sound—popularly 
known as ‘‘speaking through the nose ”’—is, 
however, possibly the greatest difficulty in the 
pronunciation of French words. It is met with 
in such parts of French words as “on,” as in 
the word Monsieur; ‘‘en,’”’ as in the word en- 
core; or ‘‘ ent,” as in present, etc. As regards 
the sounds of those and similar combinations of 
letters in the French language, we may say 
that, as a rule with few exceptions, the popular 
notion held in this country is that they are best 
represented by the letter g—as ang, eng, angt, 


XXvill PRELIMINARY 
this letter being sounded as hard and almost 
as harshly as possible. Now, this does not 
obtain in French, the hard g, as in our word 
“‘twang,’ being replaced by a nasal sound, 
which would make this word sound to English 
ears asif it was like ‘‘twah,” or rather “ twagh,”’ 
the nasal sound coming in at the final letters 
ah or gh; the letters ng, as we pronounce them, 
disappearing, soto say, almost entirely. We say 
to an Englishear ‘‘like”’ this, but not precisely. 
Difficult as it is, practically impossible indeed, to 
find a combination of letters to convey the abso- 
lute sound, the following description may give 
the reader a fairly accurate notion of it. Wetake 
the word Monsieur (the equivalent for our ‘‘ Mr.” 
or ‘‘ Sir’’) as a good and a well-known represen- 
tative. The popular notion as regards this is that 
in its pronunciation the letter g, sounding as very 
hard, is the principal feature—this appearing 
in the first syllable ‘‘ mon,” as if it were mong, 
g very hard and pronounced. Taking the last 
syllable also, the whole word will afford two 
lessons of great value in pronunciation of 
French words. The nearest approach to the 
true pronunciation of the word monsiewr which 
one can hope for. at the first may be thus 
obtained. In the first syllable, ‘‘mon-’’, drop the 
n altogether and say ‘‘mo,” or ‘‘moh,” giving 
by means of the nasal sound only a slight 
suspicion of the letter g. This being done, 
by passing it through the nose in place of 
pronouncing it, as we English pronounce the 
letter g, by passing it between the tongue 
and the palate. The last syllable, ‘‘sieur,’’ is 
pronounced by contracting the lips precisely 
as if about to whistle, and blowing out, as 
it were, the syllable as if it were spelled in 
English ‘‘see you,”’ or “‘see-euh,”’ s passing out 
from between the lips with a slight hissing 
sound. <A very accurate pronunciation on the 
whole of the word Monsieur, as one hears it pro- 
nounced in France, may be obtained by taking 
the word as represented by the combination we 
have named—moo-see-you or moh-syue—and 
not attempting to give the nasal sound to mo or 
moh, pronouncing it simply as mo, and finally 
whistling or audibly breathing out the letters 
syue or see-you through the space between the 
tip of the tongue and the teeth and lips. This 
lesson will be found applicable to other words. 
This hard and harsh sounding of the letter g, 
which may be said to be the feature of the 
popular English pronunciation of the syllables of 
French words in which such combinations of 
sounds as ‘“‘ang,”’ “‘eng,’”’ “‘ong,” etc., are sup- 
posed to be, should be carefully avoided. Thus 
in the word encore (Eng. ‘‘ again ’’—thatis, in the 
sense of a thing being repeated) it should not 
be as if the first syllable were to be pronounced 
“ang” with the g hard—but somewhat like 
“ah” or ‘‘agh”—with only a suspicion of the 


DISSERTATION. 


nasal sound of the g. A fairly accurate sound- 
ing of the syllable will be obtained if the 
English word ah be used, taking care to prolong 
it, dwelling upon the ah for a brief space— 
before the last syllable-core (Eng. korr or kore) 
is taken up. In the French word combien, 
which signifies “how much”—as in asking what 
a thing costs in purchasing Or pricing it— 
the same rule or principle of pronunciation is 
to be attended to as above named. So that it 
is not asif pronounced ‘‘com”’ or “‘kom-bee-ang”’ 
with g¢ hard—but rather as ‘‘com-bee-ah”’ or 
‘‘agh”’—g with a suspicion of the nasal sound. In 
all cases,then, in the pronunciation of the French 
synonyms for English technical or scientific 
terms given in our Dictionary in which such 
combinations as ‘‘eng,”’ ‘‘ang,”’ or “‘ong”’ are met 
with,the reader will be pleased to remember what 
we have now said as to it. While the usual or 
conventional modes of representing this nasal 
sound, which is the characteristic of such termi- 
nations, is by a combination of the letters ng— 
as in ‘‘ang’’—with the g hard—we prefer to 
represent it by the combination ‘‘agh’’—which is 
pronounced very much like the English word 
‘“ah”—but with a nasal suspicion or shade of 
the g. 

The hissing sound of the letter s, referred to 
in last paragraph in connection with the word 
monsieur, is also to be noticed in relation to 
words in which the combination of letters 
“ti”? are met with, as in the word combina- 
tion. This word means precisely the same 
thing as the English word. With usthe ‘‘at”’ 
assumes this form, pronouncing the word as 
if written or spelled thus—com-bee-nay-shun, 
the sh being sounded as in the word “ harsh.’’ 
The French word is pronounced as if written or 
spelled thus—com-bee-nah-see-ong or -syong. 
Again-pointing out our warning as to the final 
syllable ‘‘ong,’”’ we refer now pointedly to the 
syllable “‘ see,’ which represents the letters ‘‘ ti ”’ 
in the French word, and in which letter, as 
“see,” the letter s must have the slightly hiss- 
ing sound, as named in relation to the s in 
monsieur in last paragraph but one. 


The Sounds of Individual Letters, and 
the Way in which they are Accented 
a Very Important Element in the 
French Language, both as regards 
Pronunciation and Meaning of Words. 


The sounds of individual letters, or the way 
in which they are pronounced, and the way in 
which they are accented, are important elements 
in the pronunciation of, as also in changing 
the meaning of, French words. With the last 
point we do not here concern ourselves, as that 
will be exemplified in the Dictionary, and it also 


PRELIMINARY 


refers to the general study of French,—we con- 
fine ourselves only to pronunciation. The letter 
a@ is never pronounced in French like the letter 
in our words fate, mate, but always broad, as in 
our words jar, far, tar. The letter c before the 
vowels a, 0 and u is, as usually with us, sounded 
hard—as in the French word franc (the coin 
equivalent to 10d. of our money), which is pro- 
nounced as if frank. Here again, however, it is 
to be noted that in France, although the c has 
the hard sound, that hardness is very much 
softened down in conversation; so that one 
rarely hears the hard sound as above given, 
but rather an approach to the nasal sound 
already referred to, so that the words we have 
given would be in pronunciation more like 
fragh, terminated with a softened sound of the 
letter k. When the letter c has the mark under 
it known to us as the “‘cedilla”—in the 
French as the eédille—as thus @—which is when 
the letter ec precedes the vowels a, 0, and u,— 
the cis no longer sounded hard, but soft, as in 
the two letters ss, asin the English word ‘‘ mass.” 
Thus the French word fagade, having the cedilla 
below the c, the pronunciation is as represented 
by the ‘nonsense’? or made words—fass-sawd 
or -sahd. Thec is sounded soft before the vowels 
e,i,and y. It is usually sounded when it ends 
a word, as avee (with)—pron. ah-vekk. But 
there are certain exceptions to this, as in the 
words «accroe (rent)—pron. ah-kroh or ah- 
krow. Tne letter c has thesound of our g in 
in some few words, as in seconde, second—pron. 
seh-gond, with the slight nasal sound on the 
letter n. 

The letter @ with the accent is never pro- 
nounced in French as it is with us in our words 
meet, feet, or greet, but always as ain the words 
fate, gate, or state. In other words, the letter e 
in French, considered alphabetically, is sounded 
like a, as it stands in our alphabet. But just as 
our a has this alphabetical or normal sound 
changed in the words fat, mat, or spat, so the 
alphabetical or normal sound of the French e is 
changed according to the accent placed over it. 
When the acute accent or ‘ is placed over the e, 
as thus, 6, it denotes that the letter is to be pro- 
nounced like our normala. Thus the French word 
bonté, goodness, is pronounced as bong or bogh- 
tay. If the letter e has the accent known as 
the circumflex, as “, thus 6, it alters its alpha- 
betical sound: thus the French word féte, a 
feast or public holiday, is pronounced as feht, 
not as fate. Generally it gives the e a long 
open sound. The letter e in French has three 
varieties of sounds. First the ‘‘mute” (as in 
Fr. muet, pron. mueh-aye), where it is dropped, 
as in the word cela (that—pron. like slah, not 
like say-lah, as might be supposed. Second, the 
“closed ” (Fr. fermé—pron. ferr-may) or acute: 
this we have already illustrated. And third, 


DISSERTATION. XXix 
the e “open” (Fr. ouvert--pron. 00-vare), or 
the grave accent, as in modéle—pron. modehl. 

The letter f is pronounced singly or alpha- 
betically as if preceded by our English a, or 
sounding like afe. As a rule f is sounded 
at the end of French words—with a few excep- 
tions. But it is dropped in some few others, 
as in clef (a key), pron. klay, or clay; in chef 
(master, chief, or head), pron. shay or sheh in 
combination, as in chef-d’euvre (a masterpiece, 
or the best of one’s work)—pron. shay-deuhy-er, 
but alone as sheff (see a succeeding paragraph 
on combination of letters, as ai, ou, ch, gn, 
re, etc.). 

The letter gin French, pronounced singly or 
alphabetically, as gé—that is, jay—is sounded 
hard before the vowels a, 0 and u, as in gaité 
(mirth)—pron. gay-tay, aiguiser (to sharpen, 
whet, or put an edge upon)—pron. ay-gweeze-eh. 
The letter g is soft before the vowels e, i, and y, 
as in gibelet (a gimlet)—pron. jeeb-lay, or as 
in génie (an engineer, as génie civile, civil en- 
gineer)—pron,. jaynee seeveel; or as in gypseux 
(gypsum, or plaster of Paris)—pron. jeep-suh 
or -sugh. (See the word we in a preceding 
paragraph for the pronunciation of the letter w 
in this and other words.) The letter g has some- 
times a sound like the letters sh, or rather shz, 
as in auberge (a small inn)—pron oh-bairj. 
(For the peculiar sound of such letters as tr in 
the above angtr see a succeeding paragraph). 
When at the end of certain words g is dropped 
or is mute, as in the above words long and 
sang, Which are read as loh and sah—or rather 
logh and sagh, with a slight nasal sound at 
the g. 

The letter h is in certain words altogether 
mute or not sounded, as in Adte (guest), which 
is pronounced as oht, or as a Cockney says ole 
for hole. Thus the well-known words fable 
@ héte (“table of the guest,” literally), are pro- 
nounced tah-ble-dot, or tah-bell dot—or as in 
Vhonneur, pron. lonn-euhr (see letter u). In 
many words the letter h is sounded full or aspi- 
rated, as in hache (ax)—pron. hahsh; hangar 
(stable or shed)—pron, han-garr with a slight 
nasal sound at the r. 

The letter i is always alphabetically pro- 
nounced like our e, asin the words meet, feet, 
or greet, never like our way of pronouncing the 
letter, asif itwereeye. Thus the word kilométre 
(a French measure of length) is pronounced 
not as if the first syllable were like kye or ki, 
but as kee: thus kee-lo-meter. The i has a 
distinct sound of our letter y in the words in 
which oign is met with: thus poignée (handle) 
is pronounced as po-ahg-naye, the gh having 
the nasal sound of ang or agh. 

The letter 1, which as a single member of 
the alphabet is always pronounced the same as 
our 1, is always sounded at the ends of words 

Cc 


XXX PRELIMINARY 


with sundry exceptions—as ouwtil (a tool)—pron. 
ooh-til (1 slightly pronounced), baril (barrel), 
barr-il. The combination ll has, as a rule, a 
peculiar sound, which is called aliquid sound, and 
which constitutes one of the greatest difficulties 
in French pronunciation to an Englishman: 
of this more presently. The double | at the 
beginning of all words is an exception to this 
liquid sound, as also certain words, as ville 
(town)—pron. veel or veal, and the ll is pro- 
nounced full. Thus the word élwstre (illustrious) 
is pron. eel-uhs-ter, the re having the sound of er. 
Illwminer (to illuminate) is pronounced eel-uhm- 
ee-nay; allonger (to lengthen) is pronounced 
al-long-jay. The liquid sound of the ll above 
referred to is a difficult matter for an English- 
man to give. An approximation to the peculiar 
sound may be obtained by the following. The 
word Versailles—the palace of which town is 
one of the greatest attractions of visitors to 
Paris—pronounced as thus will give this: Vairs- 
eyl. This, indeed, is the nearest approach 
which any combination of nonsense-words in 
English will give. Again, the liquid sound of 
the ll in French words generally will be met 
with in the word meilleur (better)—pron. mell- 
yuh, the meill being pronounced as the first 
syllable of the English word mel-ting. The 
word bouillant (boiling) gives also the liquid 
Sound—pron. as boo (or booh) -ee-angt (or -aght), 
g or gh nasally, famille (family), fah-mee-yuh. 

The letter 0, single or alphabetically, is 
sounded not so much like our o as in the word 
on, but more openly, as if marked with the « 
accent, 6, very nearly as we have it in the word 
nut, ora sound between the u in this word and 
the o in our word note. 

The letter p, as a single letter, or alphabeti- 
cally, is pronounced in French as in the English 
word pay, not pea, as with us. At the end of 
certain words it is dropped or not sounded, as in 
drap (cloth)--pron. drah, or as in coup (a blow 
or stroke)—pron. kooh. It is sounded as in the 
word cap (cape)—pron. kapp; and also always 
in the middle of words, as in drapeur (flag or 
colours)—pron. drah-peuhr. 

The letter q is sounded as if it wereak. Thus 
quel (what) is pron. kell; quelque chose (some- 
thing) is pronounced very much as if it were 
kelk-shoze, or nearer inkeck-shoze. Quitter (to 
quit), pron. kee-tay. 

The letter r is pronounced not in our way, as 
in the English word are, or as in ahr, but as if 
marked with the grave accent, ‘r, and pronounced 
somewhat as in the English word air. One 
peculiarity in French pronunciation is con- 
nected with this letter r. We have seen that 
in many words letters are either dropped out 
or mute, while others are softened down, so 
to say, till they become merely breathed 
out in place of being fully, clearly, and holdly 


DISSERTATION. 


sounded. If one listens attentively to French 
conversation he will hear numerous illustra- 
tions of this; but the most marked to an English 
ear is the softening of the nasal sound, met 
with in such combinations as en, am, simply 
because, as we have shown, the English popular 
plea is that an equivalent in which the ng is so 
used must be pronounced as hardly and harshly 
as we give it inthe word bang,—which a French- 
man would pronounce softly as bah, or bagh-n, 
terminating with the nasal sound. But to these 
soft and suppressed sounds this letter r is a 
decided exception, as any one attentively 
listening to the conversation of French people 
will soon discover. While in England the letter 
is softened and softened till it almost disappears, 
or its place is taken by another letter, as a w, 
in France ~as in Scotland also, by the way, or 
in Ireland—the r is rung out with a force and 
fervour remarkable, and often dwelt upon, as 
if the sound were particularly pleasing to the 
French ear. Thus, if the last part of the word 
Ver-sailles is given softly, the first part, Ver-, 
is rung strongly out. So also in royale—pron. 
R (v-r-r) rwah-yahl. There are here, as in other 
cases, exceptions to this: thus, in garcon (boy, 
waiter) the r is so softened that it is pronounced 
more like gah-song than garr-song, although 
the latter is often heard with the r rung out 
boldly. 

The letter s, as a single member of the 
French alphabet, is sounded not so much as 
in our English termination in ess, but rather 
as in the word ace. But it has in French 
frequently the sound of our z, as in words 
where it comes between two vowels—as in the 
word présent, which has the same meaning as 
in our language—this is pronounced as pray- 
zang, or with the ng nasally, as zagh, or zah, 
This sound is also seen in the word misere 
(misery or wretchedness)—pron. aS mee-zare. 
The letter s is one of those which is very 
frequently not sounded at the end of words, or 
dropped. Words of this kind are very numerous, 
as for example, zous (we) is pronounced singly 
as noo (as in our word noon), frois—pron. as 
trwah or trooah. But when such words termi- 
nating with s precede other words beginning 
with a vowel or a silent h, then the s is 
sounded, but, as stated above, with the sound 
of our letter z. Thus the words nous avons (we 
have) would, if pronounced noo avongs, be 
inharmonious or unpleasing; but the pro- 
nunciation is made euphonious by sounding the 
s (as z), thus we have now the right pronuncia- 
tion, nooze-avonze. Again, in the conjunction 
trois-hewres (three hours), the pron. traah-urhrs, 
or -oohrs, would not be pleasing to the ear, 
but by sounding the s at the end of trois 
(as z) we have the euphonised pronunciation 
trwahz-euhr, 


PRELIMINARY 


The letter t as a single member of the 
French alphabet, has a sound as if accented, 
thus ‘t, as in our word Tay—not as in tee or tea. 
It is generally silent, but as terminating certain 
words it is sounded, as in brut (rough or rude), 
thus broof, or bruht; or as in correct (right or 
accurate), korraickt; or est (the east), esst; or 
as in ouest (west), pron. as dissyllabic oo-esst, 
We have now to point out an oflice which 
the letter t has to fulfil in the pronunciation 
of French words when in conjunction under 
certain circumstances, and which gives one of 
the most striking peculiarities of the language. 
Our readers will frequently have observed in 
written or printed French the intervention of 
this letter, t, between certain vowels—such, for 
example, as a-t-il? This is done for the sake of 
euphony, or to avoid the awkwardness of two 
vowels coming together. Thus a il (mean- 
ing, has he?), pronounced alone, as thus, 
ah-eel, would sound odd—as if something were 
lacking—but by interposing the letter t, with 
a hyphen at each side of it, and sounding it, we 
have in the new pronunciation—ah-teel—one 
much more euphonious. Thus in donne il 
(meaning, does he give?)the pronunciation alone, 
as dunn-eel or donn-eel, a sound between the o 
and the u, would sound awkwardly, but by 
interposing the t—as thus donne-t-il?—and 
sounding it, we have in dunn teel a much more 
pleasing pronunciation. But the t has also 
another important use, in being sounded at the 
end of words which precede other words begin- 
ning with a vowel, and which final t would 
not, under other circumstances, be sounded at 
all. Thus the word peut (can), while standing 
singly, would be pronounced as peub, or pooh, 
preceding another beginning with a vowel, as 
the word wn (one, as such an one), would give 
an awkward sound, as thus, puh-ong, but by 
sounding the letter t at end of peut we have 
in puh-tang, or rather puuh-tah (see pre- 
ceding paragraph on the words wn and une), 
a much more euphonious pronunciation. Fait 
(makes), pronounced fay, and preceding a word 
beginning with a vowel, as say wne (one), pro- 
nounced as fay-oon, would be awkward, but by 
sounding the t at end of fait we have in fay- 
toon a more euphonions pronunciation. 

The sound of the letter u has been incidentally 
described and illustrated in more than one of the 
preceding paragraphs. It is one of the sounds 
difficult for an English ear to catch readily and 
accurately, This occurs more especially in 
the case of combinations with other letters. The 
changes it assumes are sometimes very nice 
We have in the case of the masculine and 
feminine forms (there is no neuter in the French 
language, as in ours) of the word one, un and 
une, illustrated this. As a single letter it has 
the sound of the made or nonsense word kuube 


DISSERTATION. XX¥xi 
or_koobe, the sound being as between the o and 
Iheu. It also has the sound of u in our word 
supper—as in the French word beurre, butter, 
which is pronounced very much like burr, or 
almost like buuh, the r being slightly sounded. 
ot has also the sound of the u in our words 
fool, school, or bull, as in the French word 
boulevard—hool-eh-vard. 

There is no W in French: in all English words 
in which this appears, as at the beginning of a 
word, as William, Wellington, it is replaced by 
Frenchmen with a y, and this as a letter is 
pronounced by them as in our word convey 
(vay). The letter X has various sounds. In 
some, as in the well-known name Bruxelles — 
the capital of Belgium—the x is sounded thus: 
Brubcks-ell (as in rocks). X is thus sounded 
in some words precisely as we give it in such 
words as reflexion (réflection)—pron. ray-flex- 
ee-ong; Engl. pron. ree-fleck-shun. X in other 
French words is sounded precisely like our z: 
siviéme (sixteenth), scize-ee-aim. Again, x in 
other words is sounded like egs, or egz, as in our 
English wordexamine. Thus the pronunciation 
of the French word examen (examination) is 
eggz-ahm-enn ; exercise (the same meaning as 
with us), eggs- (or rather aiggs-) air-seece. 

The letter z as a single member of the French 
alphabet is sounded as in the English com- 
bination zay. It is generally not sounded or 
is dropped at the ends of words, as in arrivez, 
donnez pron. arr-eey-eh, don-nay. But if a 
word ending in z precedes another beginning 
with a vowel, as un (one), the z is sounded; 
thus donnez-un is not don-nay-uhn, but don- 
naye-zuhn, or -zoon. 

The combinations of two letters in French give 
rise to many difficult and puzzling problems 
in pronunciation. We can find space only to 
give a fewexamples. Thus the ui, as in the 
word celui (that), is pronounced as sell-we ; the 
word tuile (tile) as tweel. Ou is like our oo 
in root, which is the exact pronunciation of 
the French word route (a way or direction for 
travelling in—vulgarly with us pronounced as 
if it were rowt). Au has the sound of 0; thus 
chaud (warm) is pronounced like sho or show, 
the d being silent; auprés (near), pron. oh-pray. 
The oi is like the letters wah; thus voit 
(sees) is pron. as vwah, the t being silent, but 
sounded if before a vowel; thus, voit-il (he 
sees) is pron. vwah-teel. The eu, as in heure 
(hour), is a very difficult sound to give an equiva- 
lent of in an English combination of letters 
or a nonsense-word; its sound is somewhat 
between the sound of the word true, and troo 
or trugh, the eu in the latter pronounced as the 
u in our word lurk or turk or turf. In the 
combination of the vowels ai the sound is as 
a in the English word fate or mate, Thus the 
word connais (know) is pron. like con-nay. The 


Xxxii PRELIMINARY 
ei has the same sound; thus freize (thirteen) is 
pronounced like traize or trayz. All the above 
are vowel combinations. The combinations of 
consonants, or vowels with consonants, give 
also differing sounds. The ch has in some 
words a hard, and in others a soft sound. Thus 
in such words as chaud (warm), méchant (wicked), 
the sound of the chis precisely as we have it 
in the nonsense or fancy words shose, shant 
—chaud pron. sho, méchant, may-shangt; the 
French word chose (thing is pron. shoze; as in 
artichaud (artichoke), pron. ahr- or arr-tee-show. 
The hard sound of the ch is found in such words 
as écho—pron. aye-koh, chaos (chaos or confusion) 
—pron, kah or kagh-oss (the sound broad as in 
our words far, tar), orchestre (orchestra), orkes- 
ter). The combination of consonants gn has 
two sounds. First, hard, as in such words as 
stagnante (stagnant or still), pron. stahg-nahngt, 
The liquid or soft sound of gn, as in such 
words as champagne, is a somewhat difficult one 
to pronounce or find letter combinations to 
illustrate: shagh- or shang-pah-yagh or -yagn, 
or sham-paiyn; champignon (mushroom), pron. 
shang-peen-yong. The combination gu gives 
always the hard sound to the g, as guider (to 
guide)—pron, gee-day ; in those the u is silent 
or vanishes. But in some words the u is 
sounded or appears while the g is still hard. 
Thus aiguille (a needle) is pron. ay-gue-el; it is 
often pronounced, however, without the u being 
present, as thus—ah-gwee-aye; as in the word 
diguiser (to sharpen or whet a tool)—pron. ay- 
gweeze-aye. The combination ph in French, 
as with us, is pronounced like f, as in philo- 
sopher, the French equivalent for which is phi- 
losophe, pron. feel-ohz-off, or feel-oh-zoff. The 
combination qua is sounded something like 
kwah, as in éqguation (equation), pron. aye-kwah- 
see-ongh. The combination que is sounded 
somewhat like qweh, or rather qway—the a as 
in our word mate; thus équestre (an equestrian) 
is pron. aye-qwes-ter. The combination qui is 
sounded like qwee, as in équitation (horse- 
manship)—pron. aye-qwee-tah-see-ongh. The 
combination th is sounded like the simple 
letter t ; the peculiar sound we give it, as in 
the words that or those, the Frenchman can 
rarely if ever give; he says dat, dose, or tat, 
vose. Thus the French word théme (a theme 
or subject) is pron. tame. We have referred to 
the importance of the accents in French pro- 
nunciation. When two dots are placed over a 
letter thus—i—it means that that letter has to 
be pronounced as if it formed a distinct and 
separate syllable, with its own peculiar sound, 
in this Case as e. 

There is one combination generally at the 
ends of French words which gives much trouble 
in pronunciation. This is met with in such 
combinations as tre, bre—as in métre (a measure 


DISSERTATION. 


equivalent to one yard and a third and a frac- 
tion), arbre (a tree), étre (to be). Take the word 
metre: the pronunciation of this may be very 
closely approximated to by first saying mayt, 
or mate, and then adding to this the letters 
er, not tess or tz. The combinations will thus 
be pretty near the pronunciation of the word 
metre. The word étre is pronounced very 
much in the same way, taking the combination 
ayt, or eight, as the first sound, and finishing, 
as above, with the er—thus, ait-er. The bre in 
the word arbre is given by pronouncing softly 
the nonsense word buh—thus ahr-buh. 


The Peculiarities and Linguistic Charac- 
teristics of the German Language. 


We now come to the German pronunciation. 
As we have already stated, this is much easier 
in a general way than that of French, as all the 
letters are sounded, and thus those “ elisions ”” 
or droppings-out of letters, etc., so puzzling in 
the French, are avoided (‘‘elision ’’ from a Latin 
word elisio, and this from elidere, to dash out 
or dash against). So also such difficult sounds 
as in the last paragraph we have had illustra- 
tions of, or as in words in preceding paragraphs, 
as Monsieur, etc. In German pronunciation the 
crucial difficulty or test is the sounding of the 
letters ach, och, or ich. The sound is, however, 
only a difficulty to English ears; it presents 
none whatever to those of Scotchmen or Irish- 
men. In the word loch (a lake or inland piece 
of water) the Scotchman, and in the exclamation 
“Och!” the Irishman, hits off the German och 
to an exactitude. And the same guttural or 
throat sound (from the Latin word guttur, the 
throat) is met with in the ich and the ach 
of German words. An Englishman pronounces 
the word loch as if spelled lock, or lohk; and 
och as if oc or ock; and ich he would call 
ick (the i as in our word lick), and ach as 
if spelled ac or ack (the a as in our word 
lack). Let us try to convey some notion of 
how this guttural sound, so difficult to many, 
is produced. Let the reader who has the 
difficulty to deal with, in the first instance 
pronounce the letter 0, takiag care, in pro- 
nouncing it, that he does so by blowing it out, 
so to say, between his partially opened lips. 
If he does this sharply, so as to stop or cut It 
off quickly, he will find that he has got a very 
near approach to the German sound of the 
och. And if he, in blowing out this 0 with a 
sharp energetic blast cut or nipped off sud- 
denly, will try—and no good work is ever done 
without trial—to make the blast or sound 
proceed from the region of his throat, not that 
of his mouth, the reader will get a remark- 
ably near approach to the true sound, and 
will by practice be able to say the och in a 


Pe 


PRELIMINARY 


way which would creditably pass in Germany. 
We say by practice, for a difficulty which 
by many Englishmen is deemed insuperable 
cannot be overcome all at once. The ich may 
be sounded in like manner to the above, only 
that the letter e is blown sharply out, and 
nipped, so to say, suddenly off. The ach 
sound is uttered in similar fashion by using 
the sound of a in its broad form, as in the 
word Mark, or Shaw. 


Sounds of the Individual Letters in the 
German Language. 


In German, as in French, the letter A a is 
always pronounced in this broad way, as in the 
words last named, or as in ah, or rather awe. 
It is never pronounced as in our word fate or 
mate. The ais also sounded short, as in our 
word castor. For beginners and for general use 
the a may be always sounded the broad or long 
way, asin far or awe. This sound of sharp a 
as in mate, is in fact the sound of the German 
letter Ee, while in turn our sound of e, as in 
the word meet, is in reality the sound of the 
German li. We have thus the Aain German 
represented by our sound of the letter as in 
awe, the Ee by our sound of a as in fate, 
and the I i by our sound of e as in meet. 
The letter e has also a short sound, as in our 
word left, and the sound is also produced or pro- 
longed, as in our word terror. The letter E e 
has often a sound given to it like the e in our 
word jest. This is shown in der—pronounced 
derr. The other pronunciation, and which is 
the most frequently adopted, and is most in 
consonance with the language, is the usual 
sound of the German e—that is, ‘‘dare.”” The 
letter Ii has its ordinary or long sound, but is 
sometimes short. The letter O o has usually 
a long sound as in our word dote; it has some- 
times a sharp or short sound, as in our word 
pot. The Uu has its long sound, as in our 
word food, its short sound as in our word book. 
To an English ear it is not easy to distinguish 
between those two sounds, so that the first may 
be taken by beginners as the one to be followed, 
in the short word ‘‘ do.” 

The reader, in looking over German printed 
matter, will frequently observe the letters a, 0, 
and u with two dots over them—as A, 6, and ii. 
Those dots indicate a variation in the sounds 
which forms a very important feature in German 
pronunciation. The letter thus marked 4 has a 
closed or what may be called a twisted sound, 
something like aih, the two dots being equiva- 
lent to the letter e after a vowel—thus 4 or ae, 
6 or oe. The marked 6 has a sound like that 
in the words girth, firth—or perhaps our word 
birch gives the sound best. It has a corre- 
Sponding sound in the French combination eu, 


DISSERTATION. XXxili 
as in the word peur (fear). The u with two dots, 
ii, has a sound which is best illustrated by the 
sound corresponding in French in the word ruse 
cunning, deceit), pron. ruuhz, or nearly as the 
0o in our word wooing, in which the oo and the 
i are, so to say, turned in or twisted into each 
other. 

The letter C c in German is sounded like 
our k, as Cabinett—pron. kab-ee-nett. This hard 
sound is always given before the vowels a, o 
and u, and before the au and all consonarts. 
If placed before the e, i, or y (in Ger. ) or before 
the a, 6, or ti, with two dots, c has the sound of 
tz, as in ceder (cedar)—pron. tzay or tzeh-dare. 

The letter Dd has, at the end of words, often a 
sound given to it like t, as Band—pronounced 
bant. 

The letter G g has generally the same hard 
sound as it has with us, as in the words got, 
given In the combination ig at the end of a 
word, as ewig, or in the middle of a word, as 
Gitigkeit, it has a soft sound, aspirated like that 
between the sound of our g, as in the word, 
general, and the letters zch. Or perhaps the 
sound will be best produced by pronouncing our 
word gig as gye. 

The letter H h has the strong aspirated sound 
at the beginning of all words, as in our words 
hat, have, as in haben (to haye)—pron. hah- 
benn. If placed petween two vowels, as in 
gehen (to go), the h is not sounded, and the 
preceding vowel is long: gehen (to go) as gay-en. 
There is no English combination of letters, or a 
word, which will give this sound of h between 
two vowels nearer than this now given. In all 
cases other than the above the bh is mute, not 
sounded, that is in the middle of words. If the 
h is preceded by alvowel, as in Zahl (a number) 
—pron, tzahl, it lengthens out the sound of the 
a in the word, exemplified in the difference 
between our words Sal and Saul. 

The letter J «is always sounded like our y. 
Thus Jude (a Jew) is pronounced yuh- or you- 
dey ; Ja (yes) pron, yah. The letter N n, if it 
precedes ak, as in the word dank (thanks), has 
a nasal sound as in the French: thus the word 
is pronounced dang-k. This nasal sound to n is 
always given if it precedes the letter g—as in 
Gesang (a song)— pron. geh-sang. 

The letter S s has usually the sharp hissing 
sound it has in English, as exemplified in the 
word just used. If it precede a vowel it takes 
the force of our z, as selbst (self) is pronounced 
as zelbst. 

The letter V v is always sounded like our f, 
the exceptions to this being in words derived 
from languages foreign to the German, in which 
it has its usual sound, as in our words yerb, 
ever. Thus the German word verwunden (to 
wound) is pron. ferr-yoon-den. The middle 
syllable of this word shows also how the letter 


PRELIMINARY 


XXX1V 


W w is sounded, this being always lke 
oury. Thus Werkmeister (journeyman, literally 
a master of his work), is pron. vairkk-mys- 
teer, the my as in our word mine; wissen 
(to know) pron. viss-en. The letter ZZ 18 
somewhat like our ts or tz: thus Zimmer 
(chamber) is pronounced as_ tzim-merr; 


Zahn (a tooth) is pron. tzaan, or tzawn, 
or tzah-n; Zaun (a fence)—pron. tzown or 
tzoun. 


We now come to the combinations of letters, 
such as the au, ei, ea, etc., etc. The sounds of 
these constitute some of the peculiarities of 
German pronunciation, and to many some of 
its great difficulties. These are, however, much 
more easily overcome toan English ear than the 
crucial test of the och, the ich, or the ach. Some 
of these sounds have been incidentally given in 
the above paragraphs. Thus the sound of the 
au is shown in the word Zaun in last paragraph, 
from which it will be observed that it is sounded 
precisely ‘as in our words}mouse, or house, or 
cow. Thus kaufen (to buy) is pron. cow-fen; 
Jungfrau pron. yung (see letter j) -frow. The 
combination ei is sounded precisely like the 
sound of the English words nine, mine, thine. 
Thus nein (no)is pron. nine; Freiheit (exemption, 
liberty) pron. frey-heyt or frei-height. By the 
way, this terminal “‘heit ” is the only exception 
there is to the rule named in connection with 
the letter Hh, that it is always silent in the 
middle of words: not so with this exceptional 
end-syllable. The eu is sounded very much like 
the letters oi in the English words toil, moist, 
joist. Thus Freund (friend) is pron. froi-nd. 
This also is very much the sound of the letter 
& with two dots over it (see letter a). Thus 
Kdufer (purchaser or buyer) is pron. like koy- 
fer. The aa and ee sound very like the corre- 
sponding letters accented thus, 46; when two 
vowels of the same kind, such as those given, 
come together, they are pronounced exactly like 
the single letter, but prolonged. The letters ie 
are sounded like the ee in our words seen, been ; 
thus, Karniess (cornice) is pron. kahr- or kawr- 
neece. 

Inthe combinations of consonants the sounding 
of the letters ch, when preceded by the vowels 
a, i, 0,18 the great difficulty to the English ear, as 
we have explained in the combinations ach, 
ich, and och. The letters ch are, however, often 
sounded as k. The letters ph, as with us, 
sound as f; qu sound like qwee, as in our word 
queen. The letters sch sound like the shin our 
words shovel, shoot. Thus the German word 


Schule (school) is pron, as shool-eh, this letter 
sounded as in our word mate. 


In concluding our remarks on the plan and 
scope of the ‘‘ Cyclopeedic Technical Diction- 


DISSERTATION. 


ary,’ we may be permitted to express the 


hope that it will form not the least practically 
useful and educationally suggestive department 
of its pages. And although from the very 
circumstances of its publication comparatively 
incomplete—that is, not thoroughly exhaustive 

it is only right, in the interests of our readers, 
to say that each of the sections of the ‘‘ Cyclo- 
peedic Technical Dictionary” is distinguished 
by a comprehensiveness of terms and a fulness 
or completion of their definitions which give it a 
fair claim to be considered practically complete. 
So far as the terms are concerned, many—and 
those in daily use either in practical work or 
literature—are given which have no place what- 
ever in some glossaries or dictionaries taking 
up special departments of technical knowledge, 
and which nevertheless have occupied a high 
position in the ranks of technical works. Our 
title states that only the *‘leading terms” will 
be given; but the body of the dictionary itself 
fulfils very much more than the title promises. 
And so far as the meanings or definitions of the 
terms themselves are concerned, we may with 
some justice claim for them a fulness of explana- 
tion not always or often met with in works of 
the kind. But there are other features which 
may be said to belong to the ‘‘ Cyclopedic 
Technical Dictionary” specially, and almost if 
not altogether exclusively. Those are the deri- 


vations of the synonyms or equivalent terms 
in French and German, their translation into 
our own tongue, and further, frequently their 
derivatives in and from their own language. 

In the title we state that the work gives the 
synonyms, or if not those, the equivalent terms 
in French or German, or in both languages; but 
those two words were used to indicate specially 
that we made a distinction between them—so 
that if we did not give an exact synonym, that 
is, the trade expression of an English term, we 
should give French or German words which 
would be ‘‘ equivalent” to the term in our own 
language—that is, would give the foreign words 
which would convey to our readers what our 
terms were in the Continental languages. In 
the body of the Dissertation itself, we pointedly 
referred to the fact that it would serve no useful 
purpose to give throughout the Dictionary the 
purely trade terms used in France and Germany 
for certain parts, processes and work, and fully 
explained why this was so. There are, indeed, 
many technical terms used with us which have 
no exact Synonyms in French or in German, and 
which are generally received and recorded by 
authorities. We have been desirous to give the 
reader as complete and as wide as possible a 
list of words and phrases in French and German 
which correspond to the English words descrip- 
tive of or used to indicate the materials used, 
the work done, or the processes carried out 


in technical and industrial work. Writers on 


| 
: 
| 
: 


— 


PRELIMINARY 


the subject have often been compelled, so to 
say, in explaining those terms, to take such 
words or combinations of words in French or 
German as will give in their estimation the 
clearest view in those languages of what our 
technical or trade term is or conveys. Hence 
it follows that to some of the foreign ‘‘ equiva- 
lents”? given by some writers exception may 
be, as it has been, made by others; and this 
because the equivalents in some cases are not 
either scholastic or colloquial words in actual 
use. It has, however, in such cases been 
enough to reply that if such words or phrases-- 
cr as in the German language compounded or 
combined words—give a clue or key to what the 
corresponding material, work or process is in 
French or German, as the case may he, all that 
is aimed at by the writers is practically secured. 
And in such cases the converse holds equally 


DISSERTATION. 


XXXV 
good. For a French or German reader will, in 
glancing at the words or phrases in such cases, 
have at once the clue or key to the English 
technical or trade term explaining how the work 
is done or the process gone through. A very 
clear distinction should be made between what 
may be called the scholastic or classical, and 
the technical literature of a language ; it would 
obviously be of little use to judge, for example, 
our own technical terms by the standard of 
classical or scholastic English. If the equiva- 
lents we give serve to convey to the reader the 
nature of the material, tool, work, or process 
as expressed in French or German words, 
whether simple or compound, the object we 
have had in view will have been gained. At 
the same time it should be stated that through- 
out the Dictionary a large number of definite 
synonyms will be found. 


“, 


= 
oe 
ac 


t: 
a, 
e. 
tf 
Xe: 
x. 
2 


d 
: 
iS 


, pair Rar taarreecsolen iain ire 
oe 


Lites e 
PY his tel 2, Br “Fin. we joo te —-L 


ees SS 
— er sie 


all MTL 2": 


ee 2 


<= d 
ead SN Soy 4 f 
Fig. 8 ;. 


Plate I.—Terms in Masonry and Bricklaying :—Arches—Trimmers—Foundations. 


Fig. 3 


——— 

SSS ——————— 
Ss Q——— 
= —— F -— 

——<s— 


ett 


WHMUNX Hd AM FZ 


Ei 


12 
Fig. 1 


i 


ii + N 
} \ 
\ 


Plate II.—Terms in Bricklaying :—Setting of Bricks—Courses of Bricks— 
= ick Bond. | - 


4 


oa at: 


om 


. 


=i ws Papeete as + 


——. > 


. 
. 
. 
. 
’ 
. 
. 
« 
» 
* 
y * 
d< > 
» 
» 


Pa} « 

1) 4 

; > “’ 
eo pe 


. 
‘ 
‘ 
. 
- 
4 
’ 
7 
° 
: 
. 
’ i 
%; 
‘ 
he '? 
¥ 
j © 


=e 


Plate III..-Terms in Bricklaying :—Bend—Relieving Arch—Dripstone—Chamfer. 


-_~ 
~ ————E——— 

SSS eae 

a8 SSS 

=> 


Plate 1V.—Terms in Bricklaying, Carpentry, Masonry :—Centres for Arches 
—Lewis—Joints—Flues. _ 


i 


asa a a, Wy 
142 @ 


ee! ae 
oat, eae he 


> ied > hen eres B- 


a ¥ 

ye A . 
” wes 
: a iia 


A DICTIONARY OF 
TECHNICAL AND TRADE TERMS 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ABBREVIATIONS EMPLOYED THROUGHOUT THE Dictronary.—Der. for “ Derivation,’? or the 
Linguistic Root of the Term; Fr. for ‘French’; Ger. for ‘‘German”; Lat. for ‘‘ Latin”? ; 


Gr. for “ Grock” ; 


O. #. for *‘Old English or Anglo-Saxon”; Eng. Pron. for “ English 


Pronunciation’”’ ; Syn. for ‘‘Synonyms,” or Equivalents in French or German, or in both; 


Pron, “‘ Approximative Pronunciation.” 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ab 


Abacus, in Architecture. The final or 
uppermost member of the capital of a 
column in one of the orders of architecture, 
upon which in Classical architecture the 
Entablature (which see) rests, or in Gothic 
architecture from which the Arches (which 
see) spring. In Classical architecture, or 
what are called the Five Orders of architec- 
ture, the abacus is, in the Doric and Tuscan, 
a flat stone or tile, square in outline, 
with edges either plain or ornamented 
with mouldings. In the Ionic, Corinthian, 
and Composite Orders the abacus is square, 
but with each side hollowed out to a circular 
curve, and the corners cut off or truncated. 
In Gothic architecture the major portion of 
the capital being made up of foliage or orna- 
ment, the abacus is the only part which 
admits of mouldings being displayed. The 
form or outline generally determines the 
Gothic style or date of the capital. In 
the Norman it is square or plain, with the 
lower part chamfered (which see). In the 
Early English it is chiefly circular in 
plan; in the Decorated style it is either 
square, set diagonally, or circular, often 
octagonal. In the Perpendicular style the 
abacus is sometimes circular, but most 
frequently octagonal in plan. Eng. pron. 
abbey-kuss or ah-bay-kuss, Syn. Fr. Abaque, 
or Tailloir—pron. ah-baack, tah-ee-oh-ear or 
-eer—literally “a trencher” or “ plate,’ and 
this from tailler—pron. tah-ee-eh—to cut, 
carve, or dress; Ger. Abacus or Capital- 
platte, or Platte einer Sdule—pron. ah-back- 
us, kap-ee-tal-plattay or -platteh, platteh 
iner sow-lay. 

Abattoir. A separate or detached build- 
ing set apart for the slaughtering of animals 
designed to serve as butchers’ meat, with 
special conveniences and appliances. Eng. 
pron. same as the French; vulgarly various, as 


A 


ab 


ah-bat-ore or ah-batt-war. Syn. Fr. Abattoir 
—pron. ah-bah-twar or -tuah. Der, From 
the French verb battre, to strike or beat 
down, and this from the Latin batuo, I strike 
or beat down; Ger. das Schlachthaus—pron. 
shlaght-house—the ch or gh with the gut- 
tural sound (see Dissertation), hau pron, as 
between cur word house and the Ger, Haus ; 
from schlachten, to slaughter. 

Abrevoir, in Masonry. The junction or 
juncture of the faces of two stones, the 
interstice between which is to be filled with 
mortar, 

Abutment, in Masonry. The walls or 
piers at each side of an arched opening from 
which the arch springs and is supported, 
or upon which the ends of the arch abut. 
Syn. Fr. Arc boutant, or Arc boutant culée or 
buttée, or Aboutissement—pron. ark-boo-tangt 
(ng pron. nasally), kue-lay, buh-tay—ah-bu- 
tease-mangh. Are boutant means the ending 
of an arch—from bout, the end. Culée means 
a stern-way, also an abutment—from culer, to 
go astern (koo-lay). Buttée means abutment. 
Syn. Ger. der Brockenkopf, or Anstoss, or 
Strebepfeiler—pron. brocken-kopf, ann-stoss, 
stray-beh-filer. Brockenkopf, from Brocken, 
a fragment, and Kopf, the head, z.e. the head- 
piece. Anstoss has a curious derivation— 
from anstossen (ann-stoss-ain), to push on or 
against, to stumble on—that is, the Anstoss 
is the stone which the entablature above 
it pushes against. Strebepfeiler is from 
Strebe (stray-bay), a prop, a stay, a but- 
tress, and this from streben (stray-benn), to 
struggle against or contend with. Pfeiler 
is a pillar or pier, and this from pfeilern 
(file-airn), to provide or furnish with piers or 
pillars. Another German synonym for abut- 
ment is Kdmpfer—pron. kemp-ferr—which 
has a curious derivation, like Anstoss above 
named, The word means a fighter or com- 


I 


ab 


batant—from Kampf (kamff), a struggle, a 
combat—i.e. the stone which fights against 
the weight or pressure of the entablature, 
its resisting piece. Another German syno- 
nym is Widerlager—pron. vee-derr-lag-err—- 
from wider, against or in opposition to, and 
Lager, a bed, a couch, and this from lagern 
(lah-gairn or -gern—g hard), to lay down, 
to found, Der. The verb abut, to terminate, 
border, or meet, is from the French aboutir, 
to border on, to end, and this from @, at, and 
bout, the end or extremity of an object. 

Abutting Joint, in Carpentry. The junc- 
tion of two pieces of wood or members of 
an assemblage of timbers or framing. In 
this joint the fibres are, or the length of the 
one piece is, perpendicular to the face of the 
joint, and of the other member parallel to 
the joint. 

Acanthus, in Architecture. A plant the 
leaves of which treated in a conventional 
manner form the distinguishing feature of 
the capital of the Corinthian and Composite 
Orders in Classical architecture. The 
acanthus is the basis of a wide variety of 
ornamental forms used in the decoration of 
objects in art manufactures. Syn. Fr. Acanthe 
—pron. ah-kanth; Ger. Barenklau, which is 
the German equivalent of the English name 
of the acanthus plant—Bear’s Breech, or 
“the breech of the bear”—pron. bar-en- 
klow (from Bdr, a bear, and Klau, a claw or 
clutch. The plant is also known as the 
Brank Ursine. 

Accouplement, in Carpentry. A brace or 
strut in a truss or tie-beam. The term is 
purely French, and means a coupling—pron. 
ah-coople-mang. The English pronunciation 
should be the same, but it is generally given 
as ah-koopel-ment. The term Accoupled 
(Eng. pron. ah-koopeld) has for its French 
synonym Géminé (pron. ghay-me-nay), which 
has a curious derivation, as the word means 
iterated or repeated, and this from’ gemeaux 
(jhay-moh), and Lat. gemini, the twins, that 
is, for example, two coupled or twin beams. 
The same idea is conveyed in the German 
synonym, which is Zwillingspaarig (from 
Zwilling, twins or two, and Paar, a pair. 
The root of the term Accouplement is the 
verb accoupler (ah-koop-lay), to tie together, 
to pair or to couple. 

Acroteria, in Architecture. Small pedes- 
tals for busts or statues placed in pediments 
at the apex or point of meeting of the 
angular sides, or at the corners or lower part 
of the pediment. Syn. Fr. Acrotéres—pron. 
ah-kro-tares; Ger. Giebelzinnen—pron. gee- 
bel-tzin-nen. Der. Giedel,a gable, triangular 
wall or pediment, and Zinne (zin-nay), a 
pinnacle. 

Adhesion, in Building Construction. 
Means the result of joining two separate 
pieces of material of the same or different 
character by means of a third material, as 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ad 


a cement, a glue, or a mortar. It also 
includes the connection maintained by a 
body, as a pin or nail driven into timber 
The principle of adhesion is of special value 
to the joiner and cabinet maker in gluing 
the pieces of their work together. It lies also 
at the base of all work in which cements 
and mortars are used in masonry, and pins 
and nails in carpentry. Some idea of the 
adhesive strength of an iron nail driven into 
wood may be had, when we state that one 
driven into dry oak to the depth of two 
inches will require a force of half a ton to 
pull it out. The adhesion of nails to wood 
is much influenced by the relation the nail 
has to the fibres of the wood. If a nail 
driven into elm requires a force of 260 1b. to 
pull it out when driven endways—that is, 
parallel to the fibres—it will require a force 
of 830 lb. to pull it out if driven sideways or 
at right angles to the fibres. If two pieces 
of wood are well glued together with ordinary 
glue, the adhesive force, being reckoned. 
at 700 1b. to the square inch, is often much 
greater than the cohesive force of the wood 
itself, taken at 5601b, so that the wood 
may give way at its solid part before it gives 
way at the joint. Der. From the Latin word 
adhereo, and this from ad, to, and herere, to 
stick—to stick to. Syn. Fr. Adhésion—pron. 
add-haze-ee-ong (from adhérer [ add-herr-eh ], 
to adhere); Ger. Anhaften—pron. ann-haft- 
tane, to stick to (from anhafen, to grapple 
with, to clasp). 

Adjust, in Construction. To place one 
piece in relation to another, so that when 
secured. together they will lie in proper 
position. When two flat surfaces are to be 
adjusted they must be made perfectly true 
and ‘‘ just ’—as the technical term is, which 
is simply an abbreviation of the word adjust 
—so that no rocking or riding movement 
can take place between the pieces, but the 
pressure will be equally distributed over the 
whole of the surfaces. The technical term 
“justifying” work is the act of making the 
pieces true and “just.” Der. From the Latin 
ad, to, and justus, right, true, correct. Syn. 
Fr. Ajuster—pron. ah-jooze-tay, to adjust or 
fit together (ajustage—pron. ah-jooze-tajgh, 
is the act of adjusting); Ger. Berichten— 
pron. bay-reegh (guttural sound) -ten (Richt 
[| reeght ], right), to make right or correct. 

Adze, in Carpentry. A tool bent or curved 
in face, with sharp cutting edge, fixed at 
right angles to the handle and at its lower 
extremity, so that the edge is towards the 
workman, who moves backward as the 
operation proceeds. It is used for roughing 
off or rendering partially flat and smooth 
the surfaces of logs or bulks or large timbers. 
Syn. Fr. Herminette—pron. herr-me-nett ; 
Ger. die Krummhaue—pron. dee croom-how- 
eh (krumm, crooked, bent or curved, from 
the verb kriimmen [crem-en], to bend, and 


ag 


Haue,a hoe, amattock, from hauen, (pee 
or -ane], to hew, to cut, to chop or chip, as an 
adze does). 

Agreement, or Contract. A document 
containing the terms of an arrangement or 
bargain relative to the purchase of land for 
the site of a building, preliminary to the 
regular Deeds, or as to work of any kind to 
be done. Der. From the French verb agréer 
—pron. ah-gree-eh, to be in accord, of one 
mind, and this from gré—pron. gray, will, 
liking, accord; hence the phrase bon gré, 
mal gré, equivalent to our phrase “ will ye, 
nill ye,” i.e. whether you will or like it or 
no. Syn. Fr. Convention or Pacte—pron. 
kong- or kon-vahn-see-ong, pakt; Ger. 
Vertrag—pron. fare-trahg, and derived from 
tragen, to carry, to bear. 

Aiguille, in Architecture. A French term 
sometimes used in place of its English 
synonym Pinnacle (which see for deriva- 
tion). This term is used chiefly in relation 
to Gothic architecture, and denotes the 
pointed termination to certain parts, as 
buttresses. They are in the Decorated style 
specially beautiful as regards the ornamenta- 
tion. The term Aiguille is simply the French 
word aiguille, a needle—pron. ah-gweel. 

Aisle, in Architecture. The side divisions 
or bays of a church, as distinguished from 
the body, nave, or central part. The term is 
derived from the French word aile, a wing 
—pron. ah-il, or somewhat like our word 
isle, which is nearly the English pronuncia- 
tion of the word aisle. Syn. Fr. le Bas-coté 
—pron. bah-cot-tay (from das, low, and coté, 
a side); also the word Aile as above; Ger. 
Seitenschiff — pron. zite-enn-sheeff — from 
Seite (zite-eh), a side or flank, and Schiff, a 
nave (also a ship). 

Alcove, in Architecture. A recessed part 
in a building or room, or in garden buildings. 
In Continental countries, where the alcove 
forms part of a room as affording a recess for 
a bed or couch, it is separated from the main 
apartment by pillars or pilasters, termed an 
Estrade—pron. eh-strahd. Syn. Fr. Alcove 
—pron. all-kove; Ger. Alkoven — pron. 
all-kove-en. 

Alto Relievo, in Sculptured Work in 
Architecture, or Art Decoration. Figures 
cut or carved so high as to appear very 
nearly detached from the surface or base. 
Eng. pron. all-toe ray-leev-oh. When the 
relief or projection is just half the depth or 
height of figure, the term used is Mezzo- 
relievo, meaning middle relief—pron. med- 
nae heeeaniarey When it is less than half 
its full projection, the relief is termed Basso- 
relievo, peoning low relief—pron, bas-soh- 
ray-leey-oh. yn. Fr. Rondebosse—pron. 
rongd-boss—from ronde, round, bosse, a knob, 
a lump; Ger. Hochrelief—pron. hogh (the 
guttural sound of ch) -ray-leaf (hoch, high). 

Angels, in Architecture. Brackets or 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


re tI 


Corbels (which see) finished with the heads 
and necks of angels. They are chiefly used 
in Gothic or Pointed architecture. 

Angle Bar, in Carpentry. The window 
bar at the corner of a projecting window. 

Angle Float, in Plastering. A tool termed 
a “float” (which see), made to suit the 
inside angle formed by the meeting of the 
two sides of a room, to work the surface of 
the plastering. 

Angle Iron, in Iron Work for Roofs, 
Bridges, etc. Bars of wrought iron rolled 
so as to have their two sides at right angles 
to each other, thus: L. Syn. Fr. Fer a 
corniére—pron. fair ah korn-ee-air (fer, iron, 
corniére, a gutter or corner plate — from 
cornier [korn-ee-eh ], acorner) ; Ger. Winkel- 
eisen—pron. vin-kel-ize-en (from Winkel, a 
corner, angle, and Eisen [ize-enn], iron). 

Angle Rafter, in Carpentry. Otherwise 
termed a “hiprafter,” being the rafters placed 
at the corners of a building which is covered 
with a hipped roof or truss, of which the 
ends have the same inclination or angle of 
slope as the sides, 

Annulet, in Architecture. A narrow 
moulding, square or flat on face, used to 
separate other mouldings. The narrow and 
flat or squared face moulding, or part 
separating the flutings or hollowed-out 
parts in columns or pillars, or in pilasters, 
are also called annulets. The word is 
directly derived from the Latin annulus, a 
ring. Syn. Fr. Annelet—pron. ann-lay ; 
annelet, a little ring, from anneler (ann-lay), 
to curl or twist round ; Ger. Ringelchen— 
pron. ringel-chen, a ringlet—from ringeln, 
to curl or bend round, to ring. 

Antz, in Architecture. Flat pillars, other- 
wise termed “pilasters,” projecting from 
a wall, Syn. Fr. Antes, or Pilastres—pron. 
an-taes, pea-lasstz; Ger. Anten—pron. an- 
tane or -tenn. 

Ante-chamber, in Architecture. In 
domestic architecture usually termed an 
ante-room—a small room attached to, or 
connected with, a larger apartment, entered 
either before or from the large room, as 
the ante-room of a drawing-room, Syn. 
Fr. Antichambre—pron, aunt-eh- or aunty- 
shawm-berr; Ger. das Vorzimmer (vor, 
before, Zimmer, chamber) — pron. fore- 
tzeem-err ; also das Eintrittzimmer (Eintritt, 
entry, entrance)—pron., ine-trit-zim-err, 

Antiseptic, in Materials. A substance 
generally liquid, or used as a paint, em- 
ployed to preserve timber, etc. Der. From 
two Greek words—anti, against, and septi- 
kos, decay or putridity. Eng. pron. anty- 
sepp (not skepp, vulg.) -tick, Syn. Fr. 
Agent anti-putride or -septigue—pron. ajz- or 
awj-ang antee-puuh-treed or -sepp-teeck, 
an anti-putrid or antiseptic agent.; Ger. 
Fiéulnisswidrig—pron, foil-niss-vee-dreeg— 
from Faulniss, rottenness, widrig, repugnant 


<p 


or averse to—literally “a substance oppo- 
sing putridity.” 

Apart, in Construction. A term used to 
denote the distance between two pieces, as 
two beams or walls, and is equivalent to 
the expression “ the distance or length in the 
clear or inside dimensions.” Syn. Fr. Dans 
(within), @uvre (work)—pron. dangs-oov 
or dang-zoove-uh, or dangz-oovh-er ; Ger. 
Innerlich (internal) im (contr. for in dem, in 
the), Gebdude (building or edifice)—pron. 
in-err-leegh im geh-boy-deh. 

Apartment in Basement, Cellar, or Under- 
ground. In some parts called the “cellar 
kitchen.” Syn. Fr. Tellier—pron. tell-ee-eh ; 
Ger. Unterirdisches Gemach (from wnter, 
under, irdisch, earthly, and Gemach, a 
room or chamber)—pron. oon-tare-eer-dee- 
shess gay-magh. 

Apartment, in Domestic Architecture. A 
room or chamber in the house, as distin- 
guishing one room from another—literally 
“a placeset apart.” Syn. Fr. Appartenent— 
pron. ah-part-mang; also Chambre—pron. 
shawm-ber; also Pzece—pron. pee-ace ; 
Ger. das Zimmer—pron. tzim-err; also 
die Stube—pron. stoo-beh; also die Kammer 
(a chamber)—pron. kahm-merr. 

Aperture of a Door, in Architecture. 
Otherwise called a door void, or opening. The 
space left in the wall of a house in which 
the door-frame is fitted. Syn. Fr. Jour de 
porte (from jour, aday, figuratively “a hole 
showing daylight,” and porte, a door or gate- 
way )—pron. joohr, or zhoor-deh-pohrt ; Ger. 
die Thiiréffnung (Thiir, a door, Oeffnung, 
opening)—pron. tuh-eff-noong. 

Aperture of a Window, otherwise called 
a Window Void, or Opening. The opening 
left in a wall into which the casement or 
window-frame is to be fitted. Syn. Fr. 
Bail (bay) de croisée (casement)—pron. 
bahl-deh krwah-say; Ger. die Fenster 
(window) Oeffnung (opening)—pron. fen- 
stare eff-nung. 

Apex, of a Gable. The upper or highest 
point. The term is purely Latin, meaning 
the top, upper part, or summit of any 
object. Eng. pron. eh-pex, not ah- or awe- 
pakes. Syn. Fr. Sommet (the summit) de 
Pignon (gable)—pron. som-may deh _pee- 
nyong, or peen-yong; Ger. der Scheitel 
{top or crown) der Giebel (gable)—pron. 
shi-tel, derr gee-bell. 

Apiary, in Garden Architecture. A house, 
or rather a covered stand or shed, for the re- 
ception of the hives of bees and their shelter 
from the weather. Der. Latin apiarium, 
and this from apis,a bee, Syn. Fr. Rucher 
(from ruche [pron. roosh], a hive)—pron. 
roo-shay; Ger. der Bienenstand (Bienen, a 
bee, Stand, a station or position)—pron. 
bee-nen-standt ; also das Bienenkhaus—pron. 
bee-nen-howss, 


Apophygee, in Mouldings. The curve— 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


aq 


frequently the quadrant of a circle, though 
it may be a lesser arc—which joins the 
bottom or lowest part of a column or shaft 
of an “order” or of a Pilaster (which see), 
with the uppermost member of the base—or 
conversely, the curve joining the top of a 
shaft with the lowest member of the capital, 
It is sometimes, though not generally, known 
also as the “scape” of a shaft, column, 
pillar, or pilaster. Syn. Fr. Congé—pron. 
kohn-gjay ; Ger. Aniauf—pron. ann-lowf, 
Eng. pron. ah-poff-ee-gee (g soft). 

Approach, in laying out house sites and 
grounds. The road or walk leading from a 
public or private road to the house. Der. 
From the French verb approcher (app-ro- 
shay), to bring or come near to, and this 
from proche (prohsh), near to. Syn. Fr. 
Abord—pron. ah-bore, approach, access to, 
landing, and this from aborder (ah-bore- 
day), to come near to; Ger. Zugang—pron. 
tzoo-gang, an avenue, an approach (from 
Gang, a walk or passage). 

Apron Lining, in Joinery. The boarding, 
generally panelled, which covers the end 
of the steps supported by the carriages 
otherwise known as the string-board. Syn. 
Fr, Revétement (clothing or covering) de 
Limon (carriage of a stair)—pron. ray-vett- 
mang day lee-mong; Ger. die Beschalung 
(from beschalen, to cover with a shell, from 
Schale, a shell), or der Treppenbalken (from 
Treppe, a step, and Balken, a beam, 7.¢. the 
carriage for the steps) — pron. dee beh- 
shawl-oong, derr trep-pen-ball-ken, 

Apse, in Architecture. The name given to 
the rounded form, generally semicircular, 
by which the aisles or the choir of a church 
are terminated. This feature is a peculiarly 
foreign or Continental one. Churches in 
France and Germany, and in many parts of 
Italy, are met with in almost every district, 
displaying it. In England it is met with 
chiefly in churches built in the Norman 
style, of which it may be said to be a pecu- 
liarity. The term apse is also applied to 
all projecting parts giving recesses or 
chapels at the sides of the transepts, etc. 
Eng. pron. apps. Syn. Fr. Chevet—pron. 
shay-vay, or Rond-point — pron. rongd- 
pwang; Ger. Baseliken—pron. bah-seel-ee- 
kenn, so called from this being a feature of 
the early churches, changed from the Roman 
basilicas or halls of justice. 

Aqueduct, in Architecture. A water-way 
or channel, either open or subterranean, or 
supported on embankments or arches. Der. 
From the Latin aqua, water, and duco, I 
lead, bring forward, or conduct—literally 
‘“¢a water leader or conductor.” Eng. pron. 
ah-qweh-duct. Syn. Fr. Agueduc—pron. 
ack- or akk-dook (00 almost as infood). In 
German the word is spelt precisely as with 
us—pron. ak-kay-dookt; but Wasserleitung 
is very frequently, if not usually employed, 


4 


ar 


meaning literally “water leading,” from 
leiten, to lead or guide—pron. lite-enn. 
Arabesque, in Architecture and in Orna- 
mental Design. That species or style of 
ornament used for the decoration of flat 
surfaces, as walls, in architectural work, 
and which is based upon natural forms, 
such as the branchlets of trees or shrubs, 
foliage, flowers, and fruit, but all treated in 
a perfectly conventional manner. All animal 
forms and figures, or that which has life, 
are rigidly excluded from all the orna- 


mentation of the Arabesque style. Eng. 
pron, ah-rah-besk. Syn. Fr. Arabesque ; 
Ger. Arabeske—pron. ah-rah-bes-keh. For 


the features of the Arabian architecture or 
building, see Moresque: the style is also 
known as the Saracenic or Moorish. 

Arbour, in Garden Architecture. A struc- 
ture, generally of rustic woodwork, erected 
in part of the grounds or garden of a house, 
to serve as a retreat in summer-time ; hence 
called a summer-house. On the Continent 
the name kiosk is generally given to the 
structure; it is there made highly orna- 
mental, generally with ‘cut wood” work. 
For this species of carpentry and joinery 
see the paper on ‘“ Ornamental Woodwork ” 
in text ; and for rustic wcodwork see “ The 
Garden Architect,” and Supplemental sheets 
illustrating Garden Building, etc. <A seat 
under a tree, and surrounded and partly 
shaded with shrubs, is sometimes called an 
arbour. Der. Lat narbor, a seat under a tree. 
Syn. Fr. Berceau (a bower)—pron. bare-soh. 
Curiously enough, this word also means a 
cradle—that is, aninclosed space. Ger. der 
Laubenbogengang (from Laube, a bower, and 
this from Laub, foliage, covert; Bogen, bow 
or arch, and Gang, walk or course)—pron. 
lugh-benn-bogh-enn-gang, ‘This is a fair 
example of the compounded German words 
alluded to in the Dissertation, although 
there are many vastly longer than this. 
Obviously the mere term would be to the 
reader ignorant of German a meaningless 
array of letters, unless we analysed it or 
separated its parts and gave their meaning. 
(See Trellis Work.) 

Arcade, in Architecture. This term de- 
notes an arrangement of arches in line 
supported by columns or pillars, the spaces 
between which may be open, or the back of 
the columns may be filled in with masonry. 
In the latter case the arcade is a method 
of ornamenting walls, as those of churches. 
In common language, an arcade means a 
street or passage covered or arched in with 
a glass-lighted roof. Syn. Fr. Arcade— 
pron. are-kad ; Ger. Bogengang—pron. boh- 
genn-gang — from Bogen, a building, and 
Gang, a walk, passage, or gallery. 

Arch, in Masonry and Bricklaying. The 
arrangement of stones or bricks thrown 
over an Opening in a wall, or spanning the 


5 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, 


ar 


space between two piers or columns, and by 
which the weight placed above the arch and 
the pressure of the arch itself is thrown 
upon the side piers or columns, termed 
technically abutments. The inner or concave 
side of the arch is termed its “intrados”; 
the outer or convex, the “extrados.” The 
stones forming the arch are cut wedge- 
shaped; the central stone of the arch is 
called the “keystone,” and the wedge- 
shaped blocks on either side are termed 
“voussoirs.” ‘The first of the side stones or 
voussoirs from which the arch springs, or 
those lying on the top course of piers or 
columns, are termed the ‘‘springers.” The 
width between the piers or abutments is 
called the “span” of the arch, and is 
measured on a horizontal line, called the 
springing line, supposed to be stretched 
from one abutment to the other. What is 
called the “rise” of the arch is the vertical 
distance measured from the centre of the 
“springing line” to the under side of the key- 
stone. The highest part of the arch is 
called its “ crown,” sometimes its “ vertex.” 
The parts of the building or walls behind 
the extrados or outside of the arch, which 
fill up the space between the abutments and 
the line of “crown” of arch, are called the 
‘‘haunches,” The intrados, or inner or con- 
cave curve of the arch, is generally known 
as the ‘soffit.’ All the above terms will 
be found described in due alphabetical 
order. Arches are of different forms, and 
vary from the simplest of all, the semi- 
circular or half-round, to the segmental one, 
and the different kinds of pointed arches in 
Gothic architecture. Der. The word comes 
from the Latin arcus,a bow. Syn. Fr. Arc, 
arche ; Ger. Bogen. 

Arch-butment, in Masonry. Struts or 
supports with arched arrangement which 
spring from the buttresses of aisles in a 
church in the Pointed or Gothic style, and 
resting against the walls above, as those of 
the clerestory—the purpose being to relieve 
the direct or continual outside pressure 
of the central vaulting. The arrangement 
is otherwise termed a “ flying buttress.” Syn. 
Fr. Arc boutant—pron. ark-boo-tang; Ger. 
Steigender Bogen—pron, stige-en-derr boh- 
genn (steigender from stetgen—pron. stige- 
enn, to ascend or step up). 

Arch, Gauged, in Bricklaying. An arch 
in which the bricks radiate from a common 
centre. Syn. Fr. Voiite jaugée—pron. voot- 
or vyut-joh-jhay —from jauge (jhoge or 
jozeh), a gauge or measure, and this from 
the verb jauger, to gauge (zho-zhay). 

Arch, Inverted, in Masonry and Brick- 
laying. Used in foundation work to dis- 
tribute’ and relieve the pressure between 
two opposite walls, As its name imports, 
it is an arch reversed or turned upside down, 
the concave surface or intrados being the 


ar 


upper side nearest the surface, the extrados 
or convex surface being next to and resting 
on the ground or foundation soil. Der. 
From the Latin inverto, I turn upside-down, 
and this from in and versus, against. Syn. 
Fr. Arc renversé, or Radier—pron. ark rang- 
verr-say, rah-dee-aye (renverse—pron. rang- 
vairse—turned on one’s back, backwards, 
and this from renverser [rang-vare-say ], to 
turn back, to invert); Ger. Umgekehrter 
Bogen — pron. oom-geh-kayr-terr bo-gen 
(umgekehrt, inverse, inverted, and Bogen, an 
arch). 

Architect, in Building. The profession 
which undertakes the designing or planning 
of all buildings, the preparation of the 
working drawings, the specifications of, 
and the general superintendence of the 
work to be done. Syn. Fr. Architecte— pron. 
ar-shee-tekt ; Ger. Baumeister—pron. bough- 
mice-terr (Bau, a building, and Meister, a 
master)—literally “head or master of the 
works in building.” 

Architrave, in Architecture. That mem- 
ber of the entablature of an “order” or 
“style” which rests on the Abacus (which 
see) or uppermost member of the capital. 
The term is also applied to the moulding, 
which is sometimes carried round or at- 
tached to the outer face of an arched 
opening. Eng. pron. ark-ee, not ar-chee. 

Architrave, in Joinery. The moulding, 
more or less ornate, which is carried round 
the sides and top of window or door open- 
ings, apertures, or voids. Syn. Fr. Architrave 
—pron, ar-shee-trahv; Ger. Unterbalken, 
Hauptbalken—pron. oon- or uun-tare-bahl- 
ken, hauhpt- or howpt-bahl-ken (wnter— 
oon-terr or -tare, under, and Balken, a beam, 
Haupt, head or top)—literally “the head or 
top beam.” 

Archivolt, in Masonry, is almost synony- 
mous with the intrados or soffit of an arch 
(see Arch), as it means the interior or concave 
curved surface of an arch as measured from 
one pier or abutment or impost to the other. 
Where this surface is not plain—in which 
case the term soffit is applicable—but is 
broken up by projecting parts, giving the 
appearance of a number or cluster of arches 
one within the other—the term is more 
strictly applicable. And this feature of 
arches is a very noticeable one in Pointed or 
Gothic architecture, in which they are some- 
times. distinguished by the title “ recessed.” 
If the general arch is broken into two 
divisions, it is said to be a double recessed 
arch, and so on. Der. Probably from voler 
peed} to fly—a flying arch. Syn. Fr. 
Archivolte—pron, ar-shee-vohlt ; Ger. Unter- 
bogen—pron. oohn- or oon-terr-boh-gen— 
literally “the under arch.” ; 

Arch, Oblique, or on the Skew, in 
Bricklaying or Masonry, In this the line 
of face of arch is oblique, or at an angle 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ar 


to the line of archway, as when a railway 
crosses a public road at an angle not a 
right angle. Der. “Oblique,” from the Latin 
obliquus, slanting, leaning to one side; 
“Skew,” meaning the same, from the Gr. 
skaios, on the left—that is, not right—and 
this from the verb skazo, I limp or halt. 
Syn. Fr. Arc de biais—pron. ark de bee-ay-ee 
(biais, a slope, a slant, from biaisement—pron. 
bee-aize-mang, a sloping direction); Ger. 
Schiefbogen — pron. sheef-bo-gen (schief, 
sloping, from Schiefe— pron. shee-feh, 
obliquity). 

Arch, Relieving or Discharging, in 
Bricklaying. The arch-segmental turned or 
built over a timber Lintel (which see) 
stretching across the top of an opening, as 
that of a door or window, in order to relieve 
the lintel from the pressure or weight of 
the wall above the opening. Syn. Fr, Are 
en décharge — pron. ark-eng-day-shar-jeh 
(décharge, an unloading or discharge, from 
déecharger [day-shar-jhay], to discharge) ; © 
Ger. Entlastungsbogen (from Entlastung| aint- 
last-oong ] a release or discharge, and Bogen, 
an arch), 

Arch, Segmental, or Scheme, in Brick- 
laying. In this the arch is part of a circle ; 
wher the bricks are laid so that their joints 
converge to, or radiate from, the centre of 
the arch, it is called a “scheme arch.” Syn. 
Fr. Are avec cintre aplati—pron. ark a-veck 
(with) sang-tre ah-plah-tee (cintre, centre— 
see Arch, aplati from aplatir [app-lat-ee], 
to flatten or lower)—that is, an arch with a 
less rise than a semicircular arch, as an 
elliptical arch would have; Ger. Stichbogen 
—pron. steegh-boh-gen (Stich, a cut, and 
Bogen [boh-genn], an arch). 

Areh, Semicireular, in Masonry or 
Bricklaying. As its name denotes, has the 
curve of itsintrados or soffit the complete 
half of a circle. Syn. Fr. Arc en plein cintre 
—pron. ark eng pleing sangtre—literally 
“an arch with a full centre”; Ger. 
Rémischer Bogen—pron. roem-ee-sherr boh- 
gen—that is, a Roman or Romish arch. 

Archway. A road or path under an arch, 
or the arched entrance to a door. In this 
sense the Syn. Fr. is Porte envoiitée (vaulted 
doorway)—pron. pohrt-ang-voot-eh; Ger. 
der iiberwélbte Thorweg (iiber, over or above, 
Wolben, vault, Thor, gate, Weg, way)—pron. 
oo-bare-voelb-teh tor-vague. 

Area(Basement), The Steps or Stairs to, 
have for their equivalents Syn. Fr. Escalier 
dun souterrain (escalier, staircase )—pron. 
ess-kah-lee-eh (see above) ; Ger. die Keller- 
treppe auf dem Vorhof (Keller, cellar, Treppe, 
steps)—pron. dee kell-err-trep-eh owf dem 
fore-hofe. 

Area, in Building. The space of ground 
on which the structure is placed. Der. 
Latin area, an open space or piece of 
ground, and this from ara, earth or hearth. 

6 


ar 


Syn. Fr. Aire—pron. air; Ger. die Baustelle 
(Bau, a building, Stelle, a stand, position)— 
pron. bough-stel-leh. 

Area, in Domestic Architecture, The free or 
vacant space in front of the basement story 
of a building, and which is reached from the 
outside street or road level by steps. Syn. 
Fr, Aire d'un souterrain (underground floor) 
—pron. air-duhn soo-tare-ayne ; Ger. Bau- 
stelle, der Vorhof (vor, before, Hof, a court 
or yard)—pron. bough-stell-eh, derr fore- 
hofe. 

Area, in Measurement. The superficies or 
surface of a piece of ground or of a body, 
having length and breadth only. Area is 
denoted in building work as in square yards, 
square feet, or square inches, and is found 
by multiplying the length by the breadth 
in yards, feet, or inches. Syn. Fr. Unité de 
surface (unite, unit)—pron. uhn-ce-tay day 
soor-fass; Ger. die Einheit der IF liche 
(Einheit, unity, Fldche, extent, square 
measure)—pron. dee ine-hite, derr fleghe. 

Argillaceous Soil or Earth, in /xcava- 
ting, or Materials, Clayey, as an argillaceous 
sand is a sand mixed with clay soil, an 
argillaceous loam, loamy soil mixed with 
clay. Eng. pron. ar-geel-aish-ee-us. Der. 
From the Latin argilla, white clay, marl, 
potter’s earth. Syn. Fr, Terre argilleuse— 
pron. tare or tair arr-geel-uuse—from argile 
(ahr-jeel), clay ; Ger. Thonerde—pron. tonn- 
err-deh (Thon, clay,and Erde, earth, soil). 

Arm Chair, in Cabinet Making. A chair 
with arms at the sides, which spring 
from the centre of the edges of back, and 
are carried forward and bent down to be 
joined to the front corners. Syn. Fr. Fauteuil 
—pron. foh-teuhl; Ger. Lehnstuhl — pron. 
layn-stoohl or -stuuhl (ZLehne,a support, 
railing, and Stuhl [stuuhl], a stool); also 
Armstuhl (Arm, arm). 

Arris, in Building Construction. The 
corner or line formed by the junction or 
meeting of two surfaces at angles—right or 
otherwise—to each other. 

Arris, in Construction. To take off—that 
is, to chip, cut, or plane away—the corner of 
a body, making it splayed or bevelled off, 
Syn. Fr. Epautrer—pron, eh-po-tray ; Ger. 
Verstossen (literally “to push forward”) 
—pron. fare-stoss-ane. To take thearris off 
from a block of ashlar-worked stone has for 
_ its Syn. Fr. Epanneler (from panneau, a 
panel), that is, to make the angle or corner 
flat—pron. eh-pann-lay; Ger. aus dem 
Rohen behauen, i.e. to hew (behauen) out of 
or off the rough (roh); also die Kanten be- 
haem, to hew the corners (Kante) or edges 
off. 

Artificer, tn Building Construction. A 
skilled workman, Eng. pron, arr-tiefis-irr. 
Syn. Fr. Artificier or Ouvrier—pron. arh- or 
arr-tee-fee-see-eh, oov-ree-ch ; Ger. Arbeiter 
Handwerker — pron, aar-bite-err hand-ver- 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


at 


kerr. Der. From the Latin artificium, and 
this from ars, artis, art, and the verb facere, 
to make. 

Asbestos, in Materials, A mineral sub- 
stance of a fibrous nature, which admits it to 
be made into substances resembling cloth or 
a fibrous material like wool. It is perfectly 
incombustible. It is now largely used for 
various purposes, as packing of joints, piston- 
rods, etc.; and a paint is also made of it, 
which is used effectively in buildings, ren- 
dering wood, etc., fire-proof. 

Ash, in Materials, A forest-tree yielding a 
valuable timber noted for its tough quality. 
Syn. Fr. Fréne—pron.frenn; Ger. der E'schen- 
baum (Esche, ash, and Baum, a tree), or 
die Esche—pron. dee esh-eh. 

Ashlar, in Masonry. Where the stone 
used for the exterior surface of a wall is 
hewn and smoothed, dressed or polished, it 
is called ashlar work. Syn. Fr. Pierre 
de taille—pron. pee-air day tah-ee-eh or tah- 
ee-yuh (pierre, a stone, and taille, cutting, 
dressing) ; Ger. Behauener Stein—pron. bee- 
how-enn-err stine (from behauen,to cut, Stein, 
a stone). 

Ash Pit, in Domestic Architecture. A 
part of the outbuildings of a house in which 
the ashes from the fire grates and other 
refuse matters are deposited. Syn. Fr, 
Cendrier—pron. sang-dree-eh (from cendres 
[sangdre], cinders or ashes); Ger. Asch- 
grube—pron. ash-groo-beh (from Asche [ash- 
eh], ashes, and Grube, a pit or trench). 

Asphalte, in Materials. A hard black 
bituminous substance, much used in con- 
junction with other substances, such as 
broken or powdergd stones, spa, etc., as a 
material for the formation of road surfaces, 
walks, etc. It is found naturally in large 
quantities in different countries, notedly 
in what are called the bituminous lakes of 
Eastern Europe. Syn. Fr. Asphalte—pron. 
ass-falt ; Ger. Asphalt—pron. ass-falt. 

Assemblage, in Carpentry. A term bor- 
rowed from the French to denote the com- 
bination of timbers forming a single frame- 
work; also the combination of two parts, 
as of two beams scarfed. (See Scarf.) Syn. 
Fr. Assemblage—pron. ah-sam-blaje; Ger. das 
Einrahmen (ein, in, Rahmen, a form or frame) 
—pron. dass ine-raw-menn. 

Astragal, in Joinery. A fillet with rounded 
edge, generally semicircular. It is a term 
sometimes used as synonymous with sash- 
bar or bar supporting the panes of glass in 
a window-frame. Syn. Fr. Astragle—pron, 
as-trah-gal; Ger. der Stulenfranz—pron. 
sowl-en-phrantz (from Séule [sow-lay],a 
post or pillar, and Franz, a band). 

Attic, in Architecture. In Classical styles, 
an apartment or range of apartments of low 
altitude at the top of the structure. In 
common buildings it designates a room in 
the roof of a house. Syn. Fr, Attigue—pron. 


au 


at-teck; Ger. die Dachstube—pron. dagh- 
stoo-bay or -stuh-bay (Dach, a roof, and 
Stube, a room)—literally “a room or cham- 
ber in the roof.” 

Auger. A tool used in Carpentry to bore 
holes in timber to receive trenails (which 
see), or wooden pins, etc. It is a long iron 
bar provided with an eye at the upper end, 
through which a cross handle is passed to 
work the tool. The lower-end is provided 
with a cutting screw, having a sharp point 
and edges, which, as the handle is turned 
round by the workman, keeps entering into 
or descending into the timber, the larger 
part of the screw cutting with its sharp 
edges the hole in the wood. The twist or 
pitch of the screw enables the cut chips to 
clear themselves from the holeas it is formed 
—these rising up to the surface, from which 
they are swept away from time to time by 
the workman. Syn. Fr. Tarrier—pron. tar- 
ee-air; Ger, der grosse Bohrer—pron, derr 
gros-seh-bore-er, meaning a borer for great 
or large, as a gimlet is for small holes in 
timber, which is simply der Bohrer, the 
borer. 

Avenue, in Laying-out Grounds or Garden, 
A walk generally bordered by trees or shrubs. 
Der. The word is purely French, and is derived 
from the French avenir, a prospect, and this 
from the verb avenir, to happen, as in look- 
ing forward for something to happen, in 
prospect—pron. ahv-neer. The French is 
derived from the Latin ad, to, and venire, to 
come. Syn. Fr. Avenwe—pron. ay-neugh; 
Ger. der Baumgang (Baum, a tree, Gang, a 
walk)—pron. boughm-gang. 

Aviary, in Garden Architecture. A struc- 
ture erected in the grounds or garden of a 
house, in which birds are confined for display. 
It is composed of open wire-work or wire 
netting for the upper part, with a solid or 
enclosed base. The interior is fitted up with 
perches, or in large aviaries a tree is inclosed, 
or small shrubs. Der. From the Latin word 
aviarium, and this from avis,a bird. Syn. 
Fr. Voliére—pron. vohl-ee-air (from the Latin 
verb volere, to fly—that is, a contrivance to 
prevent the birds flying away, or to show off 
their flying or moving about while encaged, 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


bs 


Ger. das Vogelhaus—pron. dass fog-el-house 
—from Vogel, a bird, and Haus, a house. 

Awning, Window, in Domestic Archi- 
tecture. A covering of wood, sometimes of 
thin sheet-metal, placed in front and at the 
upper part of a window to keep off or temper 
the sun’s rays. It is frequently made a 
permanent part of the building, and is more 
or less ornamented in keeping, or otherwise, 
with the general style of the structure. It 
is also in some patented contrivances so 
arranged that it can be shoved or pulled 
back into a recess so as to be quite concealed 
when not in use. The term is a corruption 
of the Old English word havhelian or helan, 
to cover over or up. Syn. Fr, Tente d'un 
Jenétre (tente, tent or awning, /fenétre, a 
window )—pron, tangt duhn fay-natre or fay- 
nate-uh; Ger. Fenster Dachung (Fenster, 
window, and Dach, a roof)—pron, fane-stare 
dagh-oong, 

Axe, in Carpentry. A steel edged tool 
used for cleaving and splitting wood, and 
for taking off the surface in a rough way. 
The front edge is generally slightly rounded, 
and of steel to the breadth of an inch or so. 
The handle is inserted in an eye near the 
back, and is at right angles to the side of the 
tool. The extreme back beyond the handle 
eye is formed into a projecting part with 
a flat steeled face; this part, termed the 
“poll” of the axe, serves as a hammer for 
driving spikes or trenails, large nails, etc. 
A small light axe under two pounds weight 
is termed a “hatchet,” being used with one 
hand only. The Old English form is eax, 
the Icelandic axa; the Greek word is azine, 
and the Latin ascia. Syn. Fr. for the whole 
tool, handle included, Hache—pron, hahsh; 
for the head or metal part, fer de hache— 
pron. fare duh hahsh; Ger, die Axt or das 
Beil—pron. dass bile. 

Axis, in Masonry and Carpentry. The 
assumed or imaginary line passing through 
the centre of base to centre of apex, as of a 
circular vault or dome ; the centre line of a 
body. Der. Latin avis, north or south pole 
of the globe. Syn. Fr. Awze—pron. ahx; 
Ger. die Mittellinie (Miitel, middle or centre, 
Lainie, line)—pron. der mit-til-leen-e-eh. 


B 


Back, in Carpentry and Joinery. The side 
of a piece of timber opposite to the face. 
An exception to this is in the case of a 
rafter in a roof, or a handrail in staircasing, 
where the back denotes what in reality is the 
face—that is, the upper or exposed side. 

Back, in Slater’s Work. The “back” ofa 
slate is the upper or exposed side of it. 

Back Door, in Domestic Architecture. The 
door which leads to or from the back part 


of the premises, yard, garden, back road or 
lane. Syn. Fr. Porte de derriére, also Porte 
dérobé (the derivation of the last-named 
term iscurious: from déroder, to steal quietly, 
privately, intrigue, back-stairs influence)— 
pron. pohrt deh dare-ce-air, pohrt day-robe- 
ay; Ger. Hinterthor (hinter, behind or back, 
Thor, a gate)—pron. hinn-terr-tore. 

Backer, in Slating. A narrow piece of 
slate used to make up the middle of a large 


ba 


square slate, which gets narrow at the upper 
edge or side. 

Back Flap, in Joinery. An additional 
board or leaf added to the shutter-board of a 
window, in order to cover the full width of 
the window opening. Ina very wide window 
there may be two or more back flaps. (See 
Window.) 

Back of a Wall, in Masonry or Brick- 
laying. The face of a wall opposite to that 
which is known as the front face. Syn. Fr. 
Parement postérieur—pron, pahr-mang pos- 
tare-ee-eur (parement, a face or facing) ; 
Ger. Innere Mauerflucht (innere, in, Mauer, 
a wall, and Flucht, a range or row)—pron. 
in-err-eh mough-err-flooght. 

Back Room, in Domestic Architecture. A 
room, chamber, or apartment at the back of 
a house—that is, one which does not look 
on the front street or roadway. Syn. Fr. 
Chambre (see Apartment) de derriére—pron. 
shawm-berr deh derr-ee-air ; Ger. die Hinter- 
stube (hinter, behind, Stube, a room)—pron. 
hinn-terr-stoo-beh. 

Backs, in Carpentry. A term sometimes, 
though not generally, used to denote the 
“principal” as distinct from the common 
rafters of a roof truss. Syn. Fr. Arbaletrier 
—pron. ahr-bah-lay-tree-eh; Ger. die Sparren. 

Back Stairs, in Domestic Architecture. 
In large houses the servants’ apartments 
are placed together behind;and approached 
by a special staircase, which leads to or 
from the working part of the house, as the 
kitchen, etc. The term is also applied to 
cottages built on the composite principle— 
that is, of two stories, each story embracing 
the whole accommodation of the cottage ; 
one house (the ground story) entering from 
the front at the ground level; the other 
(the upper story) from the back by stairs 
or an outside flight of steps. Syn. Fr. 
Escaliers de service (house service)—pron. 
ess-kal-ee-ay deh serr-veece (escalier, a 
staircase or stairs); Ger. die Hintertreppe— 
pron, hinn-terr-trep-peh (Ainter, behind, and 
Treppe, a step). 

Back Wall, in Masonry and Bricklaying. 
The wall at the back part of a structure. 
Syn. Fr. Jur en dos (mur, a wall, dos, back) 
—pron, muhr ang doh, or doe; Ger, Hinter- 
mauer—pron. hinn-terr-mou-err. 

Back Window, in Domestic Architecture. 
A window placed at the back part of a house. 
Syn. Fr. Fenétre de derri¢gre—pron. feh-neh- 
terr deh derr-ee-air (fenétre, window, der- 
riére, behind); Ger. Hinterfenster—pron. 
hinn-terr-fenn-sterr (Fenster, a window). - 

Baleony, in Architecture. A gallery or 
floor space projecting in front of a window, 
and supported from below by brackets (which 
see) or trusses—sometimes, as in the case of 
a low story, from the ground by columns or 
pillars. The floor space or balcony is usually 
guarded by iron railin ys, or by a balustrade 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


D2 


(see below). Syn. Fr. Balcon—pron, bahl- 
kong; Ger. Balkon—pron. bahl-konn; also 
Soller (a loft, a platform)—pron., so-el-err. 

Balk, in Timber. A log or trunk of a 
tree squared. Syn. Fr. Arbre couché (from 
coucher, to lie down—that is, “ felled ”)— 
pron. ahrr-berr-koo-shay ; Ger. die Balken (a 
beam )—pron., dee ball-kenn. 

Ball Ornament or Flower, in Masonry. 
In Gothic mouldings this is a characteristic 
feature chiefly met with in the Decorated 
style, and used at intervals in the space of a 
deeply recessed or hollow moulding. The 
“ball” or central rounded part is partially 
enclosed by the three leaves of the flower. 

Baluster, in Joinery. Often corrupted into 
Banister. The wooden bars in plain work, 
square in section, but otherwise chamfered 
(which see) or ornamental, which form the 
protecting rails to a staircase. These bars, 
placed vertically, are supported by the step 
and by the handrail at top, 

Baluster, in Masonry. A short pillar, 
generally circular in section, the character- 
istic feature of which is the bulging-out part 
or “swell” of the lower part. Syn. Fr. 
Balustre—pron. bal-oost-er; Ger. Geldnder 
—pron. gay-lenn-derr (from Geldnde [geh- 
lenn-dy |, land or landing), 

Balustrade, in Masonry. A number of 
balusters in line, or a range of balusters. 
Eng. pron. bal-us-trahd or bal-us-trade. 
Syn. Fr. Balustrade—pron, bal-oost-trawd ; 
Trallage—pron. trah-laj or -lahdge ; Ger. die 
Brustlehne (Brust, the breast, and Lehne, a 
support or prop, and this from lehnen, to 
lean against—meaning “a support. breast 
high ”)—pron. bruhst-lay-neh. 

Balustrade (of a Window), in Architec- 
ture. The balusters or rails for the protection 
or guard of a balcony in front of a window. 
Syn. Fr. Appui (support, stay)—pron. ahp- 
wee; Ger. die Fensterbank (Fenster, a win- 
dow, Bank, a bench)—pron. fenn-sterr-bank. 

Band, in Masonry and Joinery. <A flat 
moulding, square in section but in low relief, 
often termed—direct from the Latin name 
Jascia—a fascia (pron. faesh-yah or faish-ee- 
ah); the term indicates a flat square string 
course. Syn. Fr. Bande—pron. bahnd ; Ger. 
Leiste—from leisten (lice-stane) to form— 
pron. lice-teh. 

Banker, in Masonry. The bench on which 
stones are placed to be cut or tooled, 

Barge Board, in Carpentry or Joinery 
A board, cut or otherwise ornamented, placed 
in front of and projecting over the gable of 
a roof. It is chiefly used in houses in the 
Gothic or domestic Gothic style, and is an 
ornamental screen, so to say, to conceal the 
timbers of the roof. In ordinary houses its 
place is taken by a plain fascia board (see 
Band). Syn. Fr. Bord de pignon—pron. bohrd 
day peen-yong—literally “edge or border of 
the gable”; Ger. die Sternbrett —pron. dee 


ba 


stern-brett—from Stern, face or front, and 
Brett, a board or plank. 

Bar Iron, in Materials. The flat bars 
used sometimes as ties in place of circular 
or round rods in iron roofs, also for covering 
and connecting plates in junction bars. Syn. 
Fr. Fer barres or Fer en barres—pron. pher 
or ferr barrs or ferr ang barres; Ger. die 
Barreneisen, die Stangeneisen — pron. dee 
barr-en-ize-en, stang-enn-ize-en (Stange, a 
stake or bar, Eisen [ize-ane], iron). See Rod 
Tron, Square Iron Bar, Flat Iron Bar, © 

Barrel Vault (Annular or Ring), in 
Masonry or Bricklaying. (See Vault.) One 
of the simplest and earliest forms of vaulted 
roofs or coverings, so called from its sup- 
posed resemblance to the interior of a half- 
barrel standing on its edges. It is thus in 
section a semicircle, and in plan the side 
walls form a ring or annular space. Syn. 
Fr. Berceau (a vault, a cradle) tournant 
(turning or likea circular linereturning upon 
itself)—pron. bare-soh toor-nang ; also une 
Votte annulaire sur le noyau (noyau, the 
core or centre-stone, as the newel post of a 
staircase)—pron. uhn voot ann-you-lair suhr 
leh no-yoh; also Voute en vagon (a cart or 
waggon)—pron. voot ang vagg-on; Ger. das 
Ringgewélbe (Ring, a ring, Gewdlbe, a vault)— 
pron. ring-geh-vohl-beh ; also Tonnengewdlbe 
(Tonnen, a tun or large barrel)—pron. toe- 
nenn-geh-voll-beh. 

Barrow (Hand), in Masonry. A timber 
platform, with two handles at each end, 
used for carrying or transporting stones 
from place to place. Syn. Fr. Crviere or 
Brancard, a litter—pron. see-vee-air, brahn- 
kard; Ger. Trage, a litter—pron. trah-geh 
(from tragen, to carry or bear). 

Barrow (Wheel), in Excavating and 
General Work, A small carriage running on 
one wheel and with two handles. Syn. Fr. 
Brouette—pron. bruh- or broo-ett ; Ger. Schub- 
karren—pron. shoob-kar-ren (from Schubd, a 
shove, Karren, a carriage)—literally “shove 
or push cart.” 

Bars (ofa Sash Window), in Joinery. The 
pieces of wood which separate the panes of 
glass from one another, and support or carry 
them ; otherwise termed sash bars, sometimes 
astragals. Syn. Fr. Barreaux (barreau, a 
bar) pour croisée (casement)—pron. barr-oh 
poor crwah-zay; Ger. die Fensterstdibe (a 
rod or stick)—pron. dee fenn-sterr stay-beh. 

Bar, Shutter, in Jronmongery or Joinery. 
A flat iron bar which swivels or swings on 
a central bolt secured to the back of one 
of the flaps or leaves of the shutter, at one 
end to the side of the shutter-box, and 
secured at the other end by going into a 
slip-hook at the opposite shutter-box ; and 
thus pressing against the side of the shutters 
nearest the room, prevent all access to it 
from the outside through the window. Syn. 
Fr. Barre de fermature (closing)—pron. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ba 


barr day fare-may-toohr; Ger. die Stangen- 
fensterladen (from Stange, a bar or stake, 
Laden, a shutter)—pron. dee stang-en-fenn- 
sterr-lahd-dane. 

Bar-tamping, in Masonry and Quarrying. 
A long iron bar with a steel chisel or cutting 
point, used to bore or sink holes in the rocks 
of foundations, in benching out, or in quarry- 
ing, in which the blasting powder or sub- 
stance, such as nitroglycerine, is put. Syn. 
Fr. efouler—pron. reh-fou-lay (to drive 
back), or Barroir—pron. barr-wah; Refou- 
loir is arammer—pron. ruf-fool-war or -wah ; 
Ger. Ladestopfer—pron. lah-deh-stop-ferr 
(from laden, to load, and Stopfer, a stopper, 
a cork—pron. lah-den, stop-ferr). 

Base, in Architecture. ‘The lower part of 
an architectural Classical order or column, 
or of a pillar in the Gothic or Pointed style 
—the lower part of a pilaster. The base is 
a good indication of the characteristic of the 
style or order. The Grecian Doric, however, 
has no base at all. Der. From the Greek 
basis, and this from banein, to step on. 
Syn. Fr. Base—pron. baahs ; Ger, die Basis 
pron. dee bahs-ees. 

Basement, in Architecture. The lowest 
floor in a building. In ordinary domestic 
buildinzs the term ‘‘ cellar” is used to denote 
this part of a house—as the apartments in 
it are either wholly or partially below the 
ground level. In public buildings the term 
“basement” is applied to the lower floor 
whether the apartment is above or below 
the ground level; but which serves the pur- 
pose of a base supporting the main structure, 
this base forming a part of thedesign. Syn. 
Fr. Soubasement—pron. soo-baahs-mang or 
-magh (sous—pron. soo, under) basement; 
Ger. der Keller (the cellar). 

Base Moulding, in Masonry. Mouldings 
more or less ornate, and projecting from 
the face of the superstructure; placed 
immediately above the base or plinth of 
the structure—the upper part or moulding 
terminating generally at the level of the 
ground floor of an ordinary building. Syn. 
Fr. Moulure de basement (moulure, a mould- 
ing)—pron. mool-oore day bahs-mangh; Ger. 
Basissimswerk (Basis, base, Sunswerk, mould- 
ing, and this from Sims, a cornice, Werk, 
work )—pron. bah-seece-sims-vairk, 

Basilica in Architecture. This term, 
used by the Romans to denote their halls of 
justice, was after the Christian era applied 
very generally and for long to churches— 
many of the early churches being simply 
the halls of justice converted to ecclesiastical 
purposes—the heathen temples for obvious 
reasons being deemed unfitted for sacred 
worship. As new churches were built, the 
plan of the basilica was adopted for them, 
hence the name. Eng. pron. bah-ceely-kah. 
Syn. Fr. Basilique—pron. bah-zeel-eek ; Ger. 
Basilica—pron, bah-zeel-eek-ah, 


10 


ba 


Bass, in Bricklaying and Slating The 
trough in which mortar is kept in tiling and 
other work. 

Bass, in Carpentry. The straw or chip- 
like bag, open at the upper side, and having 
two handles to close it, in which the car- 
penter carries his tools. The name is a 
corruption of Bast (which see), being the 
material of which the bag is made. Bass is 
also Scotticé for a door-mat—mats being at 
one time generally made of bast. 

Basso Relievo. SeeAltoand Demi Relievo. 

Bast (see Bass), in Gardening. A vegeta- 
ble material made from the inside bark of a 
tree, straw or ribbon-like in form, flexible 
and strong; used for tying up flowers and 
vegetables in bunches, or to stakes. It is 
sometimes called bass. Syn. Fr. Corde ou 
matte de tilleul (corde, band, matte, mat, 
tilleul, the linden tree)—bast made from 
the bark of this tree—pron. kord o matt 
deh til-yuel; also Ecorce (bark of a tree)— 
pron. eh-korss; Ger. der Bast (inside bark, 
chip). 

Bastard Stucco, in Plastering. Plaster 
in three coats—the first being the “ rough- 
ing” or rendering coat—the second the 
“floating,” as to rendered stucco—and third 
the “ finishing,” in which a little hair is 
mixed in addition to the sand. 

Bat, in Bricklaying. A part of a brick, a 
half or three-quarters—generally half—cut 
transversely or across its breadth. For a 
half brick-bat, Syn. Fr. Moitié dune brique 
coupée en travers (moitié, the half of a thing, 
coupée [from couper, to cut], cut, travers, 
athwart or crosswise)—pron,. moh-at-yai duun 
breek koo-pay ang trah-vare; Ger. Halbe 
(half) Kreuzweise (crosswise)—from kreuz, 
across, Weise, way or mode—gebrochene 
(broken or cut) Ziegel (brick) —pron. hal- 
beh krootz-vize-eh geh-brochen-ch tzee-gell, 

Bath Room, in Domestic Architecture. The 
small room or closet in which the bath and 
lavatory are placed. Syn. Fr. Salle (a 
room or hall) de bain (a bath)—pron. sahl 
deh behng; Ger. das Badezimmer (Bade, a 
bath, Zimmer, a chamber)—pron. bah-deh- 
tzim-err. 

Batten, in Carpentry. A piece of wood 
of small section, and of various lengths, 
Syn. Fr. Volige (a small board)—pron. voll 
-ee] ; Ger. die diinne (thin) schmale (narrow, 
small) Latte (lath)—pron. dee duenn-neh 
shmah-leh latt-eh. 

Battens, in Carpentry. Timber or planks 
which measure from two up to seven inches 
in width, and from half an inch to an inch 
and a half in thickness. Syn. Fr. Volige, 
a thin board—pron. vohl-eej; Ger. schmales 
Brett (from schmal, small or narrow, Brett, 
a board)—pron. shmahl-less-brett. 

Batter, in Masonry or Brickwork. The 
sloping line given to the face of a wall, as 
that of a retaining wall in a deep cutting, 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


be 


and which gives a less width at top than at 
bottom ; or a retaining wall, or a chimney 
stalk which is smaller at top than at bottom. 
The wall, etc., is said to “have so much 
batter.” In some public buildings the walls 
“batter” or slope inwards ; and this is met 
with in the basements of certain modifications 
of Classical styles. Syn, Fr. Pente or Talus, 
a slope—pron. pahngt, tah-loo; Ger. Bo- 
schung—pron. boesch-oong (from Léschen, to 
slope). 

Batterdeau, in Masonry. A framework 
or case of timber piles, enclosing a space in a 
water-way, from which the water is pumped 
out, affording space for building the foun- 
dations and substructure of piers of a bridge, 
etc. (See “Cofferdam,” which is another and* 
more generally used name for this.) Syn. Fr. 
Batardeau—pron. bah-tar-doe (from battre, 
to beat, and d’eau, of water)—literally 
“a beater back of the water”; Ger. Damm, 
a dike or dam (from dammen [dahm-men], 
to confine, to keep back, to dam up). 

Battlement, in Masonry. An arrange- 
ment of the parapet or final course of a 
building, in which the upper course is inter- 
rupted in continuity at regular intervals, 
giving indented or free-spaced parts. Syn. 
Fr. Crénaux—pron. kray-no (from crenaux, 
intervals between solid parts)—our English 
word “crenulated” comes from this; or 
Mulets; Ger. Zinnen—pron. tzin-nen (from 
Zinne | tzee-nay ], a pinnacle). 

Bauk, or Bawk, in Carpentry. Syn. 
for Balk (which see). 

Bay, in Carpentry. Space between two 
trusses of a roof (see Truss and Roof). The 
term is also used in Mill Architecture to 
denote the floor space between the walls and 
the side columns, and between the central 
columns, and supporting a roof or floor 
above. The term is also used to denote the 
free or light spaces between the sash bars 
or mullions of a window. ‘Compartment ” 
is synonymous with bay in the above de- 
finitions, Syn. Fr. Baye or Travée—pron. 
bah-ee, trah-vay; Ger. <Abheilung—pron. 
ahb-tile-oong (from abd, from, and Theil, a 
part or portion), 

Bay, in Plastering. A rib or projecting 
part in plaster, formed between the screeds 
(which see) to regulate the floating rule. 

Bay Window, in Architecture. A window 
projecting from the face of a wall, the plan of 
which is either part of an octagon or hexa- 
gon, and the base of which rises from the 
ground level. The sides of a bay window 
are always straight-lined and not circular. 
(See Bow Window and Oriel Window.) 
Syn. Fr. Fenétre (window) en saillée (pro- 
jecting)—pron. fay-nay-ter ang sah-ee-aye ; 
Ger. Bogenfenster—pron. boh-genn-fen-sterr 
(from Bogen, an arch or bow, Fenster, a 
window). 

Bead, in Masonry and Joinery. A small 


11 


be 


moulding with rounded edge or surface, 
generally semicircular in section, Syn. Fr. 
Baguette — pron. bah-gett; Ger. Rundstab 
(rund, round, and Stab, a rod or stick). 

Beam, in Carpentry. A piece of timber, 
usually of large scantling, or dimensions 
of greater depth or width than breadth or 
thickness, placed horizontally to bear weights 
or pressures or resist strains, When used to 
resist tension it is called a “tie beam”; 
when it resists compression it is a “collar 
beam” or a “post” or ‘‘pillar”; when used 
to bear a weight or resist cross pressure 
it is a “ brest-summer” (all of which see— 
also Roof, Camber), A very large beam is 
generally termed a “girder” (see Floor). 
Syn. Fr. Poutre—pron. pooh-ter; Ger. 
Balken—pron. bahll-kenn. 

Beam Filling, in Masonry and Bricklay- 
ing. Filling-in the spaces between beams, 
rafters, etc., with stones or bricks. Syn. 
Fr. Hourder, to work roughly or coarsely— 
pron. hoor-day; Ger. Austakeln (aus, out, 
and takeln, to rig-out), or Rauhsteinwerk 
(rauh, rough, Stein, stone, and Werk, work)— 
pron. owse-tahck-eln, row-stine-vairk. 

Beam, Principal, in Carpentry. The 
largest beam in a framework, Syn. Fr. 
Poutre maitresse (literally ‘the mistress,” or, 
as we less gallantly would say, “the master ” 
beam)—pron. pooh-ter may-tress; Ger. der 
Hauptbalken (the “head beam”) — pron. 
howpt-balk-en; also der Bindebalken (ie, 
the binding-beam)—pron, bin-deh-balk-en. 

Bearer, in Carpentry. A timber support 
to carry weights or parts of a building. 
Syn. Fr. Support—pron. suh-pohr (from 
supporter, to bear or prop up—pron. suh- 
por-tay); Ger. Trdger—pron. tray-gerr 
(from tragen, to carry, keep up — pron. 
trah-genn). 

Bearing, in Carpentry. The clear space 
between the supports of a beam—the span 
or width of the opening or void, as of a 
window or door space. The term is also 
generally applied to the distance or length 
of the beam beyond the line or face of 
support, or extent of the beam surface which 
actually lies on or is supported by the wall, 
which latter becomes then the “bearing 
wall,” the timber resting on it the bearing. 
Thus, in the case of an opening four feet 
wide, of which the length of the beam or lintel 
(which see) is four feet eight inches, the 
“bearing” or bearing surface at each side 
of the beam would be four inches, and the 
length of opening, four feet, would also be 
termed the bearing or span. Properly the 
term applies to the extent or length of that 
part of the beam which actually rests on 
the supporting wall. Thus, in the above 
example, the beam would be said to have 
“a bearing of four inches.” Syn. Fr. Portée 
—pron. pohr-tay (from porter, to carry or 
bear—pron. pohr-tay), or Gisement, a bearing 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


be 


or layer—pron. gjeez-mang (from gisant, 
lying—pron. gjeez-angt) ; Ger. Stiitzpuncte 
—pron. stuetz-poong-teh (from stitzen, to 
prop or support. ) 

Bed, in Masonry and Bricklaying. The 
side or face of a stone or brick on which it 
lies in the course of the wall—the under side 
when placed horizontally (see Brick). Syn. 
Fr, Lit, a bed or couch—pron, lee; Ger. 
Lage (a position or site)—pron. lah-geh, 
or Schicht—pron. sheecht. Bed may also 
apply to side and upper faces of a stone. 

Bed, in Slating. The lower surface or 
side of a slate, 

Bedding, in Masonry and Bricklaying. 
The building-in or fixing of the timber 
work used in a building, such as the door 
and sash frames of the joiner, wood-bricks, 
beams, lintels, etc., with lime and hair mortar. 
“ Well bedded-in ” refers to the work done or 
to be done in this, in good construction. 

Bed Mould, in Masonry. That part of a 
cornice or upper member of a structure 
which lies immediately below the lowest 
part of the cornice or the corona. 

Bed of Mortar, in Masonry and Brick- 
work. The layer of mortar spread over the 
surface of a stone or part of the course of 
bricks, in which to place the next stone in 
the course or the next course of bricks. 
Syn. Fr. Chape—pron. shap; Ger. dass 
Mortelbett (the mortar bed)—pron, dass 
moer-tell-bet. 

Bed Room, in Domestic Architecture. 
Sleeping room. Syn. Fr. Chambre a coucher— 
pron, shahm-berr ah koosh-eh (from chambre, 
a room, and coucher, to sleep) ; Ger. Schlaf- 
zimmer—pron. shlahff-tzim-er (from Schlaf, 
sleep, Zimmer, a chamber or room), 

Belfry, in Architecture. The tower of 
a church in which the bells are hung; 
also applied to the room below from which 
the bell ropes are worked. Syn. Fr. Beffrot 
—pron. bay-frwah; Ger, Glockenthurm— 
pron. glok-ken-toorm (from Glocke, a bell or 
clock, and Thurm, a tower, turret, or steeple). 

Bell, in Masonry and Joinery. The body 
of the capital of a column in the Corinthian 
or Composite style, on which the foliage or 
ornamentation is fixed and by which it is 
surrounded. The term is applied from the 
bell shape—inverted—of the body. 

Bell Pull, in Joinery or House Fitting. 
The knob or handle fixed in the wall ata 
convenient part of the room, by which the 
bell to bring attendance is pulled or sounded. 
Syn. Fr. Cordon (cord or wire) de sonnette 
(little beli)—pron. kohr-dong deh so-nett; 
Ger. der Klingelzug (from Klingel, a small 
bell, Zug, a pull or tug)—pron. kling-ell- 
tzoog. 

Bell Turret, in Architecture. The small 
turret, as in schools, stables, etc., in which 
a bell is hung. Syn. Fr. Clocher—pron. 
klosh-eh (from cloche—pron. closh, a bell) ; 


12 


be 


Ger. (see Belfry), or Dachreiter —pyron. 
dach-rite-er (from Dach,a roof, and Reiter, 
a rider—literally “a roof rider”). 

Belvidere, in Architecture. A tower or 
campanile in which a room or an apartment 
is made, and from which a wider view of the 
landscape is obtained than from rooms in 
the lower stories or floors. In domestic 
architecture the smoking room is placed in 
the belvidere. Eng. pron. bell-vee-dear— 

roperly bell-vee-deary. Der, From the 
Fatin words bellus, fine or well, and video, I 
see—literally “a place for fine seeing, a 
good look-out.” Syn. Fr. Belvédere—pron. 
bell-vay-dare; Ger. das Selvedere—pron, 
bell-vay-dare. 

Bench, in Joinery. The table at which 
the work of preparing the timber, making 
the joints, etc., is done. Syn. Fr. Banc— 
pron. bahnk ; Ger, Bank. > * 

Bench Mark, Pieces or rods of timber 
set in the ground to denote heights and 
levels of parts benched-out, etc. Syn. Fr. 
Repére, a mark—pron. ray-pare ; Ger. Merk- 
zeichen—pron. merk-tzye-ken (from Jerk, a 
mark, and Zeichen, a sign). 

Bench out, in Excavating Work. To 
cut the face or bed of a trench or founda- 
tion in the form of steps. Syn. Fr. Faire 
une tranchée a gradin (from faire, to make, 
tranchée, a trench, gradins, steps, level or 
flat surfaces raised one above another)—pron. 
fair-oon or -uhn trang-shay ah grah-dang, 

Beton, in Masonry. A species of concrete 
—the terms in French masonry being often 
used as synonymous—in which broken 
stone, gravel, and the like are bound to- 
gether, forming stone-like masses or blocks, 
with hydraulic mortar or artificial cement 
—as puzzelano, not Portland cement (see 
Concrete). Syn. Fr. Béton—pron. beh-tong ; 
Ger. Steinmértel—pron. stine-moerr-tell (from 
Stein, a stone, Mértel, mortar). 

Bevel, in Carpentry and Masonry Tools 
and Appliances. A species of square, one 
leg of which is jointed at one end to the 
termination of the other leg, by which the 
one can be set at any angle, or bevel, to the 
other. The term also is applied to a fixed 
or permanent arrangement of pieces of 
timber set or fixed to any desired angle, to 
lay off or set off parts of structures with 
angular or bevelled sides or surfaces. Der, 
From the French synonym dbuveau—pron. 
buh- or boo-voh, In view of what we have 
said in the Dissertation as to some of our 
technical terms being given originally as a 
species of nickname or in joke, the term 
sauterelle, which is the French word for 
“ grasshopper,’ may be cited as an example. 
No doubt the crooked or bent legs of this 
insect suggested the name for bevel. Also 
Sauterelle (a jointed rule)—from sauter, to 
leap (spring) back—pron. soh-ter-ell ; also 
équerre pliante (square pliant, or capable of 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND RUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


bi 


being bent)—pron. eh-kerr or -kare plee- 
angt. Ger. syn. das Schrdgmass—pron, dass 
schraigg-mass (from schrdg, oblique or slop- 
ing, and Mass, size or measure, proportion), 

Bevel Edge, in Tools, etc. A sloping 
or inclined edge. Syn. Fr. en Biseau—pron. 
ang bee-zoh; Ger. Schiefkantig (from 
Schief, obliquity, and kantig, angular— 
pron. sheef-kan-tig. 

Bevelled off, in Masonry and Joinery. 
Denotes part of the surface as sloping or 
oblique. Synonymous with Chamfer (which 
see), and also with the expression “ taking 
off the arris” (see Arris)—that is, cutting 
of the corner so as to expose a flat surface. 
It is also synonymous with “splayed,” as in 
Brickwork, a splayed brick being one with 
a sloping side. Thus for bevelled board or 
plank the Syn. Fr. is Planche en biais—pron. 
plahnnch ang bee-yea; Ger. Gehrungbrett 
(gehrung, sloping—from gehren [ gay-ren ], to 
slope or bevel—and Brett, a board)—pron, 
geh-roong-brett. 

Bevel off, To, in Metal Work, etc. To cut 
or plane the corner or arris (see Arris) of 
a piece of metal, Syn. Fr. Lever un biseau 
(lever, to lift or take away)—pron. lay-vay 
ung bee-zo; Ger, (in metal work) <An- 
schleifen, to file or grind to an edge or on 
the slope—pron. ann-shly-fenn. 

Billet Moulding, in Architecture. <A 
peculiarity distinctive of the Norman style. 
It derives its name from the ornament 
resembling a billet or piece of cylindrical 
wood, The billets are placed in the concave 
part of the moulding in rows, an interval or 
space shorter than the length of the billet 
being between each. Syn. Fr. Billette— 
pron. beel-yette ; Ger. Billet-—pron. beel-ett, 

Billiard Room, in Domestic Architecture. 
The apartment set aside for the billiard- 
table in large houses, mansions, etc. Syn. 
for billiard-table, Fr. Billard—pron. beel-lard ; 
Ger. die Billiardtafel (Billiard, and Tafel, a 
table)—pron. bill-yard-tah-fell; Syn. for 
billiard-room, Fr. Salle de billard; Ger, Bil- 
liardzimmer. 

Binders, or Binding Joists, in Carpen- 
try. Cross or transverse beams in a floor 
(see Floor) which support on their upper 
edges the “bridging joists” above, and to 
the lower edges of which the “ ceiling joists” 
are notched or secured. Syn. Fr. Poutres— 
pron. poohster, also Solive—pron., so-leave ; 
Ger. Bindebalken (binden, binding, and Balk, 
a beam)—pron, bin-deh-ball-ken. 

Binding Rafters, in Carpentry. Hori- 
zontal beams or members of a roof (see Roof), 
notched or secured to the upper sides or 
edges of rafters and connecting them to- 
gether and keeping them rigidly apart. 
Their chief office is to give a bearing or 
support to the common rafters, which are 
spaced between the principal ones. Bind- 
ing rafters are more generally known as 


13 


bi 


« Purlins.” Syn. Fr. (for purlins) Pannes or 
Vernes—pron. pann, vairn ; also Chevron— 
pron.shev-rong ; Ger. Bindesparren (Sparren, 
da spar, rafter—Sparrenholz is timber for 
rafters)—pron. spar-ren-holtz. bitte 

Birch. One of our forest trees yielding 
the timber so called, used for constructive 
purposes largely by “ The Cabinet-Maker.” 
Syn. Fr. Bouleau—pron. bool-oh ; Ger. (the 
tree) die Birke—pron. dee beer-keh ; for the 
wood or timber of the tree, das Birkenholz 
(Birken from Birke, Holz, wood)—pron. dass 
beer-ken-holtz. 

Bird’s Eye View, in Drawing. A species 
of perspective—in the “flat” as it might 
be termed—used on architectural or building 
plans or designs, but rarely in mechanical 
or engineering drawings, to give a general 
view of the building seen as it will be 
when constructed. It is so called from 
its resemblance to the view which a bird 
flying over the building is supposed to have. 
Syn. Fr. @ Vue (a sight) d’oiseaw (a bird)— 

ron. ah vuh dwahz-oh; also Perspectif a 
vol (flight or flying, from voler [vol-lay ], to 
fly) d'oiseau—pron. pare- or pair-speck-teef 
ah voll-dwahz-oh ; Ger. die Vogelschau (Vogel, 
a bird, Schau, a view or look, from schauen, 
to show)—pron. dee fo-gel-shough (ou as in 
our word now). 

Bird’s Mouth, in Carpentry. A joint in 
which a part is cut out from the inner face 
or angle of the end of one piece of timber to 
fit on to or to receive the outer face or angle 
of another piece (see Joints). 

Block and Tackle, or Block and Pulley. 
The blocks containing a set of pulleys over 
which the hoisting rope or chain is passed 
in order to increase lifting power, or obtain 
what is called a “purchase”; used in 
connection with cranes, crabs, and shears 
(which see), Syn. Fr. Poulie (pulley) mouflée 
(tackled or connected)—pron. pool-ee moo- 
flay ; Ger. der Kolbenzug (Kolben, a pulley or 
block, and Zug, drag, pull, draught)—pron. 
kol-benn-tzoog ; also das Zugwerk (literally 
“ drag or draught work ’’)—pron. tzoog-vairk. 

Blocking Course, in Masonry. The term 
blocking course generally refers to the 
course of plain-surfaced stone—without 
mouldings—which surmounts or crowns the 
cornice of a building. The plain course of 
stonework which projects from the face of 
upper wall, and which forms the base or 
plinth of the building, is, however, also so 
called. The base moulding (which see) is 
immediately above the blocking course, and 
where the base moulding is absent the upper 
edge of the blocking course is often splayed, 
bevelled, or chamfered off towards the face 
of wall. 

Blockings or Blocks, in Joinery. Pieces 
of wood glued to the interior angle or the 
inner face of the corner formed by two 
pieces joining or mitred at an angle. 


14 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


bo 


Block of Stone. Syn. Fr. Dé en pierre 
—pron. day ang pee-air ; Ger. der Block von 
Stein—pron. derr block fon sty-en. 

Block of Wood. Syn. Fr. Bloc de bois 
or Mowfle—pron. block de bwah, moo-fell; 
Ger. der Block. 

Block Plan. Ina “set” of drawings the 
plan is so called which shows in outline only 
the position of the building in relation to the 
plot on which it is to be erected, or in relation 
to other buildings on the same plot. For 
example, the relative position of a mansion 
and the outbuildings, as stable, etc., etc., 
garden and garden structures (see Ground 
Plan, also Plan). ' 

Board, in Joinery. When a balk or log 
of timber is sawn longitudinally into a num- 
ber of strips or leaves, each leaf or separate 
part is known by this name. Eng. syn. Plank ; 
Syn. Fr. Planche—pron. plahnch ; Ger. das 
Brett or die Planke—pron. brett, plank-eh. 

Boarding, Rough, in Joinery. This term 
is applied to the boards or planks in the 
rough condition in which they come from 
the saw-mill or machine, and before they 
are dressed—that is, planed and finished for 
“finished” work—as in flooring. Syn. Fr. 
Planche brut (from planche, a plank, brut, 
rough, rude)—pron. plahnch broot; Ger. 
die rauhe (rough, coarse) Dielung (from 
Diele, a deal board or plank)—pron. dee 
rugh-eh dee-luhngh. 

Boasting, or To Boast, in Masonry.—In 
ashlar work the first chiselling or tooling of 
the surface of the block of stone is sometimes 
thus termed, otherwise “ rough hewn,” pre- 
paratory to being rubbed or finished with a 
smooth surface. Syn. Fr. Hbaucher—pron. 
eh-bo-shay (from ¢ébauche—pron. eh-boash, 
a rough draft, or from ébauchoir—pron. 
eh-boh-shwahr, a large chisel). The opera- 
tion of rough-hewing or boasting is ex- 
pressed thus in French: Taillant (cutting) 
la pierre (the stone) avec (with) l’honguette 
(the chisel or cutting tool) e¢ la maillet 
(mallet or wooden hammer)—pron. tahl-yeh 
lah pee-air ah-veck long-gate eh lah mahl- 
yeh; Ger. Roh (rough, coarse) meisseln (to 
cut, carve, or chisel—from Meisel, a chisel) 
—pron. ro mice-eln; also den Stein (stone) 
mit dem Schldgel (a mallet) machen—that is, 
to make or finish the stonework with the 
mallet—pron. dane stine mit dem shlay-gel 
machen. 

Bolection Moulding, in Joinery. Any 
moulding projecting above the surface is 
so called. 

Bolster Pieces, in Carpentry. The cross- 
pieces which are laid on the top of the curved 
surface of centre (see Centre) in which the 
bricks or stone forming the arch are laid. 
Syn. Fr. Madrier or Couchis—pron. mah- 
dree-eh, koo-shee; Ger. Schallenbrett (from 
Schall, a cover)—pron. shall-en-brett. 

Bolt, in Carpentry. The square or round 


- 


bo 


iron bar used in bolting scarfed and built 
beams together. A square flat head is pro- 
vided at one end, projecting beyond the 
central bar, and so affords a bearing surface 
allround. The other end is screwed to receive 
the nut (which see) which is generally used 
to secure the bolt in its place. In some cases 
the bolt is secured by a flat pin or key, which 
passes through a ‘‘slot” or rectangular 
hole near the extremity of the bolt. Syn 
Fr. Boulon—pron. booh-long ; also Cheville 
en fer (cheville, a peg, and fer, iron)—pron. 
shay-veel ah ferr; Ger. der Bolzen (a bolt 
or screw)—pron. boll-tsen. The term “ Bolt 
and Nut” is employed when the two are in 
conjunction. The Syn. Fr. is Bouwlon (bolt) 
a écrou (a nut, which see)—pron. booh-long 
ah eh-kroo; Ger. der Schraubenbolzen (from 
Schraube, a screw: a female screw or nut 
is Schraubenmutter — literally a “screw 
mother”)—pron. derr shrough-benn-boll- 
tsen. 

Bolted, in Carpentry. When two pieces 
or members of a frame are secured together 
by screw bolts and nuts this term is applied. 
Syn. Fr. Boulonnée—pron. bool-on-nay ; Ger. 
Bolzenbefestiger (Bolzen,a bolt, and Befestiger, 
fastener)—pron. bohlts-en-beh-fes-teh-gerr, 

Bond, in Masonry and Bricklaying. The 
term used to denote the methods of arrang- 
ing the separate blocks or stones or bricks 
in a wall,so that they will bind or bond 
together in order to form a solid wall; one 
part being closely connected with another, 
forming a continuous mass. Syn. Fr. Liaison 
—pron. lee-ay-song ; Ger. Mauerverband— 
pron. mow-er-ferr-bant. 

Bond, in Slating. The distance between 
the nail-hole of the lower slate and the lower 
edge of the upper slate. 

Bond Stones or Bonders, in Masonry. 
Stones placed at intervals transversely in a 
. wall, or in the thickness, so that they bind 
the stones at face and those at back together. 
They do not always reach right across from 
front to back of wall, the ends showing at 
either face. When they do they are termed 
“through stones” or perpend or perpent 
stones. Syn. Fr. Boutisse—pron. boot-eece ; 
Ger. Bindesteine—pron. bin-deh-stine-eh. 
Syn. for “through” or “perpend” bonding 
stones, Fr. Pierres a deux paremens—pron. 
pee-air ah duuh parr-mangs (parement, a 
facing or face); Ger. Durchbinder—pron. 
durch-bin-derr (from durch, through, and 
Binder, a bond or binder). 

Bond Timber, in Carpentry and Joinery. 
Pieces of wood laid horizontally on and built 
into walls, in order to tie or bind them 
together and strengthen them. Syn. Fr. 
Linteau, or Enchevétrure—pron. laing-toe, or 
ah-shevy-aye-troor; Ger. Bindeholz—pron. 
bin-day-olts, 

Borders, as in Gardening. The narrow 
strips or parts of soil running along the 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


br 


insides of walks or outside a lawn, and which 
are filled in with a variety of flowers, bedding- 
out plants, etc, etc. Syn. Fr. Bordure 
(from dord [bord], the edge or a fringe)— 
pron. borr-duur; Ger. die Kinfassung (bor- 
dering, enclosure—from einfassen, to .trim, 
to edge)—pron. dee ine-fass-oong. 

Bore, in Carpentry, as with an auger, 
or in Joinery as with brace-and-bit or gimlet 
(which see). Syn. Fr. Vriller—pron. vree- 
yea (from vrille, a gimlet, pron. vreel); Ger. 
Durchbohren (durch, through, and bohren, to 
bore)—pron. doorch-bore-enn. To bore for 
a mortice the syn. in Fr. is tortiller—pron. 
torr-tee-yea ; Ger. ein Zapfenlochbohren ( Zap- 
Jen, a tenon or peg, Loch, a hole—literally 
“the tenon hole”)—pron. tzap-fenn-loch- 
bore-en. 

Boss, in Architecture. A projecting mass, 
round or cup-inverted-like in form, but 
with its convex surface ornamented with 
conventional foliage. This ornament is em- 
ployed at points where projecting parts, as 
ribs in roofs or vaults, intervene. Wherea 
projecting convex mass or rounded knob 
terminates a part, such as at the termination 
of a drip-stone, it is also called by this name. 
Syn. Fr. Bosette or Bosse—pron. boh-set, boss ; 
Ger. Buckel—pron. book-ell. 

Bottom Rail, in Joinery. The lowest 
cross or transverse board or piece of a door 
—that nearest the floor or ground (see 
Door). 

Bow Window, in Architecture. A window 
which projects from the face of a wall, but 
starting from ground level—that is, light- 
ing an apartment on the ground floor of a 
house—the plan of which is semicircular, or 
the segment of a circle. Syn. Fr. Fenétre 
circulaire (a circular or segmental window) 
—pron.fay-nett-terseer-kuh-lair ; Ger. Bogen- 
Jenster (Bogen, an arch, Fenster, a window) 
—pron. bogen-fenn-sterr; or zirkelrunde 
Fenster (Zirkel, a circle, and rund, round— 
that is, circular or segmental). 

Boxings, in Joinery. The cases or re- 
ceptacles or recesses made at the sides of 
window-frames, into which the shutters go 
when folded back (see Window). 

Braces, in Carpentry. Members of timber 
framing, as a roof truss, the office of which 
is to prop up or support other pieces, as 
rafters, etc. They are always inclined to the 
horizon, or oblique. They are frequently 
called struts. Syn. Fr. Contrefiches—pron. 
congter-feesh (contre, against, and jiches, 
from jicher [fee-shay], to drive in—our 
word “fix” comes from this); Ger. Strebe- 
bdnder—pron. streb-beh-ben-derr (Strebe, a 
prop or post or stay, from streben, to strive, 
to struggle against, to bear up). 

Brace-and-Bit, in Joinery. A tool for 
boring holes in wood. It consists of a 
central part, shaped like a crank or the letter 
E, the shank of the E being provided with a 


15 


br 
turned handle of wood. The upper part 
has a wooden knob, in the centre of which 
the stud of the crooked part revolves as the 
brace is turned round by the handle. The 
lower part of the braceor E carries the boring 
tool called the “ bit,” secured in the eye of 
the brace by a thumb or pinching-screw. 
In using this the pressure on the bit is 
obtained by the workman pressing or lean- 
ing upon the knob at the upper part, while 
he causes the brace to revolve by turn- 
ing the handle in a circular path. Syn. Fr. 
Drille—pron. dree-yeh ; also Vilebrequin— 
pron. veel-breck-ang; Ger. der Brustbohrer 
(from Brust, the breast or chest, meaning 
that it is a borer (Bohrer) to be used by 
pressing upon it with the breast or chest of 
the workman)—pron. broost-bore-err; also 
der Traubenbohrer (from Traube [trow-bay], 
a bunch or cluster, meaning that the bits 
in the boring tools, though of various sizes 
—that is, giving holes of various diameters 
—can all be used by the same brace, a 
cluster or bunch of bits being thus avail- 
able)—pron. trow-benn-bore-er. Also Dreh- 
bohrer (from drehen, to twist round, to cause 
to revolve—literally “a revolving borer,” 
in contradistinction to the older form of 
brace or bit borer—the bow drill or drill bow 
—the bit or boring tool of which moved 
round only part of a circle and was brought 
back again, with an alternate movement in 
place of continuous, as in the revolving bit, 
the Drehbohrer)—pron. dreh-bore-err. 

Brace of a Partition, in Carpentry. The 
angular strut supporting the quarters or 
upright pieces. Syn. Fr. Renfort or Décharge 
—pron, rang-for, day-sharh]; Ger. Kreutz- 
strebe (Kreutz, a cross, Strebe, a post or stay) 
— pron, kroitz-streh-beh. 

Bracket, in Architecture. An ornamental 
member projecting from the surface of a 
wall, the wpper part of which is flat, afford- 
ing a table or space in which to place busts, 
statuettes, lamps, etc. Syn. Fr. Consol or 
Tasseau — pron. cong-soll, tass-oh; Ger. 
Klammer (from klammern, to cling, to clasp) 
—pron. clam-mer. 

Brad, in Joinery. A small nail without 

a flat head, but having in place of it a small 
part projecting at right angles. The brad 
is driven into the wood, as with a steel 
punch, so that this part is below the surface, 
and the space left is filled up with putty, 
this concealing the nail. 
_ Brass, in Materials. A metal much used 
in making the fittings used in joinery and 
internal house and church work, etc. It is 
an alloy composed of copper and zinc, the 
proportions varying according to the quality 
required, generally sixteen parts of copper 
to nine of zinc, Syn. Fr. Airain—pron. air- 
aingh ; Ger. Messing—pron, mess-ing ; bronze 
is Hrz—pron. errtz. 

Break-in, in Bricklaying. Cutting out 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


br 


parts in brick walls, in order to form aper- 
tures for the insertion of timbers. 

Breaking-down, in Carpentry. Sawing 
a log or balk of timber into leaves or 
boards (which see). 

Breaking Ground, in Building. ~<A term 
used to indicate that the work is commenced 
by opening up the foundation trenches, the 
position of which has been previously 
marked out on the site. To break ground 
is to dig the foundations. Syn. Fr. Ouvrir 
les tranches—from ouvrir (oohv-reer) to open, 
and tranche (trahnch), a slice, tranchée, 
trench (trang-zchay); Ger. den Grund 
brechen (from Grund, earth or ground, and 
brechen, to break, or break up)—pron. 
dane groond-breck-en. 

Breaking Joint, in Masonry and Brick- 
laying. So disposing stones or bricks in the 
building of a wall that the vertical joints of 
those in an upper course (see Course) will 
fall upon the solid parts of the bricks or 
stones below. That is, no joints in any one 
course shall coincide with or be in the same 
line with the joints of the course immediately 
above or that below it. 

Breakwater, in Jasonry. As its name 
imports, a structure built in the sea to 
protect the mouth of a harbour, or of a ship 
roadstead, from the violence of the waves 
proceeding landward. Concrete blocks are’ 
now largely used in the construction of 
breakwaters, in place of the large stones 
employed universally at one time. Syn. Fr. 
Jetée Briselames (from briser—pron. breeze- 
eh, to break, and lame, a blade or sheet— 
pron. sjhett-eh breeze-lahm; also SBrise 
d’eau (eau, water)—pron. breeze-doh ; Ger. 
Wellenbrecher, Hafendamm—pron, vell-en- 
brech-err, hahf-en-dam. 

Bressummer or Brestsummer, in 
Masonry and Bricklaying. A timber beam 
spanning or stretching over an opening or 
void in a wall, the ends having a certain 
bearing thereon, its office being to support 
a weight, as brickwork, above it. 

Brick, in Bricklaying. The solid blocks 
of burnt clay used in the building of walls. 
They are now made of various sizes and 
forms, but the dimensions of those used in 
general work are the same as those which 
the Excise decided on in the days when 
bricks hada heavy duty imposed upon them, 
Those dimensions, termed “standard,” are : 
length 9 inches—breadth or width 44 inches 
—thickness 8} inches. These sizes lend 
themselves with great ease, in the combi- 
nation of bricks in building, to bond and to 
the breaking of joint. Der. From Icelandic 
brike. Syn. Fr. Brique—pron. breek; Ger. 
Ziegelstein (Ziegel, a brick or tile, and Stein, 
a stone), literally “ brick stone””—pron. tzee- 
gell-sty-enn. 

Brick, Air, in Bricklaying. A hollow 
brick, or brick provided with a series of 


16 


br 


apertures, often arranged in some special 


aes or design, passing through the e 


readth of the brick, and which is placed 
at intervals in a course immediately below 
the level of the flooring joists, to which a 
supply of air is thus provided to prevent the 
dry rot attacking the timber. 

Brick, Hollow, in Bricklaying. <A brick 
is so called which has a cavity or hollow in 
its interior. The form of the cavity varies 
in different bricks. In some it is circular, 
two or more circular holes either traversing 
through the length or across the breadth of 
the’ brick. In some the cavities are rect- 
angular, generally traversing the brick 
length-wise. Bricks thus made are lighter 
and better capable of resisting the damp or 
passage of wet through the brick than 
when solid. Syn. Fr. Brique creuse—pron. 
breek kruhze or kruuze (from crewx—pron. 
kruh, hollow, empty, and this from the 
verb creuser—pron. kreuh-zay, to dig out, to 
make a hollow place); Ger. der Ziegelholz 
(Ziegel, a brick, and Holz, from Hohl, a 
hollow, and this from héhlen, to dig out or 
settee: ; also Hohlziegel—pron. hohl-tzee- 
gel. 
Brick on Bed, in Bricklaying. In ordi- 
nary wall work the bricks of all the courses 
are laid on the flat or broadest side or “bed,” 
—hence the term. Syn. Fr. Brique posée de 
plat (posée, placed, plat, flat)—pron. breek- 
pose- or pozz-eh day plah or -plaw; Ger. 
der flachgelegte Ziegel (flach, flat, gelegte, 
placed, disposed, situated)—pron. dare flah- 
geh-laig-teh tzee-gel. 

Brick on Edge. Laid on the side or 
narrow edge. Syn. Fr. Brique de champ 
(champ, a field—meaning by this that the 
bricks are placed in the same way as they 
are laid on the surface of the brickfield to 
dry in the sun and air)—pron. breek deh 
chahng; Ger. der Aufrecht gestellte Ziegel 
(from aufrecht, upright or erect, Gestelle, a 
frame or base)—pron. ow-frecht geh-stell- 
tay tzee-gel. 

Bricklayer or Bricksetter. The work- 
man employed in brickwork. Syn. Fr. 
Briqueteur—pron. breek-turr ; Ger. Maurer 
—pron. mow-rerr. 

Bricklaying or Brickwork. The art 
of setting bricks in proper “bond” or dis- 
position in various thicknesses and forms or 
arrangements of walls. Syn. Fr. Briquetage 
or Ouvrage en Briques—pron. breek-tajh, 
oov-rajh ang breek; Ger. Mauerwerk mit 
Ziegelstein—pron, mough-err-vairk mit tzee- 
gel-sty-en. 

Brick, Splayed, in Bricklaying. A brick 
with its corner or arris cut off, usually in 
the direction of the length of the brick— 
thus giving a bevelled or sloping edge or 
side (see Bevel). Syn. Fr. Brique ébrassé 
(from ébrasement [eh-brass-mang] a splay, 
and this from ¢brasser [eh-brahz-eh], to 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 


br 


splay, slope, or bevel)—pron. breek eh-brass- 
h; Ger. Ziegelschrdgten—pron. tzee-gel- 
schraigg-tenn ; also die ausgeschrdgte Ziegel 
(from aus, out of, and schrdg, sloping )—pron, 
dee ouss-gay-shraigg-teh tzee-gel. 

Brick, Wood, in Bricklaying. A piece of 
wood the dimensions of a brick—9 x 45 x 34 
in.—built into the brick wall at points 
where timber framing, as door casings and 
the like, is to be put up; the wood bricks 
afford the necessary nail-hold. Syn. Fr. 
Brique en bois—pron. breek-ahng-bwah (dois, 
wood) ; Ger. Holzziegel or Ziegelholz (Holz, 
wood)—pron. tzee-gell-holts. 

Bridge, in Masonry, Bricklaying, and 
Carpentry. A structure by which access 
can be had from one side of a river or wide 
opening to the other: the structure by 
which a space is spanned. Der. From Old 
English brycg or Icelandic bryggin. Syn. 
Fr. Pont—pron. pong ; Ger. Briicke—pron. 
bruck-keh. Bridges are of various kinds 
or forms, and are constructed of different 
kinds of materials. A “Stone Bridge” 
in French is termed Pont de pierre; in 
German, Briicke von Stein. A ™ Wooden 
Bridge” in French is Pont en Charpente 
pron. pongt ang shaar-paaht; in Ger- 
man, Holzbriicke—pron. holtz-bruck-eh. An 
“Tron Bridge” in French is Pont en fer— 
pron. pongt ang ferr; in German, evserne 
Briicke—pyron. ize-ern-eh bruck-eh. A “Wire 
Bridge” in French is Pont en fer de roulage 
—pron. pong-tang ferr deh rool-ajh; in 
German, Drahtbriicke—pron. draat-bruck-eh. 
A “Suspension Bridge” in French is Pont 
suspendu— pron. pong suus-pahn-duu; in 
German, Hangebriicke—pron. heng-eh-bruck- 
eh, A “Skew (oblique) Bridge” in French 
is Pont oblique—pron. pong-toh-bleek ; in 
German, Schrdgbriicke—pron. shrayg-bruck- 
eh (from schrdge, sloping, inclined). A 
“Draw Bridge” in French is Pont levis— 
pron. pong lev-eeh (from lever [lev-vay], to 
lift or rise); in German, Zugbriicke, from Zug, 
a pull, and this from ziehen, to draw. A‘ Swivel 
Bridge” in French is Pont touwrnant—pron. 
pohn toor-nang (from touwrner [toor-nay ], to 
turn). A‘“Foot Bridge” in French is Pont 
petite—pron. pohn pae-teet (from petit, little) ; 
in German, Fussbriicke—pron. fooss-bruck- 
eh (from Fuss, a foot). 

Bridged Gutters, in Carpentry. Gutter 
boards which stretch or span over a space 
between the roof and a parapet or blocking 
course, supported by bearers below. (See 
Gutters.) 

Bridging or Bridged Floors, in Car- 
pentry. Floors in which bridging joists are 
used. (See Floors.) 

Bridging Joists, in Carpentry. The 
uppermost or topmost beams in a double- 
framed floor which carry the flooring boards 
(see Floors). Syn. Fr. Entraite de croupe 
—pron, ang-tray deh kroop 


17 2 


bu ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. ca 


Builder. A tradesman or workman con- 
nected with the work of building, generally 
domestic structures. If undertaking large 
erections he is generally called a “ Building 
Contractor.” Syn. Fr. for builder Constructeur 
—pron. cong-strook-toohr; Ger. Erbauer— 
pron. err-bow-err. 

Builder (Master). One who undertakes 
the work of erecting buildings, etc., and 
who employs the various workmen under 
him, and provides all the materials, wages, 
etc., etc. Syn. Fr. Entrepreneur des bati- 
ments (from entre, between, and prendre, to 
take—literally “a taker between” one party 
and another)—pron. ang-terh-preh-noohr 
deh bah-tee-mang ; Ger. der Bauunternehmer 
(from Bau, a building, unter, under, and 
nehmen, to take—literally “an undertaker for 
buildings”)—pron. bow-oon-terr-nay-merr. 

Building. <A term used to denote a con- 
struction or struoture composed of stone or 
brick and timber, as contradistinguished 
from a structure, as a machine, made of 
metal, This is termed ‘‘ Construction” 
generally, If precision is demanded in the 
expression, the word Building precedes this 
—thus, Building Construction, or briefly, as 
in our term, Building. Syn. Fr. Hdifice— 
pron, eh-dee-feece ; also Batiment (a build- 
ing)—pron. bah-tee-mang; Ger. das Bauwerk 
(from Bau, an edifice or building—literally 
“building work”)—pron. bow- (ow as in 
now) -verk. 

Building Beams, in Carpentry. Scarfing 
(which see) and bolting or strapping two 
beams together edge to edge, to increase the 
depth and strength. 

Building Materials. The materials used 
in building construction, as stone, brick, 
mortar, cement, wood, slates, etc., are known 
collectively thus: Syn, Fr. Matériaux (ma- 
terials). This term is suggestive: it is not 
materials for building, but simply materials, 
just as if the first want or necessity of man 
was shelter, and the materials of building 
for this would be par excellence materials. 
It is different in the German: there the 
syn. is Baumaterialien—that is, Bau, build- 
ing, Materalien, materials—pron, bow-mah- 
tare-ee-all-ee-en. 

Build, To. To construct with building 
materials (which see). Der. From the Old 
English word byldan, to build. Syn. Fr. 
Batir—pron. bah-teer ; also Construire (to 
coustruct)—pron, kohn-strweer ; Ger. Bauen 


—pron. bough-enn ; also Aufbauen (auf, upon 
or on)—pron. owf-bough-enn. 

Built Beam, in Carpentry. When two 
beams are placed edge to edge in order to 
increase the depth of the beam—the two 
considered as one—and secured by various 
methods, as scarfing or indenting, or by 
keys or straps or bolts, the beam is called 
a “built beam.” Syn. Fr. Poutre d’assem- 
blage en crémaillére (from poutre, a beam, 
crémaillere, a crook, pothook, rack—.e., 
hook-like indentations, see text) — pron. 
pooh-ter dass-ahm-blajh ang kray-mal-ee- 
air; Ger. der verzahnte (from verzahnen, to 
notch or indent) Zrdger (a beam)—pron. 
derr verr-tzhan-teh tray-gerr. 

Burrs, in Brickwork, Clinker bricks. 

Buitt-end, of Timber. The thickest part, 
near the root, or the end which presses 
against or upon the face of another part. 
Syn. Fr. About (bout, the’ end or termina- 
tion); Ger. Schrdgenende (from  schrég, 
sloping)—pron. shraygg-enn-end-eh. 

Butment Cheeks, in Carpentry and 
Joinery. The solid sides or parts at the 
sides of a mortise hole. Syn. Fr. Jouwe d’un 
mortaise—pron. jooh duhn mortaise (joue, a 
cheek, mortaise, a mortise); Ger. Backen- 
zapfenloch — pron. back-en-tzap-fenn-loch 
(from Backe, cheek, Zapfenloch, a mortise, 
and this from Zapfen, a pin or peg, and 
Loch [ guttural sound of ch, see Dissertation ], 
a hole—from Jochen, to bore or perforate). 

Butments, in Architecture. (See Abut- 
ments.) The side supporting surfaces to 
receive the weight or pressure of arches. 
Syn. Fr. Buttée (from butter [buh-tay], to 
heap up, as earth or soil against a wall to 
sustain it) ; Ger. Widerlage—pron. vee-derr- 
lah-geh (from wider, against, and Lage, 
position)—from lager (lah-gerr), to bed, to 
put in position, 

Butting Joint, in Carpentry. The junc- 

tion or joint formed by two pieces—one 
meeting and pressing upon the surface of 
another, the fibres of one piece being at 
right angles or oblique to the other. 
_ Buttress, in Architecture. A part pro- 
jecting from a wall broader at base than at 
top, the office of which is to counteract the 
thrust or pressure given by the walls. Syn. 
Fr. Bouter or Eperon—pron. boo-teh, ape- 
rong; Ger. Strebebogen—pron. stray-beh 
boh-gen (Strebe, a post or stay, Bogen, an 
arch, 2.e. a flymg or arched buttress). 


C 


Cabinet, in Cabinet-making. A piece of 
furniture much more frequently met with 
abroad than in this country. It is tall or 
high, and in some cases most elaborately 
ornamented ; some of the finest work in 
carved and inlaid work being met with in 
old cabinets, The upper part has a fall- 


down forming a writing-desk ; while behind, 
concealed by it when closed, is a range of 
pigeon-holes for papers, drawers, and little 
cupboards for valuables. The space below 
the desk-table is frequently utilised for 
drawers. Syn. Fr. Cabinet—pron. kah- or 
cah-bee-nay ; Ger. das Cabinetstiick (Cabinet, 


18 


ca 


a closet, and Stiick, a piece)—pron. das cah- 
bee-nett-stueck ; also der Schubladenschrank 
Schub, from schieben, to push, Lade, a 
rawer, Schrank, a shrine—literally “a push- 
drawer-shrine ”’)—pron, derr shoe-blah-denn- 
shrank. 

Cabled, in Architecture. When the hollow 
flutes of a column or pillar are filled in 
with projecting convex or rounded parts, 
the flutes are said to be cabled. 

Cable Moulding, in Architecture. <A dis- 
tinctive feature of the Norman style, in 
which the convex or rounded moulding has 
its surface cut into convolutions to represent 
the twisted strands of a thick rope or cable. 
Syn. Fr. Moulure en tordu—pron. mool- 
uere or -euhr agh or ang torr-dooh (moulure, 
a moulding, and tordre [torr-duh], to twist 
or twine; tordage [torr-dajgh] is twisting, 
tordu, twisted) ; Ger. Kabeltau—pron. kah- 
bel-tow (pron. as in our word “ vow”) 
(Kabel, a cable ; kabeln [kah-beln] is to dis- 
tribute or arrange by lots or parts, as to 
arrange the strands or separate pieces of a 
cord). 

Caisson, in Masonry. A floating case or 
chest of timber used to build the foundations 
and lower parts of the piers of bridges 
in deep water. The bottom is made of 
large timber securely bolted and framed 
together, or remains permanently in the 
water, forming the base surface on which 
the pier rests. The caisson is moored or 
secured in the position in which the pier 
has permanently to be, and as the building 
within the case proceeds it sinks till it 
finally reaches and settles on the bottom. 
The sides and ends of the caisson are then 
removed, leaving the pier resting on the 
bottom. Syn. Fr. Caisson—pron. kaiss-ong 
(from caisse [case], a chest or case) ; 
Ger. Sinkkasten—pron. zink-kass-tenn (from 
sinken [zinken], to sink or let down, and 
Kasten, a coffer, a box or chest) ; or Bomben- 
kiste (from Bombe [bom-beh], a bombshell, 
and Kiste [kist-eh], a chest or box, ze, like 
a box or case for holding shells). 

Caleareous, in Soils, Foundation, or in 
Garden Work, Another term for a limy soil. 
Der, From the Latin adjective calcarius, 
limy, and this from the substantive calz, 
lime, Syn. Fr. Caleareua —pron. kal-karr- 
ugh ; Ger. Kalkreich (Kalk, lime, and reich, 
rich—i.e, rich in lime)—pron. kahlk-rych. 

Camber, or Camber Arch, in Brickwork, 
An arch turned over a beam, bressummer, 
or lintel, which spans an opening, in order 
to relieve it from the pressure of the wall 
above. Syn. Fr. Courbure—pron. koor-buere 
(from courbe yaad) a curve or bend, and 
this from courber [koor-beh], to curve or 
bend down); also Arc a@ décharge (from 
décharger [deh-sharjh-eh], to lighten or 
unload) ; Ger. Schweifung—pron. shvy-foong, 
a curve (from Gchoerpa [shvife-enn ], to 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ca 


curve or give a tail to, like a dog’s curved 
tail) ; also Fensterbogen (Fenster [fen-sterr], 
a window, and Bogen [boh-genn }, an arch). 

Camber, in Carpentry. A convexity or 
swell given purposely to the upper side of 
a beam—or a bend given to it—so that the 
load put upon it will bring it to its level; 
which would bend down the beam, or allow 
it to “sag” or sink in the middle, if the 
beam were put in straight or level through- 
outitslength. Syn. (as above) Fr. Courbure; 
Ger. Schweifung. 

Camber Beams, in Carpentry. A beam 
made or fixed as above named is said to be 
“cambered,” but the term here given indi- 
cates beams raised in the middle of truncated 
roofs to throw the rain-water to the sides. 
Syn. Fr. Poutre (poot-err), a beam, courbée 
(koor-bay), curved, from courber (see above) ; 
Ger. Krummbalken—pron. crumb-bahl-kenn 
—from krumm, curved or bent, and this from 
kriimmen (crumb-enn), to bend or curve. 

Campanile, in Architecture. A tower, 
generally square, attached to, yet forming 
part of a building. In churches it is used 
as the bell tower; in domestic buildings 
generally as a prospect tower, or an apart- 
ment may be formed in it to serve as a 
smoking room or study. Der. Italian Cam- 
panile (a bell tower). Syn. Fr. Campanile 
—pron. kam-pah-neel; Ger. Campanile— 
pron. kam-pah-neel-eh. 

Canopy, in Architecture. A projecting 
part placed over a window or door opening, 
or over a niche or recessed part in a wall. 
It is generally ornamented. Der. From the 
Latin candpeum, and this from the Greek 
konopeion, a covering to a building to keep 
off the flies, etc. Syn. Fr. Cowronne—pron. 
koor-on —from couwronner (koo-ron-eh) to 
crown ; Ger. Kanape—pron. kahn-ah-pay. 

Cantalivers, in Carpentry. Pieces of tim- 
ber, plain or ornamented, built, let or “tailed” 
into the wall, from which they project at 
right angles. Their office is to support the 
eaves of buildings or other parts. Syn. Fr. 
Modillon—pron, moh-dee-yong; Ger. Spar- 
renkopf—pron. sparr-enn-kopff (Sparren, a 
spar or rafter, and Kopf, a head); also 
Dielenkoyf—pron. dee-lenn-kopf (Diele [ dee- 
leh], a plank or deal, from dielen [dee- 
lenn], to lay with planks, to floor). 

Cantalivers, in Architecture. Thebrackets 
or trusses which are placed below to support 
the modillons in a cornice or frieze, 

Canted, in Building Construction. A term 
applied to a part which has its corner or 
angle cut off (see Bevil, Chamfer, or Splay), 
An arch is said to be canted when it rises 
in an angle to the horizontal line. Syn, Fr. 
Argat—pron. aahr-gah. 

Canted Moulding, in Joinery or Cabinet- 
making. A moulding inclined or sloping, 
as in the cornice of a pediment. Syn. Fr. 
Moulure (moulding) écornée (from écorner, 


19 


. 


ca 


to corner or take the corners off)—pron. 
moohl-oohr eh-korr-neh ; Ger. das abgefasste 
Gesims (ab, from, Gefass, a frame, and 
Gesims, an entablature or cornice)—pron, 
dass abb-geh-fass-teh geh-seems, 

Canterbury, in Cabinet-making. <A piece 
of furniture,an open box or case, more or 
less highly ornamented, and with legs or feet, 
sometimes provided with castors, used to 
keep music-books, and for this purpose kept 
near the musical instrument. Syn. Fr. 
Casier de musique (literally “ music case’’) 
—pron. kaw-see-eh deh moo-zeek or mooze- 
eek; also Porte de musique—pron. pohrt deh 
mooze-eek ; Ger. die Notenspinde (from Note, 
a note [musical], and Spinde, a press or 
cupboard)—pron. deeh note-enn-spinn-deh ; 
also Notengestell (Gestell, a frame, a carriage, 
or a trestle)—pron. note-enn-geh-stell, 

Capital, in Architecture. The upper mem- 
ber of a column, pillar, or pilaster. Its form 
and ornamentation indicate the peculiar style 
or order to which the column belongs. It 
is placed immediately below the entablature. 
An abbreviation often used for this term is 
“Cap.” Der. Latin capitellum (the upper 
part of a column or pillar), and this from 
caput, the head. Syn. Fr. Chapiteau—pron. 
shah-pee-toe; Ger. Capital der Saiile—pron. 
kah-pee-tahl dare zoy-leh, a pillar or column ; 
also Saiilenkopf—pron. zoy-len-kopf (Kopf, 
a head)—the column-head. 

Capping-piece, in Carpentry. The strong 
piece of timber at the upper part of a 
framework, as at the tops of piles in a 
Cofferdam or in a Grillage (which see). 
The capping-piece connects all the pieces 
below it. Syn. Fr. Chapeau—literally “a 
hat or top covering ” —pron. shah-po; Ger. 
die Langschwelle (lang, long, Schwelle, a 
sleeper or sill)—pron. lang-shvell-eh, 

Carcase, in Building. The term used to 
denote the condition of a house or building 
in which the walls or partitions are built, 
and heavy timbers are laid, but before the 
general work of finishing, as plastering, 
laying flooring boards, and fitting up doors 
and windows, etc., etc., is commenced. 

Carpenter. The artificer who works in 
heavy timber framing. Syn. Fr. Charpentier 
—pron. shaar-pang-tee-eh ; Ger. Zimmer 
mann—pron. tzim-err-mann—that is, the 
workman who makes all the wood fittings 
of chambers or rooms. With us this is the 
work of the joiner, not of the carpenter, as 
here explained. Der. Latin carpentum, a 
chariot, and carpentarius, a chariot builder ; 
as if the principal work of a carpenter was 
in those old times the making of (war) 
chariots. 

Carpenter, Workshop of the. The 
building or room in which the carpenter 
carries on his work. The heavy framing is 
laid out and worked in the carpenter’s 
yard, Syn, Fr. for the workshop, Atelier de 


ARCHITECTURAL. DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ca 


charpentier (atelier, workshop, charpentier 
carpenter)—pron. ah-teel-ee-eh day sharr- 
pang-tee-eh ; Ger. die Zimmermannswerkstdtte 
(Zimmer, chamber (see Carpenter), Manns, 
man’s, Werk, work, and Stdtte, place, stand, 
or room). Syn. Fr. for the yard, Chantier 
—pron. shang-tee-eh ; Ger. der Zimmerhof 
(Hof, a court or yard)—pron. tzim-err-hofe. 

Carpentry. The art of framing heavy or 
large-dimensioned timbers together to form 
framing (see Roofs, Partitions, Floors, 
Centring, Scaffolding, etc.) Syn. Fr. Char- 
penterie — pron. shaar-pang-ter-ree (from 
charpente [sharpangt], timber framing) ; 
Ger. Zimmerwerk — pron.  tzim-err-vairk 
(from Zimmer, chamber, and Werk, work) ; 
also Zimmerkunst — pron. tzim-err-kunst 
(from Kunst, art,and this from Adnnen, to be 
able—pron. koen-nen),. 

Carriage, in Joinery. The rough timber- 
work at side of well hole, and which carries 
or supports the steps. Syn. Fr. Limon— 
pron. lee-mong; Ger. Treppenbalken—pron. 
trep-enn-bahl-kenn (from Treppe [trep-peh], 
a staircase, and Balken [bahl-kenn ],a beam). 

Carry up, in Masonry and Brickwork. 
To build up a wall to a certain definite or 
specified height. 

Carver (and Gilder), in Building Deco- 
ration. See Gilder. 

Caryatides. Female statues used in place 
of columns or pillars to support or carry an 
entablature. Syn. Fr. Cariatides—pron. kahr- 
eesah-teeds; Ger. Caryatiden—pron. karr- 
ee-ah-tee-denn. This*has a curious deriva- 
tion from the Greek, The Grecians having 
conquered the Caryze, to celebrate their vic- 
tory they formed the pillars of the trophies 
taken in the war, of statues of females 
dressed in the costume of the conquered 
country. 

Case, or Casing, in Joinery. The timber 
framing which surrounds the opening in a 
wall in which a door or window is to be 
fixed. Syn. for a “door casing,” Fr. Jambes 
de porte—pron. jahmbe deh port (jambe, a 
leg, and porte, a door); also Joues de porte 
(from joue, a cheek)—pron, joo deh port; 
Ger. Thiirahmen — pron. tuehr-rah-men 
(Thiir, a door, and Rahmen,a frame). Syn. 
for a “ window casing,” Fr. Forme de fenetre 
—pron. form deh fane-ait-terr or -aitz ; also 
Etui de fenétre (étui [ait-we], a case); Ger. 
Fensterrahmen—pron. fenn -sterr - rah - men 
(Fenster, window—for Rahmen see above). 

Case of Drawing Instruments. A 
wooden box, generally of mahogany or rose- 
wood, containing a selection of instruments 
required by the draughtsman. Syn. Fr. Etut 
de mathématiques (étui, a case or sheath)— 
pron. ett or ate-wee deh mat-tay-mah-teek ; 
Ger. Reisszeug (Reiss, a sketch, and Zeug, 
material or stuff)—pron. rice-tzoig. 

Casement, in Architecture. The void or 
space in a window between the mullions or 


20 


ca 


dividing bars, the space being filled with 
the frame and glass. In this sense it is 
equivalent to a “light” or window “ void.” 

Casement Window, in Joinery. A form 
of window in which the framing holding the 
glass, or the “sheets ” as they are technically 
termed, is divided into two parts—meeting 
vertically in a peculiar water-tight joint ; 
the other edges being hinged like a door to 
the window-frame, one half opening to the 
right, the other to the left. In some forms 
of casement windows the frames extend from 
top to bottom of the window opening; in 
some they meet a transverse or cross bar, 
stretching right across the opening, and the 
part above has a fixed glazed frame. The 
casement window is often called a “ French 
window.” Syn. Fr. Fenétre de baleon—pron. 
fay-nett-tuh or -nettz deh bal-kon (fenétre, 
a window, balcon, a balcony, balcony win- 
dows being of this kind); Ger. Sdllerfenster 
—pron. zoel-ler-fenn-sterr (Sdller, a balcony 
or platform, Fenster, a window). 

Casting, in Carpentry and Joinery. Twist- 
ing, winding, or bending of a piece of timber 
or wood, otherwise called warping. This 
usually takes place in unseasoned wood, or 
where timbers are unequally exposed to the 
weather, as one side sheltered, the other open. 
It is sometimes caused by unequal or by too 
great a pressure. 

Cast Iron, in Materials. Known in the 
trade as pig-iron. That quality or condition 
of iron which is used by the iron founder in 
forming various articles and objects by the 
process of moulding—the pig iron being 
melted in a cupola furnace and poured into 
the mould in a molten condition. Cast iron 
is in the opposite condition to that known as 
malleable or wrought iron, as it cannot be 
hammered; but by a special process it may 
be so far toughened as to admit of a certain 
degree of hammering or working. Syn. Fr. 
Fonte de fer—pron. fongt deh fare (/fonte 
means a melting or casting) ; Ger. Roheisen 
—pron. roe-ize-en—from roh (ro), rough, or 
raw, and Eisen, iron; or der Kisenguss (Kisen, 
iron, andGuss, casting, founding, from giessen, 
to gush or pour)—pron. ize-enn-goose. This 
term is often inverted thus: Gussezsen, cast 
iron. 

Catch for Door, or Latch, in Joinery. A 
fastening of iron or brass to a door in addi- 
tion to the ordinary lock; generally applied 
to the inside, towards the room, sometimes 
to the outside. A usual form is a hook 
‘taking into” or ‘‘engaging” with an eye, 
the latter secured to the door cheek or 
frame, A barrel-latch is usually termed a 
door-bolt. Syn. Fr. Loquet de porte (loquet, 
a latch, porte, a door)—pron. lo-kay deh 
pohrt ; Ger. die Thiirklinke (Thiir, a gate, 
Klinke, a latch)—pron. dee tuerr-kleenk-eh ; 
also der Pfortenring (Pfort, a door, and 
Ring, a ring)—pron. derr pfort-enn-ring. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ce 


Cavetto, in Architecture. A hollow mould- 
ing, known otherwise as the “Scotia,” the 
curve of which is a quadrant, or nearly a 
fourth of a circle. Syn, Fr. Gorge—pron. 
gorgh or gorj—the throat, from a sup- 
posed resemblance of the moulding to the 
hollow at the back of an opened mouth; 
Ger. Kehleleiste — pron. kay-leh-lice-teh 
(Kehle, the throat, a channel, which comes 
from kehlen [kay-lane], to channel, groove, 
or make hollow, and Leiste, a band, a border, 
a channel, from J/eisten [lice-tane], to form, 
to do) ; also Kehlegesims—pron. kay-lay-geh- 
zims (Gesims, a band, or cornice entabla- 
ture). 

Cavity, in Building. A hollow space in a 
wall. Der. Latin cavitus, a hollow. Syn. 
Fr. Cavité—pron. kahy-ee-tae or -tay—from 
caver (kah-vay) to hollow out; Ger. Hohle 
or Héhlung—pron. ho-lay, hoel-oong or 
-uung (Hohle, a hole, a cavity, from hohlen 
[hoh-lenn], to excavate or dig out ; Hohlung 
is an excavation or a thing hollowed out). 

Cavity, Wall, in Masonry and Bricklaying. 
A wall built with a hollow space in the in- 
terior, extending generally from base to 
eaves, the object being to secure dryness to 
the inner or plastered and finished surface, 
by preventing rain or damp being drawn 
through from the outside. Syn. Fr. Mur en 
cavité—pron. muer ahng kaah-vee-tay; Ger. 
Wand mit Héhle—pron. vahnt mit hoeh-leh 
(Wand, a wall). 

Cedar, in Timber. A species of timber 
or wood possessed of lasting and durable 
qualities, chiefly used for small work, as in 
the well-known covering of pencils. It is 
pleasantly odoriferous, and its shavings or 
chippings are an excellent preventive of the 
ravages of moths in woven or textile fabrics, 
etc., etc. Syn. Fr. Pin de Liban (pin, pine or 
fir-tree, Liban, Lebanon, in Syria, where the 
finest cedars in the world are met with, and 
which have long been celebrated in song 
and story)—pron. pang deh lee-bann ; Ger. 
die Ceder—pron. dee tsay-derr, The botanical 
name is Pinus cedrus. 

Ceiling, in Plastering. The upper part 
or roof of a chamber—the lower part of the 
floor of a room above a chamber. Ceilings 
are almost universally flat. (For curved 
ceilings see “Coved Ceiling.”) Der. From 
the Latin word celum, the heaven or sky— 
from which comes the Fr. ciel, with the same 
meaning. Syn. Fr. Plafond—pron. plah- 
fong; Ger. Tafelwerk (Tafel, a table, and 
Werk, work)—pron, tan-fel-vairk ; also 
die Getdfelte Decke (Getafelt, wainscot, 
Decke, cover)—pron, dee gett-eh-fell-teh 
deck-eh. 

Ceiling, A, of Lath and Plaster, in 
Plastering. The usual method of forming 
a flat-surfaced ceiling, the plaster being sup- 
ported or carried by the laths which are nailed 
at intervals or spaced to the lower edges or 


21 


oe 


faces of the ceiling joists, The plaster is 
pressed up against the laths, and part passing 
through the spaces between them forms a 
“key” or hold, by which it is secured to 
the laths. The lower surface when finished 
is generally whitewashed and sometimes 
papered. Syn. Fr. Plafond de pldtre 
(plafond, a ceiling, platre, plaster)—pron. 
plah-fong deh plahterr; Ger. die geputzte 
Decke (Decke, a ceiling or covering, and 
geputzt, dressed up, made fine or smooth) 
—pron. dee geh-puutz-teh deck-eh ; also die 
Stuckdecke (Stuck comes from the Italian 
stuccare, hence stucco)—pron. dee stoock- 
deck-eh. 

Ceiling, A Boarded, in Joinery. A 
ceiling the surface of which is composed of 
boards or planks, grooved or ploughed and 
tongued so as to fit closely together, gene- 
rally or frequently with quirked bead or 
moulding at the joint. ‘The planed and 
dressed lower surface is sometimes painted ; 
but in superior work the best red pine is 
used and the surface simply varnished, 
thus bringing out the veins or “ humour” 
of the wood, which has then a variegated 
and pleasant appearance. The timber must 
be well seasoned for work of this kind. 
Syn. Fr. Plafond des planches or Plafond 
de menuiserie (planches, planks or boards, 
menuiserie, joiners’ work or joinery)—pron. 
plah-fong deh plangche, plah-fong day 
mayn-weeze-ree ; Ger. die Brettdecke (Brett, 
a board or plank, Decke, a ceiling or roof 
covering)—-pron. brett-deck-eh. 

Ceiling Joist, in Carpentry. The small joist 
which is secured to the lower edge of flooring 
joists, and runs at right angles to the length 
of these, or transversely to the joists. The 
ceiling joists support the laths or boards of 
ceiling (see term above). Syn. Fr. Lambourde 
de plafond (lambourde, small joist)—pron. 
lahm-boord deh plah-fong; also Traverse 
inferieure dune solive (traverse, a cross-piece 
of timber, from traverser [trah-verse-eh ], to 
cross, infériewre, lower or under, solive, a 
large joist or beam)—pron. trah-vairse 
ang-fare-ee-ughr doon soh-leeve; Ger. der 
Deckenschalungshalter (Decke, a ceiling or 
covering, Schale, a cover, a husk, a slice, 
and Halter, a support, or Halt, a holdfast, 
from halten, to keep a hold of)—pron. derr 
deck-enn-shall-oongs-hal-terr. 

Cements, in Materials. Various sub- 
stances used when mixed with water to 
unite masses of brick or stone work, or to 
cover or face wall-surfaces with. The ce- 
ments chiefly used now ave Roman Cement 
and Portland Cement—of which the last is 
so superior as to be completely superseding 
the first named, An hydraulic cement is that 
which hardens under water; a substance 
from which it is very generally made 1s 
puzzolano.. Der. Latin cementum, mortar. 
Syn. Fr. Ciment—pron. see-mangt or -maght 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ch 


—from cimenter (sea-maung-tay), to cement 
or join to. “Hydraulic cement,” Ciment 
puzzolane — pron. pudz-oh-lahn; ‘ Roman 
cement,” Ciment Roman—pron. roh-maing ; 
“ Portland cement,” Ciment Portland—pron. 
pohrt-langt. Syn. Ger. for Cement, Aitt— 
pron, kit; Hydraulic cement, Hydraulischer 
Aitt—pron. high-drowl-eesh-err kit ; Roman 
cement, Rdmisch Cement Kitt (from kitten 
[ kitt-enn], to cement, to join to). 

Centre of an Arch, in Carpentry and 
Masonry. The timber framing used to sup- 
port the stones or bricks while an arch is 
being built or “turned.’’ The centre is 
lowered by degrees by driving out wedges, 
so as to allow the arch gradually to settle 
till the full pressure is put on it. Syn. Fr. 
Cintre—pron. sing-ter; Ger. Bogengeriist— 
pron. bohg-enn-gerr-uest (Bogen, an arch, and 
Geriist, a scaffolding, a staging). 

Cesspool. Under the old sanitary, or 
insanitary, arrangements of towns, and 
still frequently there met with, and much 
used in rural districts, a tank or well-hole 
or receptacle, into which the sewage matter 
of the houses was led and retained for 
periods more or less, but generally very, 
lengthy. In theory they were supposed 
to be frequently, in practice were very 
rarely, emptied and cleared out, The im- 
proved and sanitary form of the cesspool, 
used in districts where public drains and 
sewers do not exist, is the liquid manure 
covered and cemented tank. Der, From 
the Old English word sesse-pol, a settling- 
place or pool, from the verb sessian, to 
settle. ‘There is no exact French synonym 
for this. The most precise would be a term 
borrowed from agriculture—the fumier «@ 
couvert—that is, a covered dung-pit or tank. 
We give an equivalent sometimes used; 
and when we inform the reader that the 
water-closet is in French cabinet d@aisance, 
he will at once perceive why the equivalent 
we give is so phrased. It would be more 
correct if it were a pit for or connected 
with the cabinet daisance: Fosse d’aisance 
(fosse, pit or excavation, aisance, relief)— 
pron. foss days- or daize-angs. Syn. Ger, die 
Abtrittsgrube (Abtritt, a privy, and Grube, a 
pit, a ditch, a grave)—pron. dee abb-trits- 
groo-beh. 

Chain Bond, in Bricklaying. Pieces of 
timber about the dimensions of a brick in 
section, placed along and built into the wall, 
to bind or bond the bricks together. Syn. 
Fr. Enchevétrure—pron. ang-shevv-et-trure, 
a framing of timber (from enchevétrer [ang- 
shay-vay-tray |, to halter, that is, to bind, to 
entangle) ; or Lien—pron. lee-ang, a tie or 
bond (from lier [lee-aye], to tie, to bind) ; 
Ger. Holzverbindung—pron. holtz-ferr-bin- 
doong—from Holz, wood or timber, and ver- 
binden (ferr-bin-denn), to tie together, to 
bind ; Verbindung is union or junction. 


22 


ch 


Chalk, in Materials, A mass or stone, 
found in one of the geological formations, 
of a pure white colour, capable of being 
crushed and pounded with ease into smali 
pieces, or pulverised or powdered. Der. From 
the Latin calz, and this from the Greek 
chaliz, lime; also from the Old English 
cale or ceale. Syn. Fr. Craie marne—pron. 
krai mahrn (erate, chalk, and marne, marl) ; 
Ger. Kalk, Another German word is Kreide 
—pron. krye-deh—which, however, denotes 
the chalk used to mark lines or distances 
upon materials, 

Chamber, in Building. Synonymous with 
room—as bed-chamber or bedroom, Syn. Fr. 
Chambre—pron. shawm-berr—from chambrer 
(shawm-bray), to enclose, to keep confined, 
to lodge; Ger. Kammer—pron. kahm-mer : 
Zimmer—pron. tzim-mer—is another word 
for a room, 

Chamfer, in Masonry and Joinery. The 
corner or edge of two meeting sides or sur- 
faces of a body, which is cut off so as to 
expose a flat surface instead of a sharp edge 
or arris (which see). It is in some respects 
synonymous with splay, although in splay- 
ing—as a brick—one side, generally the 
upper, is cut more off than the other side or 
edge; in chamfering the sides are equally 
cut. Syn. Fr. Chanfrein—pron. shang-fraign 
—from chanfreiner, to chamfer (shang-fraign- 
eh); also Cannelure—pron. canne-luuhr— 
from canneler (kann-lay), to channel; Ger. 
Rinne—pron. rin-neh —from rinnen, to run 
along (rin-nen); also Auskehlung — pron. 
owse-kay-loong—from Kehle (pron. kehl-eh), 
a channel—i.e. channeled or cut out. 

Chamfered. When a piece of timber, 
as the rail of a staircase, has its angles, 
edges or arrises cut off equally on each side, 
it is said to be chamfered. Syn. Fr. Taille en 
chanfrein—pron. taihle, an edge or a cutting 
—from tailler (taihl-yeh), to cut; Ger. Ad- 
geschrdgt — pron. abb-geh-shraegt — from 
schrdg, oblique or sloping, 7.e. sloping from 
(ab) an edge or side. “To chamfer” in 
French is canneler (kanne-lay), to channel; 
in German auskehlen—pron. owse-keh-lenn, 
to channel out. 

Chancel, in Architecture. That part of a 
church at the east end, which is divided 
from the nave by a railing, in which the 
altar or communion table is placed. It 
corresponds with that part of a cathedral 
or large church termed the “Choir.” Syn. 
Fr. Sanctuaire or Presbytere or Cheur— 
pron. sang-tugh-air, praiz-bee-tair, koeurr ; 
a Altarplatz or Chor—pron, ahl-tarr-plats, 

ore, 

Channels, in Architecture. The hollow or 
recessed spaces in the flutes of a column or 
pillar. 

Chantry, in Architecture. A chapel in 
which masses for the dead are sung or 
chanted, and in which the tomb of the de- 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ch 


ceased for whom the service is performed is 
often placed. Syn. Fr. Chanterie—pron. 
shangte-ree or shagh-tree (from chant, sing- 
ing—pron. shang) ; Ger. Singeplatz or Sang- 
kapelle—pron. zing-eh-platz, sang kah-pelk 
eh—from singen (sing-enn), to sing, and 
Platz, a place, and Kapelle or Capelle, a 
chapel. 

Chapels, in Architecture, Small structures 
attached to large churches or cathedrals and 
dedicated to special purposes. In modern 
times the term is applied to small detached 
buildings serving as places of worship. Syn. 
Fr. Chapelle—pron. shah-pell ; Ger. Kapelle 
—pron. kah-pell-eh, 

Chapter House, in Architecture. A room 
or chamber connected with a cathedral, in 
which the dean and chapter conduct the 
business of the diocese. Syn. Fr. Chapitre— 
pron. shah-peet-ter—from caput, the head, 
the name being applied to the governing 
body of clerics—whence comes the popular 
word in French, chapitrer (shap-ee-tray), to 
reprimand, authoritatively; Ger. Kapitel- 
hause—pron. kah-pee-tel-howss. 

Cheek, in Carpentry and Joinery. The 
inner side or face of a piece of timber, as 
the inside face of a mortise of a door-post, 
often called the door cheek. Syn. Fr. Joue 
(the cheek)—pron. sjoo; also Oreille; Ger. 
die Wange (the cheek)—pron. dee van-geh ; 
also die Seitenwand (Seite, flank, and Wand, 
a side)—pron. dee site-enn-vand. 

Chevron, in Architecture. A moulding in 
the Norman style, the ornament of which 
is placed zigzag fashion. Syn. Fr. Chevron 
—pron, shay-vrong; Ger. Chevron—pron. 
shefe-rohn. 

Chiffonier, in Cabinet-making. A species 
of small sideboard with flat top, generally . 
of white marble, with cupboard below 
enclosed by plate-glass or mirrored doors 
or leaves, with shelving and mirror outside 
at back. Syn. Fr. The English name is 
purely French, or Chiffonniere (generally 
Chiffonnier), a shred-holder— also, and 
curiously enough, a street rag-picker, or 
gatherer—pron. she-foh-nee-eh ; Ger. das 
Putztischchen (from putzen [poohtz-enn ], to 
dress, trim, or putin order, and Tischchen, a 
table—pron. dass putz-tish-chen.) 

Chimney Breast, in Masonry and Brick- 
laying. The part of the chimney and flue 
below the ceiling of the room. Syn. Fr. la 
Hotte (a funnel)—pron. lah hott. The flue 
above the ceiling is in French /a Souche—pron. 
lah soosh (souche is the head of a branch). 

Chimney Flue (Scottice Vent), in Domestic 
Architecture. The tube, channel, or passage 
built within the thickness of wall, or in 
the centre of chimney or fireplace jamb, or 
partly in the wall and partly in the offset 
at back of same, by which the smoke from 
the burning fuel is led from the grate to the 
open air. For ordinary rooms the dimen- 


23 


ch 


sions of the flues in brick buildings are 
14x 9 in. for kitchens 18 x 14 in. (see 
Pargetting). Syn. Fr. Tuyau de cheminée 
(tuyau, a pipe or tube, cheminée, chimney, 
fireplace)—pron. twee-yoh duh shee-mee- 
nay; Ger. die Kaminréhre (Kamin, fireplace, 
and Réhre, a pipe or tube)—pron. kah-meen- 
roerr-eh ; also Schornstein. 

Chimney Jambs, in Building. The sides 
or wings of the recessed parts of the fire- 
place, or that which receives the grate. Syn. 
Fr. Aile de cheminée—pron. ale deh shee- 
mee-neh (aile, a wing) ; also Jambe de chemi- 
née (jambe [jahmb], a leg) ; Ger. Kaminseite 
—pron. kamm-enn-zite-eh (Seite, a side), or 
Kaminseitenwand—pron. kahm-in-zite-enn - 
vand (Wand, a wall). 

Chimney Piece. The framing, more or 
less ornamental, surrounding the fireplace 
opening, and generally finished with a shelf 
termed the mantel or mantel-shelf. Syn. 
Fr. Chambranle-—-pron. shawm-brahngl ; also 
Manteau (mahng-toe), a cloak or covering ; 
Ger. Kaminsims — pron. kahm-een-zims 
(Kamin, a chimney, and Sims, a cornice). 

Chimney Place, or Chimney, in Build- 
ing. 'The recess or aperture left in or pro- 
jecting from a wall in which the fire-grate 
is fixed. Otherwise called the “ fireplace.” 
Der. From the Latin caminus. Syn. Fr. la 
Cheminée — pron. lah shee-mee-neh; Ger. 
Kaminsims — pron. kamm-een-seems; also 
Schornsteinmantel—pron. shorn-stine mann- 
tell (Mantel, a cloak, used in the term in 
the sense of a covering): for der. see above. 
The term chimney is with us almost univer- 
sally used as designating the chimney flue 
(see above) 

Chimney Shaft, in Architecture. The 
part of a building which continues the flue 
in the wall, and terminates it outside the 
building. The shaft is ornamented in accord- 
ance with the style of the structure, and can 
be made to form a yery distinctive feature 
of the general design,especially where several 
flues terminate at the same point in the roof. 
In this case the chimney shaft is called a 
chimney ‘‘stack.” The divisions between 
the flues are called the “withs.” Syn. Fr. 
Tuyau de cheminée—pron. twee-yoh deh shee- 
mee-nay ; Ger. Kaminréhre (Rohre, a tube, 
from fohr, a hollow cane or reed—pron. 
kamm-een-roerr-eh. 

Chip, To, in Masonry, Carpentry, and 
Joinery. To take off, generally from the 
rough or outside part or surface, small 
pieces of stone or timber with chisel, axe, 
oradze. Syn. Fr. Fendre (to split—hence 
fendiller, to crack)—pron. fang-derr; also 
crevasser, to crack or chip (crevasse, a chink 
or crevice)—pron. kray-vass-eh; Ger. Auf- 
reissen (auf, on or upon, reissen, to tear)— 
pron. owf-rice-enn. To “ chip off the rough”’: 
Syn. Fr. Déegrossir, to rough-grind or chip 
off (from de =the particle un-, as in untie, 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


Ci 


unbroken, or from de, from, and grossir, to 
increase or make larger—thus degrossir, 
to make less, as chipping will do) ; also 
Décrotter—literally “ to rub off the dirt from, 
or to scour a surface,”’ and this from crotter, 
to make dirty, and dé, un-, as before—that 
is, to do the opposite, or take from the 
surface ; Ger. Schroten (to rub off, or to 
lower the surface, and this from Schrote, a 
cutting-knife or chisel) — pron. shro-tenn ; 
aiso aus dem Grdbsten hobeln—literally “to get 
parts or materials out of the rough,’ to use 
the technical or trade term, or coarse (from 
grob, coarse, rough, and hobeln, to plane or 
smooth, from Hobel, a plane)—pron. owss 
demm grebb-stenn ho-belln. “ Chippings” 
generally, the result of chipping materials: 
Syn. Fr. Ciselage (from ciseau [seize-oh], a 
chisel); Ger. das Grobmeisseln (Grob [see 
above], and meiseln, to cut or carve, from 
Meissel, a chisel)—literally “to carve out of 
the rough ”’—pron. dass grohbe-mice-eln. 

Chippendale, in Cabinet Making. A term 
now frequently used to denote articles of 
furniture in a certain style. Chippendale 
was the name of a cabinet maker who 
flourished in the last century, and was 
celebrated for the production of very fine 
articles of furniture, some of the cabinets 
which he designed being specially fine 
works of the kind, Since the recent revival 
of the “Queen Anne”’ style of architecture, 
there has been a great demand for the 
quaint, and not always either elegant or 
convenient, articles of furniture and house 
fittings of the period, and this has given 
rise to a desire to have Chippendale furni- 
ture. High prices, for example, have been 
given for a real Chippendale chair—an 
article of furniture which to the notions of 
many is neither pretty to look at, nor con- 
venient to move about or sit upon. 

Choir. See Chancel above. 

Christian Style, in Architecture 
Gothic Style). 

Chisel, in Carpentry, Joinery,and Masonry. 
A tool used for cutting and chipping wood 
or stone. Its edge is at right angles to the 
body or handle, .and its breadth or cutting 
edge varies, Der. From the Latin cesum, 
and this from cedo,I cut. Syn. Fr. Ciseau 
—pron. seize-oh—from ciseler (seize-eh-lay), 
to cut or carve; Ger. Meisel—pron. mize-ell 
—from meiseln (mi-seln), to cut or carve. 
“ To chisel,” ciseler and meiseln. ‘Chisel- 
ling” is ciselage (see-zeh-lahj) and meiseln. 

Church, in Architecture. A building set 
apart for Divine service or public worship. 
Syn. Fr. Eglise—pron eh-gleeze; Ger. Kirche 
—pron. keer-scheh. 

Cill, in Masonry. A cross-piece of stone 
laid across the bottom of a void—as a 
window opening—in a wall. Window cills 
are “weather-edged,” that is, have that 
part of the surface towards the outer edge 


(see 


24 


ci 


sloping, so as to carry off the rain-water ; 
and are “throated” on the under side, to 
prevent the “drip” from passing along 
that surface to the wall. “ Throating” con- 
sists in cutting a groove along the under 
side of the cill, near the outer edge. Syn. 
Fr. Seuil de Fenétre—pron. seueel deh fen- 
ne-terr (sewil = threshold), or Pierre (stone) 
de Seuil; also Longrine—pron. long-reen ; 
Ger. Schwelle—pron. schwell-eh (from 
schwellen [shwell-en], to swell or bulge out 
as the cill projects from the face of wall). 

Cill or Sill, in Carpentry. The lowest 
member or base timber, as of a partition- 
framing. Syn. Fr. Sabligre—pron. sah-blee- 
air; Ger. Unterbalken—prou. oon-terr-ball- 
kenn—i.e. the under beam, 

Cincture, in Architecture. Known also as 
the Astragal (which see); it is a projecting 
fillet or ring placed at the top and the lower 
part of acolumnor pillar, Syn. Fr. ceinture 
—pron. saihn-tuere; Ger. Gurt, a girdle, from 
gurteln (gurr-teln), to girdle. 

Cinquefoll, in Architecture. An orna- 
mental arrangement of leaves conventionally 
treated, taking the form of a five-sided 
or pentagonal form. From its resemblance 
to the clover leafage it is termed by 
the French architects “ cinque-feuille,” that 
being the French name for the clover leaf 
—pron. sank-feul; Ger. Fiinffingerblumen 
(meaning a five-fingered flower)—pron. fuenf- 
fing-gerr-blooh-menn. 

Circular Saw, in Timber Working. A 
saw made of a flat, thinnish disc of iron 
or of mild steel, with segments bolted to 
the outer edge or periphery in large saws, 
which are serrated on the outer edge, or 
provided with saw teeth of different grada- 
tions of fineness. The circular saw is keyed 
on to, and carried by, an iron shaft, to which, 
by appropriate “ gearing,” a very high rotative 
velocity is given. The timber to be sawn 
up by the circular saw is fixed in a frame, 
which is by appropriate mechanism brought 
gradually up to the action of the saw, the 
horizontal progression of the frame being 
proportioned to the velocity with or rate 
at which the saw cuts up or divides the 
timber. In circular saws of small diameter 
the teeth are cut on the outer edge of the 
disc itself ; not bolted on in segments, as in 
large saws above described. Syn. Fr. Scie 
(a saw) circulaire—pron. see sir-ku-lair ; 
Ger. die Kreissdge (Kreis, a circle, and Sdge, 

‘a saw)—pron. krice-say-geh. 

Circular Staircase, in Joinery. A stair 
placed in a circular well-hole, in the interior 
of which the steps are placed, winding 
round and gradually rising in level like a 
screw; sometimes also called a “helical” 
or “geometrical” staircase, which terms are 
synonymous. In this form there is no 
well-hole, but the stair may be placed in 
a free or open space, as in the floor space 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


cl 


of a shop, by which access is had to an 
upper floor. The steps wind helically round 
a central pillar, column, or newel post. Syn. 
for a circular staircase, Fr. Escalier en tour- 
nant — pron. ess-kahl-ee-eh ang toor-nang; 
Ger. die Wendeltreppe (Wendel from wenden 
[ven-denn], to turn round, and Jreppe, a 
step)—pron. venn-dell-trep-peh. Syn. for a 
helical or geometrical staircase, Fr. Lscalier & 
noyau, also Escalier en helice (noyau, a newel 
[ which see], helice, a screw)—pron. ess-kahl- 
ee-eh ahn-no-yoh, ess-kal-ce-eh ang hale-eece, 

Cistern, in Plumbing. A receptacle or 
small tank to contain the water supply of 
houses. It is generally made of wood lined 
with lead or zinc—sometimes of slate slabs, 
clamped with copper or iron bands and 
cemented. Syn. Fr. Citerne—pron. see-tairn ; 
Ger. Wasserbehalter—pron. vahss-err-bee- 
hal-terr ; or simply Zisterne—pron. tsis-tern. 

Clamp, in Brick Making. A method of 
building up bricks for burning, the fuel 
being contained within the interior. Syn. 
Fr. Brique construction pour la chauffage— 
pron. breek con-strook-see-yong poor leh 
show-fajh; Ger. Ziegelbau fiir brennen— 
pron. tzee-gell-bow (as in now) fear brenn- 
en. 

Clamp, in Joinery. A cross-piece, mortised 
and tenoned (or ploughed and grooved) to 
the ends of boards placed parallel to each 
other, and so that the fibres of the clamp 
run at right angles to the fibres of the 
boards. The object of clamping is to pre- 
vent the longitudinal boards from warping 
or casting. Syn. Fr. Barre emboitée—pron. 
bahr ahm-boaht-tay (Jarre, a bar, and from 
emboiter [ang-bwah-tay], to joint or dove- 
tail, to clasp) ; Ger. Brettbindung—pron. brett- 
bin-doong—zi.e, board binding or junction. 

Clamp, To, in Masonry and Joinery. To 
secure stones together with pieces of iron 
shaped like the letter E, the tails being let 
into grooves or holes made on the edge of 
each stone, and leaded in (see Leaded). In 
Joinery the flooring boards are clamped by 
means of an appliance termed a flooring 
clamp, and brought close together at the 
joints. Syn. Fr. Lmboiter, to join (from 
emboitur e—pron. ahm-bwat-eure, a joint)— 
pron. ahm-bwat-eh; Ger. Klammern, to 
clamp, to clasp (from Klammer, a brace or 
clamp-iron )—pron. klah-merrn. In masonry, 
Syn. Fr. Encastrer, to set into a groove— 
hence encastrement (ang-kass-ter-mang), 
groove setting or placing into a groove— 
pron. ang-kass-treh ; Ger. eine Klammer in 
zwet Sterne einarbeiten (eine, one, or a, 
Klammer, clamp, in, in, zwei, two, Steine, 
stones, ein [for hinein], into, and arbeiten, 
to work, from Arbeit, work or Jabour)—pron. 
ine-eh klah-merr in tzvi stine-eh ine-arr- 
bite-enn. Der, From the Old English word 
clam, a bandage (lying together). 

Clapboarding, in Joinery, The side or 


25 


cl 


exterior covering of the framework of a 
wooden house or shed, or the posts of a 
wooden enclosure or paling, composed of 
narrow boards or planks so laid, if horizon- 
tally, that the upper edge of the lowest 
board is covered or lapped over a short 
breadth by the edge of the board next in 
succession. If the boards are laid vertically, 
the left-hand edge, for example, of the 
board last laid is covered with, or lapped 
over by, a narrow width of the board to be 
nailed next in succession. A series of pro- 
jections — horizontal or vertical—is thus 
formed along the face of the structure, the 
object being to throw the rain or wet off 
and away from the joint. Syn. Fr. Garnir 
de bardeaux (garnir, to furnish or cover, 
bardeau, shingle—i.e. thin, narrow boards: 
see Shingle)—pron., garr-near deh barr-doh ; 
Ger. mit Schindeln decken (Schindel, shingle 
or split-boards, and decken, to cover, from 
Decke, a cover)—pron. mit sheen-dehln- 
deck-enn. 

Classical Style, in Architecture. This 
term is used to distinguish certain styles of 
architecture from the Gothic style and its 
offshoots (see Gothic, Elizabethan, and 
Domestic Gothic Styles). Properly the 
term is applied only to the Grecian and the 
Roman styles (which see) ; indeed, if strictly 
defined, it would refer only to the Grecian, 
as the Roman style is based upon this, and 
in an artistic sense may be said to be a 
degraded Grecian. The term is, however, 
now greatly widened, so as to include all 
those styles—such as the Italian—the general 
details of which are characterised by the 
peculiar features of the Grecian and Roman 
styles (which see), and opposed to those of the 
Gothic or Pointed style. Der. From the Latin 
classicus, and this from classis, a class, and 
means that the subject is of the first class 
or highest order. Generally, as in literature, 
it is understood to denote something pure, 
refined, or what is called in good taste, and 
in this sense is obviously applicable also to 
Gothic architecture — which application, 
however, as we see, is never made in practice. 

Clay, in Materials. A mineral substance, 
or species of soil or earth of a soft, plastic, 
claggy, more or less tenacious birdlimy 
character, varying according to its constitu- 
ents—as a limy calcareous clay, or loamy 
or vegetable earth clay. Der. From the 
Old English word cleag, from which comes 
the term clag or claggy (see above). Syn. 
Fr. Terre-glaise, or simply Glaise (terre, 
earth or soil, glaise, potter's earth or clay, 
from glaiser glaze-eh], to cover or daub 
over with clay, and from this also glasiére 
[glahze-ee-air], a clay pit)—pron. tairr-glaze; 
also Terre grasse (gras [grah or graw], fat, 
greasy )—pron. tairr grass; also Argile; 
Ger. die Tépfererde (Tépfer, a potter, and 
Erde, earth, soil, potter’s earth)—pron. toep- 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


cl 


ferr-err-day ; also der Thon (clay )—pron. ton ; 
also Lehm. ‘Fire clay,’ a bluish-coloured 
clay, capable of withstanding very high tem- 
peratures—hence used for forming bricks for 
furnaces, and for pointing same: Syn. Fr. 
Argile réfractoire—pron. ahr-sjeel ray-frak- 
twahr (refractoire from the Latin frango, I 
break, and re, again—i.e, to break back again, 
to resist) ; Ger. Feuerfesterthon—pron. foy- 
err-fess-terr-tohn. 

Clay Puddling, in Masonry. Used in em- 
bankments, foundations, etc., for preventing 
water from passing through or penetrating to 
the centre of wall. The clay, well worked 
and free from stones, pebbles, and extraneous 
vegetable matter, is placed in the work in 
thin layers, and well and carefully padded 
down with a rammer or the feet all over 
the surface ,to make the mass as compact 
and close as possible. The term is a cor- 
ruption of paddling as in water. Syn. Fr. 
Petrir Vargile ou la glaise ( pétrir, to knead, 
as one kneads bread, which conveys a good 
idea of what puddling is)—pron. peh-treer 
lar-gheel 00 lah glaze; Ger. den Thon kneten 
(Thon, clay, and kneten, to knead or maul)— 
pron. denn ton neh-ten. 

Clearcole and Finish, in Painting. A 
term used to denote the cheapest kind or 
class of painting, in which the surface is 
first cleaned or rubbed with pumice stone, 
all holes orcracks “ made good,” or filled up 
with putty, then painted over with one coat 
of whiting, sized or glued—that is, mixed 
with a solution of glue—and finally with 
a coat of white lead or oil colour, which is 
termed the “ finish.” 


Clear-Storey or Clerestory, in Archi- 
tecture. The upper part of the nave of a 
large church or cathedral, placed over the 
triforium. Itis lighted by a row of windows. 
Indeed, the term is often applied to indicate 
the window lights in the upper story of a 
building such as a tower or turret. Syn. Fr. 
Clairetage (meaning clear or lighted floor)— 
pron. klair-eh-tajh (from clair [klair], light 
or clear, and étage [eh-tajh], a floor, and this 
probably from étager [eh-tajh-eh], to taper 
off, as the rooms in successive stories of a 
building “ taper off” or are reduced in height 
as they get higher); also Cléristére—pron. 
klair-ee-stare; Ger. Lichtgaden or lichtes 
Stock—pron. leecht- or leeght-gaw-denn, or 
leecht-ace stock—from Vichten (leegh-tenn), 
to light or clear up, and Gaden (gaw-denn), 
a chamber story; also Stock (a stack or 
post, but also a story). 

Cleft, in Timber. A crack or split ina 
tree caused by frost. Syn. Fr. Geélivure 
(from gelce [jhay-lay], frost, or from géler 
[jhay-lay], to freeze) — pron. jhay-leeve 
voohr; Ger. die Wetterkluft (Wetter, the 
weather, and Kluft,a gap or cleft)—pron. 
vett-err-klooft. A crack or cleft in wood 
generally, without specifying cause, is in 


26 


cl 


French Maille de bois (maille, a mesh, a 
speck, dots, wood)—pron. mahl or maw-il deh 
bwah ; Ger. Riss im Holz (Riss, a rent, chink, 
crevice, Holz, wood)—pron. riss im holtz. 

Clench, or Clinch, in Joinery. To clench 
a nail is to drive a nail of greater length 
than the thickness of the two pieces to be 
secured together, so that a part projects 
beyond the lower surface. This projecting 
part is turned back and hammered down 
into, or imbedded in, the wood. This opera- 
tion is called clenching. Der. From the 
Danish word klinke. Syn. Fr. Etalinguer, 
to hold fast, to grip—pron. eh-tah-leeng- 
gay ; also River, to rivet—pron. reeve-ch; 
Ger. Nieten, to rivet, from Niet (meet), a 
rivet—pron. nee-ten. 

Clinched, i Carpentry and Joinery. 
When a nail connecting two pieces is driven 
so that its end projects some distance beyond 
the face of the lower piece, and is bent or ham- 
mered to the side and made to lie on the 
face, it is said to be clinched or clenched ; 
so that it cannot be drawn or punched 
out till the bent part is broken off or 
straightened. Syn. Fr. Serrer (serr-eh), to 
clasp, to pinch, to tighten; also Brider 
(bree-deh), to curb or bridle, to hold fast; 
also Etalinguer (eh-tah-leeng-geh), to bind ; 
Ger. Befestigen-—pron. beh-fess-tee-genn, to 
fasten ; Befestigung (beh-fess-tee-goong) is 
a fastening or clenching; also Festhalten 
(fest-hall-tenn), from fest, fast, and this from 
Jesseln (fess-eln), to chain, to fetter, and 
halten (hal-tenn), to hold; also Festklampe— 
pron. fest-klam-peh, from klammern (klah- 
mairn), to clamp, to clasp; also Nagelklam- 
mern mit einen Hammer—pron. nah-gel-klah- 
mairn mit ine-enn ham-merr—from Nagel, 
a nail, and Hammer, from hammern (hah- 
mairn), to hammer or make malleable. 

Clinker, in Bricklaying. A part or piece 
of a brick. It is sometimes applied to a 
hard, well-burnt, sound brick, which when 
struck gives a clear ringing or clinking 
sound. Der. From the Ger. klingen, to 
sound or clang, or from the Latin clango, I 
sound, Syn. Fr. Brique d’Hollande (the best 
being there made)—pron. breek dohl-land ; 
Ger. Ziegelhartbrannte—pron. tzee-gell-hart- 
bran-teh (Ziegel, a brick, hart, hard, from 
harten ise pap to harden, and from 
brennen [breh-nenn], to burn). 

Cloisters, in Architecture. The narrow 
and roofed-in galleries or covered ways con- 
necting different parts of a monastery, or 
the covered side-walks of a cathedral. Der. 
From the Latin claustrum, a barrier or a 
bounded or enclosed place, and this from 
claudo, I shut up or close. The Old English 
word is claustr. Syn. Fr. Cloture—pron. kloh- 
toohr, or -ure; Ger. Kreutzgang. The singular 
of the term, “cloister,” is used to denote a 
four-sided area, enclosed by buildings, two 
sides being the church, the other two being 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


co 


the domestic or living rooms of the eccle- 
siastics, Syn. Fr. Cloitre—pron, kloah-terr 
—from cloitrer (kloah-tray), to enclose or 
shut up; Ger. Kloster—pron. kloh-sterr. 

Closer or Closure, in Bricklaying. The 
last brick but one, in some cases the last 
brick, in the course (which see), To secure 
the proper bond it is necessary that the 
closer or closure should be part of a brick, 
generally a half-brick. Syn. Fr. Boutisse-petite 
— pron. boo-teece-peh-teet (doutisse is a 
header [for header brick see Header], ie. 
alittle header); alsoDemi (deh-mee) -boutisse, 
or half-header ; Ger. Ziegelschluss or Schluss- 
ztegel—pron. shlooss-tzee-gell(Schluss,closing 
or conclusion). 

Closet, in Domestic Architecture. A small 
apartment or inclosed space in which house- 
hold articles are stored (see Store Closet). If 
large enough to contain a bed, it is termed 
a bed closet ; if appropriated to the family 
convenience it is termed a water closet or 
w.c. (which see); if for clothing it is 
called a wardrobe closet or clothes closet ; 
and if for the napery of the house a linen 
closet. Der. From the Old English word 
clusa, a prison, or a “close”; or from the 
Latin claustrum, and this from the verb 
claudo, I shut. It is probably a corrup- 
tion of the word “closed” ; and one writer 
has hazarded the explanation that it simply 
defines that a place is very limited or close- 
set—a derivation only too applicable to the: 
very small places to which the name of closet 
is given in the majority of houses. The Fr. 
syn. is generally Cabinet—pron. kah-bee- 
neh; Ger. Kleine Kammer (a little chamber) 
—pron. klin-eh kam-merr. 

Closets, in Architecture. The small chapels 
which run along the sides of a cathedral. 
In domestic architecture small apartments 
used generally as store-rooms. Der. From 
the same Latin root as cloister (which see), 
meaning a shut-up place, a confined or small 
space. Syn. Fr. Cabinet—pron. kah-bee-neh ; 
Ger. Kabinet — pron. kah-bee-nett; also 
Kdmmerchen—pron. kem-merr-chen, a little 
chamber. 

Clustered Column or Pillar, in Archi- 
tecture. A feature very characteristic of 
Pointed or Gothic architecture, in which 
the general bnlk of the pillar is made up of 
a series of smaller pillars, joining at a point 
at or near to their diameter. Syn. Fr. Colonne 
en faisceau or Perche—pron. kohl-on ahn 
fess-sch or pairsh—from colonne, a column 
or pillar, and faisceau, a bundle (of reeds), a 
sheaf, perche,a pole; a number of poles tied 
together, which gives a good idea of a clus- 
tered column, : 

Coach Wouse, in Domestic Architecture. 
An apartment generally under the same 
roof as the stable, in which the carriage of 
the family is kept when not in use. Syn. 
Fr. Remise de voiture (remise, a coach- 


27 


co 


house, from mettre [mett-errh], to place or 
set, and re, again—that is, set back 
again, voiture, a carriage )—pron. ray-meeze 
deh vwah-ture; Ger. der Wagenschuppen 
(Wagen, a coach or carriage, and Schuppen, 
a shed or lean-to), from which comes the 
word “ shippon,” the north of England term 
for a cowhouse)—pron. vah-gen-shoep-pen. 

Coal Cellar, in Domestic Architecture. One 
of the underground, basement or cellar apart- 
ments of a house, in which the coals and 
firewood for domestic use are stored up or 
kept. If the store place be outside, as in the 
yard, and detached from the house, it is 
called. a “coal house.” In Scotland, how- 
ever, this outside building is generally 
called a coal cellar, although it be above 
ground. Syn. Fr. Charbonniere (from char- 
bon, charcoal; coal in French is charbon de 
terre—that is, “charcoal of the earth”)— 
pron. sharr-bon-yair; Ger. das Kohlenkammer 
(Kohle, coal, Kammer, a chamber)—pron. 
koh-len-kahm-merr ; also Kohlenkeller—pron. 
koh-len-kell-err (Keller, a cellar). 

Coarse Stuff, in Plastering. Mortar mixed 
with hair for the first coating in plaster work, 
and also in Floating (which see). Syn. Fr. 
Mortier blanc (mortier, mortar, blanc, white) 
—pron. mor-tee-eh blahng ; Ger. der Haar- 
mortel (Haar, hair, Mortel, mortar)—pron. 
derr hahr-moerr-tell. 

Coat, in Painting and Plastering. The 
layer of paint or plaster put on a surface at 
one time—as “first coat,” “second coat ”— 
the one coat being allowed to dry before the 
other is put on. Der. Our word coat is 
from the Latin cottus, a tunic, as is also the 
French cotte, a petticoat. Syn. Fr. Couche— 
pron. koosh, a layer or bed—from coucher 
(koo-sheh), to lie down; Ger. Lage—pron. 
lah-geh, a layer—from Lager (lah-gerr), a 
couch or bed ; also der Ueberzug (tiber, over, 
Zug, dragz)—pron. ooe-berr-tzoog ; also die 
Schicht, a layer—pron. sheecht. 
saCob Wall, in Building. A wall built with 
clay or adhesive soil, sometimes mixed with 
chopped straw to secure a “bond” amongst 
the material. Many cottages of the poorer 
class in the south of England are built in 
this way ; and in tropical countries, and in 
South America more especially, the system 
is largely employed. When well made, and 
protected from vertical rains by roofs and 
eaves, cob walls will last many years. Some 
such structures are known to be over two 
hundred years old. (See Pisé.) Syn. Fr. Mur 
en brique non cuite (i.e. unburnt brick)—pron. 
muhr ahn breek nong kweet (cwite, burnt or 
baked, from cwire | queere], to cook or bake) ; 
Ger. Ungebrannte Ziegelsteinmauer (i.e. un- 
burnt brick wall)—pron. oon-geh-brann-teh 
tzee- gell-stine mough-err—from brennen 
(bren-nen), to burn, drannte (brann-teh), 
burnt, or gebrannt (geh-brant): wngebrante, 
not burnt. 


28 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


co 


Cocking or Logging, in Carpentry. The 
jointing or joining of a tie beam or joist to 
the wall plate by notching. Syn. Fr. Joint 
a@ entailles—pron. jhoh-ant or jo-ahnt ah 
ang-tah-il (entadlle, a notch or niche, from 
entailler, to notch—pron. ang-tah-yai) ; Ger. 
Kammenfuge — pron. kam-menn-foo-geh— 
from Kamm, a ridge or crest, a comb, and 
this from kammen (kah-menn), to comb or 
card, and Fuge, a joint, from jfugen (foo- 
genn), to join. 

Cofferdam, in Masonry. A space in water 
enclosed by piles and boarding, from which 
the water is pumped out ; affording working 
ground for the laying of foundations, as 
those of the piers of a bridge. Syn. Fr. 
Batardeau—pron. bah-tar-doh—from battre 
(bat-ter), to beat, and eaw (oh), water— 
literally “to beat off the water” (batardeau 
means, too, a false or bastard casing) ; also 
Coffre (meaning a chest, our word coffer)— 
pron. koff-err ; Ger. Fangdamm, from fangen 
(fang-enn), to catch, i.e. keep firm—/fang is 
catching—and Damm, a dyke, a mound, from 
dammen (dah-menn), to confine, to keep up. 

Cogging, in Carpentry. Joining of two 
pieces with notched, cogged, or indented 
parts. Syn. Fr. Endenture (from endenter, 
to indent, and this from dent [dang], a 
tooth, a notch) — pron. ang-dang-toohr ; 
Ger. Verzahnen (Zahn, a tooth) — pron. 
ferr-tzahn-enn. The cogged joint itself is 
in French, Assemblage a entaille (entaille, a 
notch)—pron, ah-sahng-blajh ah ang-tah-ee- 
ill; Ger. das Ueberkamm (tiber, over, aud 
Kamm, a ridge or crest, the part between 
two notches forming a ridge or raised part) 
—pron. ooe-berr-kamm. 

Collar or Collar Beam, in Carpentry. 
The member of a short spanned roof, fixed 
horizontally at same height above the walls 
to the rafters, It takes the place of a tie beam. 
The term is also applied to the horizontal 
beam framed between the heads of queen 
posts. Der. The word collar is from the Latin 
collum, the neck. With nearly every nation 
the word is associated with the idea of bond- 
age. Hence our common phrase of “collar- 
ing a fellow.” As applied in the present 
case to a beam, the word collar may either 
have been given with this idea of binding 
or securing, or because it is a member placed 
near the neck or upper part of the roof truss. 
Syn. Fr. Entrait seconde—pron. ang-tray 
zay-kongd (entrait, a tie beam—that is, a 
second tie beam, or a horizontal member 
above the chief or tie beam proper); also 
Entrait petite—i.e. a little or lesser tie beam ; 
Ger. Zweitebindebalken—pron. tzvite-eh-bin- 
deh-ball-kenn—from binden (bin-denn), to 
bind or tie together, Balken, a beam, and 
zweite, second. 

Colonnade, in Architecture. A range or 
row of columns or pillars in line, Syn. Fr. 
Colonnade—pron. kohl-on-nahd ; Ger. Sdu- 


co 


lenreihe—pron. zoy-lenn-rye-eh (Sdule [zoy- 
ag a pillar, and rethe, a row or rank, from 
reihen [rye-enn], to file, to string together). 
_ Column, in Architecture. <A pier, circular 

in section generally, of smaller diameter at 
top near capital than at the foot near base, 
which supports or carries a mass of building 
above. The column is divided into three 

arts—the base, the shaft, the capital. Syn. 
Fr. Colonne—pron. kohl-onn; Ger. Sdéule— 
pron. zoy-leh. 

Compartment, in Architectural Decora- 
tion. When a space is surrounded with or 
enclosed by mouldings, or in painted work 
by a border, it is so called. When the floor 
space of an apartment is divided into spaces 
the term “ bay ” (which see) is often used in 
place of “compartment.” Der. From the 
Latin partiri, to share, and con (from cum), 
with, as one compartment shares the general 
space with another. Syn. Fr. Compartement 
—pron. kohm-pahrt-mang ; Ger. Abtheilung 
—pron. abb-tile-oong—from Theil, a part, 
and hence theilen (tile-enn), to divide. 

Compasses, Beam. An instrument used 
in describing large circles or arcs of circles on 
the “drawing-floor,” or on a large chalked 
board for full-sized working drawings. It is 
so called from its principal feature, a long 
beam or bar in which two movable heads 
slide to and fro, one of which carries at its 
lowest side a pencil tube, and the other a 
sharp-pointed pin or tracer. The heads can 
be secured on the beam to any points re- 
quired, the distance between them giving 
the radius of the circle or arc, by pinching, 
set, or thumb screws. Syn. Fr. Compas a 
verge (compas, a compass, and verge, a rod 
—pron. vairge) ; Ger. Stangenzirkel (Stange, 
a rod or bar, and Zirkel, a circle)—pron. 
stahng-enn-tzeer-kel. 

Compo, in Plastering. A term used where 
outside wall surfaces are covered or coated 
with cement. The term is generally under- 
stood to refer to Roman cement (see Cement). 
In English it is a corruption or abridge- 
ment of “ composition.” Syn. Fr. Cimentage 
—pron. see-mang-tahj (ciment, cement), or 
Platrage—pron. plah-trajh — from pldtre, 
plaster; also Badigeon—pron. bah-dee-jhon, 
stone colour (Roman cement being like stone, 
or presumed to be like it)—from badigeonner 
(bah-dee-zhohn-neh), to paint with stone 
colour; Ger. Anstrich—pron. ann-strich, to 
give an appearance in painting; the term 
Tiinchen is also applied, or Tiinch, although 
tiinchen—pron. tuenn-chen—is to whitewash. 

Composite Order, in Architecture, The 
fifth order of Roman architecture or style. 
It is so called, as it is a compound of the 
characteristics of the Grecian, Ionic, and 
Corinthian. The capital is distinguished 
by the introduction of;Ionic volutes into tho 
ornamentation. Der. Composite, from the 
Latin ponere, to place and con, with. Syn. Fr. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, 


co 


Ordre composite—pron. ord-err kom-poh-zeet ; 
Ger. Compositenordnung—pron. kom-poze-ee- 
tenn-ord-noong (Ordnung, an order), 

Compound Arch, in Architecture, When 
an arch is made of arches recessed, of 
different spans, and clustered together, it is 
so called. 

Concrete, in Building Materials. A mix- 
ture of mortar or of hydraulic lime and 
gravel or small pieces of broken stones. It 
is used in a semi-liquid or readily flowing 
condition, and is thrown or tilted into exca- 
vations or trenches of foundations’ when the 
soil is insecure or a specially good foundation 
is required. When set the foundation courses 
are built upon thesurface, The best kind of 
concrete is that known as Portland cement 
concrete, in which this cement is used as the 
binding material in place of hydraulic lime. 
Der. From the Latin word concretus, grown 
together, compounded, and this from cresco, 
I grow, or crescere, to grow, and con, with. 
Syn. Fr. Beton pierrée—pron, bett-on pee- 
air-eh ; Ger. Beton—pron. beh-ton. 

Conduit, in Masonry and Bricklaying, A 
channel for conveying water, lined with 
stone or brick. Often enclosed or covered— 
if not it is called an open conduit. Der. 
From the Latin conductus, drawn together, 
and this from duco, I lead or draw, or 
ducere, to lead, and con, with, Syn. Fr. 
Conduit—pron. kong-dwee (from conduire— 
pron. kong-dweer, to lead or conduct) ; also 
égout—pron. eh-gooh, a running down (from 
égoutter—pron, eh-goo-teh, to drain away) ; 
Ger. Gerinne—pron. geh-rin-sneh (Rinne, a 
channel or gutter, and this from rinnen, to 
run, or, as in the present case, to flow) ; or 
Wasserleitung — pron. _ vahss-err-lite-oong 
(Wasser, water, and Leittung, leading, or a 
guide); also Leitungsréhre — pron. lite- 
oongs-roe-reh (Réhre, a tube or pipe). 

Connexion or Connection, in the sense 
of being connected or joined with another 
in work. Der. Connection from the Latin 
necto, I bind, or nectere, to bind, and con, 
with; Connezion, from nexo, I bind, and 
con, with: nexus, often used in scientifie 
discussions, is a binding or tying together, 
or the bond between two things. Syn. Fr. 
Réunion—pron. ray-oon-ee-yong ; Ger. Ver- 
bindung—pron. ferr-bin-doong. 

Conservatory, in Garden Architecture. 
A structure the upper part of which is 
glazed, the lower part or basement only 
being of stone or brick; the purpose of 
which is to rear and grow choice and rare 
flowers or tropical plants under shelter. It 
is distinguished from other forms of glass 
or glazed garden structures, such as green- 
houses, vineries, peach-houses, and the like, 
by its being more especially devoted to 
flowers—fruits being rarely, with the excep- 
tion of a few vines in small buildings, 
grown in conservatories. The conservatory 


29 


co 


may either be a detached structure, or con- 
nected directly with the house or mansion. 
If the latter, it is so arranged that 
entrance can be obtained from the drawing- 
or dining-room. The term is derived from 
the French conserver, to keep or preserve, 
and this from the Latin servare, to serve, 
and the prefix con, with. There is no French 
synonym conveying the English meaning, 
the nearest being Jardin (garden) des 
plantes—pron. zhar-dang day plahn-tz. It 
might be more nearly rendered “a building 
for flowers ””"—Batiment pour les fleurs. The 
German synonym is das Palmenhaus—that 
is, a palm-house, conservatories being often 
used for the growth of palms. The term 
Biumenhaus (Blume, a flower) would be 
more precise or definite. 

Console, in Architecture. A projecting 
truss, otherwise named a “ corbel” (which 
see). Syn. Fr. Console—pron. cong-sole ; Ger. 
Pfeilertisch —pron. file-err - teesh —from 
Pfeiler, a pillar or pier, Tisch, a table. 

Contract. A written and duly signed and 
legally attested agreement for the perform- 
ance of a certain work. Der. From the Latin 
traho, I draw, and con, with; literally a 
contract is the “‘drawing together” of the 
terms agreed upon, Syn. Fr. Contrat—pron. 
kohn-trah—from contracter (kohn-trahk- 
teh), to contract ; also Convention (an agree- 
ment)—pron. kohn-vang-see-ong or -ogh— 
from convenir (kohnsveh-neer), to agree or 
bind with, and this from venir (veh-neer), 
to come, and con, with or together; Ger. 
Vertrag—pron. ferr-irahg (from tragen, to 
carry—pron. trah-genn). 

Contractor, in Building. One who en- 
gages or contracts under agreement (see 
Contract) to execute work of any kind at a 
certain price and under certain conditions 
named in the specifications and drawings 
prepared for the work. Syn. Fr. Entrepreneur 
(literally “a taker between ”)—pron. angtrr- 
preh-neuhr—from prendre (prang-derr), to 
take, and entre (angt-err), between; Ger. 
Unternehmer (literally “taker under ”)—pron. 
uhn-ter-neh-merr—from nehmen (neh-menn), 
to take, and unter, under. 

Cope or Coping, in Masenry and Brick- 
laying. The stones or bricks laid on the top 
of a wall by way of finish. If of stone, the 
edges are generally feathered, or with splayed 
or sloping sides, Bricks with rounded edges 
or with sloping top are often used. Syn. Fr, 
Téte de mur (téte, head, mur, wall)—pron. 
tate deh muhr; Ger. der Mauerhut (Mauer, 
a wall, Hut, a hat or cap)—pron. mow- 
err-hoot. A “cope” or ‘coping brick” 
is made either in the usual form and laid 
on edge (see Brick on Edge), or half 
round on the upper side, or splayed on 
both sides, sloping like a span roof. Syn. 
Fr, Tuileau (tuile, a tile)—pron. tweel-oh ; 
Ger. der Deckstein (Decke, a cover, from 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


co 


decken [dek-kenn], to cover, to screen, and 
Stein, a stone)—pron. deck-stine. A “ cope 
stone” in French is Tablette dun mur 
(tablette, a shelf) —-pron. tahb-lett; Ger. 
Kappenstein (Kappe, a cap)—pron. kap- 
penn-stine. 

Copper, in Domestic Architecture. The 
boiler in the wash-house or scullery is fre- 
quently so called, either from the fact that 
at one time the majority of such vessels 
were made from the metal copper, or from 
the vessel of the same name used in brew- 
ing. The nearest approach to the like term 
in French is Chaudron (from the word chaud 
[show], heat—literally “a heater or warmer 
of water”), also Cuve, which may be a cor- 
ruption of the French word for copper 
(which see), though a perhaps much more 
accurate derivation is from the word cuver 
(pron. kuh-veh), to ferment, the cue or 
copper being used for domestic brewing— 
pron. show-drong, koov or kuuv; Ger. 
Wasch-kessel or der Grosse Kessel—i.e. the 
wash(house) kettle or the large kettle— 
pron. vash-kess-ell or derr gross-eh kess-ell. 

Copper, in Materials. A native metal of 
vast use in the arts, the ore of which is 
found in this country chiefly in Cornwall. 
The derivation is curious, the Latin word 
being cuprum, and this from @s cyprium, 
or the brass of the island of Cyprus in the 
Mediterranean ; and this probably from the 
ore of copper having been originally dis- 
covered there, or from the art of working it 
having been there first established. Syn. Fr. 
le Cuivre—pron. luh kweev-verr; Ger. das 
Kupfer—pron. dass koop-ferr. 

Corbels, in Masonry. Projecting parts, 
with front face more or less ornamented, 
firmly “tailed” or built into a wall, and the 
tables or upper faces of which support or 
carry the ends of beams, or the principals of 
roofs, the arches of vaulted chambers, etc. 
Der. Latin corbila, a little basket. Syn. Fr. 
Corbeau—pron. kohr-boh; Ger. Spannenkopf 
—pron. spah-nenn-kopf (from spannen, to 
stretch across or span, and Kop/, a head), 

Corbel Stones or Steps, in Masonry. 
The stones placed at gables, which rise in 
the fashion of steps in a stair—a feature 
distinguishing houses built in the Scotch 
castellated styles, and fine examples of which 
are met with in the Netherlands or Low 
Countries on the Continent (Belgium and 
Holland). (See Gable Coping for further 
description and synonyms.) 

Cord, in Joinery and Cabinet Making. A 
circular band or small rope, made generally 
of hemp, cotton, or silk, as the window 
cords for supporting the sash weights, or 
for the blinds and cords used for window 
drapery. Syn. Fr. Cordeau (from cordage 

kore-dajh], rope work, and this from corder 

korr-deh ], to twist or twine, and this again 
from the Latin corda, a string ; also probably 


30 


co 


from the word ceur, the heart, the core of a 
body)—pron. kore-doh ; Ger. die Schnur (a 
line or cord)—pron. shnuur or shnoor, A 
measuring line is Messschnur, from messen 

mess-enn], to measure), (See Measuring 

ine or Tape.) “Cord with tassels,” as 
used in window drapery : Syn. Fr. Cordeliére 
—pron. kore-del-ee-air; Ger. Schnur mit 
Quasten (Schnur, a line, a string, a cord, 
Quasten, from Quaste, a tuft or tassel)—pron. 
shnoor mit kuas-ten. 

Cordon, in Masonry. A term sometimes 
used to denote the edge of a stone in the ex- 
terior face of a building. It is purely French, 
having the above meaning—also a girdle, 
a cord, or string, or rope—pron. kohr-dongh, 

Core, in Bricklaying. he brick courses 
or tiles brought out or projecting from the 
face of a wall, generally at the top, to afford 
a key or body for a cornice or other mould- 
ing in cement. Der. Latin cor, the heart. 
Syn. Fr. Corps (the body)—pron. korr ; Ger. 
Kérper (the body)—pron. koerr-perr. 

Corinthian Order, in Architecture. The 
third of the three orders of Grecian (see 
Grecian Style) and the fifth of the Roman 
architecture (see Roman Style). The chief 
feature of the Corinthian order is the rich- 
ness of its ornamental details, which far 
surpass those of the other two orders The 
shaft of the column is tall and slender, in 
striking contrast to that of the Doric order 
(which see); it starts from a deep base rich 
in mouldings. The “bell of the capital” is 
highly decorated, the chief feature of its 
ornament being the acanthus leaf (see 
Acanthus and Bell of the Capital) and 
small volutes. The entablature is deep and 
profusely decorated with mouldings, the 
features of which are the Modillons and 
Dentals (which see). er. From the Latin 
Corinthum. Syn. Fr. Ordre Corinthien—pron. 
ohrd-err kohr-een-tee-eng ; Ger. Korinthische 
Ordnung — pron. korr-in-theesh-eh ohrd- 
noong. 

Corner Post, in Carpentry. The prin- 
cipal post in a timber structure, as a shed, 
placed at each of the four corners or return 
angles, Syn. Fr. Maitre poteau (maitre, a 
master, poteau, post or stake—literally “the 
master post” or chief support of the struc- 
ture)—pron. may-terr pott-oh; Ger. der 
Eckpfosten (Ecke [ekk-eh], a corner, an 
angle, Pfosten, a stake, a post)—pron, ekk- 
pfoss-ten, 

Corner Stone, in Masonry. The chief or 

rincipal stone in’a building, more frequently 
own as the “foundation stone’’; in this 
sense the following are the synonyms. Fr. 
Pierre fondamentale (pierre, stone, and 
JSondamental, belonging to a foundation, and 
this from fondation [fong-dah-se-ong], a 
foundation, and thisagain from fond [fongh], 
the bottom)—pron. pee-airr fong-dah-mang- 
tahl; Ger. der Grundstein—literally “ the 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


co 


ground or lowest stone”—pron. derr gruund- 
or groond-stine. For the term “corner stone” 
literally—that is, a stone at the angle or 
corner of a building—Syn. Fr. Pierre angu- 
laire (i.e. angular stone, showing its two 
faces at the return)—pron. pee-airr ahn-guu- 
lair; Ger. der Eckstein (angle stone)—pron. 
ekk-stine. : . 

Cottage, in Domestic Architecture. A 
small house containing but few apartments, 
generally situated in rural or suburban 
districts, but in the manufacturing dis- 
tricts and in the north of England applied 
also almost universally to the houses of 
the working-classes, even when situated in 
districts most densely populated. Syn. Fr. 
Cabane (kah-bahn), or the same word— 
Cottage —as ours, but pron. kott - azhj; 
though the term la Chaumiére is perhaps 
the most generally used term—pron. lah 
show-me-err; Ger. die Hiitte (hut)—pron.: 
hue-teh. The Cottage Villa, or Villa Cottage 
(see Villa) is a cottage having internally 
larger accommodation, and _ externally 
greater pretensions to architectural design, 
than the ordinary structure known by this 
name. Syn. Fr. Cottage orné (orné, decorated 
or ornamented) — pron. kott-awjh or-nay ; 
Ger. das Landhaus (Land, the ground or 
country, meaning a house in the country) 
—pron. lant-howss. 

Countersunk, in Joinery, etc. When the 
head of a screw nail, for example, is flush, 
or its surface level, with that of the plate 
or material into which it is screwed or 
driven, it is said to be countersunk. To 
countersink a hole, a drill larger than that 
which would form or bore a hole of the 
diameter required for the nail to pass 
through is used at the upper surface or face 
of plate, and forms an angular or sloping- 
sided or dished hollow, into which the thick- 
ness of the head of the screw lies. For the 
term “to countersink,” Syn. Fr. Fraiser un 
trou (fraiser, to countersink, from frais 
(fray), fresh or new, and this from fraichir 
(fray-sheer), to freshen or renew: equiva- 
lent to saying that the boring of the hole 
is begun anew, or that the hole is freshened 
up—that is, made larger; trou, a hole)— 
pron. frayze-ch uhng troo; Ger. Ausreiben 
(aus, out of, and reiben, to rub, to grate, to 
broach)—pron., ows-ribe-enn ; or Erweitern 
(weit, wide or large)—i.e. to enlarge the hole 
—pron. err-vite-errn. 

Coursed Masonry, or Coursed Rubbie 
or Work. Building of a wall in which the 
stones are laid in regular courses, not regu- 
larly as in rough or random rubble. Syn. 
Fr. Maconnerie par assises réglees (assises, 
layers, and this from asseoir [ass-wahr], to 
set down, to lay, réglées, from régle reh- 
gle], a rule or order, and réglé [ray-g ay], 
arranged, from reguler [reh-gule-eh], to 
regulate)—pron. mass-on-reh par ass-€ezZ 


31 


co 


ray-galy ; Ger. die regelmissige Steinschicht 
(Regel, a rule, Masz, a measure, Stein, a 
stone, and Schicht, a layer)—pron. dee reh- 
gell-mayss-igh-eh stine-sheeght or -sheecht. 

Court, or Courtyard, in Domestic Archi- 
tecture. The open space in which outbuild- 
ings are generally placed, immediately 
behind the house; otherwise, especially in 
towns, the back yard, or simply the yard. 
Syn. Fr. Cour—pron. koor; Ger. der Hof- 
raum (Hof,a court, and Raum, a space)— 
pron. hof-rowm, 

Crack or Crevice, in Materials, as in 
stone or wood, either existing naturally, or 
as caused by undue pressure, as in a wall, 
Syn. Fr. Fente—pron. fahnt, or Lézarde, a 
crack—pron. laze-ard; Ger. der Bruch, a 
breach or rupture—pron. bruuk, or die 
Spalte (Spalte, a fissure, a gap)—pron. dee 
spal-teh. 

Cradle, in Carpentry. The timber framing 
for supporting masonry in building a dome 
or a vault, etc. Syn. Fr. Armement écha- 
faudage (armement [ahr-meh-mang ], fitting 
out, echafaud [eh-shah-foh], a scaffold or 
scaffolding)—pron. ahr-meh-mang eh-shah- 
fo-dajh. 

Cramped, in Joinery. Boards, etc., 
Squeezed or pressed together by the tool 
called a cramp; or in Masonry, stones 
joined together by iron cramps. Syn. Fr. 
Presse (from presser [pres-seh], to press), 
or Serré, close (from serrer [serr-eh], to 
squeeze or press together) —pron. serr-eh, 

Cross-piece, in Carpentry. A piece of 
timber or beam crossing from wall to wall, 
or placed transversely to another piece or 
part. Syn. Fr. Traverse (traverser [trah- 
verrs-eh ], to cross)—pron. trah-verrs ; Ger. 
das Querstiick (quer, across, and Stiick, piece) 
—pron. kuare-stueck ; also Querbalken (cross- 
beam or bulk)—pron. kuare-bahl-kenn. 

Cross-wall, in Masonry or Bricklaying. 
A wall, generally a dwarf or sleeper wall 
(which see), run across from one main wall 
to the opposite wall, or to an interior 
wall. Syn. Fr. Mur en traverse (mur, a 
wall, and traverse—see above)—pron. muhr 
ang trah-verrs); Ger. die Zwerchmauer 
(zwerch, cross or obliquely, and Mauer, a 
wall)—pron. zwairch-mough-err. 

Crown, in Masonry or Brickwork. The 
highest point, as “ the crown of an arch” or 
a vault. At the crown of an arch the “key- 
stone” is placed (which see). Syn. Fr. 
Couronne de voute—pron. kour-on deh voot ; 
Ger. das Gewélbe, arch, die Krone, crown— 
pron. das geh-voel-beh, dee kroh-neh. Der. 
From the Latin corona, a crown, and this 
from the Greek koroné, a garland—garlands, 
as of laurel, being the crowns with which 
victors were crowned. 

Culvert, in Masonry and Bricklaying. A 
subterranean covered channel serving as a 
water-way, or sewer for drainage matter. It 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


cu 


is usually formed with vertical sides, an 
inverted arch at bottom, and a semicircular or 
segmental arch at top. Syn. Fr. Ponceau— 
pron. pongh-soh; Conduit (or Aqueduc) souter- 
rain—pron. kohn-dwee (ack-duhk) soo-terr- 
rane—literally “an aqueduct under earth ’’). 
Syn. Ger. der Durchzug (if applied to sewer- 
age)—pron. doorsh-tzoog—literally “a dirt 
(durch) passage or trough (Zug)”; if applied 
to a water-way, die Schleusse—pron, schloosh- 
aye or -eh, or Adbzugskanal—pron. ahb- or 
awhb-tzoog-canal—literally “a drain (Abzug) 
canal.” 

Cupboard, in Domestic Architecture. A 
recessed and enclosed space in which 
crockery and the odds and ends of a kitchen 
or other apartments are kept. Originally 
it was simply a board, generally placed at 
the angle of a room, on which the drinking 
cups were ranged, to be out of the way, and 
yet easily reached. Then more than one 
board was used, the boards being placed 
one above another ; and ultimately, to keep 
the crockery or contents free from dust, or 
to conceal them from, view, the boards 
were covered or enclosed by- a door, or a 
door in two leaves or halves. Any enclosed 
recess, or small closet, is now called a cup- 
board, although this is done-chiefly, if not 
only, in the case of the kitchen or living- 
room ; a similarly enclosed space in another 
part of the house being called a Pantry, 
a Press, a Larder, or Store Closet 
(which see), The derivation of the word 
cup is from the Old English cuppa, a drink- 
ing vessel, and this probably from the Latin 
cupa,a tub or vessel for water. Syn. Fr. 
(for cupboard) Buffet-—pron. bue-feh, pro- 
bably a corruption of buvette (bue-vett), a 
place where drink or drinking materials 
are kept, and this from boire (bwahr), to 
drink, dwvant, drinking; Ger. der Speise- 
schrank (Speise, food, and Schrank, a cup- 
board) : this German word more closely 
applies to our larder—pron. spi-zeh-shrank ; 
also die Silberspinde (Silber, silver, and 
Spinde [speen-deh], a cupboard or press) 
—pron. sil-berr-spin-deh; also Silber- 
schrank. 

Cupola, in Architecture. A structure 
finishing a roof, as the covering for a bell, 
the termination of adome. Itis lightly and 
airily constructed; and the upper part is 
generally finished with a semi-spherical sur- 
face, sometimes having the form of an ogee. 
Syn. Fr. Coupole— pron. koo-pole; Ger. 
Kuppel—pron. koo-pell : Kuppeldach is a 
roof shaped like a dome, or hemis- 
pherical. 

Curb, in Carpentry. The circular frame 
or boarding used in well-sinking, otherwise 
called a drum (which see), to retain the 
soil or resist its inward pressure while the 
excavation is being made and the sides 
filled in with brickwork or masonry. Syn. 


32 


cu 


Fr. Lunette de charpente (lunette, a seat, 
and charpente, timber framework)—pron. 
lue-nett deh sharr-pangt; Ger. der Bohlen- 
bogen (Bohle, a board, a plank, and Bogen, 
an arch—rounded or circular board)—pron. 
derr boh-len-bog-en. Der. Our word curb 
is from the French courber (koor-beh), to 
bend or set aside, and this from the Latin 
curvo, I bend. 

Curb Roof, in Carpentry. Termed other- 
wise, from its inventor or designer, a “ Man- 
sard’”’ (which see). A roof in which an 
apartment or room can be placed with 
vertical sides and flat ceiling, as distin- 
guished from an attic or garret apartment, 
with its sloping sides following the slope of 
the roof. Syn. Fr. Mansarde—pron. mahn- 
sard; Ger. Franzdsisches Dach—that is, a 
French roof—pron.  frahn-tsoe-zish-ess 
dach. 

Curbstene, in Road Making. The flat, 
narrow-edged stone which bounds or forms 
the outer edge of a footpath or pavement, 
dividing it from the main or central road 
way. Syn. Fr. Bouteroue (bout, the end, the 
tip, the edge, and roue, a wheel—literally 
“a top stone to keep off or guard the 
footpath from the wheels of the car- 
riages using the road’’)—pron. boot-roo ; 
also Boutrue—literally “the edge or tip 
stone of the road” (rue, a road or street) 
—pron. boot-rue; Ger. der Radstésser (Rad, 

“a wheel, and from stossen [sto-sehn), to 
thrust or push aside—literally “a wheel- 
thruster,” to throw off the wheel from the 
path)—pron. derr rahd-stoess-err, For the 
curbing of a well see “‘ Steining.” 

Curling Stuff, in Timber. <A peculiarity 
or defect in timber caused by the fibres 
curling or coiling round the boughs of a 
tree, at the point where they join the bole or 
trunk, 

Curtail Step, in Joinery. The first step 
or tread (which see), or the lowest step of a 
staircase, with its termination—towards the 
well hole—finished with a curve. The 
name is derived from the resemblance of the 
curve to the curl or twist of the tail of a 
dogoreur. Syn.Fr. Degré (a step of a stair) 
courbe—pron. deh-greh koorb. 

Curtain, in Cabinet Making or Upholstery. 
The drapery in various textile fabrics hung 
at the side of windows or at the side of a 
room door. Der. From the French courtine 
(koohr-teen), a curtain, and this from the 
Latin cortina, a curtain. Syn. Fr. Rideau (a 
screen, a curtain)—pron. reed-oh; Ger. der 
Vorhang (vor, before, and Hang, a thing 
hanging)—pron. derr forr-hang. “Curtain 
rod or pole” is the rod either of wood or 
iron along which the rings snpporting the 
curtain slide in bringing it down so as to 
hang before the window or door. Syn. Fr. 
Porte de rideau (literally “the screen or 
curtain carrier”)—pron. port deh ree-doh ; 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


cy 


Ger. die Vorhangstange (vor, before, Hang 
[see above], hanging, Stange, a pole or 
perch)—pron., forr-hang-stang-geh, 

Cushion or Cushion-piece, in Carpentry:. 
A piece of timber to act as a cushion or 
buffer to resist or receive the pressure of 
another part of the framing. Der. From 
the French coussinet (kooss-see-nay), a small 
pad or cushion, Syn. Fr. Coussin—pron. 
koo-sang ; Ger. Kissen (cushion )—pron. kiss-. 
senn. 

Cusp, in Architecture, The inner curves: 
of arches in Pointed or Gothic architecture 
have frequently projecting parts, joining the 
line of arch by curves or arcs of a circle; 
these sometimes meet in a point external to 
the arch, but are generally terminated with 
a trefoil, rose or ball ornament. To those 
ornamented parts the term cusp is often 
applied. Der. Latin cuspis,a point. Syn. Fr. 
Feuille—pron. feul—literally “a leaf” ; also 
Lobe arrondé—pron. lobb ah-ron-day —a 
rounded lobe; Ger. Knopf, a knob or 
button. 

Cut, in Carpentry and Joinery. As in a 
notch, a groove, a niche, a slit, a slot. Syn. 
Fr. £ntaille — pron. ang-tah-ee-ill; also 
Rainure, a groove—pron. ray-nuhr; also 
Coupure, a slit—pron. koo-puhr; Ger. der 
Schnitt, incision, cut—pron. derr shnitt. 

Cut Bricks, To, in Bricklaying. To divide 
bricks lengthways or across to form Bats 
and Closers (which see). Syn. Fr. Couper 
les briques en régle or & la régle (couper, 
to cut, dbriques a la régle, bricks according 
to rule—that is, as desired for the work in 
hand)—pron. koo-peh leh breeks ah lah 
rayg-el; Ger. Ziegeln anhauen (Ziegel, 
brick, hauen, to hew or cut)—pron. tzee- 
geln ann-how-enn. 

Cut Nail, in Carpentry and Joinery. A 
nail made or cut by machine, not ham- 
mered or made by hand. Syn. Fr. Clow. 
coupé (clou [kloo], a nail, and from couper, to. 
cut)—pron. kloo koo-peh ; Ger. Maschienen- 
nagel (Maschiene, a machine, Nagel, a nail} 
—pron. mash-een-en-nah-gell. 

Cutting, in Building. In earthwork, cut- 
ting through a hill or raised ground. Syn. 
Fr. Tranche, a trench—pron. traghsh or 
trangsh, or Deblai (literally “ clearing away 
rubbish ”’)—pron. day-blay ; Ger. Durchstich 
—pron. doorsh-teegh (see “ich ” in Disser- 
tation). 

Cylindrical, in Construction. Formed like 
acylinder. Syn. Fr. Cylindrique (cylindric) 
—pron. seel-ahng-dreek ; Ger. Walzenformi, 
(Walze, a roller—from walzen omc can 
to roll, and férmiq, shaped or formed)—pron. 
valt-tzenn-ferr-mich. Der. From the Latin 
cylindrus, a roller, and this from the Greek 
kylindo, I roll. 

Cyma Recta, in Architecture. A mould- 
ing, wavelike or undulating in form, like 
the line of beauty. It may be defined as two 


33 3 


cy 


curves of contrary flexure or bending, the 
upper curve being hollow or concave and the 
lower convex or rounded. Syn. Fr. Gueule- 
droite (gueule, mouth or jaws, and droit, right) 
—pron. goohl- or guuhl-drwat or -drwaht ; 
Ger. Kehlleiste (Kehle, the throat or channel, 
and Leiste, a band or border). 

Cyma Reversa. A moulding with the 
curves reversed or bending in the opposite 
way to that of the cyma recta—that is, with 
the upper part rounded or convex and the 
lower part hollow or concave. It is some- 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


de 


times called the “ogee,” the Fr. syn. for 
which is Yalon—pron. tawh-long or -logh. 
Syn. Fr. for cyma reversa Gueule renversce 
—pron. guuhl rang-verr-say ; Ger. Hohlleiste 
(hohl, hollow, Leiste, band or channel)— 
pron. holl-lice-teh. 

Cypress Wood, in Materials. The timber 
of the cypress tree. Der. Latin cupressus, 
from the Greek kyparissos. Syn. Fr. Bois 
de cypreés (bois, wood, cyprés, cypress)—pron. 
bwah deh see-pray; Ger. Cypressenholz 
(Holz, wood)—pron, see-press-sen-holtz, 


D, 


Dado, in Joinery. This term is usually 
employed to designate the wood panelling 
which runs round the lower part of the walls 
of a chamber, consisting of base mouldings, 
and above these a flat and high surface 
surmounted by a shallow cornice moulding. 
It may be described as a deep or high skirt- 
ing board (which see). It is also used to 
denote the central part of a pedestal, which 
is the deepest or highest part, and which is 
flat on surface. Der. Latin soliduwm, a solid 
—in this connection, in the sense of being 
unbroken with mouldings, etc. Syn. Fr. Dé 
(a die or dice)—pron. deh;. Ger. Wiirfel (a 
die or dice)—pron. veuhr-fell. (See Die.) 

Dairy, in Rural Architecture. <A building 
in which the milk is kept as it is taken from 
the cow, and stored up till it is required 
either for the making of butter or of cheese. 
Der. Presumably from the fact that the 
word “dey,” used in conjunction with that 
of servant, indicated the servant who at- 
tended to the milk. One well-known author 
of the eighteenth century states, indeed, that 
“dey” was in Old English an equivalent 
for milk. If so, dey-maid would mean milk- 
maid, familiarised or emphasized as dairy. 
Syn. Fr. /a Laiterie (from lait, milk)—pron. 
la late-e-ree; Ger. der Milchkeller (Milch, 
milk, Keller, cellar)—pron. derr milch-kell- 
err. 

Dais, in Architecture. In-the middle 
ages, when the hall or dining place was a 
principal feature of a mansion or country 
house, a raised part was placed at one end, 
at which the master of the house, family, 
and his more honoured guests sat. This 
was called the dais. The term is also used 
to denote the canopy over the altar of a 
church, as well as the seat witha canopy over 
it placed in the centre and at back of the 
dais ; used also now as indicating the raised 
part or platform at the upper end of an 
entertaining or banqueting room or hall. 
Syn.-Fr. Dats (a canopy)—pron. dah-ees. 

Dam, in Earthwork and Masonry. A mass 
of clay or stone work, placed transversely 
to or across a stream or river, to retain the 
water, or across a valley in order to collect 


the water of a district or watershed (see 
Embankment). A mass of clay or soil used 
to enclose water, or confine it within certain 
bounds, as in part of a foundation, or in 
mixing up mortar. A dam is otherwise 
termed a dike, a mole, or a breakwater. 
Der, From the Danish dam,a pond. A dam 
is often made of boards or wooden planks, 
the spaces between being generally caulked 
or filled with clay to make the joints 
water-tight. Syn. Ir. for “damming ”—the 
work or act of damming up — Diguement 
(from digue, a bank or sea wall)—pron. 
deeg-mang; Ger. das Eindeichen (from 
ein, into, and Deitch, a bank or dike) 
—pron. dass ine-dych-enn, Syn. Fr. for 
a dam—Serrement (from serrer [seh-reh], 
to close, to grasp)—pron. serr-mang; Ger. 
die Abdammung (ver, away or out, and 
Damm, a dam or dike)—pron. ferr-dam- 
moong. For dam of clay, Syn. Fr. un Massif 
de Glaise (massif, solid or masonry work, and 
glaise, clay)—pron. mass-eef de glayze ; Ger. 
der Lettendamm (Letten, clay or loam)—pron. 
lett-enn-dam. Fora regularly built dam of 
brickwork or masonry, Syn. Fr. Serrement 
en maconnerie (serrement, see above, ma- 
connerie, masonry, te. built)—pron. serr- 
mahngahng mah-sone-ree. A very large dam 
or embankment is called in French a Barrage 
—pron. barr-ajh; Ger. der Mauerdamm (from 
Mauer, a wall)—pron. mough-err-damm. 

Day, in Joinery. The lights of a window, 
that is, the glazed or glass-filled spaces 
between the mullions or sash bars, are some- 
times called “days,” generally “lights ”—as 
a two-light or a three-light window. Some- 
times also termed “ sheets” ; this latter term 
generally, however, denoting the upper and 
lower divisions of a sash window divided by 
the middle or cross bar, upper and lower 
sheets. Der. From the Old English word 
to-daeg (daeg; a day). Syn. Fr. Jour de 
Jenétre—pron. jhoor deh fenn-eter; Ger. 
Fensterlichtéffnung—pron. fenn-sterr-leeght- 
oeff-nung. 

Dead Colour or Ground, in Painting. A 
term generally used to denote that the paint 
or colour is left inits natural condition—that 


34 


de 


is, unvarnished. Syn. Fr. Couche en detrempe 
(couche, bed, layer or surface, and from 
tremper, to soak or to wet)—pron. coosh 
ahn day-trahmp ; Ger. der Grund (the sur- 
face or ground). 

Dead Light or Dead Window, in Build- 
ing. A false or sham window, in which the 
void within the window dressings, usually 
occupied by the window or glazed frame, 
is filled up with brickwork, masonry, or 
timber. Dead windows are employed to 
keep up the uniformity of external design of 
the building, but at parts at which no day- 
light is required in the interior. 

Dead Shoar, in Carpentry. An upright 
piece of timber built into or fastened against 
a wall which is being repaired, in order to 
secure it during the work. Der. The word 
“dead” is from the Old English deadod. 

Dead Wall, in Masonry or Brickwork. 
A wall which has its whole length or surface 
unbroken with any window, door, or other 
opening or void. Syn. Fr. Une mur sans 
fenétre ou porte—pron. uene muhr sang feh- 
neter oo pohrt; Ger. die fensterlose Mauer 
(Fenster, window, lose, less (windowless)— 
pron. dee fenn-sterr-los-eh mow-err. 

-_Dead Wood, in Timber Work. Wood 
which has decayed or is decaying, otherwise 
termed rotten wood. Syn. Fr. Bois pourri 
(from pourrir [pooh-rear], to rot or decay) 
—pron. bwah poo-ree; Ger. das vermoderte 
Holz (from vermodern, to rot, to moulder, or 
decay )—pron. dass ferr-moh-derrt-eh holtz. 

Deafening, in Carpentry and Joinery. 
The method adopted in floors which carry 
the ceiling of a room beneath or in the 
story below, to keep sounds or noises made 
in the upper apartment from being heard 
in the lower. The deafening material is 
generally rough mortar laid on a species 
of small platform of lath, the ends of the 
laths being supported on small ribs nailed 
to the inner surfaces or faces of the joists. 
Der, From the Old English, identical almost 
with our present word—deafe. 

Deals, in Joinery. The boards or planks 
into which balks or logs of timber are cut. 
Der, From the German Diele (see below). 
Syn. Fr. Ais de sapin—pron. eh deh sah- 
pang; Ger. Diele—pron. dee-leh. The term 
“deal” is often employed to indicate, unless 
where specially named as below, that the 
timber is of the class known as “ white” 
pine. For this the French syn. is Bois de 
pin blanc (from pin, pine or fir, blanc, white) 
—pron. bwah deh pang blang; Ger. das 
Tannenholz (from Tanne |tahn-neh},a fir tree) 
—pron, tann-enn-holtz. Deals of red pine, 
otherwise known as “Riga fir,’ Syn. 
Fr. Sapin rouge (rouge, red)—pron. roojh ; 
Ger. Rothtannenholz (roth, red). Rough 
deals are deals not worked or dressed, 
but just as they come from the saw-mill. 
Syn. Fr. Planches brutes (planche, a plank 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


brett. 


de 
or deal, drut, rough, undressed, not 
planed)—pron. plangsh bruht; Ger. das 


rauhe Brett (rauh, rough, Brett, a board) 
—pron. dass row (as in our now) -eh 
Deals are with us sometimes termed 
generally “deal boards,” and a synonymous 
term is planks. Fr. Syn. for deal boards 
Planche or Ais, a board; Ger. die Planke 
—pron. plank-eh. 

Decastyle, in Architecture. A porch or 
portico to a building which has ten pillars 
in front. Der. From the Greek deka, ten, 
and stulos, a pillar. 

Decorated Style, in Gothic or Pointed 
Architecture. The latest and according to 
some authorities the perfect or true style of 
Pointed architecture. Its peculiarities are 
best seen in the window-heads of churches 
of the period, in which the tracery is either 
in waving curves or in combinations of geo- 
metrical forms, as quatrefoils, etc. Der. 
From Latin decorare, to beautify, and this 
from decus, beauty. 

Decorator. An artist workman, who orna- 
ments or decorates domestic structures or 
public buildings. with designs in various 
styles and classes, The difference in detail 
between an artist, popularly termed a painter, 
and a decorator, is that the latter executes 
his designs on the large scale and in a less 
finished style than the painter, his subjects 
being as a rule what are known as “orna- 
mental,” consisting of curved and straight 
lines in endless combinations of form and 
figure; and if natural objects are chosen, 
these are usually conventionalised. .In the 
case of the painter, his subjects are taken 
from nature, forming landscapes or drawings 
of the human form. Bearing in mind this 
distinction, we have for the Fr. syn. for 
decorator, Artiste or Peintre au gros pinceau 
(peintre, a painter, gros, large, pinceau, brush 
or pencil—literally “a painter or artist who 
uses or does his work with a large brush,” 
the surfaces and lines being broad)—pron. 
peng-terr oh gro peng-so; Ger. der Staffir- 
maler (from staffiren, to garnish, dress, or 
decorate, and malen, to paint)—pron. derr 
staff - eer -mah-lerr. For derivation see 
Deccrated Style. 

Deflection, in Construction—as the de- 
flection of a beam. The bending or sagging 
in the centre from the weight or pressure 
exercised by the materials or part of a struc- 
ture which it supports, Der. From the Latin 
flectere, to bend, and de, from—that is, in 
the case of a beam bending away from the 
pressure. Syn. Fr. Fvexion (bending)—pron. 
flex-ee-ong; Ger. die Biegung (bending, from 
biegen [bee-genn ], to bend, to set in a curve) 
—pron. dee bee-guhng. 

Demi-relievo, or demi- or semi-relief, 
in Architectural Decoration, Ornaments 
which project above the surface or height 
equal to half their diameter or normal height. 


39 


de 


Der. From Fr. demi, half —pron. deh-mee. 
The Greek for half is hemi, the Latin semi. 
Relievo (from the Italian rilevo), sculptured or 
carved work projecting from or raised above 
the surface to which the ornament is at- 
tached—pron. rell-ee-ay-voh. 

Demolition, in Builder’s Work. A term 
used where old structures are being pulled 
down and the materials removed to make 
way for new buildings. Great care is re- 
quired in carrying on the work of demolition 
in order to avoid accidents, and considerable 
skill to preserve in good condition what of the 
old materials may be valuable. Ver, From the 
Latin demolitio, a demolishing or breaking 
or pulling down, and this from demolior, I 
break or pull down. The Latin for con- 
structing or heaping up is molior, and 
demolior is doing the converse or contrary 
of this—that is, pulling down; for both, 
the primary word is moles, a heap or mass. 
Hence our term in marine engineering or 
harbour work, a “ mole,” which is a mass of 
stones founded or based in and rising above 
the surface of the water. Syn. Fr. Débatiment 
(batiment, a building, and dé, un-,—as delier, 
to untie)—pron. deh-batt-ee-mang ; Ger. das 
Niederreissen (nieder, down, and reissen, to 
tear, to pull down)—pron. need-err-rice-enn, 

Dentil, in Architecture. Smallrectangular 
pieces or blocks, the length hanging verti- 
cally, cut in relief in the bed moulds of the 
cornices in the Ionic, Corinthian, and Com- 
posite columns or styles of architecture. 
Narrow spaces are left between the pieces, 
giving to the parts the appearance of a row 
of teeth. Syn. Fr. Denticule (from dent, a 
tooth or notch)—pron. dang-tee-koohl ; Ger. 
Zahnschnitt (Zahn, a tooth, and Schnitt, a 
cut or cutting)—pron. tzahn-shnit. 

Derby, in Plastering. The tool or imple- 
ment, a two-handed float is so called. It is 
one of those technical terms the origin of 
which is now lost. It may be conjectured 
that its inventor was named Derby, or that 
it was first used at the town of that name. 
(See Dissertation.) Syn. Fr. Aplanissoir 
travaillé avec deux mains—that is, to level and 
smooth down plaster with a tool or appliance 
requiring two hands to work it (aplanissoir, 
a leveller, from aplanir, to level, to plane, 
travaillé, worked, from travailler [trah-vah- 
leeay | to work, to labour, main, hand)—pron. 
ah-plah-nee-swahr trah-vah-leeay avek deuh 
maing; Ger. das Reibebrett, welches mit zwet 
Hiinden gehandhabt wird (Reibe, a grater or 
rubber, from rezben [ribe-enn ], to grate, to rub 
down, Brett, a board, and from handhaben, to 
handle)—pron. dass ribe-eh-brett vell-shess 
mitt tzvi haen-denn geh-hand-habtweerd. 

Derrick, in Construction. A timber 
framing or crane, by which heavy weights 
are lifted and swung round from point to 
point with a certain sweep or radius. This 
is an example of the curious modes in which 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


di 


technical things are sometimes named, as 
alluded to in the Dissertation—a Tyburn 
hangman giving his name to the contrivance, 
the old gibbet having somewhat of the form 
of a modern derrick. Syn. Fr. Chévre—pro n 
shave-err ; Ger. Pickfall—pron. pick-fahll. . 

Design, in Building. This term is applied 
generally to the style in which the building is 
designed, but specially to a drawing or sketch 
in which this style is graphically shown. The 
term “drawings” or “set of drawings” is 
applied in practice to the various drawings in 
plan, elevation, etc., by which the building 
in various aspects is displayed. A complete 
set of drawings with details is distinguished 
by the term “working drawings.” Der. 
From the Latin designo, I mark out, I de- 
fine, designatio, marking out, designing. The 
French word designer is from this, and 
means to design or define generally. Syn. 
Fr. for design, indicating a sketch or draw- 
ing showing the style, Zracement—pron. 
trahce-mang ; Ger. der Aufriss (from Riss, a 
sketch)--pron. derr owf-riss. A drawing 
or sketch or design so drawn that it may be 
worked from is sometimes termed a working 
design—in Fr. Dessin d’exécution—pron. deh- 
sang daix-eh-kuhse-ee-ong; Ger. der Muster- 
riss (Muster, a pattern or model, Riss, a 
sketch)—pron. derr moose-terr-riss, 

Diagonal Brace, in Carpentry. A beam 
or the member of a framing placed at an 
angle in the strut in a roof-truss or a par- 
tition. Der. From Latin diagonios, and this 
from diagonia in Greek, an angle or line 
stretched from one angle of a figure to the 
opposite. 

Diameter, in Construction. The measure- 
ment. of any part which is circular in form 
or section. The length of the line which 
passes through the centre and joins the 
circumference at the opposite points. Der. 
From the Latin diameter, and this from 
the Greek diametros, a measure through. 
Syn. Fr. Diametre—pron. dee-ah-mate-er. 
Outside diameter of a circular part, with a 
circular central aperture or space, “ d’extéri- 
eur’’—pron. dex-terr-ee-oohr or -uhr; inside 
diameter, “dintérieur”— pron. dang-terr- 
ee-oohr. Syn. Ger. Durchmesser (durch, 
through, and Messer, a measure). Outside 
diameter, “‘dze Aussenseite ” (from aussen, out, 
and Seite, side)—pron. ow-senn-zite-eh : in- 
side diameter, “das Innere” (from innere, 
inside)—pron. inn-err-eh. 

Diaper Pattern, in Architectural Decora- 
tion. In which the ornament is generally 
disposed in regular arrangement over the 
surface, as in squares or lozenges, or varied 
in arrangement. Syn. Fr. Diapré (from 
diaprer, to variegate)—pron. dee-ah-preh ; 
Ger.das gebliihmte Muster (flowered or figured, 
and muster, a pattern)—pron. geh-bloohm- 
teh moos or -muhs-terr. 


Diastyle, in Architecture. An arrange- 


36 


di 


ment of pillars or columns in which they 
are placed at intervals the length of which 
is equal to three diameters of the columns, 
Der, From the Greek dia-histemi, I stand 
apart. Syn. Fr. Diastyle—pron. dee-ab-steel, 
also in the phrase on a colonnes distantes 
(distauced columns) ; Ger. Weitsdulig (weit, 
wide, and Sdule, a pillar)—pron. vite-zoy- 
leegh. 

Die. The flat part between the base 
and cornice of a pedestal. (See Dado.) 

Dig, in Excavating Work. Applied gene- 
rally, the Fr. syn. is Fouir, to delve or dig. 
Specially, as to dig out the trenches for a 
foundation, Creuser les fondements (creuser, 
also to dig or delve, fondements, the foun- 
dations) — pron. kreuh-say leh fongd-deh- 
mangts; Ger. den Grundgraben ziehen( Grund, 
ground or earth, Graben, a trench or grave, 
ztehen, to draw)—pron. denn groond-grah- 
benn tzee-ane; to dig a ditch, Crewser wne 
fosse (fosse, a ditch)—pron. krooh-se-uhn- 
foss; Ger. einen Graben ziehen—literally 
“to draw a ditch.’ The act or work of 
digging is in Fr. Creusement—pron. kreu'1z- 
mang; Ger. Ausgraben. Der.of the English 
form, dige in the Danish, to dike or scoop 
out a pond. 

Dimensions, in Construction. A term 
used to denote the measurements giving sizes 
of bodies. Dimensions are taken—first, for 
superficial measure or measure of surface, in 
two measurements, length and breadth, as 
4 ft. 6in. long by 2 ft. 3in. broad, or 10 in. 
long by 3 broad—written thus: 46” x 2’ 8” 
or 10” x 8”; and secondly for cubical con- 
tents or measurement, in three measurements, 
lengthas 12 in., breadth or thickness as 8 in., 
and depth or width as 6in., written thus: 
12” x 8” x 6”, Der. From the Latin dimensio, 
and this from the verb dimetior, to measure. 


Syn. Fr. Dimension or Etendue—pron. dee- 
mang-see-ong or ate-ang-duh (extent) ; Ger. 
die Messung or das Mass—pron. dee mess- 
oong. Syn. Fr. for “ Superficial Dimensions,” 
Dimension de Superficie (surface)—pron. soo- 
perr-feece-ee-eh; Ger. Flachenraum or 
Fléchenmass (Fldche, an extent [flaegh-eh |— 
pron. flagh-enn-rowhm, Raum, space)—pron. 
flaegh-enn-mahss. Syn. Fr. for “ Cubic Mea- 
surements” or “ Contents,” Cubage—pron. 
koo-bajh; also Contenu Cubique (from con- 
tenir [konn-teh-neer ], to contain, to hold)— 
pron. konn-teh-nooh koob-eek ; Ger. Rauwm- 
anhalt (from Raum—see above—and halten 
{hahl-tenn], to hold) — pron. rowhm-inn- 
hahlt ; also Kubikinhalt (kubik, cubic)—pron. 
kooh-beek-inn-hahlt. 

Diminished Bar, in Joinery. The thin- 
nest side placed to the interior of the room 
or edge of the sash-bar of a window. 

Diminution, in Masonry, Joinery, etc. A 
term applied to the lessened or diminished 
size of one part of an object, as a tapering 
chimney stalk or a sloping retaining wall. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


di 


It means in such cases the batter (which 
see) or the tapering off. Der. From the Latin 
diminuo, 1 break or dash to pieces—that is, 
make less by breaking. Syn. Fr. Retraite 
generally), or as in the batter of a wall, 
ketraite dun mur—pron. ray-trayt; in 
Joinery, as splaying or taking off the arris, 
Recoupement (literally “cutting again ”)— 
pron. reh-koop-mahng ; Ger. der Mauerabsatz 
(Mauer, a wall, <Absatz, a break), To 
“diminish” is to make one part of a piece 
of work less than another. Syn. Fr. Diminuer 
(to lessen) — pron. dee-min-you-eh ; Ger, 
schmilern (to make less, diminish)—pron., 
shmall-errn (schmal, small), 

Dining Room. ‘The apartment in a 
house set apart specially for meals, chiefly 
the dinner ; in large houses a smaller room, 
as the breakfast-room or parlour, is set apart 
for other meals of the day. The word dineis 
derived from the French diner, to take the 
chief meal of the day, dinner. Syn. Fr. 
Salle a manger (salle, a parlour or room, 
manger, to eat)—pron. sahl-ah-mang-jhay; 
Ger. Speisezimmer (Speise, food, and Zimmer, 
a room or chamber)—pron. spi-zeh-tzim- 
err. 

Discharging Arch, in Masonry and 
Brickwork, An arch turned over an open- 
ing in a wall, as over lintels, to relieve the 
part below from the superincumbent pres- 
sure. Der. From the French Décharger, to 
unload. Syn. Fr. Are en décharge—pron. 
ark ahng deh-sharj; Ger. Fntlastungsbogen 
(Entlastung, discharge, and Bogen, an arch )— 
pron. ent-lass-tungs-boh-gern. 

Discharging Pipe or Tube. In Plumb- 
ing this is the synonym or equivalent term 
for a “waste pipe”; in Drainage work it 
is the last tube ina series laid to or con- 
nected with the outfall, as a sewer, a ditch, 
acesspool. Syn. Fr. Tuyau de dégorgement 
(twyau, pipe or tube, and from degorger, to 
clear out, to overflow, to scour out)—pron. 
twee-yoh deh deh-gorgsh-mang; Ger. das 
Abjflussrohr (ab, from, Fluss, a stream, and 
Rohre [roh-reh |, a tube) — pron. dass abb- 
flooss-roar, 

Dish out, in Joinery. To form a coved 
ceiling or cove by means of wooden ribs. 
A wheel is said to be “d’shed out’? when 
the spokes spread out from the rim as a 
part or outer edge of the nave. Syn. Fr. 


Ecantuer une roue (“to cant a wheel ”)—pron. 
eh-cahnt-you-eh uhn roo; Ger. der Rad- 
stiirzen (Rad, a wheel, and Stiirze, a pot 
lid)—literally “a wheel shaped like a pot 
lid,” which slopes up from the edge to the 
central handle. 

Distemper, in Painting. A colour used 
for wall covering or decoration distinct 
from, or the opposite of, oil-paint. Whiten- 
ing, whiting or limewash mixed with “size” 
or a weak solution of glue is the simplest 
form of distemper painting—literally “a 


37 


do 


water not an oil-colour.” Der. From the 
Latin temperies, mixed or mingled in due 
proportion, as the colouring-matter and the 
water, and this from tempero, I divide or 
proportion or mix (temper) one thing with 
another, as hot with cold water. The Italian 
word tempera (a water-colour) comes directly 
from the Latin. Syn. Fr. Peinture en de- 
trempe ( peinture, painting, and from tremper 
[trahm-peh], to dip, to soak)—pron. pehng- 
tuuhr ang deh-tramp; Ger. die Tempera- 
maleret (from temperiren [temp-err-eer-enn |, 
to temper, and malen [mah-lenn ], to paint) 
—pron. tem-perr-ah-mahl-err-ey. 

Dog-legged Staircase, in Joinery. A 
staircase which has no well-hole. 

Dome, in Architecture. A roof like a 
cupola (which see), surmounting a building 
generally of a hemispherical outline or form, 
the interior forming a concave ceiling (see 
Coved Ceiling). Der. From the Latin 
domus, a house: so frequently did the 
cupola form a part of all the old churches 
in Germany and Italy, that this word domus 
gave the name to churches, as if, par excel- 
lence, the house. Thus in Germany a 
cathedral is almost universally termed a 
“Dom ” (the term Miinster is also used—our 
word minster), and in Italy the “ duomo,” 
The French synonym is precisely our word, 
with the ‘“‘o” accented—Déme, pronounced 
dohm. The German equivalent is Auppel, 
a cupola (which see). 

Domestic Gothic, in Architecture. A 
name given to modificaticns of the pure 
Gothic style (see Gothic Style) as applied 
to domestic structures, and which from its 
treatment of the characteristic features of 
the time is well entitled to the name which 
by high authority has been given to it of 
“debased” Gothic. The general aspiring 
or vertical features of the true Gothic are 
superseded by members of quite an opposite 
character. The arched openings are wide, 
and the arch curves low and flat, the four- 
centred arch being greatly used in this style 
in place of being pointed. The window 
openings are square-headed, and divided 
with heavy mullions, an approach to the 
Gothic style being obtained by joining the 
mullion heads by arches low and depressed, 
and these often of the cinquefoil class. 

Door, in Joinery. The framing of wood 
which fills up or closes the door void or 
opening in the wall, hinged at one side to 
the door framing, and provided with lock 
or latch at the other side. Doors are of 
different kinds, as ‘‘ledged,” “ledged and 
braced,” and “panelled” in four and six 
panels. A Ledged Door. A simple and cheap 
form of door in which the boards or planks 
are laid edge to edge, or tongued and grooved, 
and secured by cross-pieces at top and bottom 
and sometimes at centre. Syn. Fr. Porte 
pleine avec emboitures (pleine, full, avec, 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


do 


with, emboitures, cross-pieces)—pron. pohrt 
playne ah-veck awng-bwah-tuure; Ger. 
mit Leisten gespundete Thiir (from spunden 
[spuun-denn ], to groove together, mit, with, 
and Leisten, a bar, a ledge)—pron, meet lice- 
tenn geh-spunn-deh-teh tuur, A Four- 
panelled Door, A form of door in which 
the interior part is filled in with four panels, 
Syn. Fr. Porte avec quatre panneaux (quatre, 
four, and panneau, a panel)—pron. pohrt 
ah-veck kahterr pahn-no; Ger. die Kreuathiir 
mit vier Fiillungen (Kreuz, a cross, mit, with, 
vier, four, Fiillung, a panel, from fiillen, to 
fill up)—pron. dee kruehtz-tuur mitt fear 
faihl-oon-genn. A Folding Door. A door 
made with two leaves or halves hung at the 
sides to the door casing, and closing at the 
centre of the opening or void. Generally 
used between two rooms when closed, dividing 
one from the other, or when open throwing 
them intoone. Syn. Fr. Porte a deux vantaux 
(deux, two, vantail [vang-tah-eel], the leaf 
or wing of a folding-door)—pron. pohrt ah 
duu vang-toe; Ger. Fliigelthiir (Fligel, a 
wing)—pron. flueh-gell-tuehr. Back Door. 
The door at the back of a house which gives 
entrance to the yard or the back lobby, or 
to the kitchen. Syn. Fr. Poterne (literally 
“a postern ”)—pron. poh-tairn; Ger. dze 
Hinterthiir (hinter, behind, Thiir, a door)— 
pron. dee hin-terr-tuehr. The Front, Main, or 
Principal Door, Syn. Fr. Porte principale— 
pron. pohrt prang-see-pahl ; Ger. das Haupt- 
thor (Haupt, head) — pron. dass howpt- 
tohr. 

Door-case, Casing, or Framing, in 
Joinery. The wood lining to the void or 
aperture in the wall which the door closes 
on, and to one side of which it is hinged or 
“hung,” as the technical term hasit. This 
lining is nailed or secured to the “wood 
bricks” built into the side of the void or door 
aperture in the wall (see Brick). Syn. Fr. 
Chassis de porte (chdssis, a frame—our 
“sash” comes from this, as also “chace,” a 
recessed part)—pron. shah-see deh pohrt ; 
Ger. das Thiirfutter (Futter, a case, a lining) 
—pron. dass tuehr-foot-err. The door framing 
is surrounded externally at side and top with 
eee work termed an Architrave (which 
see). 

Door Handle, in Joinery Furniture. The 
knob or handle by which the door latch or 
bolt is turned. Syn. Fr. Poignée de porte 
(from poing, a fist, poignée, a’ handle, also a 
handful, which a handle generally is)—pron. 
poahng-neay; Ger. der Thiirgriff (Griff, gripe 
or grip, a handle)—pron. derr tuehr-grif, 

Door Hinge. The brass or iron hinge by 
which the door is secured at top and bottom 
to the door casing, and on which it swings to 
and fro when being closed or opened. Syn. 
Fr. Pivot de porte or Pivot de penture ( pivot, 
a pivot or pin, penture, iron-work)—pron. 
pee-voh deh porte or peng-tuehr; Ger. der 


38 


do 


Bandhaken (Band, a ribbon, Haken, a hook 
or clasp)—pron. derr bant-hah-kenn. 

Doorway, in Architecture. The opening 
in the wall giving admission to the interior 
of a building. It is usually distinguished 
by some ornamental feature. The simple 
aperture or opening in the wall is termed a 
“door void.” Der. See below ; also from the 
Old English dor, a gate. Syn. Fr. Porte— 
pron. pohrt ; Ger. Tiéir—pron. tuehr. This 
is almost the Greek form of the word, thura, 
a door. 

Doric Order, in Architecture. This con- 
stitutes the first of the three orders of 
the Grecian and the second of the Roman 
style (see Grecian and Roman Styles). In 
the Grecian, the purest style, the order is 
characterised by the shortness and thickness 
of the shaft of the column, the absence of 
a base, the column starting at once from the 
ground, or om a massive stone platform 
termed a Stylobate (which see). The capital 
of the column is very simple, having few 
members or mouldings. The entablature is 
very deep and massive, the characteristic 
enrichment of which is the Triglyph with its 
drops (which see). The cornice is compara- 
tively shallow, the characteristic member 
of which is the Mutule (which see). In the 
Roman Doric a base is added to the shaft, 
which is higher than in the Grecian Doric, 
and the other members are considerably 
modified. According to some writers the 
Grecian Doric had its origin in the trunk 
of a tree, timber in the rough having been 
first used for the building of huts, Der. 
From the Latin doricum. Syn. Fr. Ordre 
Dorique — pron. ohr-der door-eek; Ger, 
Dorische Ordnung—pron. dorr-eesh-eh ohrd- 
noong. 

Dormer Window, in Joinery. A window 
the glazed surface or lights of which project 
vertically from the sloping side of the roof 
in which the window is placed. It is usually 
finished with a gable top, the ridge of which 
runs in to meet the slope of roof. Der. 
From the Latin dormio, I sleep—a dormer 
room being literally “a sleeping room” in 
the roof. Syn. Fr. Lucarne—pron. looh-karn; 
Ger. Kopffenster (Kopf, head, and Fenster, 
a window )—pron. kopf-fenn-ster,. 

Dormitory, in Architecture. <A sleeping 
apartment, applied toa chamber so large that 
a number of beds can be made up in it,as 
in large or public buildings, to distinguish 
it from the bedroom of an ordinary house. 
Der. Latin dormitorium. Syn. Fr. Dormi- 
toire—pron. dor-mee-twahr; Ger. Schlaf- 
gemach (Schlaf, sleep, and Gemach, room)— 
pron. shlahf-geh-mach. 

Dots, in Plastering. The small patches 
of plaster daubed on the wall at various 
points to guide or regulate the floating rule 
in making screeds or bays. 

Double-hung Sash, in Joinery. A window 

39 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


dr 


in which both the upper and the lower 
sashes or “sheets,” or “lights” or “days” 
are suspended with ropes passing over 
pulleys, and balanced by counterbalance 
weights. 

Dovecot, in Rural Architecture. A house 
in which doves and pigeons are kept. Syn. 
Fr. Colombier (from colombe, a dove)—pron, 
kohll - ohm-bee-eh; Ger. das Taubenhaus 
(Taube, a dove)—pron. dass tow-benn-houss, 

Dovetail Joint, in Joinery. A joint in 
which the tenon and the mortise are cut inthe . 
form of a triangle truncated or part cut off 
at the apex—so called from its resemblance 
to the fan-shaped tail of a dove. Syn. Fr. 
Queue dhironde (queue, tail, hironde, a 
swallow)—pron. quh-dee-rongd; Ger. der 
Schwalbenwurz (Schwalbe, a swallow, and 
Wurzel, a root —pron. shwal-benn-voortz, 
Dovetailing: Syn. Fr. Assemblage a queue 
@hironde (pron. ah-sang-blajh); Ger. das 
Schwalben, Dovetailed: Syn. Fr. Edenté & 
queue Whironde (édenté, toothless, from 
édenter, to break teeth) ; Ger. verzahnt mit 
Schwalbenschwanz (from verzahnen, to indent 
with teeth [ferr-tzah-nenn], Schwalbe, swal- 
low, and Schwanz, a tail)—pron, ferr-tzahnt 
init shwal-benn-shvanntz. 

Brag, in Joinery. The term is applied to 
a door which drags on a floor or carpet 
surface of a room at which it opens. This 
may arise either from careless fitting in 
the first instance, or from the walls or floors 
settling irregularly. Der. From the Old 
English word draggan, to pull along, to get 
over obstructions, 

Drag, in Masonry. A flat, thin steel 
plate with serrated or saw edge, used to 
work finely the surface or face of free- 
stone blocks for ashlar work. 


Dragon-tie, in Carpentry, A piece of 
timber placed diagonally at the corner 
where the wall-plates join, and which sup- 
ports or carries the lower extremity of the 
hip rafter in a hipped roof. 

Drain, in Sanitary Architecture. The 
underground channel by which the liquid 
refuse or sewage of a house is led to the 
outfall, as to a sewer or a cesspool. A 
drain is distinguished from a sewer, first, 
by the smallness of its internal capacity, 
and second, by the fact that it serves to 
take away the sewage matter from the 
house; whereas a sewer is the common 


’ channel which conveys the sewage of several 


houses, or even of a district. Generally 
the drain passes through private property, 
as the site of the house with which it is 
specially connected ; the sewer is carried 
along the street or road of the public pro- 
perty. Formerly drains were made of stone 
or brick ; they are now almost universally 
made of earthenware, and the shape or form 
is tubular, but in some cases egg-shaped, 


dr 


Der. From the Old English drehnigean, 
to drain. Syn. Fr. (tubular drainage) 
Tuyau de drainage—literally “drainage 
pipe or tube,’ the word—drainage—being 
identical with ours in spelling and meaning, 
being borrowed from us, as house and town 
drainage was here practised long before it 
was so by the French—pron. twee-yoh deh 
drahn-ajh or -azgh. The Fr. syn. for Drain 
simply, is Fossé d’écoulement (foss¢, a ditch or 
moat, indicative of the old or original form 
_ of drain, an open cutting in the soil, and 
écoulement, flowing, running, from ¢écouwler 
{eh-cool-eh], to flow out of, to run from)— 
pron. foss-eh deh kool-mahng. Syn. Fr. for 


Drainage, Ecoulement des eaux stagnantes— 
literally “ditch for stagnant (in the sense 
of foul) water’’—pron. eh-kool-mahng daze 
oh stag-nahnt :Ger. Syn. for drain tube 
‘or pipe, das Drainrohr (Drain, identical 
with our word, and Rohr, a tube, pipe, reed 
or hollow cane)—pron. drayn-rohr. Syn. 
for Drain, der Abzugsgraben (Abzug, drawing 
off, retiring, from ad, off, and Zug, a pull, 
draught, and Graben, a ditch, a place dug 
out, from graben, to dig, to trench)—pron. 
der ahb-tzoogz-grah-benn. Ger. Syn. for 
Drainage, der Abzug—pron. ahb-tzoog. In 
connection with the old system of town 
drainage still practised in rural districts is 
the cesspool, a deep pit or well acting as 
the place of deposit for drainage matters. 
{See the term Cesspool.) In this we stated 
that it was difficult to find a synonym or 
exact equivalent in French for the term, 
and we explained some points connected 
with it. The following is a term used for 
it; but, as will be seen, it also lacks pre- 
cision, and is in fact very general in its 
application. The same applies to the German 
synonym. Syn. Fr. Puisard (a draining well) 
—pron. pwee-sarr ; Ger. die Senkgrube (from 
senken [zen-kenn], to sink, to lower down, 
to deposit, and Grube, a hole ; also Senkloch 
(Loch, a hole, a pit)—pron. senk-loch. 


Draught. As ina horse pulling or drag- 
ging, or in lifting a weight, as a block of 
stone, by the derrick or guy with pulley and 
horizontal drag rope. Syn. Fr. Tirage (drag- 
ging or towing)—pron. teer-ajh—from tirer 
—pron. teer-eh—to draw or pull or drag; 
Ger. der Zug (draught, pulling)—pron. derr 
tzoog, 

Draught, in Building Construction. A 
rough sketch or drawing of a construction 
or of a detail; the term also used as in a 
“chalk draught,” that is, a line the direction 
of which is indicated with chalk. “Saw 
draught,” the line or narrow opening made 
by the passave of a saw through or along 
the face of timber. “ Rough draught” is a 
term frequently used to indicate an un- 
finished sketch or drawing. Syn. Fr. T'racée 
(from tracer [trah-say], to draw along, to 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


dr 


trace out); Ger. der Riss (a sketch or indi- 
cation). In the sense of a saw draught, the 
Syn. Fr. is Rentrage (from rentrer iodine 
treh], to re-enter, to pass into)—pron. rang- 
trahgh ; Ger. das Hinziehen (from ein, inte, 
and ziehen, to draw, to trace)—pron. ine-tsee- 
enn; also das Passiren (to pass into)—pron. 
pass-eer-enn. 

Draughtsman. One who draws or pre- 
pares the drawings, technically called the 
the plans, required in Building Construction. 
Der, Draught is from the Old English dragan, 
to draw. Syn. Fr. Desstnatewr—pron.dess-seen- 
ah-toohr; Ger. Zeichner—pron. tziche-nerr. 

Drawer, in Joinery and Cabinet Making. 
A box or receptacle passed into—or sliding 
in and out of—a recess, as in a table, a chest 
of drawers, a kitchen dresser, or the like, 
the front only of which is exposed when the 
drawer isin its place. This part is generally 
of a valuable wood—or painted—the back 
receptacle or box being made of ordinary 
wood. Syn. Fr. Tiroir (from tirer [tee- 
reh], to draw, to stretch out)—pron. teer- 
wahr; Ger. der Auszug (aus, out of, Zug, 
pull, dray)—pron. ouss-tzoog. 

Drawing Board. The rectangular board 
with sides and ends at right angles to each 
other, with edges perfectly true, and surface 
flat, on which the paper is fastened for pre- 
paration of the drawings. Syn. Fr. Planchette 
(a little board)—pron. plang-shett, also 
Planche (board) a dessin—pron. plangsh ah 
dess-ang; Ger. das Reissbrett (reissen, to 
sketch, and Lrett, a board)—pron. rice-brett, 

Drawing Pen. An implement with two 
steel blades and fine or sharp points or edges, 
the distance between which is regulated by 
a small set screw, and this gives an ink line 
of the desired breadth or thickness, the ink 
being supplied between the adjusted blades. ~ 
Syn. Fr. Zire ligne (from tirer, to draw, and 
ligne, a line); Ger. Jeissfeder (reissen, to 
sketch, and Feder,a pen)—pron. rice-feh-derr, 

Drawing Room. Formerly “withdraw- 
ing room.” When the ladies of the household 
wished to withdraw from the dining hall or 
room, the apartment to which they retired 
was so called. In style of decoration and in 
fittings, furniture and nick-nacks, it is essen- 
tially the ladies’ room of the house. Syn. 
Fr. Salon (hence our saloon)—pron. sah-long; 
Ger. das Gesellschaftszimmer (Gesellschaft, 
company, and Zimmer, a chamber or room, 
—literally “the company room’)—pron, 
dass geh-zell-shafts-tzim-merr. 

Drawings required in Building Construc- 
tion are of four classes:“ Plans,” “Elevation,” 
“ Sections,” and ‘ Details,’ (which see under 
separate terms). To these, as in the case of 
domestic structures and public buildings, a 
fifth class is sometimes added, namely “ Per- 
spective.”) Syn. Fr. (singular, a drawing) 
Un dessin—pron. uhn dess-sang: Ger. der 
Riss, or Plan (Riss, sketch, Plan, design), or 


40 


dr 


Zeichnung (a delineation)—pron. derr riss, 
plan, tziche-noong. 

Dress, in Masonry, To dress stones is to 
tool or prepare their surface according to the 
class of work required, as in picked, tooled, 
rusticated, and rubbed or ashlar work. The 
word is derived directly from the French 
verb dresser, which means to arrange or 
put in order, as to trim a tree, tool a 
stone, arrange a table, etc.; or, in the 
English sense, to dress a garden, but not in 
the other English meaning of the term, that 
is, to put on one’s clothes, the French 
synonym for which is s’habdiller—i.e. to 
clothe oneself (pron. sah-bee-ch). The Latin 
equivalent of the term “dress” in the 
technical sense is dirigo, I set in order or 
I put things straight, the latter meaning 
having a direct application to the dressing 
of stones. Syn. Fr. (not from the verb 
dresser, but from tailler, to cut, carve, hew, 
dress in the sense above named, viz.) Tai/ler 
les pierres (to cut or hew stones, pierres)— 
pron. tahl-yeh lay. pee-aire ; Ger. den Stein 
behauen (Stein, a stone, and behauen, to hew, 
tocut)—pron. stine be-how-enn. Considered 
asa special trade, a dresser of stones or a 
stone hewer, the Fr. Syn. is Yailleur or 
Piqueur (from piquer [pee-kay], to prick)— 
pron. pee-qurr. This name is given from 
a peculiar kind of work—a picking or prick- 
ing—done in dressing stones. It is more 
applicable to the work of the quarryman in 
preparing stones than to that of the general 
stonemason, with whom the other term used, 
namely, Tailleur, is more closely connected, 
which is derived from tailler(see above). Sya. 

er. der Steinhauer (from hauen, to hew 
[howenn], and Stein, a stone)—pron. derr 
stine-how-err. 

Dressings, in Bricklaying or Masonry. 
When a building is constructed with brick 
the ornamental parts surrounding the voids 
—door and window—made of stone are called 
the dressings. The same term is applied, 
though in a somewhat less definite way, to 
the ornamental parts of windows in stone- 
built houses, It is the dressings to the doors 
and windows which largely give the archi- 
tectural character to the window, or, in 
other words, indicate the “style” in which 
the building is designed. 

Drift, in Masonry. The horizontal or 
literal thrust or pressure exerted by an 
arch upon the piers. 

Drill, in Construction. To bore a hole 
in stone or metal by a drill or boring 
machine, Der. From the Old English word 
thirlian, to perforate (from thirl, a hole), or 
from the German drillen). Syn. Fr. Percer 
a foret (percer, to pierce, foret, a borer— 
from forer, to bore)—pron. perseh an foreh ; 
Ger. der Bohrer (the borer)—pron. derr 
boh-rerr (see Auger). 

Drips, in Plumbing Work, Used in form- 


we 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


dr 


ing gutters and flats in roof work. The 
“drips” are formed at the joints of the 
lead sheets or parts of sheets by turning 
up the edge of one piece and dressing the 
edge of the other piece over it. 

Drip-stone, in Architecture. A moulded 
projecting part thrown over doors and 
windows to throw off the drip or drop of 
the rain. It forms the outside member or 
architectural feature of the “ dressing,’”’ and 
the sides are usually terminated at the ends 
with ornamental parts, as knobs, rosettes, 
etc. The term is obviously a corruption of 
“drop,” which is derived from the Old 
English word dropa, a drop. Syn. Fr. Lar- 
mier (from larme, a tear [drop])—pron. 
lahr-me-eh; Ger. Kranzleiste (Kranz, a 
wreath, a crown, or a garland, and Leiste, 
a band or “head-course*”)—pron, krahntz- 
lice-teh. English synonyms or other names 
for the terms “water table,” “label,” and 
“ weather moulding.” 

Drive, To, ir Carpentry and Joinery. 
Forcing in by impact or by the blows of a 
hammer or mallet one body into another, as 
a pin or nail, is known as driving. Der. 
The word “drive” comes from the Old 
English driffan. Syn. Fr. Forcer (for-seh), 
to force or compel; also Pousser (poo-seh), 
to push or thrust; also Ficher (fee-sheh), 
to drive in or to fix by driving in; also 
Mener, (meh-neh), to lead into, to drive; 
also Enfoncer (ahng-fohng seh), to thrust, to 
drive in; Ger. Lintreiben (treiben, to drive, 
to push in—pron. tribe-enn) ; also schlagen, 
to strike, to beat (shlah-gen). To drive ina 
pin or trenail, as in carnentry work: Syn. 
Fr. Enfoncer (ou ha Chasser, ou Pousser, 
ou Ficher) une cheville (shay-veel, a peg) ; 
Ger. einen Bolzen (a bolt, a wedge) treiben— 
pron. ine-en boltz-en tribe-en. To drive ina 
nail: Syn. Fr. Forcer (ow Ficher, ou Pousser) 
un clou (a nail)—pron. ferr-seh uun klooh ; 
Ger. einen Nagel (a nail) eintretben—pron. 
ine-enn nah-gaell ine tribe-ane. To drive in 
with a hammer: Syn. Fr. Enfoncer avec un 
marteau—pron. ahm-fohn-say aveck wun 
marr-toe; Ger. Mit einem Hammer eintreiben. 

Drops, in Architecture. Otherwise known 
as guttz—small projecting and conically- 
shaped parts placed below the triglyph of 
the entablature of the Doric order. Syn. 
Fr. Gouttes—pron. goott (this from the 
Latin gutta, a drop); Ger. Tropfen—pron. 
trop-fenn (a drop). 

Drum. (See Curb.) 

Drying Oil, in Painting. Boiled linseed- 
oil is an oil which quickly sets or dries on a 
painted surface—it becoming glossy, gluti- 
nous, tough, and hard. Syn. Fr. Huile 
siccative—pron. weal seek-ah-teeve (from 
sec, dry, and this from Lat. siccare, to dry 
[see-karr-eh]— siccité is dryness [seek-see- 
tay]); Ger. Oelfirniss (Oel, oil, Firniss, a 
varnish)—pron. oehl-fear-niss, 


41 


du 


Dubbing-out, in Bricklaying and Plas- 
tering. Making an uneven surface fair or 
uniform by means of tiles, so as to form an 
even surface for plastering. 

Duchess Slate, in Slating. <A special 
size of slate generally obtained from the 
Welsh slate quarries; hence the Syn. Fr. 
Ardoise de Galles de premiere qualite (slate 
of Wales)—pron. ahr-dwaze deh gahl deh 
preh-mee-air kal-ee-tay. The dimensionsare, 
or size of a Duchess slate is, 24 inches by 12; 
Ger. die erste (the first) Sorte (kind or 
quality) walliser (Welsh) Schiefer (slate)— 
pron, dee ers-teh zorr-teh vall-eece-err shee- 
ferr. 

Dung Pit or Manure Pit, in Farm 
Architecture. A pit or excavation lined 
with brickwork or masonry set in cement 
at bottom and sides, so as to keep in the 
liquid manure which percolates through and 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


es 


passes from thesolid dung. In well-arranged 
dung-pits there isa tank built at one end, 
to which the floor or bottom of the pit 
slopes, so that the liquid passes into the 
tank, from which it is pumped out as wanted. 
Syn. Fr. Fosse a Fumier (Fosse, a pit or 
ditch, Fumier, dung, manure)—pron. foss 
ah fooh-mee-eh. (See Cesspool for a note on 
this term.) Ger. das Diingerloch—pron. dass 
dueng-err-loch ; also and more generally 
Diingerstelle (Dunger, dung or manure, Stelle, 
a place, a spot). 

Dwarf Wall, in Masonry or Brickwork. 
Otherwise a sleeper or cross-wall, or low 
wall in the basement which supports the 
joists. Syn. Fr. Mur en traverse—pron. 
muuhr ang trah-vairse; Ger. die Zwerch- 
mauer (zwerch, across)—pron, dee zyvairch- 
mow-air. 


= 


Earthwork, in Building. Digging, ex- 
cavating, and setting up earth or soil. Syn. 
Fr. Terrassement (from terrasser [terr-ahs- 
eh], to dig out soil, and this from ¢erre, 
earth, ground or soil)—pron. terr-ahs-mang ; 
Ger. Erdschiittung (rde, earth or soil, and 
Schutt, rabbish)—pron. erd-shuet-oong. Der. 
The word “earth” is from the Greek erd, 
earth; it is met with also in the Old 
English word eard. The primary root of 
the word is the Sanskrit ira, and this from 
ar, to plough, as if the earth or soil was 
the only thing ploughed. ‘To execute the 
earthwork” is a phrase sometimes used 
in specifications, although the usual ex- 
pression is to “ dig out and excavate.”’ In 
this the French synonym is Terrasser (se 
above) ; Ger. In der Erde arbeiten (arbeiten, 
from Arbeit, work, performance)—pron. in 
dare err-deh arr-bite-enn. To take the edge 
off a board or stone is synonymous with 
taking off the “ Arris” in “chamfering ” 
(which see). The French synonym is 
Emousser (meaning to dull, to deaden)— 
pron. eh-mooss-eh; Ger. Stumpf machen 
(from stumpf, dull, blunt, and machen, to 
make)—pron. stoompf mack-enn. 

Easing, in Joinery. Taking a thin shaving 
or cutting off a part, to admit of its being 
easily adjusted in a certain position or 
passed into a certain space. ‘‘ Easement” 
is the amount of easing. Syn. Fr. Paroi— 
pron. parr-wah. 

Eaves, in Carpentry. The finishing at 
the outer edge or margin of a roof which 
projects over or beyond the wall, the object 
being to carry the water so that it will drip 
or drop clear from the surface of the wall. 
If the water is not allowed to drip or drop, 
it is collected in a channel termed an eaves 
gutter, and this has a slope or inclination to 


4 


a certain point at which the “down spout ” 
leading the water toa drain or cistern is 
fixed. The Latin equivalent is deliquicere. 
Der. From the Old English efese. Syn. Fr. 
Cheneaux—pron, shen-oh; eaves, singular, 
cheneau (from chenal— pron. shenn-ahl, a 
channel), de ’eau—pron. deh loh, water) ; 
Ger. Wasserrinne (Wasser, water, and 
Rinne, a trough or channel)—pron. vass- 
err-rin-neh; also Traufrinne (Trauf, drip, 
and Rinne, a channel or trough)—pron. 
trowf-rin-neh. 

Echinus, in Architecture. The egg and 
dart ornament, a distinguishing feature in 
the capital of the Ionic Order or Style. 
Syn. Fr. Echine—pron. eh-sheen; Ger. der 
eirunde Zierath (das Ei, an egg, and Zierath, 
ornament or decoration—pron. eyeh-roon- 
deh tzeer-ath. 

Edge, Brick on, in Bricklaying. In 
work of this kind—as in forming the last or 
coping course of a brick wall—the bricks 
are laid on their narrowest side or edge. 
(See Brick on Bed.) 

Edge, in Building Construction. The 
margin or outer line or part of an object. 
Der. From the Old English ecg, an edge. 
Syn. Fr. Lame—pron, lamb; Ger. die Ecke 
(edge or corner)—pron. dee eck-eh; also 
die Schtrfe (sharpness, acute, near angle)— 
pron. dee sher-feh. 

Edging, in Carpentry. Reducing the 
edges of rafters or ribs so that they will 
all range in one place, or in a curved 
surface. ; 

Egg-Moulding, in Architecture. An 
ornamental surface of the shape of an egg. 
The egg-formed parts are generally divided 
by an ornament resembling a pointed dart- 
like weapon—hence the term “egg and 
dart”? ornament. Der. From the Old Eng. 
9 


~_ 


es 


eg. Syn. Fr. Moulure en O0cuf et Dard 
(moulure, a moulding, eu/, an egg, and 
dard, a dart)—pron. mool-uhr ang uhf eh 
dahr; also Oves or Ovicule (oh-vee-kuhl) ; 
Ger. Sims mit Ei und Pfeil (Sims, a mould- 
ing, Fi, an egg, and Pfeil, a dart or arrow)— 
pron. zims meet eye oond pfile; also Lver- 
pfeil (ie. an egged moulding)—pron. eye- 
err-pfile, 

Egyptian Style, in Architecture. 
Generally admitted to be the parent of all 
succeeding styles. The Etruscans borrowed 
from the Egyptian, the Greeks from the 
Etruscan (although they ultimately formed 
a style in itself unique for the purity of 
its design), the Romans from the Greeks; 
the Basilican and Lombardic followed the 
Roman style, and soon. The great charac- 
teristic of the Egyptian style is the massive- 
ness of the general structure and the 
imposing size of the details chiefly in 
columns or pillars, These are often of 
enormous dimensions, both in height and 
diameter. The capitals are always con- 
ventionalised forms of the Egyptian plants, 
with details furnished by the leaves, the 
shaft being conventionalised forms of trees 
and shrubs indigenous to their country. 

Elbows of a Window, in Joinery. The 
side panels—corresponding to the dado of 
the room— under the shutter boxes. 

**Elbowed.” This term is applied to a 
part of construction which is bent, one part 
being at an angle to the other. Der. From 
the Old English word elnboga, the elbow. 
Syn. Fr. Coudé (from couder Soe ai to 
bend, or from coudoyer [koo-dwoy-eh ], to 
elbow)—pron. koo-day; Ger. Gekniet (from 
Knie, a knee)—pron. geh-kneet. 

Elevation, in Architecture. The front 
face or fagade (which see) of a building ; 
it means literally the vertical face of a 
building on any side, so that there are side 
or end elevations and a back elevation. In 
drawing the term means the projection or 
drawing of one of the vertical faces from 
roof to ground level, in which the pecu- 
liarities of the style or design are displayed. 
Der. From the Latin elevare, to raise from, 
and this from elevo, Llift. Syn. Fr. Elevation 
—pron, eh-lay-vah-see-ong (from elever [| eh- 
lay-vay ], to lift or raise; Ger. der Aufriss 
(auf, in or upon, and iss, a sketch)—pron, 
owf-riss. 

Elizabethan Style, in Architecture. So 
called from the fact that it originated, or at 
least fine examples of it were raised, during 
the reign of Queen Elizabeth. It is not 
easy to describe its characteristics without 
the aid of illustrations. In one sense it 
may be called a debased Gothic, although 
this term is more strictly applicable to the 
style sometimes termed the “ Jacobin,” 
which immediately followed it. In the 
Elizabethan style the windows are generally 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CINSTRUCTION. 


en 


square-headed, and often divided into two 
and sonietimes three lights, with ornamented 
quoins and heads. Characteristic features 
are the gables and the chimneys. The 
gables are in outline formed of a combina- 
tion of curves with horizontal and vertical 
lines, and sometimes with angular or sloping 
lines. The chimneys are often clustered 
and richly ornamented. The cornices are 
deep, and finished often with pedestals sur- 
mounted by vases, the spaces between 
which are filled up with open carved or 
fret work. Where arches are used they are 
generally semicircular, 

Elm Timber, in J/aterials. The wood 
or timber of the forest tree known as the 
elm (see “The Timber Dealer”). Syn. Fr. 
Bois dOrme—pron. bwah dorrm; Ger. 
Ulmenholz (Ulme [ool-meh], the elm)— 
pron. oohl-menn-hollts. 

Embattlement. See the term “ Battle- 
ment.” 

Emboss, in Building Construction. To 
carve in relief or raised. Der. From the 
French bosse, a knob or projecting part. 
Syn. Fr. Lelever en Bosse (relever, to raise 
or lift)—pron. reh-leh-vay ; Ger. Erhabene 
Arbeit machen (from erhaben, raised or 
elevated, Arbeit, work, and machen, to make) 
—pron, air-hah-beh-neh ahr-bite mack-enn. 

Embrasure, in Architecture. The voids, 
spaces or intervals between the solid vertical 
parts of a Battlement (which see), Any 
opening in a wall which has its opening in 
the interior face larger than that on the 
exterior face. This makes the sides of the 
embrasure bevelled, splayed, or sloping. 
Der. From the French (embrasure), and this 
from embraser, to fire from or through. 
Syn. Fr. Crénau—pron. kray-no; Ger. 
Schiessscharte (schiessen, to shoot, and Scharte, 
a notch, a space, a port-hole)—pron. sheess- 
sharr-teh. 

Encaustic Tiles, in Paving. The name 
given to tiles used for paving lobbies, 
passages, halls, etc., in which patterns 
simply, or more or less highly ornamented 
and coloured, are laid and burnt in through 
the action of the intense heat of a kiln. 
Der. The term is derived from the Latin word 
encausticus, burnt or highly heated, from the 
Greek word egkaustikos, and this from the 
two words en and kaiein, to burn. Syn. Fr. 
Tuile encaustique (tuile, a tile)—pron. tweel 
ang-kose-teek; Ger. Farbig glasirte Kachel 
(farbig, coloured, glasirte [from glasir¢], 
glazed or vitrified on the surface, Kachel, a 
Dutch flooring-tile)—pron. farr-bich glah- 
zeer-teh kah-chel. 

Enclosing Wall, in Masonry or Brick- 
laying. A wall—generally a nine-inch wall 
in brickwork—built round the margin or 
boundary of a space, such as that of a garden 
or the site of a house. Der. From the Latin 
claudo, I close or shut up, if not from the 


43 


~» 


em 


Old English clusa, close. Syn. Fr. Aur de 
cloture (cloture [kloh-tuuhr], an enclosure) 
—pron. muuhr deh kloh-tuhr; also Mur 
Enceinte (from enceindre [ahn-sang-derr], to 
enclose) — pron. muuhr ang-sahngt; Ger. 
Mauerzaun (Mauer, a wall, and Zaun, a 
fence)—pron. mough-err-tzown ; also Wand- 
zaun (Wand, a wall)—pron. vahnd-tzown, 

En‘, in Carpentry and Joinery. The ex- 
tremity of a beam or worked part. Syn. 
Fr. Bout—pron. boo; Ger. das Hnde—pron. 
dass end-eh. To “end oft” or finish a 
piece: Syn. Fr. Couper bout a bout (couper 
—pron. koop-eh, boot-ah boo; Ger. Lndweise 
schneiden (Weise, fashion or manner [from 
weisen, to show, to teach], schneiden, to cut)— 
pron. end-vice-eh shnide-ane. * End to Knd” is 
a term used in building construction when the 
end of one piece is brought up to and made 
to lie against, or be joined to, the end of 
another piece. Syn. Fr. Aboute (from bout, 
an end)—pron. ah-boot-eh; Ger. Lnde am 
iinde—pron. en-deh ahm enn-deh. The end 
of a piece of timber, as a beam, is generally 
synonymous with the “head.” In this sense 
the French synonym is bout d'un Poutre 
(poutre, a beam)—pron. boo duhn poot-err ; 
Ger. Balkenkopf (Balken, a beam, and Kopf, 
a head)—pron. bahl-kenn-kopff. The “ end 
grain” of wood is the cross grain. The 
French synonym is Veiné & bout—tfrom veiner, 
to vein (vay-nay);Ger. geadertes Hulz ( geadert 
[from ader, to vein])—pron, geh-ah-derrt- 
ess hoitz. 

English Bond, in Bricklaying. The 
species of “bond” (which see) in which 
each alternate course is formed with 
‘“‘header” bricks (which see), the interme- 
diate course being made up of “stretcher” 
bricks—in other words the courses are alter- 
nately headers and stretchers. 

English, Early, Style, in Gothic or 
Pointed Architecture. The distinguishing 
feature of the style is in the windows, the 
arched heads of which are lancet-shaped- 
curved. The lights or days or voids are 
long and narrow, and are frequently found 
in a combination of three—the central light 
or window being higher than the side lights. 
The mouldings of the arch are deep hollows 
and bold convex rounds; the pillars are 
clustered, It is the earliest of the true 
Pointed architecture, excluding the Norman 
style, which is not pointed, but semicircular 
in its arches. The date being the thirteenth 
century, it preceded the Decorated style 
(which see). 

Entablature, in Architecture. That part 
of the “order” or style which crowns the 
structure and is carried by the column or 
pillar. It is composed of three parts: first, 
the architrave (which see), part resting 
immediately upon the abacus (which see) 
or upper member of the capital of the pillar 
or column ; second, the fascia (which see), 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


er 


above the architrave and between it and the 
upper member, the cornice (which see), 
which crowns or tops the whole. The 
term is also applied in mechanics to any 
framing supported by columns or pillars, or 
by framing, the upper part being termed 
the entablature. Der. From the Latin tabu- 
latum, a table or stage, and the prefix en, to 
make. Syn. Fr. Lntablement—pron. ang- 
tah-bel-mang ; Ger. Gedidlk, beams or joists 
—pron. geh-belk ; also Hauptgesims (Haupt, 
head or top, and Gesims, a cornice or shelf)— 
pron. howpt-geh-zims. 

Entasis, in Architecture. The curved 
bulge or swelling given to the shaft of a 
column at its central part, the swell in a 
baluster or newel post. Syn. Fr. Renjflement 
au Milieu de Colonne (renflement, protuber- 
ance, milieu, middle or centre)—pron. rang- 
fel-mang oh meel-you deh kohl-onn; Ger. 
Verstirkung in der Mitte der Stiule (Ver- 
starkung, strengthening [by swelling out], 
Mitte, middle, Sdéule, column or pillar)—pron. 
ferr-sterk-oong een derr mit-teh derr zoy-leh. 

Enter—Entered, in Carpentry. When a 
tenon in one piece of timber is passed into 
its corresponding mortise in another piece, 
it is said “to enter,’ and when fixed in 
position “to be entered.” Der. From the 
Latin intrare, to enter, to gointo. Syn. Fr. 
Eventer une (mortaise for example)—pron. 
eh-vang-tay oon morr-taise (see Mortice 
or Mortise); Ger. Jn ein Zapfenloch (see 
Mortise) eindringen (to enter by force, to 
penetrate)—pron. een ine tzapf-enn-loch ine- 
dreeng-enn. 

Entresol, in Architecture. A low room, or 
a story or flat of low-ceilinged rooms or 
apartments, immediately above the ground 
floor and between it and the first floor or 
principal story or flat of the building. Der. 
From the French entre, between, and sol, 
the ground. Syn. Fr. Mezzanine (from the 
Italian)—pron. meddz-ah-neen; Ger. Halb- 
geschoss (Llalb, half, Geschoss, a story of a 
house)—pron. halb-geh-shoss. 

Erection, in Building and in Carpentry 
Work. A term frequently applied to denote 
some part connected with the main building, 
and to which latter the term “ structure” is 
more correctly applied. Thus a scaffolding 
is an “ erection’’ which is constructed to aid 
the building of the structure or main build- 
ing. An outhouse is called an erection, 
Generally it may be applied to small struc- 
tures as connected with or belonging to 
larger buildings or structures. To “erect” 
is to build or put up, and is applicable to all 
building work. Der. From the Latin erigere, 
to erect or set up, and this from rigere, to 
set straight or lead straight or erect—that is 
in the building sense vertical or plumb, as if 
there were no true erection without straight 
or erect building. Syn. Fr. Hriger—pron. 
eh-ree-jhay ; Ger. Errichten (from richten, to 


44 


es 


make or set straight or erect—i.e. vertical) 
—pron, er-reegh-tenn. 

Escutcheon or Scutcheon, in Architec- 
ture. A shield for armorial bearings, put up 
in domestic architecture in some conspicuous 
part of the front. Syn. Fr. Hcusson—pron. 
eh-kooss-ong ; Ger. Wappenarms—pron.vagh- 
penn-arms ; also Wappenbinde (arms or 
label) —pron, vagh-penn-binn-deh, Der, 
The word is derived from the Latin scutum, a 
shield, and this from the Greek skutos, the 
hide of an ox or animal. As shields were 
covered with skins or hides, and as men 
began to fight before they made a vocabu- 
lary, the custom gave the name to the skin 
covering, and from thence the name of 
shield. 

Escutcheon or Scutcheon, in Joinery. 
The small brass or iron plate which covers 
the keyhole of the lock, as of a door. It 
vibrates or swivels to and fro as it is desired 
to cover or uncover the hole, swinging or 
hanging vertically when left free from the 
screw nail which passes through its eye. 

Exeavation, in Foundation Work. The 
trenches and void spaces formed at the site 
of a building by digging out the soil in 
position, and according to a form deter- 
mined by the plan or outline. Syn. Fr. 
Fouille (from fouiller [foo-e-yeh], to dig up 
or out)—pron. fool-yai. Another French 
synonym is precisely our word Fzcavation, 
the pronunciation only being different, as 
thus—in French, eks-kah-vah-see-yong ; in 
English, eks-kah-vay-shun; Ger. Grund- 
grube (Grund, earth or soil [our word 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, 


fa 


ground], and Grube, a pit or a ditch)— 
pron. gruhnd-groo-beh. 

Extension of Work, in Building. A 
term generally used to denote that to an 
existing structure some additions are to be 
made. Extension, in the more ordinary 
sense, means lengthening out of an object, 
as extending a beam—that is to say, making 
it longer. To extend, to stretch out, to 
lengthen, is derived from the Latin verb 
extendere, to lengthen—from ex, from, and 
tendere, to stretch out. Hence our words 
tension and extension, which mean, lite- 
rally, a stretching out. Syn. Fr. Etendre| 
to stretch out (from the same root)—pron, 
eh-tang-derr. For the term as applied to 
building the French word fegner is used. 
This means to rule or to run along (a wall 
for example)—pron. rahg-neh; Ger. Aus- 
dehnen (from dehnen [day-nenn ], to stretch, 
and aus, out)—pron. owss-day-nenn. Hx- 
tension is the complete act of the work of 
extending, or the amount of the work done. 
The French word for this is precisely the 
same in spelling as ours, the difference 
being in the pronunciation only : thus, Eng. 
eks-tenn-si-unn, ex-tensh-unn; Fr. eks-tang- 
see-ong; Ger. Dehnung (from dehnen, see 
above)—pron. day-noong. In a more re- 
stricted sense, as in building, it is Entlang- 
gehen—that is, to go along (entlang, along, 
and gehen, to go)—pron. ent-lang-gay-enn. 

Extrados, in Architecture—pron. ex-trah- 
doss; Ger. dussere Wélbung (dussere, out- 
wards, Wélbung, a vault)—pron. oy-sem-eh 
voel-boong. 


me 


Facade, in Architecture. The front or 
front elevation of a building. ‘The word is 
French—pron. fah-sawd. Syn. Ger. Aussen 
(aussen, outside or out of) Vorder (front or 
fore)—pron. ows-senn-for-derr; also Stirn- 
seite (Stirn, the forehead or front, and Seite, 
side)—pron. steern-zite-eh ; Vorderseite is 
very generally used. 

Face of a Beam or Girder, in Carpentry. 
Not the flat side, but the narrow edge on 
which the joists are laid—the upper surface. 
Syn. Fr. Face de poutre (beam)—pron. fahss 
deh poo-terr; Ger. die Balkenkante (from 
Balken, a balk or log, and Kante, edge)— 
pron. bawhl-kenn-kahn-teh. 

Face of a Wall, in Masonry and Brick- 
laying. Where a wall is faced with a 
material different from the back part, or 
the same material but of better quality and 
higher finish or style of work, as a brick 
wall faced with superior bricks, or a rubble 
wall faced with ashlar. Syn. Fr. Faua (false) 
Parement (see Face)—pron. foh parr-mang ; 
also Revétement (re, again, and vétement, 
clothing)- pron. ray-vate-mang ; Ger. die 

4 


Anblendung (from an, on or to, and Blendung, 
a mingling or blending)—pron. dee ann- 
blenn-doong. 

Face or Facing, in Construction. The 
front or exposed surface of a body or part of 
construction. Der. Jat.facies,a face. Syn. 
Fr. Parement—pron. parr-mang; the feminine 
is Face—pron. fass; Ger. Aussenseite (aus- 
sen, out, and Seite, side) ; also Stirnseite (see 
above); also Vorderfldiche (vorder, before, 
and Fildche, flat plain, or level)—pron. for- 
derr-fleck-eh. ‘*To face a body”—that is, 
cover it with, or add a lining of material to 
it—is a term frequently used : for example, 
to face a wall with bricks or cement. But 
to face is applied to the taking off the ordi- 
nary or rough surface and making a smooth 
one, as to facea plank. To face a wall, the 
French synonym is fRevétir, to clothe or 
cover with—pron. ray-vay-teer ; Ger. Ver- 
kleiden (to clothe in, disguise)—pron. ferr- 
klide-enn. 

Face Mould, in Joinery. A mould for 
drawing or describing the form of or figure 
of the handrail of a stair, on both sides of 


~ 


9) 


fa 


the plank out of the thickness of which the 
railis cut. The face mould is so applied to 
the plank that when followed by the saw, 
on the mould being put in position the two 
side surfaces of the rail shall always be at 
right angles to the plan of the rail. Syn. 
Fr. Cherche (from chercher, to seek)—pron. 
shairsh ; also Calibre (bore or size)—pron. 
kau-leeb-err; Ger. die Schablone (model, 
pattern )—pron. shah-blow-neh. 

Facing Bricks, in Brickwork. The bricks 
used for facing work with, Syn. Fr. Pare- 
ment en Briques— pron, pahr-mang ang 
breek ; Ger. die Verblendung mit Backsteinen 
(ver, before, Blendung, blending, backen, to 
bake or burn well, as in bricks—superior 
bricks, Stein, a stone, or what we would 
call a clinker or well-burnt brick)—pron. 
ferr-blenn-doong mit back-stine-enn. 

Facing or Face Board. Timber facing 
which may be moulded to conceal part 
behind, as the board at the gable of a house 
concealing ends of purlins, etc. This is 
sometimes called the fascia board (see Fascia), 
Syn. Fr. Bois (wood) de (of) Garnessage 

(decoration or garniture)—pron. bwah deh 
garr-nee-shaw], shazhe or shasge; Ger. das 
Bekleidungsbrett (Kleidung, clothing, and 
Lrett, a board)—pron. beh-klide-oongs-brett, 
| Facings, in Brickwork. The bricks of a 
epee quality used to form the face of the 
wall. 

Facings, in Joinery. The planed and 
finished boards which cover up or conceal 
the rough timbers or boards, or brick or 
stone work below. Syn. Fr. Superficie 
anterieure (or ‘‘ the surface before ”)—pron. 
sooh-perr-fees-see ang-tare-yeur; also Coté 
de devant (cété, a side, devant, before, in 
front of)—pron. koh-teh deh deh-vangt; Ger. 
Vordertheil (vorder, before, Theil, part)— 
pron. for-derr-tile. 

Fair, a term frequently used in connection 
with work: as a fair face of a stone, fair 
work—that is, good or full work in the 
sense of complete. Der. From the Old 
Hnglish fegr, just or right or beautiful. 
Syn. Fr. Faire (from faire, to do, to work, 
to build, to make complete)—pron, fayr ; 
Ger. Messe — pron. mess-eh (from messen 
[mess-enn], to measure, to set fair or right). 

Falling Moulds, in Joinery. Moulds 
applied to the vertical sides or faces of a 
handrail to guide the working of the back 
and under surface. 

Fang of a tool, as of a chisel or gauge, 
the end generally square in section and 
tapering almost to a point, which is driven 
into the wooden handle or stock by which 
the tool is grasped in working. The fang is 
sometimes termed the “tail,” more frequently 
the “tongue.” Der. From the Old English 

feng-toth, the tusk or root of a tooth. Syn. 
Fr. Queue (tail)—pron. kuuh ; Ger. der Heft- 
zapfen (Heft, a handle or haft, and Zap/en, 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


fa 


a pia or peg) — pron. derr heft -tzapp- 
fenn. 

Fan Tracery, in Architecture. Best dis- 
played in the vaulting (termed hence Fan 
Vaulting) of the latest style or development 
of the Gothic or Pointed architecture known 
as the Perpendicular. In this the surface is 
covered by ribs and ornate tracery, all of 
which converge to or diverge from a point, 
terminated by pendentives or drops. The 
finest, at least best known or most easily 
seen, specimen of fan traceryis in Henry 
the Seventh’s Chapel in Westminster Abbey. 
Syn. Fr. Resau (a net or network) décoratif 
(decorated) de Voiite (vault) en éventail (a 
fan)—pron. reh-zoh -day-core-ah-teef deh 
voote ang eh-vang-tile; Ger. der Fiicher- 
stock (Fdcher, a fan, and Stock, a stick or 
stem)—pron. derr feck-err-stock. 

Fan Waulting, in which fan tracery is 
displayed. Syn. Fr. Voute a Nervures (ribs, 


_bands, or veins) rayonnantes (disposed in 


rays, or like the spokes or arms of a wheel) 
—pron. voot ah nerr-voor ra-yong-nangt ; 
Ger. Gewélbe (arch or vault) mit (with) 
Jdcherartigen (KFdcher, fan, and artig, 
like) Rippen (ribs)—pron. geh-voell-beh mit 
feck-err-ahr-teeg-enn reep-enn ; also Palmen- 
gewolbe (from Palme, a palm-tree, spreading 
out like one)—pron. pal-menn-geh-voell-beh. 

Farm Buildings, in Rural Architecture. 
The buildings, erected on a convenient part 
of the farm,in which the live stock are 
housed, the machines erected, and the pro- 
duce stored up and prepared for the feeding 
of the animals or for sending to market, 
The buildings proper of the farm, as dis- 
tinguished from the Farmhouse (which see 
below), are known by different names. In 
England the terms Homestall, Homestead, 
Farmery, and Farm Buildings are synony- 
mous; while in Scotland the term “ Farm 
Steading” is universally used—a term rapidly 
becoming assimilated in the English tech- 
nical terms of farming. for the principal 
apartments of the farm, and the outside or 
exterior structures and conveniences closely 
connected with it. Der. of the word farm 
from the Old English jfeorm, food, and 
Jeormian, to produce or grow food. Syn. 
Fr. Bdatiments de la Ferme (batiment, a 
building, and ferme, a farm)—pron. bah-tee- 
mahng deh lah fairm; also Ferme modeéle 
(fairm moh-dayl), model farm ; Ger. equiva- 
lent for a farm-building die Aeiereigebdude 
(from Meterez, a farm, and das CGebdude, the 
building)—pron. dee my-err-eye-geh-boy-deh. 

Farm House, in Rural Architecture. The 
house or residence of the farmer, containing 
accommodation and built in a style corre- 
sponding to the size or acreage of the farm 
or the means of the farmer. It is generally 
built in close proximity to the farm buildings. 
Syn. Fr. Maison du Fermier (maison, a 
house)—pron, may-zong duuh fairm-ee-aye ; 


46 


fa 


Ger. Meierei (Meier [mye-err], a farmer)— 
pron, my-err-eye. 

Fascia or Facia, in Architecture. A broad 
band or fillet used in cornices or pedestals. 
Syn. Fr. Plate-bande (from plat, flat, and 
bande, a border or flat square moulding)— 
pron. plaht-bahnd ; Ger. die Binde (a fillet or 
band)—pron. dee been-deh; also der Streifen 
(a stripe or streak)—pron. derr strife-enn. 

Fasten or Fix, in Construction. As in 
securing one stone or beam to another, or 
two pieces of wood together. The general 
term in French is Arréter (to make fast, to 
stop)—pron. ah-rett-eh; also Assurer (to 
fasten, to make secure)—pron. ah-seuhr-eh ; 
also Fermer (to shut, to enclose)—pron. fair- 
meh ; Ger. Befestigen (fest, fixed or fast)— 
pron. bay-fess-tig-enn. To fasten two pieces 
of timber together with nails: the term in 
French is Assurer avec un clou (clou, a nail) 
—pron. ah-sueh-reh ah-veck uhn kloo ; Ger, 
Annageln (Nagel, a nail)—pron. ann-nah-geln, 
To fasten with glue: Syn. Fr. Assurer avec 
colle forte (colle [koll], a paste or glue— 
from coller, to stick, and fort, strong)—pron. 
ah-sueh-reh ah-veck koll fort; Ger. mit Leim 
befestigen (Leim [lime], glue), to glue; /eimen 
(lime-enn )—pron. mit lime beh-fess-tee-genn, 
Anleimen is very generally used. To fasten 
or secure two pieces of heavy timber, as 
beams, with iron bolts : the French synonym 
is Enclaver les poutres (enclaver, to enclose, 
to a ee ang-klah-veh leh pooters ; 
Ger. Balken verbolzen (Balken, a beam, 
bolzen, to bolt or wedge)—pron, ball-kenn 
ferr-boll-tzenn. To fasten with a screw, 
to screw together : Syn. Fr. Fermer avis (vis, 
a screw—veece)—pron. ferr-meh ah veece ; 
also Visser—pron. vee-say ; also Serrer & vis 
(serrer [serr-eh] to squeeze together, to 
clasp, to pinch)—pron. serr-eh ah veece; 
Ger. Festschrauben (Schraube [shrow-beh], 
a screw)—pron. fest-shrow-benn; also mut 
Schrauben befestigen— pron. mit (with) 
shrow-beh bee-fess-tig-enn. 

Fastening, as of a door generally. Der. 
From the Old English fast, seizing or taking 
hold of. Syn. Fr. Fixation—pron. feex-ah- 
see-ong—from fixer (feex-eh), to fix; Ger. 
Befestigen—pron. bay-fess-tee-genn—from 
fest (fest), fast or fixed. “ Fastening for a 
door,” as a bolt: Syn. Fr. Verrou de porte— 
pron. verr-ooh deh port (verrou, a bolt—from 
verrouiller, to bolt—pron. verr-ool-yai) ; Ger. 
eine Thiirstange (Thiir, a door, and Stange, a 
bar or bolt)—pron. tuerr stan-geh. 

Feather -edged Boards, in Joinery. 
Boards which are thicker on one edge than 
the other. Formed in this way, they are 
used generally for covering roofs and form- 
ing the side walls of timber sheds. Syn. 
Fr. Vive aréte—pron. veev arr-eht ; Ger. die 
scharfe (sharp) Kante (corner, edge)—pron. 
dee sharf-eh kahn-teh. 


Fence, in Wire-work, Trellis. Syn. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, 


fe 


Fr. Grillage (wire lattice—from grille, a 
grate or barred surface) en jil (thread) 
métallique, ow fil en fer (iron)—pron. greel- 
leeahj ahn feel meh-tah-leek 00 feel ahng 
fairr; Ger. das Drahtgitter (Draht, wire, 
Gitter, a fence)—pron. draht-git-terr. 

Fence of a Wood Paling, in Carpentry 
or Joinery. Narrow boards generally six 
inches broad and of any desired height, 
usually six feet. Syn. Fr. Hchalier—pron. 
eh-shah-li-eh; Ger. der Pfahlzaun (from 
Pfahl, a pale or post, and Zaun, a fence)— 
pron. pfahl-tsown. 

Fence of Trellis or Lattice Work, in 
Garden Architecture. A fence made of 
narrow and thin slips or slats of wood, 
arranged in various combinations, as in 
squares, lozenge-shaped apertures, etc. Syn. 
Fr. Menuiserie des Jardins (from menui- 
serie, joinery, and jardins, gardens)—pron. 
menn-wees-ray day jhar-dang; Ger. das 
Gitterwerk (Gutter, trellis, lattice, and Werk, 
work)—pron, git-terr-vairrk; also Gitter- 
zaun (Zaun, a fence) — pron, git - terr - 
tzown. 

Fence, Quick-set, or Thorn Fence, in 
Gardening. A fence formed of plants, 
small trees, or tall bushes of the hawthorn. 
Syn. Fr. Haie (hedge) vive (live) d’épines 
(of thorns)—pron. hay veeve deh-peen ; Ger. 
die lebendige Dornhecke (lebendige, living, 
Dorn, thorn, and Hecke, a hedge) — pron, 
dee leh-benn-dee-geh dorrn-heck-eh. 

Fence Wall, in Masonry and Bricklaying. 
A wall built to prevent encroachment upon 
a certain space of ground, as a garden or 
court fence. Der. From the Latin defensio, 
a defence, and this from defendio, I defend. 
Syn. Fr. Mur (wall) de cloture (fence or 
closing)—pron. muhr deh kloh-toohr; also 
Mur Wenceinte (circuit, enclosure)—pron. 
muhr dang-sayngt (see Dissertation for 
de.) ; also Cetntre (girdle or enclosure) de 
Muraille (a wall)—pron. sang-tre deh muhr- 
aeel; Ger. der Mauergiirtel (Mauer, a wall, 
and Giirtel, a girdle or zone)—pron. mough- 
air-guirr-tell; also Ringmauer (from Ring, 
a ring)—pron. reeng-mough-err. 

Fender, in Carpentry and Building. A 
piece of timber placed to guard or protect 
a part from. injury. Syn. Fr. Parefeuille 
(from parer, to ward off or parry, and 
Feuille, a leaf)—pron. parr-fweel ; Ger. das 
Schutzbrett (schiitzen, to guard or protect, 
and Brett, a board)—pron. shoots-brett, 

Fender, in Jronmongery (House). The 
iron guard placed on the hearthstone before 
a fire-grate to keep in falling cinders or 
ashes. Syn. Fr. Gardefeu (from garder, to 
guard, and few, a fire)—pron. garrd-fugh ; 
Ger. das Kamingitter (Kamin, a_ fireplace 
or fireside, and Gitter, bars or lattice)— 
pron, kahm-een-git-terr. 

Fenders, in Masonry and Brickwork. 
Short or dwarf walls built in basement or 


47 


fe 


cellar story under front hearths of fireplaces 
in story above. 

Fenestration, in Architecture. The art 
of arranging or disposing of the windows 
of a building, Der. Latin fenestra, a 
window. Syn. Fr. Fenétrage (from fenétre 
[fay-nay-terr], a window)—pron. feh-nay- 
trajh ; Ger. der Fensterbau (Fenster, a 
window, and Bau, a building)—pron. fenn- 
sterr-bough ; also Fensterarchitectur (that is, 
window architecture)—pron. fenn-sterr-ark- 
ee-tek-toorr, 

Ferrule, in Ironmongery. A ring, hoop, 
or band of metal, generally of brass, passed 
round a part of woodwork to preyent it 
from splitting, as at the head of a pile, to 
which the term ring or hoop is more 
generally applied. Syn. Fr. Vzrole (curi- 
ously enough the Scotch name, “ virril,” 
for the article is almost identical with 
this)—pron. vee-roll ; also, as in a “ pile”’ 
ring or “hoop,” Frette (a hoop) de pilotis 
(of a pile)—pron. frett deh pee-lo-tee ; Ger. 


das Hisenband (Eisen, iron, Band, a hoop or- 


ring)—pron. das eye-zen-bandt. 

File Saw. A triangular-shaped file, the 
angles of which pass into the triangular 
spaces between the teeth of the saw. The 
sides or faces of the file are cut with fine 
teeth, and are used to bring the saw teeth 
to a fine edge by filing. Der. From Anglo- 
Saxon feol, tomake smooth. Syn. Fr. Lame 
triangulaire pour la scie (lame, a blade, scie, 
a saw)—pron. lahm tree-ahn-guh-lairr poorr 
lah sea; Ger. Sdgefeile (Sdge, a saw—from 
sdgen [zau-genn], to saw, and Feile, a file— 
from feilen [file-enn], to file)—pron. zay- 
geh-file-eh. 

Fillet, in Architecture. A moulding flat 
in face, a narrow band placed between two 
other mouldings so as to separate them and 
make them distinct from each other. It is 
also used separately as a narrow band or 
a ring, and is square in section, or flat at 
edges as well as on face. Der. From Latin 
filum, a thread. Syn. Fr. Filet (from jil, a 
thread, and the diminutive et—literally “a 
little or small thread ”)—pron. feel-eh ; also 

uarre—pron. kwar; also Listel — pron. 
lee-stell ; Ger. Binde, a band—pron. bin-deh ; 
also Leiste, band or border—pron. lice-teh. 

Killing-in Pieces, in Carpentry. The 
short lengths of timber which fill in the 
angular spaces formed in framing, as ina 
hip-roof, or ina quartering partition. And 
as these spaces are angular, the filling-in 
picces are of varying length. 

Fine Set, in Joinery, A term applied to 
the working condition of planes of different 
kinds, in which the “ irons ”—i.e. the steel- 
edged cutting blades—are so adjusted that 
the smallest projection of the edge below 
the face or bottom surface of plane stock is 
secured ; so that the plane takes off only 
the thinnest of shavings. Planes, as hand- 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


fi 


planes, are only so adjusted for fine work, 
and for finishing off the surface of wood. 

Fine Stutf, in Plastering. The best 
quality of plaster—sometimes also termed 
stucco—used in finishing off the surface of 
plastered walls in order to make a fine 
smooth surface for the papering or the 
painting with which it may be decorated, 
Fine stuff is made of slaked lime, which is 
sifted through a fine hair-sieve so as to 
keep back all coarse particles, The sifted 
lime is then mixed into a plaster consistent 
enough to work easily with water; a suffi- 
cient quantity of hair to bind the whole 
together, and in some cases a small quantity 
of sand, is added. 

Fimial, in Architecture. The upper 
member, or that which terminates or finishes 
(final) a gable, a pediment, or pinnacle. It 
is a distinguishing feature of Gothic archi- 
tecture, and is in some of its styles very 
florid or highly ornamented. Der. From the 
Latin finalis, and this from jinis, the end or 
termination of an object. Syn. Fr. Panaceau 
(from panache [pron. pah-nahsh], a plume 
of feathers, from the supposed resemblance 
of finials generally to a plume)—pron. pah- 
nah-soh ; Ger. blumige Kreuz (from Blume 
[bloo-meh],a flower—dblumig, flowery), and 
Kreuz, a cross, a finial often being in the 
form of a cross—pron. bloom-ig-kroyts. 

Finishing, in Plaster-work. In three-coat 
work—that is, in which the plaster is made 
up of three layers or successive applications 
or thicknesses of plaster—the last or third 
coat is termed the “finishing.” Should 
“ fine stuff ” be used for the third or finish- 
ing coat, to prepare the surface for papering 
or painting, the term “setting” is used in 
place of finishing. They are often indif- 
ferently used as implying the same thing. 

Finish, To, in Building Work of various 
kinds. The term is frequently used, as in 
specifications, such as ‘finish and complete 
all work,” etc.; the two terms here used 
being apparently tautological, as completion 
of work would seem to imply its being 
finished. A practical point of great import- 
ance is, however, involved in the distinction, 
as finished work may not be complete in the 
true workmanlike sense of the term-——that is, 
of being done so thoroughly and so well that 
it cannot be done better. Work may be 
finished off “after a fashion,” and that, as not 
being honest, cannot be said to be completed. 
The expression used in specifications as above 
is therefore quite justified, although it ap- 
pears to bea mere repetition of the same idea. 
To finish generally is understood to be going 
through the final operation, as in dressing a 
piece of timber to form, say, the style of a 
door, the fine smooth surface is given with 
a plane “fine set” (which see). To finish 
painting a surface is to give the Jast coat, 
and if not “dead” to apply the varnish. 


48 


:—Flooring Timbers—Bond Timber— 


Terms in Carpentry and Joinery 


Plate V. 


Joints in Joinery. 


S 
) 
U 
N 
N 
y} 


NS 


WZ, 


—e 


seansuepeeegvury 


i 
i 


Pa VOT] 


WL, 


MW 


| 


| 
| 


| 
777 il 
/ 


Fig. 2. Fig, 3 


Plate VI.—Terms in Joinery :—Doors—Baluster, 


& 


SS 
SS 


SSS 


ae 
re tl R 
Se: | 

| as 


Sores ek y 
sa 


| i i Jaen roy ' 
7 ' y 4 | ‘ 
ayy \__:' nd a 
22 ee ee 
Cilla og’ 
B 


Fig. 2 


Plate VII.—Terms in Carpentry :—Floors—Girders—Flitch Beams. 


C 
i 


We 
\ a ay 


Mt }) 


Plate VIII.—Terms in Carpentry and Joinery :—Floors—Joints for Timber. 


Der. The word is from the Latin jinire, 
to finish, and this from jinis, the end or 
extremity or conclusion of a thing. Syn. 
Fr. Finir, to finish—pron. fee-nearr; also 
Achever, to complete, to finish—pron. ah- 
sheh-vay ; also a phrase sisnifying to put 
the finishing hand to work, as Mettre la 
derniére main (from mettre, to put—pron. 
met-terr), derniere, the last, or the thing 
_ behind (derr-nee-yair), and main, the hand 
(mang) ; Ger. ndigen (from Ende, the end) 
—pron. enn-dee-genn ; also vervollkommnen, 
to perfect, complete (from the adjective 
vollkonmen, complete or perfect—literally 
“‘ full-come”)—pron. ferr-foll-komm-nenn. 
A phrase equivalent to the French one we 
have given above is die letzte Hand anlegen 
(from letzt, last, Hand, hand, and anlegen, to 
put on—that is, to put the last stroke or 
hand to)—pron. dee letsteh hahnt. The 
finishing of any work is its “completion,” 
and the Syn. Fr. for this generally is Finis- 
sage or Achévement (for derivation see above) 
—pron. fee-nee-sahj] also ah-shave-mahng; 
Ger. die Vollendung— pron. foll-enn-doong ; 
also die letzte Hand ; also Endigung—pron. 
enn-dee-goong (for derivation of these see 
above) ; also das Fertigmachen or die Fertig- 
machung — from fertig (ferr-tig), ready,and 
this from fertigen, to despatch or complete 
(ferr-tig-enn),and machen (mach-en),tomake, 
Fire Grate, in Ironmongery. The recep- 
tacle or box, made universally of iron, in 
which the fuel is consumed. The chief 
parts are the back and front bars, the latter 
to keep the fuel from falling on to the hearth- 
stone, and the grating—with air spaces— 
upon which the fuel rests in burning : hence 
the name grate. All the other parts are 
merely accessories, and are usually given for 
the sake of ornamentation. Der. From the 
Latin crates, a crate, a hurdle or enclosing 
space. Syn. Fr. Grille—pron. greel, a grating; 
hence griller, to roast or cook before the bars, 
also to shut up or enclose—pron greel-yea ; 
Ger. Feuerbiichse (Feuer, fire, and Biichse, a 
box or case)—pron. bueck-seh ; also Fuerrost 
(from Rost, a grate, a gridiron—pron. rosst, 
and this from rosten [ross-tenn ], to roast). 
Fire-lump. A fire-brick lining for grates 
—a lining of fire-clay brick surrounding the 
back and sides of the grate—often only at 
the back, which, acting as a remarkably 
slow conductor, retains the heat of the 
burning coal, and prevents it from being 
conducted or led away by the ironwork of 
the grate. And when the fuel burns low, 
this “lump,” or fire-brick lining, throws 
out or radiates the heat which it has 
received into the room. Syn. Fr. Brique 
réfractaire pour la foyer (brique, a brick, 
and réfractaire, refractory, and this from 
refracter [ray-frak-tay], to refract or bend 
aside or throw off)—pron. breek reh-frak- 
tair poor lah fwah-yeh. The derivation of 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


fi 


our word refractory and the French r¢fracter 
is the Latin refractorius, which is from 
refractio, I break through, and this from 
Jrango, | break—meaning that the fire-clay 
breaks through or resists the tendency ofa 
strong heat to fuse, melt, or disintegrate. 
Syn. Ger. Feuerziegelstein (see Fireplace and 
Brick for meaning of this term). 

Fireplace, in Building. The opening left 
in walls to receive the grates. Where, as 
in masonry, the walls are thicker than they 
usually are in brickwork, the depth neces- 
sary for the recess can be so obtained that 
the sides of the opening are “ flush” with 
the general surface of the wall of the room, 
Where the thickness of the wall is not suffi- 
cient for this, the depth of recess is obtained 
by bringing forward part of the wall on each 
side of the opening in the form of a projec- 
tion or set-off, which is termed a “jamb.” 
This may project but a small distance before 
the wall, or it may have so considerable a 
projectioa that recessed spaces are formed 
on each side of the fireplace opening of 
sufficient depth to admit of bookcases or 
wardrobes or cupboards being formed in 
them. As in superior rooms, or as fancy 
may dictate, a flush wall on the fireplace 
side of the’ room may be desired, the 
depth of recess is obtained by making the 
projection at the outside of the wall. The 
width of jambs depends upon whether they 
carry or contain a flue passing up froma 
lower floor. Where a house is in several 
floors or stories, the arrangement of the 
flues necessitates the throwing out of the 
jamb on one side of the fireplace, so that 
there is no vertical line common to all the 
jambs in the several stories. So that when 
the fireplace is to be kept in the centre of 
the room the recessed spaces are of unequal 
breadth in the various floors, or the fire- 
place is thrown out of the centre, more or 
less to one side. When the thickness of 
the wall, or where an offset made at the 
back or outside of wall, admits of the flues 
being all placed within the front line or 
inner or room surface of wail, they can all 
be arranged without disturbing the flush 
surfaces of the walls. Ina large and high 
house the arrangement of the flues becomes 
avery complicated matter. Syn. Fr. Foyer 
—pron. foh-yeh; Ger. //eerd—pron. hairrd, 
a hearth; also Fewerraum (Fewer—pron. 
foy-err, fire, and Rauwm—pron. rowm, a 
room, chamber, or place) ; also Feuerplatz or 
Feuerloch. 

Fir, in Materials. Otherwise pine, the 
variations of which are numerous, as white, 
yellow, red, or pitch pine. The two chief 
sources are the American continent—hence 
the timbers obtained from this are known 
generally as American pines—and from the 
north of Europe, Sweden and Norway, 
known to the trade by various designations, 


49 4 


fi 


as Dron, Memel, Dantzic. Der. From the Old 
English furh (wuda), fir wood or timber. 
The Welsh synonym is fur. Syn. Fr. Bois 
de pin (bois, wood, and pin, pine or fir)— 
pron. bwah deh pang; Ger. Féhrenholz 
(Fohre, fir, and Holz, wood or timber)—pron. 
foerr-enn-holltz. 

Firmer, Furmer, or Former. A large 
chisel used in carpentry or joinery, also 
termed a “ripping” chisel, for rough work 
or blocking-out parts. The correct term 
is “former,” as it obviously is derived from 
the word form. Syn. Fr. Ciseau pour les 
planches or a planches—pron. seize-oh poorr- 
lay plahnsh-aise ; the single term fermoir 
is also used—pron. ferr-mwahr, which means 
literally a clasp, a chisel, “to clasp firmly 
by the hand” ; our word firmer may come 
from this; Ger. Schroteisen—pron. shrote- 
eye-zenn (from Schrote [shroh-teh], and 
dvisen, iron or steel). 

Fir-poles, in Rustic Work. 'The boles or 
trunks of small trees used in erecting 
summer-houses, etc., are so called. 

Firrings or Furrings, in Carpentry and 
Joinery. When beams or girders or large 
joists, by sagging or bending through 
pressure continued for some time, have a 
concave upper surface, slips or thinnish pieces 
of wood are nailed to the upper faces so as 
to bring them to a true or dead level. 
“ Firring pieces” is a name given frequently 
to the small rectangular or square pieces of 
timber which are nailed to the wood bricks 
in front of walls, and on which the laths are 
nailed to receive the plaster and finally the 
paper or paint. In some cases canvas is 
stretched on and nailed to the outside of the 
firring pieces, that is, towards the interior 
of the room on which the paper is laid. The 
plan is adopted where walls are damp or 
likely to be damp. The name “firring 
pieces” is also sometimes given to the slats 
or rolls used to cover the joints or seams of 
boarding—weather boarding—of which the 
sides of sheds or wooden structures are 
formed. TFirring pieces, when small in cross 
section, and that generally rectangular, 
deeper than broad, are sometimes termed 
“fillets,” 

First Coat, in Plastering. The first layer 
or thickness of plaster put on a wall. The 
fact of the plaster being laid in some cases 
on laths and sometimes on brick surfaces, 
gives rise to a distinction in the term. Thus 
if the “first coat” be laid—in “two-coat 
work ”—on lath, the term “laying” is em- 
ployed ; if on brick, that of “rendering” is 
used. When the plastering is done in 
“ three-coat work,” then if the first coat 
be laid on lath, the operation is termed 
“pricking in”; if it be laid on brick, it is 
termed “ roughing in.” 

Fitches, in Painting. The small brushes 
used to put in lines or narrow bands of 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


fi 


colour, Syn. Fr. Petite Brosse du petntre 
(brosse, brush)—pron. peh-teet bross duh 
pang-terr; Ger. der kleine Pinsel (kleine, 
little, Pinsel, painting-brush)—pron. kly-neh 
pin-zell, 

Flashing, in Plumber's Work. The 
method of using flat pieces of lead so as to 
secure a water-tight joint, as round the outer 
surfaces of a chimney stack or flue as it 
passes through a roof, or where the roof 
terminates at the coping of a gable, or in 
making gutter-work water-tight. The object 
aimed at in “flashing” is to place the lead 
in such a way that the rain-water, which 
would otherwise pass down say the sides of 
a flue and through the opening or joint left 
between them and the roof boarding, is 
thrown aside or deflected. This is done by 
first fixing a strip of lead all round the body 
—as a chimney stack—to be flashed; this 
coming quite close up to the brick or stone 
work, <A strip of milled lead, some nine 
inches broad, is then bent at right angles ; 
one side is dressed over the flat lead strip all 
round the stack, and the other is passed 
vertically upwards for a short distance on 
the sides of the stack; and finally the upper 
edge is bent and driven in for some distance 
into the space or joint—the mortar being 
picked or pricked out to the depth required— 
between two contiguous courses of bricks, 
The water is thus compelled to pass over the 
lead, and isled on for some distance to the 
surface of flat lead, and from thence to the 
slates, 

Flaw, in Materials. Generally a defect in 
or that which lessens the value of a building 
material, such as a crack or fissure or a knot 
in timber, a “cloud” or bad streak of colour 
in marble or freestone and the like. The 
derivation of the word may be traced to the 
Greek, in which phlaein is to break, as a 
crack or knot in wood breaks the continuity 
of a good surface. Or it may come, as it pro- 
bably does, from the Old English word jloh, 
a break, and this from the verb jflean, to 
break or rupture. Syn. Fr. Défaut, a defect 
—pron. day-foh ; also Ger¢ure, a crack (from 
gercer [jerr-seh], to crack or chip)—pron. 
jerr-suehr; also Fente, a crack—pron. fahnt 
(from fendre [fahn-derr], to split or cleave) ; 
also Bréche, a hole, a gap, a crack—pron. 
braysh; Ger, Fehler, a defect, a fault—pron. 
fay-ler (from fehlen [feh-lenn], to fail, to 
miss—that is, the material fails to show ita 
good appearance) ; also Jss, a chink, a cleft, 
a crevice (from veissen, to tear—pron. rye- 
senn) ; also Windstoss—pron. vind-stohss 
(from Wind, the wind, and Stoss, a push or 
thrust), as a defect caused in timber by 
breakage through the force of the wind. 
The word “defect” is itself derived from 
the Latin defectus, a fault, a deficiency, and 
this from de, from, and facere, to make— 
that is, to fail ig making. 


50 


o 

Flitched Beam, in Carpentry. A method 
of strengthening a beam by the employment 
of a flat plate of iron, either wrought or 
cast iron—generally the former—termed a 
“flitch.” If a beam of given dimensions is 
too weak in its ordinary condition for the 
load it has to carry, it is cut longitudinally 
into two equal parts forming two separate 
beams. These are reversed in position, so 
that what was the interior is placed outside, 
thus exposing it, greatly tending to season 
the timber. The “ flitch ” or flat iron plate, 
of breadth equal to—or a little less than—the 
depth of one of the beams, and of the same 
length, is placed between the two beams, 
and the whole screwed by screw bolts and 
nuts, the bolts passing through the two 
beams and the flitch—the latter being placed 
eentrally between them. If two beams, 
both of which if placed side by side and 
close together, and thus forming a single 
beam, are united still too weak too carry 
the load to be put upon them, by “ flitch- 
ing” in the way just described a greatly 
increased strength will be obtained. 

Float, in Plastering. A flat-surfaced tool 
or board provided with a handle; used in 
three-coat or floated lath-and-plaster work, 
to bring the plaster to a flat, smooth 
surface, ready for the final or finishing coat. 
The term is probably derived from the cir- 
cumstance that the plaster, being put on in 
a comparatively thin or semi-fluid condition, 
is capable of being moved from one position 
to another, so that a point in it may be said 
to float to and fro. (See Dissertation pre- 
ceding Terms.) 

Floated Lath and Plaster, in Plastering. 
This may be defined as the work done in 
properly and finally finishing the plaster- 
ing of a wall to be papered or painted. The 
work is “three-coat work.” The first coat 
is called technically ‘‘ pricking up” when 
on lath, and “roughing in” when the 
surface or wall is of brick. The second 
coat is “ floating,” which is always accom- 
panied by the pricking up or roughing in. 
The third or the “setting coat” is of fine 
stuff (which see—also First Coat). 

Floated Work is always that in which 
“ pricking up” and “roughing in” is done, 
the two other coats being floating and 
setting. (See First Coat, and Floated Lath 
and Plaster.) 

Floating, in Plastering. This is the name 
given to the second coat of finished plaster 
work for walls for papering or painting. 
(See Floated Lath and Plaster.) 

Flooring Boards, in Joinery. The planks 
or boards used as the finishing or upper 
surface of a floor framing, forming the 
walking or treading surface of the room. 
They are laid down in several ways. In the 
first or cheapest the boards are simply placed 
edge to edge, the width of space for the 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


| 


last board put in being left somewhat less 
than the breadth of the board, so that this 
has to be forced or wedged in, generally by 
jumping or pressing uponit with the feet ; by 
this means the boards are brought or jammed 
up closely together. In the second class, or 
floors of a superior kind, the boards are 
tongued and grooved on their edges, one 
edge having a tongue or projecting feather, 
the other edge being grooved. The boards 
are laid down the tongue of one edge going 
into the grogye of the edge of the next or 
contiguous board; and the whole set are 
pressed or forced together by the mechanical 
pressure of a tool called a “flooring cramp,” 
so that all the joints are made fair and good. 
In the third or the best system the boards are 
“dowelled” together. In this each board has 
slots or narrow grooves cut out on each edge 
at intervals along the length, and extending 
onwards some distance from the edge. These 
holes correspond in position, so that when 
the boards are placed in situ, or in place, a 
series of narrow.rectangular holes are shown. 
Into these flat wood pins, keys, or “dowels” 
are driven, thus keeping the whole of the 
boards in close contact. In all systems of 
flooring it is essential that the wood used 
for the planks or boards shall be well and 
thoroughly seasoned, otherwise the boards 
will warp or “skelly ”—that is, have a wavy 
uneven surface, or will shrink and show the 
“seams” or spaces between the boards of 
greater or less width. When the flooring 
boards are cramped or forced in to the floor 
space, it is said to be a “folded floor.” The 
French synonym is plancher forcé—pron. 
plahn-sheh for-say (from forcer [for-say], 
to force or compel) ; Ger. der gepresste Bret- 
boden — pron. gay-press-teh bret-boh-denn 
(from pressen [pres-sen], to press or force, 
Bret, a board, and Boden, a floor). 

Floors, in Carpentry and Joinery. The 
timber framings placed horizontally at 
certain heights of the walls of a house or 
structure, forming the divisions between 
one story and another, and supporting, in 
ground or basement floors, the upper tread- 
ing or walking surface,—in upper floors, as 
the first floor, the framing on its upper 
part supports the walking surface or floor- 
ing boards; its lower part carries the ceiling 
of the room below. Floors are of three 
kinds or classes :—First, simple or “single 
floors,” in which joists, supported at both 
ends by the wall, carry the flooring boards, 
Second, “ framed floors,” where the “ flooring 
boards” are carried by “ bridging joists,” 
which are themselves carried by the “ bind- 
ing joists,’ which are supported by the 
walls. The “bridging joists” are of course 
at right angles to the “ binding joists,” and 
are so called from their bridging over or 
spanning the distances or spaces between 
the “ binding joists.” The “flooring boards” 


51 


fi 


are again at right angles to the “ bridging 
joists,” or parallel to the “ binding joists,” 
which latter are so called from their securing 
or binding the whole framework pieces 
together. The third class is ‘“ double- 
framed” floors. In this class the principal 
members are called the “girders,” which 
are the pieces let into or supported by the 
walls, and which girders carry the other 
members, thus:—At right angles to the 
“ girders” the “binding joists” are framed 
at intervals; at right angles to them are 
the “bridging joists,” which finally carry 
the “flooring boards,” and these at right 
angles or parallel to the binding joists. 
These three classes of floors are used in 
gradations, according as the floor space or 
distance between the walls to be framed 
over increases. The “girders” are so called 
from their girding up or binding closely 
and securely together the various members 
of the framing. The following are syn- 
onyms in French for the various members 
named. In general terms a floor is called 
Plancher — pron, plahn-shay (from planche 
[plahnsh], a plank or board). The joists 
are termed gites (pron. geet). Heavier joists, 
which we term binding joists, are designated 
poutres (poo-terr). The same term poutre 
(poot-err) is also applied to a still heavier 
piece, and which we calla beam or girder. 
A synonym for gite is solive—pron. soh- 
leave. The flooring boards are termed 
planches—pron. plansh. The trimming joists 
(see “ Trimmer”) are called gites or solives 
denchevétrure—pron. soh-leeves dahn-shay- 
vay-truehr, and this from enchevétrer—pron. 
angsh-veh-treh, to entangle one’s self, to 
halter or tie up. The “trimmer” itself is 
called the chevétre—pron. shev-ay-terr. This 
term also is applied to our “ binding joists,” 
which the term literally means. The space 
itself between the “trimmer” and the 
front of fireplace wall, and by the side 
joists or trimming joists, is called the trémie 
(pron. treh-meeh), meaning literally “a mill 
hopper ”’—that is, an opening. This open- 
ing is covered by the hearthstone (see 
‘“‘Trimmer”). When the joists are not 
built into the wall but are carried by a 
part projecting from the face, this part is 
called the tambourde — pron. tahm-boord 
(from tambour |tahm-boor],a drum, also a 
wash-board). 

Flue and Flues, Chimney, in J/asonry 
and Bricksetting. The hollow channels or 
passages formed in the thickness of the 
wall or within the “jambs ” (which see—also 
Fireplace) by which the smoke from the 
grate in the fireplace is conveyed to the 
outer air. The form of flues is almost 
universally rectangular, 14in. x 9in. being 
the normal dimensions of flues for ordinary 
grates of sitting-rooms, bedrooms, and the 
like. For kitchen fireplaces 18in. x 14 in. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


fo 


is the regular size, but this may be much ex- 
ceeded where the kitchen is extensive and the 
cooking-range large and complicated, Flues 
are sometimes formed of circular section, 
hollow earthenware blocks being specially 
made for this kind of work. Flues so formed 
are termed tubular or circular. The ordinary 
brick or stone formed flue is generally lined 
with a mixture of cow-dung and mortar, 
termed “ pargetting,” which for generations 
has been used as forming the best lining for 
flues through which a sooty smoke, as that 
from ordinary coal, passes. The part of the 
flue which extends above the roof is called 
the “chimney shaft,” and when there are 
several flues in one shaft or rising from the 
roor, the whole is called a “stack.” The 
flues in the interior of a stack are separated 
from one another by brick or stone divisions 
called “withs.”’ Flues are sometimes termed 
“funnels ”—Scottice “ Vents.” 

Flutes or Flutings, in Architecture. 
Hollow grooves or recessed parts generally 
in section forming a part of a circle, placed, 
and spaced equally, round the circumference 
of a column or pillar, or formed on the face 
of a pilaster (which see). Some flutes are 
very shallow, as in the Doric order, other 
forms have considerable depth. In place of 
contiguous flutes meeting in a point, or with 
a sharp edge or arris, a half bead moulding is 
run between the flutes. 

Flying Buttress. 
and Buttress. ) 

Folding or Folded Floor, in Joinery. 
(See Flooring Boards.) 

Foot, Cubic. A term frequently used in 
indicating the quantity, weight, or measure- 
ment of timber or stone. A cubic foot or 
foot-cube is a body, mass or bulk of material 
which measures a foot on every side. It is 
so called from such a mass forming the 
figure known as the “cube,” a six- and equal- 
sided figure, of which “dice” is a popular 
exemplification. From the Latin cubus, and 
this from the Greek kubos, meaning a six- 
equal-sided body. The cube of a number is 
that number multiplied twice into itself, as 
the cube of 6 is 6 x 6 = 86, and this again 
multiplied by 6216. Syn. Fr. Pied de cube 
—pron. pee-eh (from pied, a foot, and cube) ; 
Ger. Kubicfuss—pron. koob-eek-foose (from 
Kubus, a cube, and Fuss, a foot. All timber 
and stones are measured by cubic measure- 
ment. A cubic “inch” in French is Pouce de 
cube—pron. pooce deh cuhb; Ger. Kubiczoll 
—pron. koo-beek-tzoll. 

Footings, in Masonry and Brickwork. 
That part of a wall resting on the foundation 
from which the wall of the normal or 
required thickness starts or springs. The 
footings taken as a whole are of greater 
breadth than the wall they support, and in 
brickwork are of two, three, or more courses 
in depth or thickness, each course pro- 


(See Arch-butment 


52 


fo 


jecting beyond the course above it the 
distance of half or quarter a brick. Those 
projecting points are called “offsets.” The 
work the “ footings” have to do is to dis- 
tribute the pressure of the superincumbent 
walls over as great a surface of the soil or 
foundation site as possible, in order to 
prevent unequal pressure on its, and by 
consequent uneq”al vertical settlement of 
the walls—an evii which gives rise to many 
other evils in house construction. The more 
uncertain the soil in its character of stability 
or sound firmness, the more widely should 
the pressure of the superstructure be dis- 
tributed. In all cases where pressure is to 
be resisted or heavy weights borne, the 
young constructor should always have in 
mind the importance of having good, that is, 
broad, bearing surfaces, This involves wide 
footings, the thickness or depth of which 
should be proportionate to the width. 
Form, To, in Building Construction, A 
term often used as synonymous with to 
make, shape or fashion, as in forming a 
moulding. Der. From the Latin forma, a 
shape or configuration, Syn. Fr. Former— 
pron. forr-meh, to shape or fashion; Ger. 
Bilden, to shape or form—pron. bill-denn ; 
also Finrichten—literally “to right or make 
right ”—that is, give an object its proper 
shape (from richten [reegh-tenn], to make 
straight or to direct aright )—pron. ine-reech- 
tenn. In the substantive sense “form” is 
the shape itself of an object, and the French 
synonym is fagon—pron. faw-song, a form 
or shape. Our word “fashion” comes 
from this, and the French word itself from 
the verb fagonner—pron. fah-son-nay, to 
mould, to shape, to fashion ; Ger, die Form, 
fashion, shape (from formiren, to mould or 
shape — pron, forr-mee-renn); also die 
Gestalt, figure, form—pron. geh-stallt (from 
gestalten, to shape, to give figure to—pron. 
geh-stall-tenn). ‘ Formation” is a term 
frequently used in construction, not only as 
synonymous with the form or shape of a 
body, but as the act completed. First we 
form to give the shape or form, and 
when the work is completed we have the 
formation, Syn. Fr. Conformation—pron. 
kong-forremah-see-ong (from conformer 
kong-forr-meh], to conform with—that 
is, take the shape or form of); also 
Formation (from former, to form)—pron. 
forr-mah-see-yong ; Ger. Gestaltung — pron. 
geh-stall-toong (from Gestalt, see above) ; 
also Bildung—pron. bill-doong (from bilden 
[beel-den], to shape or form. “ Forming” 
is a term also used in building construction, 
as in forming a mortise. Syn. Fr. Former 
le mortaise—pron. forr-meh luh mortaise ; 
also the single term Deécollement is used, 
which means literally “ ungluing or unpast- 
ing”—that is, separating one piece from 
another, and is derived fromthe verb décoller 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


fo 


(deh-koll-eh), to behead, unglue, or take off 
—pron. deh-koll-mang; Ger. die Zapfen- 
licher behauen—pron, dee tzap-fenn-loech-err 
bay-how-enn (see Mortise). 

Pormer. A tool used in carpentry and 
joinery (see Firmer). 

Foundations, in Masonry and Brickwork. 
Those parts of the soil of the site of a 
house or structure on which the walls rest. 
The natural surface of the soil is never 
used, save in very exceptional cases; but 
in all work the surface soil is laid aside, 
and trenches corresponding in width to the 
thickness of the wall or the breadth of the 
* footings’’ (which see), dug or excavated. 
The depth of these trenches should be 
such that firm, sound soil is reached. And 
whenever loose soil or shifting sand is met 
with, special work should be done in order 
to secure a firm and unyielding surface om 
which the walls are to bear. This special 
work is of different classes, a layer of 
concrete being one very usually adopted ; 
in more complicated cases piling. The 
classes of what are called “foundation 
soils” are somewhat numerous, and not 
defined always by marked lines of differ- 
ence; some changing gradually—in some 
cases very suddenly—into others of a totally 
different character. The best or standard is. 
rock—though even this may be treacherous 
and unsound in parts; the worst bog and 
quicksand ; and between these gravel, shale, 
clay, loam, and pure sand are met with— 
which last, under certain conditions, gives 
one of the best “foundation soils” with 
which the builder has to deal. “ Founda- 
tion trenches” and “foundations” are fre- 
quently considered as synonymous terms ; 
the trench, however, is only the means of 
exposing the soil or surface upon which 
the foundation proper is laid—literally it 
is the bottom of the trench. 

Fox-tail, in Carpentry and Joinery. A 
term used to indicate the form or shape of 
a tenon, or a mortise corresponding, in the 
mortise and tenon joint, or the wedges are so 
called when a tenon is wedged up. The name 
is given from the supposed resemblance of 
the tenon, with its sides spreading out fan- 
like from its root, to the tail of a fox. Syn. 
Fr. for the phrase “ fox-tail tenon or mortise,” 
Tenon a queue de Renard—pron. teh-nong 
ah kieuh dey reh-narr, or Mortaise (morr- 
taize), etc. For the phrase “a tenon with 
fox-tail wedges,” Tenon avec une contre clavette 
—pron. tay-nong ah-veck uhne cong-ter klah- 
vett (contre, against, and clavette, a little key ; 
Ger. for the phrase ‘‘a fox-tail mortise,” 
Zapfenloch — or Fuge (foo-geh) — in der 
Form eines Fuchsschwanzes — pron, tzapp- 
fenn-loch in derr forrm ine-ess fooks- 
shvannt-ses (Fuchs, a fox, and Schwanz: 
[shvaants ], a tail)—schwanzen (shvan-tsen), 
to make a tail. A fox-tail tenon in German, 


53 


fe 


is the above, with the word Zapfen in place 
of Zapfenloch, The German synonym for 
the phrase “a fox-tail wedged tenon” is 
Zapfenvorkeil — pron. tzapp-fenn-forr-kile 
(vor, before, and Keil, a wedge) — from 
keilen (kile-enn), to wedge up, meaning 
literally “a tenon with wedges projecting 
from or before its face.” 

Fracture, in Construction. A break or 
rupture. When the body or part is quite 
broken in two the fracture is said to be a 
complete, if not, it is said to be a “partial 
fracture.” Der. From the Latin fractio, a 
break or rupture (from frangere, to break 
in pieces). Syn. Fr. Fracture—pron. frahk- 
tuuhr (from /fracturer [frahk-tuur-eh], to 
fracture or break in pieces); also Cassure 
(more, however, in the sense of a flaw, as 
a crevice in a broken place, which latter is 
the exact meaning of casswre)—pron. kah- 
suuhr (from casser [kass-eh], to break) ; 
Ger. der Bruch—pron. der brooch (from 
brechen [brech-enn], to break).. It is the 
object of all good and sound construction 
to prevent fracture of materials in bodies 
through over pressure or weight, or through 
pressure badly distributed. 

Framing or Framework, in Carpentry 
and Joinery. The assemblage or combina- 
tion of pieces of tim ber arranged in different 
relation to each other, as parallel, horizontal, 
vertical, oblique, or angular, to meet different 
purposes—as floors, partitions, roofs,etc. The 
two names or terms are convertible. The 
principles upon which framing is designed, 
the calculations by which the dimensions of 
its members are ascertained, and the methods 
by which they are joined together to form 
the whole, constitute the science and art 
which will be found described in any com- 
plete work on Carpentry. 

Framings of Doors and Windows, in 
Joinery. The woodwork, otherwise termed 
“casings,” which surrounds apertures or 
voids in walls for doors and windows. 

Franking, in Joinery. The cutting away 
from the side of a vertical or upright bar, as 
in window-sash making, so as to receive the 
end of a cross or transverse bar, as much 
only of the wood being cut out as will admit 
of a perfect “mitre” (which see) when the 
two bars are put or joined together. The 
term “ franking” is also used for the opera- 
tion in carpentry of the joining of members 
of framing, as purlins on a rafter, as by 
notching. Syn. Fr. Assemblage embrévement 
—pron.ah-sahm-blahj ahm-brave-mang ; Ger. 
Kerbenfiigung—pron. kerr-benn-fueh-goong 
(from Kerbe [kerr-beh], a notch or indented 
point, and this from kerben, to notch or 
indent), and Fiigung, joining (from fvgen 
[fueh-genn], to join, or from fiigen [fueh- 
genn], to groove, to fit. 

Freestone, in Materials. A stone so 
called from the freedom or ease with which 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


tr 


it can be tooled or worked. It abounds 
in many districts: those of Bath and the 
Isle of Portland may be taken as types 
of English sources of freestone; that of 
Craigleith, near Edinburgh, as the type of 
Scottish. Most of the houses of the last- 
named town, so celebrated for its pictur- 
esque beauty, have been built from the 
Craigleith quarries, 

Free-stuf¥, in Joinery. Timber which 
works freely and smoothly under the tools, 
being free from knots and other defects 
which cause the surface to tear up or be 
rough. It is otherwise called “clean” 
stuff or timber, giving a “clean”—i.e. a 
uniform and smooth—surface when finished. 

Fret, in Architecture. A characteristic 
ornament of Grecian architecture, and which 
in modern work is much used in decorating 
flat surfaces, as cornices and the like. It 
consists of flat, narrow bands, ribbons, or 
lines cut into, raised from, or simply laid 
on, surfaces bent at right angles to each 
other. In the Greek fret only one band 
is used, and the lengths of the bent parts— 
the horizontal or vertical—are equal, so as 
to dispose the ornament into what may be 
considered as squares. In other and later and 
modern forms of frets, two and sometimes 
more bands are used, their bendings inter- 
lacing with each other in a way sometimes 
so involved as to form what may be called 
ocular puzzles—much opposed in their com- 
plication of lines to the severe simplicity 
of the original or Greek fret. 

Frontage is a term in building sites to 
indicate the length or extent of the front 
site parallel to the street or road. Syn. Fr. 
Ligne de facade, a front line; Ger. Linien- 
aussicht—pron. leenyen ouss-zicht (Linie, a 
line, and Aussicht, a view, aspect). 

Front Boor cr Principal Door to a 
Building. Generally faces the street or 
road. Syn. Fr. Porte principale — pron. 
pohrt prang-see-pahl ; also Porte en face— 
pron. pohrt ang fahss; also Avant porte— 
pron. avang ; Ger. Hauptthiir, head or chief 
door—pron. howpt-tuerr ; also Vorthiir, the 
door before—pron. fore-tuerr. Front Court. 
Syn. Fr. Cour en face—pron. koor ang fahss ; 
also Cour d’entrée—pron. koor dang-tray ; 
Ger. Vorhof—pron. fore-hofe. Front or 
Face of a Wall. Syn. Fr. Face dun mur— 
pron. fahss doon muehrr; Ger. Mauerfeld 
—pron. mough-err-felt (from Mauer, a wall, 
and Feld, a field). 

Front Elevation, in Drawing. Thisshows 
the design of the principal face or front of 
the building. Syn. Fr. Projection verticale— 
pron. proh-jek-tsee-ong verr-tee-kahl. 

Front View or Principal Front, of a 
Building. Syn. Fr. Facade—pron. fah-sahd 
(see Facade) ; Ger. Hauptfront (ITaupt, head 
or chief)—pron. howpt-fronnt, 


Frosted Work, in J/asonr One of the 


54 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


methods of preparing the surfaces of stone 
blocks, chiefly used in quoins, known as 
“rusticated’’ work, and is done by tooling 
or picking out parts of the surface, leaving 
other parts as raised. The whole is presumed 
to be an imitation of frozen drops of water 


- 


ga 


ofirregular size and disposition. It is chiefly 
used in buildings of which the style is 
Italian or Pseudo or Bastard Italian, 

Frowzy-stuff, in Joinery. The same as 
Free-stuff (which see). 


G 


Gable, in Building. The upper part or 
termination of the end wall of a house, of 
which the outline is triangular; this shape 
being formed by and at the same angle as 
that of the span roof. Der. From the 
German Gabel, a fork, from the shape of a 
gable; but forks are generally rectangular, 
not triangular in form asa gable is. Some 
derive it from the Arabic Ghebel — Ger. 
Gipfel (gip-fell—the g as in gay), the 
summit or point, as of a mountain, etc. 
Syn. Fr. Pignon—pron. ping-yong; Ger. 
Giebel — pron. gee-bell; also Mauergiebel 
(Mauer, a wall)—pron. mough-err-gee-bell. 

Gable Coping, or Gable Coping Course, 
in Masonry. The narrow ridge or facing 
line of stone with which roofs are ter- 
minated at the gable line, in place of the 
roof surface being extended to and pro- 
jecting slightly over the gable end of the 
house, as usually done. The gable coping 
is narrow on surface—from six or nine up 
to twelve inches. It is, in buildings in the 
Gothic and Castellated and Baronial styles, 
broken up so as to present from the end or 
gable view of the house a step-like series, 
a finial (which see) terminating the apex 
of the gable. To this style of stepped 
gable coping the name of corby steps or 
crow steps is sometimes given—both mean- 
ing the same thing, and so called from, as 
it is conjectured, the supposition that crows 
would settle or perch upon them, The word 
“corby” is a corruption of the French 
word corbeau (korr-boh), a raven or crow; 
also, however, a Corbel (which see). In 
Scotland the term gable coping is denoted 
by the word “ skew,” a corruption of askew 
—that is, a part on the slope or slant. Syn. 
Fr. for “gable coping,” Pagnon de la téte 
de mur—pron. ping-yong duh lah tayte deh 
moohr (from pignon, a gable, téte de mur, 
coping)—literally “the head (téte) of the 
wall” (mur); Ger. Giebelmauerhut — pron. 
gee- (g hard) bell-mow- (ow as in our word 
now) err-hoot (00 as in foot)—from Giebel, 
a gable, and Mauerhut, a coping (Mauer, a 
wall, and Hut, a hat)—literally “the cover- 
ing or cap of the (gable) wall”; also 
Mauerhutbedeckung — pron. mow-err-hoot- 
beh-dekk-oong (from Deckung, a covering 

deh-koong], and this from decken [deh- 

enn}, to cover, and Hut [pron. hoot], a 
hat). Syn. Fr. for a “ stepped-crow or corby- 
stepped gable,” Pignon & marche—pron. 


pin-yopng ah marrsh (pignon, a gable, and 
marche,a step of a stair), the latter from 
marcher (mar-sheh), to step or march; also 
Pignon a redents—pron. ping-yong ah reh- 
dahnt (from pignon, a gable, and dent, 
[dahng], a tooth or notch, and re, again)— 
that is, to re-tooth or re-notch, producing 
a series of projections like teeth repeated ; 
Ger. der getreppte Giebel—pron. geh-trepp-teh 
gee-bell (from Treppe [trep-peh], a flight of 
steps or stairs); also der getreppe Giebel- 
mauerhut (for derivation see above). 

Gable Roof, in Architecture. The name 
given to the roof of a building, as a church 
or chapel, in which there is no ceiling, but 
the sloping timbers of the roof are exposed, 
terminating at the gables of the building at 
each end. If the gables have windows these 
are called “ gable windows.” 

Gablet, in Masonry. A species of “finial” 
(which see) in the form of a gable, or with a 
triangular face more or less ornamented, 
and which terminates buttresses in Gothic 
architecture, and is sometimes used at the 
lower step of a “stepped gable” (see pre- 
ceding article). The term is a diminutive 
of gable—i.e. little gable. Syn. Fr. Pignon 
petite —pron. pin-yong pe-teet—or /etit 
pignon—pron. peh-teeh pin-yong (from 
petit, little or small, and pignon,a gable; 
Ger. der kleine Giebel—pron. kline-eh-gee-bell 
(klein, little or small, and Giebel, a gable). 

Gage, or Gauge, in Plastering. The name 
given to a mixture either of plaster and 
fine stuff (which see), or of plaster and 
coarse stuff (which see), and which is used 
to form or “run” mouldings; also for the 
last or finishing coat of ceilings. Syn. Fr. 
Mélange de stuc avec mastic—pron. may-lahnj 
deh stock ah-vek maus-teek (mélange, a 
mixture stuc, stucco). 

Gangway or Gangboard, in Building. 
A species of rough stair, leading from a 
low to a higher level in a building, made 
with boards or planks laid side by side and 
supported temporarily at eitherend. When 
the inclination or slope is considerable, cross 
battens are nailed to the surface to afford a 
foothold or form a species of “treads” or 
“steps.” Der. From the Old English word 
gang, a way or passage. Syn. Fr. Passarelle 
(pron. pass-ah-rell), a narrow or foot-bridge ; 
also Planche passe — pron. plahnsh pass 
(planche, a board, and passe, a pass or way) 
—from passer eee is to pass over or 


55 


Sa 


upon ; also Passe-avant—literally “ the pass 
or way before one” (avant, before)—pron. 
pass-ah-vang; Ger. das Gangbrett —- pron. 
dass gang-brett (from Gang, a passage, and 
Brett, a board or plank); also laufplanke— 
pron. lowff-plank-eh (from Laufen, to run 
and Planke, a plank). 

Gantry, in Carpentry. An arrangement 
of timber framing in which a heavy hori- 
zontal beam or balk is supported by vertical 
beams or wooden pillars, stayed by diagonal 
struts and braces. Two of such framings 
are placed parallel to and at a distance from 
each other as the work to be done demands, 
and the whole supports and carries a travel- 
ling crane, by which the building materials 
are transported from one point of the space 
bounded by the two framings to another as 
required. The crane travels upon rails 
secured to the upper surfaces of the hori- 
zontal beams. 

Gargoyle, in Architecture. The name 
given to a waterspout or pipe formed of 
stone, and which projects horizontally from 
the wall at the upper part, to carry off the 
rain water from the roof or gutter. Gar- 
goyles form a distinguishing feature of 
Gothic architecture, as in the great majority 
of cases they assume various forms, chiefly 
grotesque, the outer extremities terminating 
with heads of fauns or fanciful monsters— 
sometimes human heads—the mouths of 
which are the apertures from which the 
water issues or spouts. The term isa cor- 
ruption of the French word for the part, 
namely Gargouille—pron. garr-gooieh, which 
means a spout, and is derived from the verb 
gargouiller, to gurgle or dabble—pron. garr- 
gool-yeh ; also Gargouille dune goutticre 
(goutticre, a gutter, which English term 
comes directly from this)—pron. goo-tee- 
air; Ger. Wasserspeier—pron. vass-er-spy- 
err (from Wasser, water, and speien [spey- 
enn], to spit, to vomit ) 

Garland, in Architecture. An ornamental 
band or line composed generally of conven- 
tional forms of flowers, leaves, or fruit, dis- 
posed either as straight lines, frequently in 
the form of the catenarian curve or drooping, 
often arranged as a circle or wreath. Syn. 
Fr. Guirlande—pron. gear-lann-deh ;_ Ger. 
Fruchtgehdnge or Frucht und Blumengehinge 
—pron. froocht (see Dissertation for sound 
of ch) -oond-bloo-menn-geh-heng-eh (from 
Frucht, fruit, Blumen, flowers, and hdngen, 
to hang or suspend). The word garland is 
derived from the Greek guros, and the Latin 
gyrus—meaning a circle—the garlands of 
the ancients assuming the form of a circle, 
or, as we call it, a wreath. 

Garret, in Building (see Attic). The 
upper apartment in a building, generally 
formed in the roof, and having its sides of 
the same slope or angle as that made by the 
roof, Syn. Fr. J/ansarde—pron. mann-sahrd, 


~ 


vo 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


gn 


so called from the name given to the form 
of roof (see Curb Roof) known as the Man- 
sard. In this, however, the sides of the 
garret apartment are vertical, which is one 
of the advantages obtained by adopting 
this form of Mansard or curb roof. Another 
French synonym is Galetas (pron. gal-tah), 
which means a garret. The “ garret floor,” 
as a chamber floor, ground floor, etc., is 
étage en galetas (from étage, a floor—pron. 
eh-tajh) ; Ger. das Dachzimmer—pron. dach- 
tzim-merr (from Dach, a roof, and Zimmer, 
a chamber.) Our word is derived from the 
French guérite (gerr-eet), a chamber or room 
in a turret or upper part of a building. 
The change from this to our “ garret” is 
obvious. 

Gaselier or Gazelier, in Housefittings. A 
term sometimes used in place of chandelier 
to denote the fixture or light pendant or 
bracket in rooms, to which the gas burners, 
with glass shades or otherwise, are fixed. 
Eng. pron.— gass-eh-leer or gazz-eh-leer. 
The latter word is from the French gaz 
(gazz), gas. As “chandelier” (Eng. pron.— 
shan-deh-leer) was literally “a candleholder” 
—from chandelle (shahn-dell), a candle, and 
ier equivalent to the English er or or. 
Syn. Fr. Chandelier a gaz—pron. shahn- 
dell-yeh ah gazz; Ger. Gaskronleuchter— 
pron. gahs-krohn-leuch-terr (from Krone, 
a crown, a top, Lechter, a candlestick, 
and this from Jleuchten [loichtenn], to 
light). 

Gas Burner, in Plumbing and Gas Fitting. 
The small iron tube finished at upper part 
with a small perforation so adjusted that a 
certain shape or outline is given to the 
flame on the gas being lighted, of which, 
the “ fish tail” or “ bat’s wing” is the form 
generally used. In some cases the gas burner 
is so that perforated it gives to the flame a 
long narrow column,called a “rat-tail ” light, 
and in others, as the “ Argand ” burner, gives 
a circular or hollow cylindrical light. What 
are known as “Patent” or “ Economical” 
gas burners, or ‘‘ jets ” as burners are other- 
wise called, are provided with internal discs 
or with chambers so arranged that the high 
varying, undue and wasteful pressure of the 
gas supplied to the pipes is reduced to a_ 
point at which little or no gas is wasted, 
Syn. Fr. Bee a gaz—pron. bek ah gahz (dec, 
a beak, and this from becqueter, to peck, as 
a bird does with its beak—pron. beck-teh) ; 
Ger. Gasbrenner—pron. gahs-bren-nerr (from 
brennen, to burn, to consume)—pron, bren- 
nenn, 

Gas Meter. An apparatus provided with 
internal mechanical arrangements by which 
the volume or amount of gas consumed, as 
by a household, is ascertained and recorded 
—literally a “gas measurer.” Meters are of 
two kinds—“ water” and “dry.” The water 
meter may be called hydraulic mechanism, 


6 


ag 


as water is the vehicle by which the measurer 
does its work. The dry meter may be con- 
sidered asa pneumatic mechanism, Syn. Fr. 
Gazoméetre des abonnés—pron. gahz-oh-may- 
terr daise ah-bon-nay — from abonner (ah- 
bon-neh), to subscribe, to compound for : 
abonné (ah-bon-nay) isa subscriber; abonne- 
ment (ah-bonn-mang), is a subscription; 
Ger. Gasmesser—pron. gahs-mes-serr (from 
messen [mess-en], to measure: Messer 1s a 
measurer; Messung [mes-soong ], is measure- 
ment. 

Gas Pipes, in Plumbing and Gas Fitting. 
This term is applied to the small-diametered 
pipes or tubes made of tin — water-pipes 
heing of lead—which are “laid over” (to 
use the technical term) the house, to lead or 
convey the gas supplied from the “ mains ” 
(large cast-iron pipes) laid in the streets or 
roads, to various parts where lights are 
required in the apartments. Gas, like 
water pipes, are too frequently laid down 
in a faulty and irregvlar manner, leading 
often to great loss when repairs or altera- 
tion have to be made. Syn. Fr. Tube a@ 
gaz—pron, tuhb ah gahz—or Tuyau a 
gaz—pron. twee-yoh; Ger. Gasréhre (from 
Rohr [rorr], a cane, reed, or tube—Réhre 
[roeh-reh] is a tube or pipe)—pron. gas 
ro-reh. 

Gate, in Carpentry. A framework of 
timber—or of iron in smith’s work—used 
for closing the entrance to a road, as the 
opening leading to, or the entrance of, a 
road or avenue of a house or mansion, or to 
the entrance to a field or toa side path. If 
used for a wide entrance or opening, the 
framework is longer than broad or deep; 
if for a side entrance or narrow opening, it 
is usually square, but often higher than it 
is wide. The framework is hinged at one 
side to a post of stone or timber, and 
a latch is fastened to the post at the 
other side of the opening. The only true 
mode of constructing a gate, so as to 
secure the maximum of strength and capa- 
bility to resist the strain which tends to 
make the gate droop and fall from its 
hinged side, is to divide the rectangular 
or square framework into triangles by using 
a diagonal brace from corner to corner. 
Whatever the style of arrangement of 
the interior timbers, ornamental or other- 
wise, this system of diagonal bracing must 
always be adopted if sound construction be 
desired. Der. From the Old English word 
geat or gat. Syn. Fr. Porte a treillis—pron. 
pohrt ah trayl-yee, i.e. an entrance closed 
with an open-work or trellis frame in place 
of a solid door; Ger. Gatter—pron. gatt-err, 
the same meaning as the French term just 
given. A gate for a Gateway, as the 
entrance to a courtyard, is generally con- 
structed more after the fashion of a solid 
braced and ledged door. Wrought-iron 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


g2 


gates of an open construction are, however, 
often used. The term “gate” is most 
usually applied to road entrances leading 
to the house and at some distance from it ; 
that of “gateway” to some part of the 
house arrangement itself, as the courtyard. 
Syn. Fr. Porte cochére—pron. pohrrt koh- 
share—literally “a coach entrance or door”’ ; 
Ger. Thorweg—pron. tohr-vayg (from Thor, 
a gate, and Weg, a way). The gates or doors 
to “gateways” are generally made in two 
halves or leaves, folding or meeting in the 
centre of the gateway when both leaves are 
closed. When the gate is large and heavy, 
and the courtyard or other place to which 
it leads is approached by an arched opening 
or a passage, hollow quoins or recesses are 
made in the side walls of the opening into 
which the two halves face or lie when the 
gateway is free, thus allowing the two 
leaves of the gate to lie flush with the wall 
surfaces and give a full clear entrance or 
a passage to vehicles. These recessed parts 
into which the gate leaves pass are known 
by various names—as recess for gate, off-set 
or panel or chamber. Syn. Fr. Retraite pour 
les vanteaur—pron. reh-trayt poohr leh vahn- 
toe: retraite is a recess, a vacancy, and 
vanteaux is the plural of vantail, which 
means the wing of a folding door. In place 
of the word retraite that of enclave is also 
used—pron. ang-klahv—signifying a thing 
enclosed (from enclaver [ang-klah-vay |, to 
enclose), Syn. Ger. Wendeloch—pron, venn- 
deh-loch—+z.e. the turning (in) place, (from 
wenden [venn-den], to turn, to direct to, 
and Loch, a hole or cavity) ; also Thorkammer 
—pron, tohr-kam-merr—.e. the chamber for 
the door. 

Gathering, in Masonry and Bricklaying. 
The diminution or taking in of a chimney 
flue in domestic buildings, etc., to bring it 
from the large dimensions at or above the 
fireplace to those of its regular or desired 
size. (See Chimney, Chimney Flue, and 
Chimney Piece; also Flue, Fireplace.) 

Gauge, in Joinery. A small tool or 
appliance for measuring or marking off on 
boards lines parallel to their sides, which are 
to serve as guides in sawing them up or other- 
wise working them. The gauge consists of 
a tailpiece or rod some six or eight inches 
long and three-quarters of an inch wide, 
square in section, with one side generally 
slightly rounded off. On this a square piece 
or “ head,” two or two and a-half inches on 
the side, can be made to slide to and fro 
along the rod or stalk, and can be fixed at 
at any desired point of its length by driving 
up a small wedge with head. To the flat 
side of the tail or rod a sharp-cutting 
metal edge—generally a nail driven in and 
its extremity sharpened—is fixed, and the 
distance of this from the face of the sliding 
square piece measures the distance of the 


57 


ga 


line which the metal cutting edge marks off 
on the face of the board, the square piece 
running along the outer edge of the board 
while the marking or gauging is done. 
Syn. Fr. Tracequin— pron. trahs-kehng ; 
Ger. Parallelmass—pron. pah-rah-layl-mahs 
(Mass, a measure) —t.e. a parallel (line) 
measure.—‘ Gauge, to take the, of,” is to 
measure the size of a piece or to measure 
the distance of a line from a given point. 
Syn. Fr. Prendre la mésure or Prendre les 
dimensions ( prendre, to take )—pron. prahng- 
derr lah may-zuuhr, or leh dee-mang-see- 
ohng; also Jauger—pron. jhoh-jhay, to 
gauge; Ger. Messen, to measure — pron. 
mess-en.—“ Gauge” is also applied asa tech- 
nical term in Slating, the “ gauge of a slate” 
indicating its size or dimensions in length and 
breadth, Syn. Fr. Dimension d’une ardoise, 
a slate—pron. ahr-dwahze, or simply Pureau 
—pron. puhr-oh; Ger. Dachschiefermass 
(Schiefer, a slate, and Dach, a roof—Dach- 
schiefer, a roofing slate)--pron. dach-shee- 
ferr-mahss.—Gauge is also used in connection 
with pieces of timber to denote their dimen- 
sions, or what is technically called their 
“scantling.” Syn. Fr. Hquerre dimension 
(équerre, square)—pron. eh-qwherr de-mang- 
see-ong ; Ger. Holzmessen. 

Gauged Arch, in Bricklaying. In this 
the bricks are so laid that the joints all 
radiate from or converge to a common 
centre if the arch be semicircular or seg- 
-mental, or to the respective centres if -it be 
Gothic, or the foci if elliptical. 

Gauze Wire. <A metallic material com- 
posed of thin wire worked in a fashion to 
represent the woven textile or fibrous fabric 
known as gauze. A sheet of it extended 
and placed within a frame of wood is often 
used as an inner blind for a window. It is 
alsoemployed frequently to cover ventilating 
openings in walls, to secure the diffusion 
of the air by causing it to pass through its 
“meshes.” Der. Some authorities state the 
word to be simply a different mode of spell- 
ing the French word for ordinary gauze 
which is gaze, the “u” being inserted in 
our word in order to give the French pro- 
nunciation, which is precisely the same as 
in ours, or gawz. Others maintain that it is 
derived from the Latin word gausapum, a 
woven cloth (from gossiponus, made of 
cotton) ; gossipyum is the botanical name 
of the cotton plant. Syn. Fr. Gaze de jil 
métallique (fil, a thread or wire)—pron. 
gawz deh feel may-tahl-eek; Ger. Draht- 
gaze (Draht, wire, Gaze, same word as the 
French)—pron. draht-gah-zeh. 

Gilder, in Building Decoration. A trade 
generally associated with carving work, as 
the well-known business or trade “ carver 
and gilder.” <A large portion of the trade as 
ordinarily carried on is connected with the 
decorative ornaments attached to picture, 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


gi 


frames, glass or mirror-frames, and the like 
These are generally made of stucco or 
plaster of Paris, or of a composition which 
softens with heat, and moulded, being 
attached to the frame they are designed to 
ornament or decorate by a cement, and the 
surface gilded, Such ornamentation is only 
in expensive and superior work carved in 
the true sense of the term—that is, cut out 
according to a preconceived design of the 
artist on wood from the solid. Carving in 
this sense was much more followed in the 
last century as a means of house decoration, 
as in panelled work, framework, cornices, 
chimneypieces, and the like, than now. 
The English school of carving reached its 
highest development at the hands of the 
celebrated artist carver Grinling Gibbons, 
of whose work perhaps the finest specimens 
met with are to be seen at Chatsworth, in 
Derbyshire, the seat of the Duke of Devon- 
shire. Carving in the true artistic sense is 
now, it is right to state, being revived as an 
art trade, and this under the auspices of the 
South Kensington School of Design, aided 
liberally by one of the City of London 
guilds or corporations. Der. (of the term 
carve). From the Old English corfan or 
coerfan, to cut, or from the German kerben, 
to cut or notch. A carver, in the combina- 
tion named at head of this article, deals 
with wood almost exclusively, and in this 
sense the French synonym is Sculpteur en 
bois (bois, wood)—pron. scuhlp-tuehr ahng 
bwah, A carver in stone is generally a 
mason of superior and artistic ability. A 
carving or an assemblage of carved subjects 
in wood is Sculpture en bois. Wood carved 
is Bots sculpté (from sculpter, to carve, to 
sculpture) — pron, skuehlp-tay, and this 
from the Latin sculpo, I cut or carve. The 
German synonym for carver generally is 
Bildschnitzer—from Bild, an image, a picture, 
a form or figure, and this from dzden (bill- 
denn), to shape, to form, and Schnitzer 
(shnitt-serr), a carver, and this from schnit- 
zen (shnitt-senn), to cut or carve. A 
carver in wood is Holzbildschnitzer (Holz, 
wood). 

Gilding. The laying-on of or covering 
with gold leaf, surfaces either carved or 
otherwise ornamented or plain in buildings. 
Der. (of gild). From the Old English 
gildan, and this from gealew, signifying 
yellow. Syn. Fr. for “ gilder,” Dorewr— 
pron. dohr- euhr—from dorer. (doh-reh), to 
gild, and this from Or, gold, with the 
prefix de=d’or (dor): gilt is doré (doh- 
reh); gilding is dorage (dohr-ajh); Ger, 
syn. for gilder, Vergolder—pron. ferr-goll- 
derr (from vergolden (ferr - goll - denn), 
to gild. Gilding is Vergoldung (ferr-goll- 
duhng). 

Gimlet, in Joinery and Cabinet Work. A 
small tool or appliance used to make holes or 


58 


gi 
apertures in wood to “enter’’ (see Entering) 
and drive home—by a screw-driver—screw 
nails. It may be said to be a little or 
miniature auger (which see), worked by 
one hand, in place of two as in the case of 
the larger implement, Der. From the French 
word for the tool, gibelet, of which our word 
is evidently a corruption. Syn. Fr. Gibelet 
—pron. jhee-beh-leh ; Ger. Schraubennagel- 
bohrer (from Schraube relent a screw, 
Nagel, a nail, and Bohrer, a borer)—pron. 
shrough-benn-nah-gell-bore-err; also and 
simply der Bohrer, the borer ; also Zwick- 
bohrer (Zwick, pinch or nip)—pron, tzvick- 
bore-err. 

Girder, in Carpentry. A large beam is 
so called, as the beam in a floor, which 
carries or supports the binding joists. 
Generally the term is applied in work 
where the beam is of dimensions larger 
than those usually employed in ordinary 
work (see Bressummer or Brestsummer), 
Der. From the Old English word girdan, 
to bind round, from which comes our word 
girdle. Syn. Fr. Poutre transversal (poutre, 
a beam, transversale, across)—pron. pooh- 
terr trahns-vairr-sahl ; also Longrine—pron. 
longh-reen ; Ger. Bindebalken (from binden, 
to bind, and Balken, a beam)—pron. bin- 
deh bahl-kenn. Girders are often made of 
east iron, and also—which give a much 
higher class of work—of wrought or plate 
iron. Syn. Fr. for cast-iron girder, Poutre 
en font (see Cast Iron)—pron. pooh-terr 
ang fonght; Ger. Gusseisenbalken—pron. 
googs-izen=bahl-kenn. Syn. Fr. for a 
wrought-iron girder, Poutre en fer; Ger. 
Eisenbalken, literally “iron beams”—that is, 
of wrought or malleable iron, as cast iron 
is not named. 

Glass, in Glazing. The transparent sub- 
stance used for filling in window sashes or 
frames, for the purpose of admitting light 
and yet excluding the weather. Der. (of 

‘the word generally). From the Old English 
glaes, glass, or from the German Glas (see 
below). Glass as used for building pur- 
poses, as in domestic buildings, is of various 
qualities ; the common or ordinary glass is 
simply designated as “ window glass.” Syn. 
Fr. Glace—pron. glass (from glacer, to glaze); 
Ger. Kiichenglas (from Kiiche, a kitchen— 
that is, common room glass)—pron. kuech- 
enn-glass, and gleissen, to shine—pron. glice- 
enn. For superior rooms what is called 
“plate glass” is employed in filling in the 
window sheets or frames. This is made of 
very large dimensions, beautifully uniform 
in colour and surface, very thick and strong. 
Syn. Fr. Glace coulée (from couler, to flow, 
signifying that the glass is cast or run out 
in a molten condition to form the plate)— 
pron. glass koo-leh; Ger. Spiegelglas— 
literally a looking-glass, signifying that the 
glass is of the superior quality required for 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


r+] 


mirrors (from spiegeln [spee-geln ], to reflect) 
—pron. spee-gell-glass. Frosted or obscured 
glass has its surface covered over with 
excessively minute dots or points, which are 
produced by friction with sand; hence the 
German synonym is das sandige Glas—from 
Sand (sand). ‘The French synonym is Verre 
powntu—that is, pointed glass—pron. vairr 
pwung-tueh, Glass painted or stained with 
colours: Syn. Fr. Verre avec coulewr—pron. 
vairr ah-vekk kooh-leuhr; Ger. buntes Glas 
(bunt, variegated, coloured) — pron. boon- 
tess-clas, 

Glass-paper, in Joinery and Cabinet 
Making. Sometimes and in some districts 
exclusively called sand-paper. A paper on 
which. pounded or powdered glass of vary- 
ing fineness of particles is uniformly 
strewed, and permanently secured to the 
surface by a cementing substance. The 
paper thus prepared is used to give a 
smooth, finished, and partially polished 
surface to joiner’s and cabinet-maker’s work. 
Syn. Fr. Papier verre —that is, glassy paper 
—pron. pah-pee-eh vairr; Ger. Glaspapier 
—pron. glahs-pah-peerr. 

Glazier or Glazer, in Building. The 
workman who selects, cuts to determinate 
sizes or dimensions, and fixes the panes of 
glass into the window “sheets” and frames. 
Der, From the German (see below), or from 
the Old English glaes (see Glass). Syn. Fr. 
Vitrier—pron. vee-tree-eh (from vitrer [vee- 
treh], to glaze) ; also vitre (vee-terr), a glass 
window, and both from vitrifier (vee-tree- 
fee-eh), to vitrify— glass being vitrified 
silica or sand. Glazed, as when a window 
is provided with its glass, is vitré (vee-treh). 
The different qualities of glass and appli- 
ances appertaining to its use kept by a 
glazier—in our language glaziers’ stock-in- 
trade—is in French Vitrerie (vee-treh-ree) ; 
this is also the term for glazing. Ger. syn. 
for glazier, Glaser—pron. glah-serr (from 
glasen [glah-zen], to glaze). Glazing is 
Glaserei—pron. glaz-eh-rye. 

Glue, in Joinery and Cabinet Making. A 
cementing substance made from entrails of 
animals, skins, etc. (see the section of the 
Dictionary “ Applied or Industrial Chemis- 
try”). It is dissolved in water and melted 
under a low and gently applied heat, and 
the solution is spread thinly over the surfaces 
of the two pieces of wood, etc., to be joined 
firmly together. There is great skill dis- 
played in the art of gluing properly. Der. 
From the Latin gluten or glutinum, signifying 
glue, and this from gluo, I draw close 
(together). The term gluten is applied 
directly to one of the substances of wheat, 
and this from its adhesive, sticky nature. 
Syn. Fr. Colle—pron. koll. This is paste or 
size, as flour paste; but the term colle forte 
is used to designate joiner’s glue, meaning a 
strong paste (forte, strong). The term colle 


59 


gl 


is from the verb coller (kol-eh), to paste, to 
elue. Syn. Ger. Leim —pron. lime (from 
leimen [lime-en], to glue, to paste together). 

Glue-pot, in Joinery and Cabinet Making. 
An appliance, on the principle of the water- 
heating bath, by which the glue is melted 
without exposing it to an over-temperature 
or burning, as might happen if the pot were 
placed over an open fire. The glue-pot 
proper, in which the glue is to be dissolved, 
is suspended by its projecting rim from the 
mouth of an exterior pot of larger dimen- 
sions which is filled with water, this being 
placed on the fire or stove. The water sur- 
rounds the inner or suspended pot, heating 
its contents, the temperature of which can 
never exceed that of boiling water, or far 
below the scorching or burning point, which 
is always to be avoided in the making of 
good sound glue. Syn. Fr. Pot a colle forte 
—pron. poht ah coll fohrt; Ger. Letmkessel 
( Kessel, a kettle, or Topf,a pot, may be used 
as the final part of the term). 

Gorge, in Architecture. A moulding 
better and more commonly known as the 
cavetto, a hollow concave moulding. It 
means the “throat,” and is derived from 
the Italian gorgo, and this from the Latin 
gurges, a gulf, deep hollow, or whirlpool, 
Our word gurgle comes from this, (For 
foreign synonyms see “ Cavetto.”) 

Gothic Style, in Architecture. That style 
otherwise known as the “ Pointed,” and this 
from its chief feature the pointed arch, 
and generally by what may be called its 
_aspiring character as evidenced in the 
extension or lengthening out of its pillars, 
the height of its windows, the great vertical 
height, and generally narrow face of its ex- 
ternal buttresses, which are often terminated 
by slender pinnacles which shoot up and 
end in points more or less floriated. In 
all these, and in other features, numerous 
and important enough to take up the space 
of a treatise, the Gothic is distinguished 
from the Classical style—so called (for the 
features of which see under Grecian Style 
and Roman Style). Briefly, Gothic is 
vertical, Classical is horizontal in its cha- 
racter ; Gothic implies freedom or flexure 
in its members, tending to endless combina- 
tions of line and form; Classical is formal, 
and so to say stiff, precise, and defined. 


Gothic architecture is generally classified. 


into certain styles, as to the number and 
names of which authorities are divided in 
opinion. Following apparently the early 
writers on Classical architecture, who divided 
its “ orders ” into five (see Classical Styles), 
some writers make five Gothic styles— 
“Norman,” “Transition,” ‘ Early English,” 
“ Decorated,” and “ Perpendicular” ; other 
authorities reduce these to three—* Harly 
English,” ‘‘ Decorated,” and “ Perpendicu- 
lar” ; while others, and perhaps those who 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


gr 


take the most philosophical view of the style, 
look upon the Decorated as the most com- 
plete, if not the only “True Gothic,” the 
Early English being onlya transition or early 
style, while the Perpendicular is, if not a 
debased,at all events a degenerated offshoot 
of the Decorated. Gothic is sometimes 
called the “Christian style of Architec- 
ture,” inasmuch as it was in the medizval 
ages, and is still, most frequently applied to 
buildings for public worship. Our finest 
examples, it is needless to say, are to be met 
with in cathedrals both at home and abroad. 

Gouge, in Joinery. A hand-tool used for 
cutting out concave or hollowed parts. It 
may be described as a cutting chisel with a 
curved or bent in place of a straight-lined 
edge. The curved part extends upwards for 
some distance above the edge, so that a 
hollow is formed in the inside or concave 
part, to admit of the cuttings or chips being 
cleared away from the cutting edge. Der. 
Directfrom the French word, which is exactly 
the same as ours, and this from the debased 
or Low Latin guvia, a gouge. Another term 
in French is Ciseau croche—pron. see-zoh 
krosh (croche, bent); Ger. Hohlmeissel (hohl, 
hollow, and Mezssel, a chisel)—pron. hole- 
mice-ell. 

Grain (of the wood), in Timber. Other- 
wise termed the “humour,” meaning the 
marks or wavy and bent lines produced by 
the position and condition which the fibres 
assume on the face of a board or piece of 
timber. Wood of poor quality, such as 
American white pine, shows very little 
grain or humour, while the red pines are 
generally rich in it. The “humour” is 
brought out or the “grain” displayed in 
red pines very effectually and effectively 
by oiling or varnishing the surfaces. The 
parts having humour being of different 
density from the parts of the board without, 
absorb the oil in different degrees, aud thus 
show a varied surface. The hard woods, such 
as walnut and rosewood, are generally rich in 
humour, and in addition to the difference of 
colour there is a difference in the grain or 
humour of those expensive timbers. The 
grain strictly defined is the direction in 
which the fibres run, and all timbers are 
worked easily and smoothly when worked 
in this direction, but the opposite is the 
case when they are worked in a direction 
opposed to that of the fibres. Hence the 
term “against the grain,’ implying that 
this is the most difficult and generally the 
wrong way of working, Der, From the 
Latin granum, a seed, a grain, a kernel. 
Syn. Fr. Fil du bois (fil, a thread, which 
is more in accordance with the physical 
characteristic of wood, the fibres of which 
are thread-like, than our term grain)—pron. 
feel duh bwah; Ger. Holzgran (grain), 
Hlolzfaser (Faser,a fibre)—pron. hollts-grahn, 


60 


sr 


hollts-fah-zerr. -An equivalent for “against 
the grain” in French is direction contraire 
aux fils du bois or direction transversale aux 
fils du bois. 

Grain of a Stone, in Masonry. This term 
is synonymous with the quarry bed of a 
stone—that is, in the direction of the line 
of easiest cleavage, this being the direction 
which the stone lay in the stratum of rock 
from which it was quarried. Hence the 
French equivalent for the term, which is 
simply lit, a bed—pron. lee. The corre- 
sponding term in German for the bed of a 
stone (lit in French) is Lagerseite—i.e. the 
laying side (Seite, a side, and Lager, a couch 
or bed—pron. lah-gerr-zy-teh, The term is 
also used to indicate the character of the 
surface of the stone : if like some sandstones 
it is rough, it is said to be coarse grained ; 
if like marble or freestone it works smooth, 
it is termed fine grained. The term grain, 
in view of its Latin derivation, is much more 
consonant with the character of a stone than 
with that of wood. 

Graining, in Painting. The work done 
in imitating the humour or grain of dif- 
ferent kinds of wood, as oak—known as 
wainscoting. Many of those imitations 
are purely conventional, being far from an 
imitation of the true grain of the wood. 
French equivalent, /mitation de fil de bois— 
pron. eem-ee-tah-see-yong deh feel deh 
bwah; German equivalent, Malerei in der 
Holzmanier (Malerei, painting, from mahlen. 
[mah-len], to paint, Holz, wood, and Manier, 
style, manner, fashion)—pron..mah-lerr-eye 
in dare hollts-mah-neerr. 

Granary, in Farm Architecture. That 
apartment in farm buildings (which see) in 
which the grain, chiefly wheat, is stored up 
after being thrashed, and from which it is 
taken to be cleaned or dressed for market. 
It is in a well-designed farm-steading placed 
in close contiguity to the thrashing-machine 
room, if thrashing out the grain be done by 
a fixed machine. The granary requires to 
be carefully constructed, so as to be as far as 
possible vermin proof, well ventilated, and 
should be well floored to afford facilities for 
turning over the grain as it lies on the 
surface of the floor. In Breweries the apart- 
ment in which the barley for malting is 
stored up is known by the name of granary, 
so also those enormous warehouses at ship- 
ping ports in which “food stuffs ”—wheat 
and Indian corn chiefly—are stored up, the 
supplies coming from foreign parts. Der. 
From the Latin granarium, a place for 
storing grain, and this from granum, grain. 
Syn. Fr. Grenier—pron. grenn-ee-eh; Ger. 
Kornkammer (Korn, grain—our word corn 
comes from this or directly from the Old 
English corn, signifying the grain of wheat 
chiefly, although in Scotland “corn” con- 
sidered as a farm grain is the term applied 


61 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 


er 


to oats; this also usually in the language 
of the stable throughout other parts of the 
kingdom, “corn” being universally under- 
stood to mean the grain given to horses, 
which is the grain of oats)—pron. korrn- 
kam-merr, 

Granite, in Building Materials A valu- 
able building stone, especially durable and 
hard, capable of a high polish on its surface. 
It is the most difficult of all stones to work. 
Its chief sources are the quarries near Aber- 
deen, in the north of Scotland, which have 
a higher reputation than those of Devon or 
Cornwall, from which also supplies are 
obtained. The two qualities of granite are 
known as the red and grey, the latter often 
called blue granite. Geologically granite 
is composed of quartz, which is almost a 
pure silica and makes the great bulk of the 
rock or mass; felspar or feldspar, which 
gives the peculiar characteristics to the 
stone; and small portions of mica, from 
which is derived its shining or glistening 
character. A species of ganite of a pecu- 
liarly durable character is known as syenite 
(which see). Der. From the Latin granum, 
grain, and this from the granulated appear- 
ance the surface of granite possesses. Syn. 
Fr. Granit—pron. grah-nee. The German 
word has the same spelling, but is pro- 
nounced grah-neat. 

Grating, in Building. A framing, almost 
universally of cast iron, the interior space 
of which is occupied with a reticulated or 
network series of apertures, or with rect- 
angular openings parallel to each other, and 
formed by parallel bars. Sometimes, as in 
gratings used to cover ventilating apertures, 
the holes in the grating are formed by some 
combination of lines ornamentally disposed. 
The grating is used to cover apertures or 
open spaces in a pavement covering the 
well-hole, which gives light to the window 
of an apartment placed below the level of 
the pavement. The term grating is also 
applied to the cast-iron, open -surfaced 
framework fixed in the mouth of a drain, or 
of what is called a gully hole (which see), 
Small gratings used to roadside or street- 
side drains are often known as grids. Der. 
Some authorities hold that the term is 
derived from the Latin cratus, a hurdle or 
crate, the sides of which are of open work, 
like a grating. Syn. Fr. Grillage—pron. 
gree-yajh—or Grille (from griller, to shut 
up or enclose; Ger. Gitter, a grating or 
trellis (from gittern, to lattice or fill up 
with crossbars)—pron. gitt-terr. 

Grecian Style, in Architecture. This, the 
true classical style, from which all the other 
styles which range themselves under and 
claim to be but different classes of that 
general style so called (“classical”), was 
originated by the Greeks, and obtained at 
their hands that high development which 


r 


made the public structures of the Grecians 
the admiration of the world, and of which 
even the shattered and ruined remains 
display a beauty of form and of exquisite 
proportion whichseems from the innumerable 
fashions of more modern times to be un- 
attainable by architects and builders who 
have followed in the steps and imitated the 
works of their Grecian brethren of old. 
Some authorities maintain that the Greeks 
derived their knowledge of architecture from 
the Egyptians (see “ Hgyptian Style”), and 
also, at least many of its minor details, from 
the Etruscans ; but if so, by their wonderful 
artistic genius they soimproved what they did 
borrow as to form in fact a style so peculiarly 
their own as to entitle it to be classed as one 
altogether new. As compared withits great 
rival in modern times, the Gothic style 
(which see), Grecian architecture is cha- 
racterised by its horizontal features, by the 
beautifully proportioned and, as in the 
Ionic and Corinthian styles, the effective 
and richly decorated details of its columns, 
These latter members are used so frequently 
and with such effect as to entitle the style 
generally to be designated: as columnar. 
Other features are the large flat spaces, the 
cornices and entablatures, more or less richly 
decorated with mouldings, which latter are 
in themselves quite distinguished by their 
contour and disposition from the mouldings 
used in the Gothic style. The three orders 
of the Grecian style of architecture are the 
“ Doric,” “ Ionic,” and “ Corinthian ” (which 
See). 

Grid, Coal. An iron plate which closes 
up the aperture, as in a pavement, leading 
to the “shoot” or passage by which coals 
are sent down to the coal-cellar below. The 
name is apparently a corruption of the word 
gridiron, as coal grids were formerly and 
are still sometimes made with apertures or 
spaces like those in a gridiron. 

Grindstone. The appliance or tool by 
which edge tools are rough sharpened, the 
fine edges being put on after the grinding is 
finished by means of the “ whetstone” or 
* set-stone ” (which see). The grindstone is 
a circular disc or drum of varying diameter 
and breadth on the face, or thickness, formed 
out of a peculiar kind of close-grained 
sandstone. The disc is provided at its 
centre with a short shaft or spindle, the 
journals of which revolve in bearings secured 
to the sides of the framing—in common 
cases of wood, in superior work of iron— 
which carries the grindstone. A motion of 
revolution is given to the stone by means 
of a winch or handle worked by the hand 
and arm, or a crank is connected to the 
spindle and this is worked by the foot 
with treadle and connecting rod. If the 
stone is worked by power, “fast and loose 
pulleys” are provided to the spindle, and 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


6 


£r 


the stone driven by belt. Where power- 
driven, and where a high velocity may be 
attained, to prevent accidents from the flying 
asunder of the stone through the centri- 
fugal force exerted, the stone is ‘ shrouded ” 
or enclosed within an iron case, part only 
of the face of which is left open, to afford 
access to as much only of the grindstone as 
is necessary for grinding the tool—water 
being used during the process to prevent 
the metal of the tool being over-heated, and 
its “temper” destroyed by the heat other- 
wise created. Syn. Fr. Pierre @ aiguiser 
(aiguiser, to sharpen, to whet—pron. ah- 
geeze-eh) ; Ger. Wetzsten (from wetzen 
[vett-senn], to sharpen or whet, and Stein, 
a stone), or der Schleifstein (from shlei*en 
[shlife-enn ], to grind, to polish). 

Groin, in Masonry. The angular carved 
edges formed by the angles of the inter- 
section of vaults which cross at equal heights 
or at the same level: externally the angles 
form raised parts or ridges, internally hollows 
or recessed parts. In Gothic vaults the 
angles are covered or concealed by mould- 
ings. Der. From the Swedish gren, a branch. 
Syn. Fr. Aréte—pron. ah-rate (aréte is an 
edge; it may probably be derived from 
arréter [ah-rett-eh], to stop or arrest, the 
arches of the vaults being stopped at the 
points or lines where they intersect ; aréteis 
also a fish-bone, the lines of the intersecting 
angles radiating somewhat like the spikes 
from the central part of the bone) ; also our 
word Groin; Ger. Grathbogen—pron. graht- 
boh-genn (from Grath, an edge, or Grdte 
[gray-teh], a fish-bone [see above], and 
Bogen, an arch)—literally an “ edged arch.” 

Groove, To, in Masonry, Carpentry, and 
Joinery. To cut a hollow part in the face 
or on the edge of a block of stone or a piece 
of timber. Generally the form of the groove 
is rectangular, with sides square to bottom. 
Sometimes the groove is curved, as in Flutes 
(which see). Grooving is a very important 
part of joiner’s work. Der. From the Old 
English grof, a ditch, and this probably 
from the Danish groeve (from groeben, to 
dig). Syn. Fr. Faire une rainure (from faire, 
to make, and rainure, a groove)—pron. fair 
uuhn ray-nuhr; grooving generally is 
Evidement (from evider [eh-vee-deh], which 
also means to groove) — pron. eh-veed- 
mahng; Ger. Falzen (from Falz [faltz]— 
pron. phal-tzenn). 

Groove and Tongue, in Joinery (and one 
of its most important pieces of work). In 
joining two pieces of timber, as two flooring 
boards, edge to edge, a groove or channel— 
ploughed is the technical term (see Ploughed 
and Tongued)—of rectangular form is cut in 
the centre of the edge or thickness of one 
piece, while a projecting part is formed on 
the centre of the edge of the other—the 
breadth or thickness, and the depth or 


9 


fd 


lf 


gr 


amount of projection being equal to the 
width and depth of the groove. The pro- 
jecting part is called a “tongue,” and when 
it is inserted and driven or pressed—clamped 
(see Clamp)—“ home,” the two pieces are 
united. Syn. Fr. for the “ groove” Rainure 
—pron, ray-nuhr; for the “tongue” Lan- 
guette ‘ge langue [lahngh], the tongue)— 
pron. lahn-gett; Ger. for the “groove” 
Spund (from spunden [spuhn-denn], to groove 
together); for the tongue Zunge (tsoong- 
eh), or Ziinglein (tsoong-line), or die Feder, 
feather (which see), A groove with curved 
hollow spaces, as in the flutes of a column 
or pilaster, is in French a Cannelure—pron. 
kahn-eh-loor (from canneler [kahn-eh-leh], 
to channel; Ger. Kehle, a flute or rounded 
channel—pron. keh-leh (from kehlen [keh- 
lenn], to channel). 

Ground Colour or Grounding, in Paint- 
ing. The first coat of paint put on a wall 
to receive the other and finishing coats. 
The term is sometimes applied to the killing 
of the turpentine in knots in woodwork by 
painting them over with red lead. 

Ground Floor, in Domestic Architecture. 
The lowest story of a house, which enters 
immediately from the street or road. It is 
not to be confounded with a cellar or base- 
ment plan of a house, which is literally the 
lowest floor of a house, Syn. Fr. Rez de 
chaussée (see Ground Plan for pronunciation 
and meaning); Ger. Lrdgeschoss —pron 
airrd-geh-shcs3, 

“Ground Line, in Plans of Domestic Build- 
ings. The line shown in sections to indicate 
the relation of the level of site or surround- 
ing ground to the level of the floors. Hence 
it is often termed ground level. Syn. Fr. 
Ligne horizontale de terrain naturel—pron. 
leeng orr-ee-zon-tahl deh terr-aing nah-tuh- 
rell; Ger. Grundlinie (Grund, ground, and 
Linie, a line)—pron. groohnd-lee-nee-eh. 

Ground Plan, in the Drawings of a House 
or other Structure. The plan which shows 
the arrangement of the rooms, etc., in the 
lower story, immediately entered from the 
level of the ground or site. Syn. Fr. Plan 
de rez de chaussée—pron. plahng deh ray 
deh show-say (rez means on a level with, 
and chaussée, causeway)—i.e. the street or 
roid; Ger. Erdgeschoszrisz or Parterrerisz, 
(rom Erde, earth, or ground, Geschosz, story, 
and Riss, a sketch or plan). 

Ground Sill or Plate, in Carpentry. The 
lowest member or beam of a framing, form- 
ing the base on which the upper parts rest, 
and by which they are carried. Syn. Fr. 
for the sill of a partition Sabligre—pron. 
sahb-lee-air (this also means a sandpit). 
The term is derived from sable, sand or 
gravel, signifying that the beam being the 
lowest lies or is placed upon the soil, sand, 
or gravel. Another term is Poutre dorman 
—pron, pooh-terr dohr-mang—that is, a 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


su 


lying or sleeping beam (hence our term 
“sleeper” for a beam similarly placed), and 
this from dormir, to sleep—pron. dohr-meer ; 
Ger. Unterbalken (unter, under, and Balken, 
a beam)—pron. oon-terr-bahl-kenn; also 
Unterschwelle— literally the “under sill” 
(from Schwelle, a sill, also a threshold— 
pron, shwell-eh), probably from schwellen, to 
raise up,as a sill raises or keeps up the 
other members of the framing — pron. 
shwell-enn. 

Grounds, in Joinery. Pieces of wood 
built into the walls, generally of the dimen- 
sions of a brick (see Bricks) in brick walling, 
so as to bond in with the bricks, The 
“erounds” are placed at sides of doors and 
at places where the wood fittings, such as 
architraves, skirtings, etc., etc., are nailed, 

Grouting, in Masonry. The pouring in 
of a thin mortar or cement into the interior 
part of the walls, generally filled in with 
hard-setting mortar ; the mortar runs freely 
into the spaces between the stones, and 
when it hardens binds the stones together. 
Syn. Fr. Mortier deélié (mortier, mortar, 
delié, thin or fine)—pron. mohr-tee-ay day- 
lee-eh ; Ger. diinne Mortel (diinne, thin)—pron, 
duen-neh mohr-tell. Grout for covering 
vaults or arches: Syn. Fr. Chape, a coat or 
covering—pron. shahp; Ger. Bedeckung, 
covering—pron. beh-deck-oong. 

Guilloche, in Architecture. A species of 
fretwork, but in which there are two or 
more bands, and which interlace with each 
other or intertwine, forming a pattern more 
or less intricate. The term is applied also 
to fret or open work, in which the lines are 
curved in place of being straight as in the 
true fret, or partly curved and partly 
ee Syn. Fr. Guilloche—pron. gwee- 
osh, 

Gully or Gulley Hole, in Drainage Work. 
The entrance, as from a street side drain or 
gutter to the conveying drain, is so called 
(see Grating). Der. Supposed to be derived 
from a corruption of the French verb couler 
(koo-leh)—hence “ gulley ””"—-to flow. Syn.Fr. 
Entrée @un égout, entrance to a drain—pron. 
ahng-treh duhn ay-goo; Ger. Abzugdffnung 
—pron. ahb-tsoog-oeff-noong. 

Guttee, in Architecture. The small pieces 
of triangular shape, or small truncated cones, 
used in the Doric order under the triglyph 
(which see), which are so called from their 
supposed resemblance to drops. Der, From 
the Latin gutta,a drop. Syn. Fr. Gouttes— 
pron. gootte or gooht—a drop; Ger. Tropfen 
(from trépfeln, to drop). 

Gutter of a Roof, in Carpentry or Joinery, 
The channel, formed of timber generally, 
placed at the lower part or eaves of a roof, 
to arrest the rain water as it drops or trickles 
from the surface of the roof. Der. From 
the French term goutiére, a name for the 
part—pron, goo-tee-air; Ger. Rinne—pron. 


63 


gy ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


rin-neh. The gutter or kerbstone of a street 
is Rinnstein. Gutters are now frequently 
made of tiles, as the valley gutter between 
two inclined roofs. The French synonym is 
Tuile de gouttitre—pron. tweel deh gooht-e- 
air. When tiles are used to form the gutter 
at the junction of the two parts or sides of 
a hipped roof, the tile used is called a pan- 
tile; in French houe, a pan-tile—pron. hoo. 
Gypsum, in Building Materials. A lime 
in the form of a sulphate, and which is 


ha 


popularly known as plaster of Paris. It 
gives a plaster or cement of extreme hard- 
ness, and which “sets” almost, so to say, 
immediately. Syn. Fr. Pierre de Plitre— 
pron. pee-air deh plah-terr; Ger. Gyps— 
pron. gips. The English pronunciation is 
the “g” soft, as djip-summ or jipp-sum ; 
it is, however, by some scientific men pro- 
nounced with the “g” hard. Our term is a 
purely Latin one, being the same word in 
both languages, The Greek is gupsos. 


aD 


Hack or Heck, in Building. The pronged 
tool employed to mix hair mortar and also the 
clay used in brickmaking with—the prongs 
being draggedand pushed to and fro amongst 
the material to mix it well—is sometimes so 
called. It is in form something like a 
garden rake, but with three prongs gene- 
rally, and those of considerable length, 
spaced pretty widely apart, and curved in 
the direction of their length. Der. It is 
obviously derived from the Old English 
word haccan, to hew or separate in pieces. 
It is met with in the word “hackle,” an 
appliance used to separate and open up the 
fibres of hemp or flax, and which is a species 
of fixed comb with long projecting wires. 

Macking, in Masonry. An irregularity 
in the courses is so called, arising from the 
stones being not of uniform size, and there- 
fore not giving a surface uniform in level. 

Hacking Out, in Glazing. In taking out 
a broken pane of glass from a window sash, 
the freeing of the edges from the putty 
fixing and sash bars and window frame is 
called hacking out. It is done with a dull- 
edged knife and hammer. Syn. Fr. Couper 
le vitre dune fenétre—t.e. to cut out the 
glass from a window—pron. kooh-peh leh 
veat-er doohn feh-neh-ter; Ger. Fenster- 
glas ausbrechen, to hack or break out the 
window glass—pron. fen-sterr-glass owss- 
brekh-eun. 

Haft in Tools, not Meft. The wooden 
handle with which the steel tools, as the 
chisels or the heads of hammers, are pro- 
vided, and by which they are worked. Wood 
is employed for the purpose, not merely 
because it is more pleasant to the hand in 
working, but because its surface affords a 
better “grip” or hold of the tool than a 
smooth metallic surface would afford; and 
further, because, as in some tools with long 
hafts or handles, such as hammers, the 
elasticity or “spring” is of service in 
working. In chisel tools and the like, the 
hafts or handles are made tapering, the 
tongue or tail of the tool being driven up 
at the small end, and the end of the haft is 
strengthened and protected and prevented 


from splitting by being embraced with a 
metal—often brass—ring termed a ferrule 
(which see), Der. From the Old English 
word haftan, to seize, lay hold of, or take or 
grip. Syn. Fr. Manche (or Poignée) dun 
outil (manche, handle, outil, tool) — pron. 
mahnsh duhn oo-teel; Ger. Heft (from 
heften, to fasten), 

Hair Mortar, in Plastering. A mixture 
of lime and hair—generally horsehair, as 
the stuffing of old chairs, sofas, etc.—used 
to form the first coat in plastermg, and also 
in floating (which see). It is sometimes 
termed “ lime and hair,” sometimes “ coarse 
stuff” (which see). Syn. Fr. Mortier avec 
cheveu (hair) —pron. morr-tee-ay ah-veck 
shevv-uuh ; sometimes JMortier blanc, or 
white mortar, or that used for plastering, 
to distinguish it from the ordinary mortar 
used in brick or stone setting ; Ger. /aar- 
mértel (hair)—pron. hahr-moerr-tell, 

Half-lap Joint, in Carpentry and Joinery. 
So called from half the thickness or depth 
of two pieces of timber to be joined being 
cut off for a certain length at each end 
,eaving a projecting part of one-half the 
depth of the piece. When the two pro- 
jecting pieces are laid face to face, they 
together make up, by thus overlapping each 
other, the thickness of the piece. They are 
then secured together by glue, pins, bolts 
or straps. Der. The word “half” is from the 
Old English heal/, the half or equai portion 
of a piece divided into two; “lap” is also 
from the Old English lappa, a border or 
edge or end. Syn. Fr. Mi-bois bout a bout— 
pron. me-bwah boo-t-ah boo—meaning “ half 
wood end to end”—mi being a contraction 
of moitié or demi, both signifying half. 

Hall, in Domestic Architecture. A term 
having several significations varying widely 
in character. Thus it is frequently used to 
designate a large domestic building, which 
would otherwise be termed a “ mansion,” a 
“lodge” or “villa” ; usually in rural districts 
it is employed to distinguish the dwelling- 
place of the lord of the manor or the 
wealthiest inhabitant, as “‘—— Hall,” gene- 
rally “The Hall.” In another sense it was 


64 


‘Buyieog—s vag jo szuto 


uw 
g “314 


70 


a 
| ~~. SS N 
ws Yor, 
6 | 


—— 


. ~*~ ts T : - 
‘Aroguiof ur sjurof=-suroin—: 3urpying ut sunay.—'xX] wa * * 


» a 


WWE 
NY, : 
\N 
3 “* 


EE  ————————————— 
4 —————————— 
: 


| ce Oe _— 
atte 2 ‘ 4 : 
wat: e . ‘ ah 


ae CEP 


ae Males 


t . 


% 


: ay 

£ 

, 

4 

. 

‘ 
cd 

. 

- 
i 

ative , 

a= 
‘ 

o 
@ 

; 
: 

A 

¥ 
vt 
ae 
é 
+ 
is 


Ke a . > 7 & 5 i > : : : £ 
3 be . sf P & s in 5 
* : . ; ; wee es See 
ie > 4 at - f ‘ "5 > 7 y '— ¢s 
vt é ~ > . 7s. - 
, ’ a. : . ea at = 
f 4 - » + oe i 
s » » 5 =, ) oe te 
i " . 7 is \ “a . = a y rates ems 
i. =~. : - . ~, fie Sn hope) 
ras 3 : i : ey. Ate mena 
= tS ¢ 2 bes 4 n e- = Oe. os a 
: = é > ~ *- 3 * a. ~~ 
r a > — , ys *. 
, 2," Wie. ; : . aay oer sii 
wig iz ¥ ro ‘i “ - * - = a, 
we : “ ~ ~F yee | 2 < rn 
~~ f : ; ; a 5 ae eee 
. ” , et : = ¢ - a 
* 7 ~* - - A a Ae @ ia r. 


5) bes. - * ~*~ 5 ~o 2% oa »: : a ve r 
> . ¢ ; = 

4 at * waded . ‘ ~ 4s = * eke 

° - rl a, . 

s St : a = * aS » — 
re a . ‘ ® Dd ? > é L. chee 
= mS ? : " 5 a 
er * . F, » » > é yas 

. <a 4 
att ne hee oe = : fa age 
» ~ - . ? : . ae ae ; Ie 
-! ew LPF < “ f pes r 0 a ne ll ty let os TY Sy ~\ JA 
Pee) Fel ee th . ie 
US ae ae eee ene ee ae 7 oe ie ee ~ e. aa 


ha 


the term employed in medizval domestic 
architecture, and in that of a later date, the 
buildings of which are now looked upon as 
“old,” for the apartment, the largest in the 
structure, in which the “lord and lady” dined 
and made their public appearances, At one 
end of this, and across the hall, a part was 
elevated above the ordinary floor level, to 
which the name of “dais” was given, and 
which was appropriated to the entertainers 
or host and hostess, with their more favoured 
guests ; the tables for the “ meaner guests ” 
‘and retainers being placed along the hall at 
right angles to the dais. This “hall,” or 
“great hall,’ was generally approacned 
through a lesser apartment termed the 
“entrance hall,’ this leading to the various 
parts of the house, castle, etc. Hence the 
application of the term to our modern 
architecture, denoting the part first entered. 
* In structures of considerable pretensions this 
“ entrance hall” is not reached immediately 
from the outside, the lawn, the carriage 
drive or approach, but is preceded by a still 
smaller apartment or space, to which is 
given the name of “vestibule,” this being 
divided from the entrance hall, which is 
simply in such cases called “the hall,” by a 
glass or screen door. In houses of large 
size the hall has large floor-space, and unless 
the staircase be made a special feature—in 
which case it is termed a “ grand staircase” 
—it is kept out of view, so that the hall can 
be kept for its own particular decoration 
and furnishings, and doors opening to 
apartments or passages are alone admissible 
in it. In houses of smaller dimensions and 
less pretensions, the “entrance hall” so 
called contains the staircase generally, but 
not always, at one side, in which case it is’ 
single; if centrally placed, it is a double 
staircase. In houses of still more humble 
pretensions the entrance hall as a term is dis- 
carded, though in some cases grandiloquently 
retained, and it is simply known as the 
“lobby ” (which see). The term “ Hall” is 
often employed to designate the large apart- 
ment in which public meetings are held, of 
which many examples will be familiar to the 
reader, as Exeter Hall, St. James’s Hall, and 
the like. It is also, though much more 
frequently on the Continent than with us, 
applied to public markets, as the “market 
hall.” ‘The French synonym is Salle—pron. 
sall ; Ger. die Halle or das grosse Zimmer— 
pron. dee hahll-eh, dass gro-say tzim-mer. 
The market hall: Fr. Halle—pron. hall ; Ger. 
Markthalle—pron. marrkt-hahll-eh. For an 
entrance hall toa 
synonym 1s Vestibule—pron. vess-tee-buhl, a 
suspicion of the sound of our a being in the 
first syllable e. If several apartments lead 
out from the hall on both sides, the hall tak- 
ing the form of a long passage, it is called 
a Corridor, which, both in spelling and in 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, 


dea house the French 
é 


ha 


pronunciation, has been imported into our 
language—korr-ee-dorr. In French an en- 
trance to a private apartment is called dégagé 
—pron. day-gah-jeh. This in German is 
Privateingang (entrance hall Flurgang) — 
pree-vaht-eyne-gahng. 

Halving, in Carpentry and Joinery. A 
term sometimes used in scarfing (which see), 
The French synonym is nearly the same as 
that for half-lap (which see) with the word 
“ assemblage ” prefixed — pron. ah-samm- 
blahj ; sometimes the term is assemblage & 
paume—pron. pohm (the palm of the hand) ; 
the two pieces being placed together as the 
hands are placed palm to palm ; Ger. Ueber- 
schneiden (literally “an overcutting ”’), from 
schneiden, to cut—pron. ue-berr-shny-denn, 

Hammer, in Tools. An implement for 
driving in nails or giving blows, or a series 
of impacts, to bodies used in construction. 
It is composed of two parts, the head and 
the handle. The head is universally made 
of iron, with flat ends or faces; or of faces 
with different forms, sometimes made of 
steel. Between the ends a slot or aperture 
is made, into which the end of the handle is 
passed and secured by wedges. The handle © 
is of varying length, proportioned to the 
weight of the head, is made of some 
elastic wood such as hickory, and is shaped 
into an elliptical form in cross section and 
polished on surface. When the head is 
made of wood the implement is not termed 
a hammer, but a mallet (which see). Der. 
The word hammer is taken from the Old 
English hamer, and this from the Old 
Norse word ham, to strike. Syn. Fr. 
Marteau—pron. marr-toe; Ger. der Ham- 
mer. A small hammer in French is Massette 
—pron. mah-sett; Ger. der kleine Hammer 
(kleine [kline-eh], little). Joiners’ and car- 
penters’ hammers have one of the ends 
formed into a claw or two curved wings 
with a conical or tapering division between 
them. This is used to draw out nails from 
timber. The head and part of the shank 
or tail of nail is passed up to the narrow 
end of the claw opening, and the nail is 
“prised out” by using the head as a lever 
worked by the handle. The edges of the 
claws, which are made sharp, are used to 
prise up nails by going under their project- 
ing head, and thus getting a grip of or 
purchase onthem. The term Hammer-claw 
is in French Pied de biche—pron. peay deh 
beesh—literally “hind’s foot” (iche, the 
hind) ; Ger. Splitthammer, cleft hammer or 
end split in two (from splittern, to split) ; 
also Klauenhammer—pron. klow-enn (from 
Klaue [klow-eh], a claw, or klauen, to claw 
or catch). To hammer in French is Marteler 
—pron. marr-teh-lay ; also Faire au marteau 
—that is, to make or do with the hhmmer— 
pron. fair oh marr-toe; Ger. hdmmern; also 
schlagen, to beat, to strike—pron. shlah-genn. 


65 5 


ha 


“ Hammering,” the act of striking with a 
hammer, is in French TJravailler au marteau 
—that is, to work with the hammer (from 
travailler, to work, to labour)—pron. trah- 
vahl-yea oh marr-toe; also Faire a coups de 
-marteau, to do or make by blows with the 
hammer — pron. fair ah coo deh marr-toe 
(coup, a blow); also more simply Martelage 
—pron. marr-teh-lahj ; Ger. mit dem Hammer 
arbeiten—that is, to work with the hammer 
(mit, with, and from arbeiten [arr-bite-enn ], 
to labour, to work, and Arbeit [arr-bite], 
work)—pron. mit dame ham-merr arr-bite- 
enn. “* Hammered,” or the act of hammering 
completed, is in French Fait (done) au 
martcau—pron. fay oh marr-toe; in Ger. 
gehimmert—pron. gay-hem-merrt. 
Hammer Beam, in Carpentry. A member 
generally of a roof-truss of Gothic or high- 
pitched roofs. It is astrong beam built into 
the wall at one end, and projecting a short 
distance from it horizontally, supported by 
a bracket arrangement from below, the lower 
end of the bracket being carried by a stone 
corbel, usually ornamented, built into the 
wall. The horizontal piece, which is a 
species of tie beam, but cut off so as not 
to extend across the.space spanned by the 
roof, carries the vertical queen post of the 
roof at its outer end, and the rafters and pole- 
plates butt against the surface of the other 
end. Syn. Fr. Faux tirant, false tie beam— 
pron. foh tee-rang; also Lntrait retroussé 
(retrousser [ray-trooss-eh], to turn or cock 
up; the phrase nez [nose] retroussé is 
familiar to most)—pron. ahn-tray ray-troos- 
say. This term applies to the bracket 
supporting the horizontal beam, which is 
generally curved in outline. Syn. Ger. 
falscher Bindebalken ( falsch, false )—literally 
“a false binding (or tie) beam” — pron. 
fahl-sherr binn-deh-ball-kenn. 
Hammer-dressed, in Masonry. The term 
used to indicate that the surface of a stone 
has been worked on or finished square with 
a hammer, which is sharp pointed at its 
ends. Syn. Fr. Equarri—pron, eh-karr-ee 
(from équaire, to square)—pron. eh-kair. 
Hammered Kron. This may be taken 
generally as a synonymous term for malle- 
able or wrought iron in contradistinction to 
cast iron; but in work done for the car- 
penter, for example, as in straps, tie rods, 
etc., for beams and roofs, it means more 
specially that the parts,in place of being 
used just as they come from the iron rolling 
mills in certain sections, undergo certain 
extra work of heating, hammering, and 
shaping by the smith, in order to make 
them better fitted for the duty the pieces 
have to perform. Syn. Fr. Fer martele— 
pron, fairr marr-teh-lay; Ger. Hammer- 
eisen. 
Handbarrow, in Masonry, etc. This is 
often used as synonymous with wheel- 


66 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ha 


barrow ; but while the latter indicates that 
it is moved by rolling or “ wheeling ” it along 
the ground, the term handbarrow means 
only that which is lifted and carried by the 
hands. In the form used by the mason it 
consists of a flat platform or boarded sur- 
face centrally placed between two sets of 
handles, one set at each end, and of width 
enough to be easily grasped by the hands of 
the workmen who walk between the handles, 
the stone or other load lying on the platform. 
Syn. Tr. Bourriqguet — pron. boo-ree-kay, 
or Brancard—pron. brahn-karr, which gives 
a better idea of the contrivance, as this 
word means generally a litter; Ger. Mauer- 
handkasten--pron. mough-err-hant-kass-tenn, 
Kasten means a chest or coffer or box, which 
is more applicable to another form of hand- 
barrow more frequently used by bricklayers’ 
labourers, in which the central part, in 
place of being an open flat platform, is 
made like a box, in which the bricks, etc., 
are placed. 

Mandlie. The.part, generally made of 
wood, by which the iron and steel imple- 
ments and tools of the carpenter and joiner 
are held and worked. Der. The word hand 
is Old English, identical in spelling with the 
modern form; and the meaning of our term 
is obvious, as a thing capable of being 
grasped by the hand, Syn. Fr. Manette— 
pron. man-net (from main—pron. maihn 
or meng), the » as an aspirate (see Dis- 
sertation), and this from the Latin word 
manus, the hand; Ger. Handhabe—pron. 
hant-hah-bay—literally “having it by the 
hand” (from haben [hah-benn], to have or 
hold or possess). 

Handle or Hand-knob of a Door, i 
Joinery. The rounded part of hard and 
polished wood, metal, etc., forming part of 
the lock furniture of a door. With us it 
is simply termed the handle (which see). 
Syn. Fr. Bouton a olive, meaning that the 
knob or button (Jouton) is in form or section 
the shape somewhat of an olive, the handles 
of doors being on the Continent very gene- 
rally elliptical in shape—like an olive— 
rather than spherical, or like an oblate 
spheroid, as with us—pron. boo-tohn ah oh- 
leeve; Ger. Thiirknopf, the door-knob or 
button—pron. tuerr-knoppf. 

Handrail. That part of a staircase which 
surmounts and is carried by the rails or 
balusters, and which is generally made of 
mahogany and polished, to slide easily 
through the hand by which it may be 
grasped or enclosed in going down or upa 
stair. The form or section of the handrail 
varies, but is generally more or less ornate 
in the curves which make up its surface. 
The art of handrailing is one of the most 
difficult departments of joiner’s work, and 
many of its details involve geometrical 
problems of a high order. Syn, Fr, Main 


oo 


ha 


courante—literally “a running or sliding 
hand”—pron. maihn koor-ahnt (from 
courir [koo-reer], to run); hence our word 
courier, who was literally a runner carrying 
messages or announcing arrivals; Ger. 
Treppengednder (from Geldnder, banisters 
or rails, and Treppe, a stair) ; also Treppenan- 
halter—literally ‘‘a holder on to, or keeper 
on of, the stairs” (from halten, to hold or 
keep). 

Mandrailing is the collective or general 
term for handrails, as these may be of dif- 
ferent forms in a staircase, one part being 
straight, the other curved or ramped (for 
which last term see Ramp). MHandrailing 
is a term often used, moreover, to denote a 
special trade or department of artificer’s 
work. A joiner who is clever at it, or who 
may have a special system of his own—for 
there are several systems of handrailing— 
goes into business as a handrailer, making 
this work his speciality. Syfi. Fr. (for hand- 
railing considered as a whole in relation to 
the staircase) Rampe, which means a balus- 
trade or rail, a piece on a slope; also 
Garde-corps — literally “a body-guard or 
fence ””—pron. garrd-kohr; also (arde-fou 
—literally “a guard for mad or incapable 
(often meaning tipsy) people; Ger. Trep- 
pengelinder (Treppe, a stair, and Geldnder, 
a rail or baluster)— pron. trep-penn-gay- 
lend-err. © 

Handsaw, in Tools. The form of saw 
generally used by the workman singly, to 
distinguish it from a two-handed saw worked 
by two men, or from a machine saw. Syn. 
Fr. Scie &@ main or poing—that is, grasped by 
the hand or by the fist (poing, the fist)— 
pron. see ah maibn or pwahn. 

Handscrew. As in the screw-clamp or 
vice fixed at the side towards the end of the 
bench at which a joiner works. The head 
of the screw, which is of wood, is furnished 
with a cylindrical part or a knob, through 
which a hole is bored for the reception of a 
handle provided at the ends with buttons to 
prevent it from dropping out of connection 
with the screw. The term, of course, is ap- 
plicable to a wide variety of cases in which 
the screw is worked by hand, whether it 
be of wood or of metal. Syn Fr. Cric a 
main (cric, a jack-screw— pron. creek ah 
maihn) or Vis & main (vis, a screw, the 
most generally used term)—pron. veeze ah 
maihn; Ger. Handschraube (Schraube, a 
screw )—pron. hahnd-shrow-beh. 

Hanging Post, in Carpentry. A term 
sometimes employed to designate the member 
of a framing, such as a king-post, placed 
vertically, suspended from or fixed to the 
rafters, Syn. Fr. Clef pendant—literally “a 
hanging key” — pron. klay pahn-dahn; 
Ger. Dachstuhlsdule—literally “a roof stool 
pillar”—pron. dach-shtool-zoy-leh. 

Hanging Style, in Joinery. One of the 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ha 


sideposts of a door-framing to which the 
door is hinged. Properly the term is used 
to denote that vertical side of the frame of 
the door itself to which the hinges are fixed, 
and which is at the side opposite to what is 
called the lock style. Syn. Fr. Aontant 
pour le gond coté d'une porte, the mounting- 
piece for the door-hinge (gond coté, hinge- 
side, porte, door)—pron. mohn-tahn poor le 
gohnd coat-eh duhn porrt; Ger. Thiir- 
angelfries or Thiirscharnirfries (Scharnir or 
Charnier, a hinge, and fries, a frieze or 
board)—pron, tuerr-shar-neer-freeze. 

Hang, To, a Door, in Joinery. To fix it 
to the doorpost by the hinges; these being 
screwed to the hanging style. The term is 
from the Old English hangen, to suspend 
from above, 

Harling, in Bricklaying or Masonry. The 
terms employed in Scotland to indicate the 
process known in England as “ rough-cast- 
ing” (which for details see), by which the 
front or outside surfaces of house walls are 
covered with a mixture of mortar and small 
pebbles, 

Hasp, in Ironmongery. Part of whatiscalled 
door and gate furniture. It is a part used 
in the fastening of a door or gate in which 
a “padlock ” is employed as the securing or 
locking appliance. The “hasp” is secured 
by a loose joint, admitting of easy adjust- 
ment and movement, to the style of the door 
or gate to be fastened, the other end being 
elongated and provided with a slot or narrow 
aperture. This slot passes over an open 
semicircularly-ended ‘‘eye” latch or catch, 
the ends of which are driven into the gate- 
post or door-framing in the wall, and when 
the locking hook of the padlock is passed 
through the loop of the “eye” it is locked, 
and the gate or door firmly secured. Syn. 
Fr. Morailion ; also Agrafe or Fermoir, the 
latter derived from the verb fermer (ferr- 
may), to close, shut or lock—pron. morr-ahl- 
yohn. This term (moraillon) is too wide, as it 
means generally an iron flap ; fermoir is the 
better one, as it means definitely a clasp— 
pron. ferr-mohahrr ; agrafe (ah-grahf) also 
means aclasp. Syn. Ger. The French term 
has been, so to say, imported into Germany, 
as it is used there; other terms are, first, 
our own word nearly, Haspe—pron. hass- 
pay; second, Spange— pron. spann-geh, 
which means a clasp or bracelet; third, 
Haken—pron. hah-kenn—also a clasp or 
hook; and this is combined with another 
synonym for our term, Schliesshaken—pron. 
shleece-hah-kenn (from schliessen [shlee- 
senn], to lock, to close. 

Match, in Joinery. A term sometimes 
used to indicate an opening in a floor, or 
the enclosing wall of a timber-shed, which 
is covered by a “ trap-door” ; it is also used 
as a synonym for the trap-door itself, and 
also to indicate the small sluice-door in 


67 


ha 


a flood gate, or a small sluice-board, as in 
irrigation works, itself. Syn. Fr. for this 
latter term Vanne—pron. vann ; Ger. Schleus- 
senthiir—literally “the door of the sluice” 
—pron. shloy-senn-tuerr. 

Hatchet, in Yools. A small axe to be 
easily used with one hand. ‘The head has 
generally at the end opposite to the cutting 
edge a hammer-faced part, so that it can be 
used as a combination tool either for hewing 
or cutting or for striking. Our word is 
derived from the French synonym—with 
which, as will be seen, it is nearly identical 
—Hachette, which is the diminutive of 
Hache—pron. hahsh (Hachette, a little axe 
—pron. hash-ett). When the hatchet has a 
hammer head the French synonym is Marlin 
or Merlin—pron. marr- or merr-lain; the 
hammer part itself is Til/le—pron. teel. The 
German synonym for hatchet as a complete 
tool is Handbeil—pron. hahnd-bile (Beil, a 
hatchet, axe, or, literally, “a (one) hand 
axe,” as distinguished from an ordinary axe, 
which is generally, or may be used, with 
the two hands. Syn. for a hammer-headed 
hatchet, Hammerbeil ; for the hammer head 
itself the same term is employed, or Hammer 
vom Beil. Another German synonym is 
Handaxt—literally “a hand-axe.” 

Haunch of an Arch, in Masonry, That 
part situated between the crown or upper 
part of the arch (see Arch) and the part at 
which it springs from the piers, wall, or 
impost (which see). The haunch may be 
said popularly to be that part of the arch 
- which is most swelled or bulged out, as the 
haunch of the body bulges or swells out 
between the last rib and the thigh. The 
term “flank” is sometimes used in place of 
haunch of an arch; a tangent line to it 
being oblique, a tangent line to the crown, 
vertex or upper part being horizontal, a 
tangent line to the springing or lower part 
of the arch being vertical. Der. Our term 
is from, and very nearly the same as, the 
French hanche—pron. hahnsh. The French 
synonym for haunch of an arch is Segment 
inferieur d’un arc, or Mi-arc—pron, mee- 
arrk—literally “the half point of an arch” 
—that is, between the crown and the spring- 
ing; mi being a contraction of the word 
demi (half)—pron. deh-mee, or moitié, also 
half. This term mi-are gives perhaps a 
better idea of what the haunch is than the 
first-named term. Another Fr. syn. is 
Axille—pron. ack-seel; this means an arm- 
pit. The better term is Flanc d’un arc— 
the flank or side of an arch—which our 
haunch is. Syn. Ger. Bogenschenkel—liter- 
ally “the thigh of an arch ”—(Schenkel 
—pron. shenn-kell) ; also Spandrelle (spann- 
drel-leh), a term almost identical with our 
word spandril (which see). 

Hawke, in Plastering. The appliance 
used by the plasterer to hold a supply of 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


he 


plaster in one hand while he works it with 
the other. It consists of a flat piece of 
board provided with a handle fixed on the 
lower or under surface. The upper surface 
thus affords a species of table upon which 
the plaster is placed and on which small 
portions may be worked up with the tool. 
Syn. Fr. Palette de platrier (palette—liter- 
ally our palet, a flat surface for spreading 
paint, etc., upon, and pldtrier, a plasterer)— 
pron. pah-lett deh plah-tree-ai; Ger. Pflaster- 
breti—i.e. the plaster board (Brett, a board) — 
pron. pflass-terr-brett; also Mértelbrett— 
pron. moerr-tell-brett. 

Head of any piece of work, in Construction, 
is the top or upper part. The word is from 
the Old English heafd, the had of a man, 
Syn. Fr. la Téte—pron. lah tate; Ger. der 
Kopf. The term “head” is applied in many 
departments of building construction ; some 
of its applications are as follows. Head of 
a Nail—The part or end of a nail opposite 
to the point, and by which it is driven home; 
the form of the head varies, some nails being 
practically headless. Syn. Fr. Téte dun 
Clou (clou, a nail)—pron. tate duhn kloo; 
Ger. Nagelkopf—pron. nah-gell-kopf (Nagel, 
anail, Kop/,ahead). Head of a Hammer— 
Syn. Fr. 7éte d’un Marteau—pron. marr-toe ; 
Ger. Hammerkopf. Head Beam—The upper 
or top beam in an assemblage or timber 
framing. Syn. Fr. Tete d’une Poutre (see 
Beam); Ger. Balkenkupf. Head of a Window 
or Window Head—This term with us is 
generally used to indicate the form of the 
upper part of the window void or opening 
in the wall, as “square headed,” “ circular 
(that is arched) headed,” or “ segmental 
headed” (see Arch). In other cases the 
term is applied to the upper part of the 
window-frame or window-sash, which closes 
against the frame. Syn. Fr. (as applied in 
the latter case) Fermeture d'une Croisée 
(casement or window)—pron. fair-meh-toor 
duhne croah-zay; Ger. Fensterschluss (Schluss, 
closing or shutting—pron. shlooss, Fenster, 
a window) : for the form or decoration of a 
window head Fensteriiberdechung — literally 
“window upper or over covering.” Head- 
stone or Topstone: Syn. Fr. Pierre d'assise 
(the last layer or top stone laid)—pron. ass- 
eese; Ger. Kop/stiick (Stiick, a piece), the 
head piece or last stone laid, the “‘top stone.” 

Headers, in Masonry. The stones which 
are placed with their greatest length across 
the breadth or thickness, or transversely to 
the length of the wall, are so called (sée 
Stretchers). Headers, in Bricklaying, are the 
bricks the length of which is disposed in the 
above manner (see Bricks). 

Header Course, in Bricklaying. When a 
course is formed of headers throughout it 
is so called; generally “string courses ” 
(which see) are formed of header bricks 
alone, projecting some distance from the 


68 


he 


eneral face of the wall. Syn. Fr. Plate- 

ande d’un compartiment—that is, dividing 
one compartment or height of the wall from 
another, asa string course does, as the wall 
containing the window openings of the lower 
from those of the upper story; also Plate- 
bande d’un Assise, a layer or “ course” ; Ger. 
Kranzleiste—literally “a garland or wreath 
ledge” (Kranz—pron. krantz, a garland, a 
wreath, a festoon,and Leiste, a band or ledge). 
The term, however, is the German one for 
* heading course.” 

Head Workman. Generally with us 
occupying the place of foreman or manager 
of a department, though under him may be 
head or good or the best workmen who have 
a certain amount of supervision of other less 
skilled or trusted workmen under him. Syn. 
Fr. Chef des ouvriers, chief of the workmen, 
or simply chef— pron. sheff; in the ex- 
pression chef d’wuvre—that is, a masterpiece 
—the pronunciation is shay doovr; but in 
the synonym above sheff days oov-ree-yai. 

Heap, as of rubbish or earth in excavating. 
A mass having no determinate form or bulk. 
Der. The word is Old English, same spelling 
as our modern form; it is by others presumed 
to be derived from the German Haufen, and 
this from hoffan, to heave or throw together. 
Syn. Fr. Tas—pron. tah; Ger. Haufe—pron. 
how-fay (hence hdufen, to heap up, to accu- 
mulate—pron. how-fenn). 

Hearth, in House Construction. The 
lower part of a fire-grate, on which the fuel 
rests. In the olden times, when there was 
no grate, and only the andirons by which 
‘he fuel, generally wood billets or brush 
wood, was prevented from spreading over 
the floor of the apartment, the fuel was 
burnt in hovels on the earth; hence the 
Old German word Herde, the modern Frde, 
or earth, was used to denote the fireplace, 
and hence also the Old English word heorde. 
In better-class houses a flat stone was placed 
on which to burn the fuel; thus the term 
Hearthstone came into use. Syn. Fr. Pzerre 
de cheminée—pron. pee-are deh shem-ee-nay 
(see Fireplace) ; Ger. Heerdstein or Heerd- 
platte—pron. hairrd-stine, hairrd-plah-teh. 

Hearting, in Masonry, of a wall. The 
packing of small stones well. grouted in 
mortar placed in the centre to make up 
the solidity. This is not always obtained, 
especially where the mortar is poor and the 
packing stones more deserving the name of 
rubbish than that of stones—some walls 
thick enough are anything but solid. Syn. 
Fr. Ceur de mur ; Ger. das Innere der Mauer. 

Heart Wood, in Timber. The central, 
oldest, and hardest part of exogenous plants 
or trees, corresponding to the pith of an endo- 
genous tree or plant. Der. The word heart 
is Old English heorte. Syn. Fr. Bois ceur 


—pron. bwah koerr; Ger. Holzherz—pron. 
hollts-hairts, 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


he 


Heel Post, in Farm Buildings. Part of the 
Travis (which see), or timber division which 
divides one stall in a stable from another. 
As the name indicates, it is the outer post 
furthest from the head of the stall at which 
the manger is placed, and is so called because 
it is situated near the part of the stall at or 
about which the hind-legs of the horse are 
when he is standing. Syn. Fr. Pilier (ow 
colonne) postérieure d'une écurie (pilier, a 
pillar, colonne, a column or pillar, ecurie, a 
stable—see Stable)—pron. peel-yea (00 col- 
lonn) poss-tair-ee-eur duhn eh-koor-ee ; Ger. 
der Hinterpfeiler vom Stalle or der Pfeiler am 
Hinterende des Stalles—pron. dare hinn-terr- 
pee-lahr fom stall-eh. Our word heel is 
derived from the Old English hel, the hind 
part of the foot. 

Height, in Masonry, Carpentry,and Joinery. 
A term used to indicate the measurement of 
a vertical distance, as that between the floor 
and ceiling of a room, as “height of ceil- 
ing.’ When the measurement includes the 
whole part or structure, the term “ height 
over all” is used. The term “height” is in 
some cases synonymous with “rise ”—the 
“rise of an arch”—meaning the vertical 
height from line of springing to the under- 
side, soffit, or intrados of arch (see Arch). 
“ Pitch ” is also used to indicate the vertical 
height of a roof-truss; so that height, rise, 
and pitch of a roof all mean the same thing. 
The term “ pitch ” is that generally employed 
in carpentry. It is sometimes used in the 
sense of elevation: Syn. Fr. Hauteur or 
Elévation—pron. he-tuhr or eh-lay-vah-see- 
yon; Ger. Héhe—pron. hoeh-eh. Syn Fr. 
for height or rise of an arch or a roof-truss, 
Montée d'un arc (d'un comble)—pron. monn- 
tay duhn arrk (duhn cohm-bel); Ger. 
Bogenhihe or Dachhéhe. Der. Our word is 
taken from the Old English heahdo, and this 
from heah, high. Eng. pron. hite, not hate. 

Helve, in Tools. Synonymous with handle 
(which see). It is, however, almost always 
confined to the hammer or hammer-helve, 
and generally in the case of large hammers, 
as sledges or the striking hammers of smiths. 
Syn. Fr. Montée dun marteau—pron. monn- 
tay duhn marr-toe; Ger. Helm, helmet or 
cap. 

Herring-bone Bond, in Masonry and 
Bricklaying. This is by some considered to 
be the most ancient of all varieties of bonds. 
It is generally taken when present in a 
structure as evidence that it must be very 
old in point of date. This conclusion it is 
unsafe to make, as it is found in buildings 
ranging over a period of centuries, dating 
from the time of the Romans down to that 
of our own day. The peculiarity of this 
bond (see Bond) is that the successive 
courses are laid obliquely, not horizontally. 
The angle varies, but this may be taken at 
about 40°, The disposition of the course 


69 


he 


varies, the angle alternating in each course 
—one course of oblique stones lying to the 
right, the next to the left. In some classes 
of this work a layer or course of horizontally 
disposed or bedded stones is placed between 
the two oblique courses. The name herring- 
bone is given to this style of bond, from the 
close or fancied resemblance which any two 
contiguous courses have to the backbone of 
a herring. The resemblance is all the more 
complete if a horizontal course of these 
stones be placed between the two cblique 
courses. In this kind of bond the stones 
used are generally thin in proportion to the 
length, and when the whole are laid in good 
mortar—and in old work bad is never found 
—it makes a very strong wall. Syn. Fr. 
Aréte du poisson (aréte, bone, poisson, a fish) 
—pron, ah-rate dhu pwah-sonn ; also Aréte 
en épt (épi, a thorn)—pron. eh-pee ; so called 
from its resemblance to a thorn-stalk with 
spikes or prickles radiating from it; Ger. 
Fischgrdatenbau (Fisch, a fish, Grdte, a bone 
[ Fischgrdte is a fish-bone], and Bau, build- 
ing work)—pron. fish-gray-tenn-bough. 

Hew, in Masonry. To cut or dress the 
faces of building stones. This work is done 
with the hammer (pointed) or the chisel, 
according as the stone is hammer-dressed or 
smooth cut. Generally the term is de- 
rived from the Old English heuwh or hth, 
to cut or cleave, for its French synonym is 
Tailler—pron. tah-yea; also Couper (kooh- 
pay), to cut; Ger. hawen—pron. how-enn ; 
also hacken—hak-ken (our word “hack” 
comes from this). Specially the term hew, 
as to “hew with.the hammer” (hammer- 
dressed), has for its French synonym Déelarder 
une pierre. The term délarder is rather too 
specific, for it literally means ‘‘to chamfer ” 
(which see)—pron. day-larr-day. The more 
precise synonym would be Tailler une pierre 
avec le picot (see Pick-hammer)—pron. tah- 
yea oon pee-air ah-vek lay pee-koh; Ger. 
einen Stein mit dem Spitzhammer behauen ; also 
more briefly Stein spitzen (Spitz [speetz] 
is a point—for example, Spitzbergen, the 
pointed mountain)—pron, ine-en stine mit 
dame speetz-ham-merr bay-how-enn, or stine 
speetz-enn. To “hew stones with the 
chisel” the French synonym is the same 
as above, but having for picot the word 
échoppe, which is a hewing-chisel—pron. eh- 
shop. To “hew the bed of a stone” is in 
French Faire le lit dune pierre — literally 
“to make the bed or lying face of a stone” 
—pron. fair leh lee duhn pee-air; Ger. 
Lagerstein behauen. 

Hewer. Syn. Fr. Tailleur de pierres— 
pron. tayll-yure (¢azl/eur without the affix is 
a tailor, meaning a cutter-out of garments) ; 
Ger. Steinhauer. 

Hewing-stone, in Masonry generally. 
Syn. Fr. Coupe des pierres — pron. koop 
day pee-airr; Ger. Steine behauen—pron. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


he 


sty-neh beh-how-enn, some make the equi- 
valent simply Schnittstein (from Schnitt, a 
cut) — pron. shnit-stine, but this term is 
never used in this sense. 

Hexastyle, in Architectural Design. The 
portico or front elevation of a building 
which has six pillars or columns in front, 
Der. From the Latin hewastylos, hex being 
from the Greek and is the prefix for six, 
and stylos, a pillar or column. Syn. Fr, 
Hexastyle—pron. hayx-ah-steel ; Ger. sechs- 
sdulig, six-pillared (from sechs, six, and 
Sdule, a pillar or column)—pron. zex-zoyl-ich, 

Hinges, in Jronmongery, and as used in 
Joinery and Cabinet Making. These are of 
great variety of form and construction, too 
numerous to be named and described here. 
The simpler and cheaper forms, as for outer 
doors, gates, etc., are open to view ; the better- 
class forms are all concealed. The simplest 
form of door-hinge is made of two leaves or 
separate parts, rectangular in shape, longer 
than broad, and provided with two counter- 
sunk (see Countersunk) holes in each, 
through which the screw-nails employed 
to secure them to the timber are passed and 
screwed up or home; the surface of head of 
screw being thus flush with face of leaf of 
hinge. Each leaf has one of its sides turned 
up or formed into a species of tube, through 
which the pin on which the hinge turns is 
passed, securing the two leaves together. 
On one leaf a recess is cut out, and on the 
other a projecting part is made of the same 
swell or curve of tube as the side of the 
other leaf. This projection is made also 
with a hole through end to end, and when 
passed into the recess in the other leaf, the 
two are kept together by, and turn easily 
on, the pin asacentre. One leaf is screwed 
to the outside edge of the hanging style 
(which see) of door, the other to the inside 
of door-framing or casement. Der. The 
word is taken from the Danish hoenge, to 
hang. Syn. Fr. Charnier—pron. sharrn- 
yai; Ger. Thiirangel (Angel, a hinge, or 
an angle or corner, also a hook, as a fish- 
hook—probably derived from the Danish 
hengzel, a hook. The German phrase is 
literally a door-hinge or hook. 

Hip Knob, in Architectural Design. A 
part placed between the meeting angles or 
apex of a gable arched roof (see Gable). 
The part against the sides of which the 
rafters of the roof butt (see Butt) is made 
square and rectangular in section, with flat 
butting faces; the part of this below the 
apex is finished with a “drop” ornament, 
the upper part being terminated with a 
pointed or floriated finial (see Gablet) more 
or less ornate, The term hip knob thus 
defined is not correct, for a gable-ended is 
not a hipped roof, the two forms being 
essentially distinct, as explained under their 
respective heads, The end of a hipped roof 


70 


hi 


slopes away from the wall; a gable is the 
vertical continuation of the wall, but gene- 
rally tapering to a point. The term is, 
however, now established, and it would, it 
is to be confessed, be difficult to get another 
to substitute for it ; for a hip knob is not to 
be confounded with the ordinary finial or a 
gablet. Syn. Fr. Poincon déecoré—literally 
“a decorated needle or pointed tool ”—pron. 

wohn-song day-korr-aye, or Epi de faite— 
fiterally “a made thorn or spike,” alluding 
to the spiked or pointed termination—pron. 
ep-ee day fate ; Ger. Eckforster—pron, eck- 
for-ster. 

Hip Rafter, in Carpentry. The angular 
rafter reaching from the corner of the 
building in a hip roof to the ridge pole; or 
in a pavilion roof meeting with and joining 
the other hip rafters in the centre. This is 
sometimes called a “jack rafter” (which 
see). Syn. Fr. Aréte d’un comble, or simply 
Arétier— pron. ah-rate-ee-ay, or Chevron 
dune croupe (see Hip Roof)—pron, shuve- 
rong duhn kroop. 

Hip Roof, in Carpentry. <A roof-truss ; 
also a roof the ends of which are inclined 
like the sides and at the same angle. In 
this the gable (which see) is of necessity 
absent. Der. The word hip is taken from 
the Old English hipe or hype, denoting the 
lateral or side-bones bounding the pelvis; 
hence the name hip-roof, the hipped parts 
being at the side. Syn. Fr. Demi ferme de 
croupe—that is, the half-truss of a roof; 
the word croupe (pron. kroop) means the 
same as our word, so closely approaching it, 
croup—pron. same as the French, not crowp ; 
also the summit or ridge of a place, or 
simply at times a hip roof; Ger. Walmdach 
(Walm, a slope)—pron. vahlm-dach. When 
a hipped roof has its sloping sides and ends 
meeting in a point central to the covered 
space, it has for its French synonym Comble 
en pavillon—literally “a pavilion roof” — 
(which see)—pron. pah-veal-yong ; Ger. Zelt- 
dach (Zelt, a tent or a pavilion)— pron. tselt. 

Hip Tile (ridge), in Slater’s Work. The 
tile used to cover the ridges of a hipped 
roof. The sides or leaves are made oblique 
to each other, the angle corresponding, or 
nearly so, to the angle of sides of roof, so 
that the tiles when placed embrace the two 
sides or faces of this like a saddle ; hence 
some call them saddle tiles. The apex of 
the tile is in plain tiles rounded off with 
what is called a plain “roll” or cylindrical 
surface, and in better-class work is orna- 
mented with finials more or less ornate. 
Syn. Fr. Tuile (pron. tweel) de croupe or 
Tuile arcti¢re—pron. tweel arr-ate-yair. 
_“H” Iron, in Jror Framework. Some- 
times called “ double” iron ; the two pieces 
of T iron being placed so that the ¢ lies flat, 
thus -, the two tails being riveted together. 
Syn. Fr. Fer en “H”—pron. fair abn ahsh 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ho 


—that is, iron in the form of the letter H; 
Ger. “ H” Eisen—pron. hah-eisen,. 

Hoarding, in Building. Timber boards 
enclosing a space in which building is going 
on; or, as in the case of street buildings, a 
row of timber boarding to screen off the 
work from the pavement or strect. If nota 
corruption of boarding, the term is probably 
derived from the Old English word heord, 
to store up (our hoard), and anything 
hoarded is enclosed or concealed, which 
hoarding or boarding does. ‘lhe nearest 
Frenci. synonym is Cldture (enclosure) pour 
le: bdtiments (buildings)—pron. kloh-teure 
pvor lay bah-tee-mahns; Ger. Linhdgung 
von Bauen (from hdgen, to fence off or 
enclose)—pron. ine-hay-goong fon bough- 
enn. 

Hob, in Ironmongery. That part at the 
side of a fire grate which has a flat level 
surface, so that cooking utensils, etc., may 
be placed on it for their contents to be 
warmed or to simmer; hence the French 
and German synonyms as below. The hob is 
altogether absent in sitting or entertaining- 
room grates, and is only made an integral 
part of kitchen grates—sometimes, where the 
claims of comfort or of sick-room necessities 
are considered (which they seldom are by 
the modern fire grate makers), of bedroom 
grates. Der. Our word is from the Old 
English habb (from habben, to hold, or place 
a thing upon). Syn. Fr. Plaque de pot au feu 
or bouillowre. The pot au feu is an established 
institution in all French kitchens—at least, of 
the classes with whom economy is an object. 
It is a tall earthenware vessel, or jar as we 
should call it, provided with a lid. This is 
kept constantly standing on the hob or on 
the warming-plate of the cooking-stove, if 
that be used, and all (clean) scraps of meat, 
fat, bones, etc., are put into this from time 
to time, which, constantly simmering, form 
a rich stew or rather gravy, which to our 
cooks is known by the name of “stock,” 
from which rich gravies or soups are made, 
The term dowilloire is almost identical with 
the pot au feu, although it means simply a 
boiler—pron. plahk deh pot o feugh, or 
plahk deh boohl-whar. Syn. Ger. Kesselplatte 
—literally “ the kettle-plate ”—pron. kess-el- 
plat-teh. 

Hod, in Bricklaying. The implement or 
appliance used by the bricklayer’s labourer 
to carry the bricks or mortar in. It is a 
“V-shaped box, provided with a long 
cylindrical handle fixed to the central part 
of apex or ridge of the V-box; this edge 
resting on the shoulder of the labourer, a 
pad beirg placed between this and the sharp 
edge of the “hod.” Der. Some take it from 
the Old English odd—that is, a thing which 
has not an even or flat surface ; others from 
the Old French hotte, which signified a dorsal 
—that is, a thing carried on the back, The 


71 


ho ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. ho 


modern French synonym, oddly enough, is 
oiseau— that is, a bird — pron. wah-zoh; 
otherwise it is termed palette—pron. pah- 
lett. Our word pallet comes from this ; also 
auge, which signifies a trough—pron. ohj. 
If the hod is used to carry mortar in 
for the use of masons, it is termed <Auget 
a@ mortigre—pron. oh-jay ah morr-ty-airr. 
Syn. Ger. Ziegelsteinkiibel—literally “a brick 
tub ” (Kiibel, a tub—pron. kue-bell). If the 
hod is to carry mortar, it is Lehmkwbel. 

Hoist, in House Appliances. Sometimes 
termed an elevator: a contrivance used for 
lifting or taking up cooked food, etc., from 
the kitchen to a closet or passage adjoin- 
ing the dining-room; also much used in 
restaurants to convey the food of the guests 
from the cooking-place and stores below. 
It is a corruption of our word hoise, to raise 
or lift up. Der. It istaken from the French 
hausser, to raise, or the German hissen. Syn. 
Fr. Elévateur, an elevator, lifter, or hoister 
—pron. eh-leh-vah-teur; Ger. Llevator— 
pron. ell-eh-vah-tor, 

Hoist, in Building. Sometimes called a 
travelling crane, or more simply a “traveller” 
(see Crane and Travelling Crane), The 
crane or the hoisting apparatus is placed 
in a frame, which moves to and fro along 
beams (see Gantry), and the crane or crab 
or hoisting mechanism has a traverse or 
cross movement on its frame. Syn. Fr. 
Monte-charge — pron. mohnt sharg; Ger. 
Aufhisser, hoister or lifter out of—pron. 
owf-hiss-err. 

Hold, in Construction. To hold fast, to 
grip. lt is a term often used, meaning 
that the connection between one piece and 
another is firm or secure, and can be trusted 
to for not giving way. Der. The word is 
taken from the Old English heold, held 
(from healdan, to hold). Syn. Fr. Tenir, to 
hold—pron. ten-eer ; Ger. Greifen, to grasp, 
seize hold of—pron. grife-enn. To hold fast 
is Mordre, to bite, to catch fast hold of— 
pron. morr-derr; Ger. Angreifen, to seize 
or grasp on—pron. an-grife-en. 

Holdfast, in Carpentry and Joinery. This 
may be called a large iron nail driven into 
timber, where a secure part to hang on by 
or fix is required. It is flat on the face, but 
tapers generally from the broad end to the 
driving point. The broad end is flattened 
out much thinner than the body, and is 
bent inwards and over the upper edge ina 
kind of semicircular loop. This joins the 
broad end, so as to leave a shoulder by 
which the holdfast can be driven home 
without striking the loop, which is not cal- 
culated to bear heavy blows. Syn. Fr. 
Tirant (from tirer, to draw)—meaning a 
drawer together or holder; Ger. Klammer— 
pron. klam-merr (from klammern, to clasp) ; 
also Haken, a hook—pron. hah-ken. 

Hole, in Construction. An aperture made 


in a body, as in a wall or a piece of timber 
by which a passage is made from one surface 
to the other. A common expression is that 
when a hole is made it “shows daylight 
through.” This is shown in the French and 
German synonyms in one form: namely, Fr. 
la Lumiére—pron. lah luh-me-yairr, the light, 
also a hole or opening ; Ger. Lichtsehloch— 
literally “light (day) see or seeing hole” 
(from sehen, to see, and Loch, a hole); or 
simply Lichtloch, light hole—pron. leecht- 
logh. Another expression, in connection 
with a hole in construction, is that it lets 
light and air through ; this is shown, so far 
as the latter is concerned, in another German 
synonym, Luftloch, airhole (Luft being air, 
the atmosphere, a breeze, etc.)—pron. lohft- 
logh. This is more accurate than the Old 
English word hol, from which our term 
comes, hol meaning a cavity. Now, a cavity 
is in one sense a hole made in the surface of 
a thing; but it is not a hole in the sense of 
passing through the body, which is the 
constructive sense of the term we give. 
Generally the French synonym for hole is 
Trou—pron. troo ; Ger, Loch (for pronuncia- 
tion see Dissertation on the sound of combi- 
nation ch. The act of making a hole is in 
French Refouillement (from fouiller, to dig 
out, to excavate—pron. full-yea) ; refouille- 
ment is digging again and again till the hole 
is completed or excavation formed—pron. 
ray-foo-ill-mahn ; Ger. Auslochung — liter- 
ally ‘‘ hollowing out.” 

Hollow, in Architecture. Another term 
for the moulding known as the Cavetto 
(which see). 

Hollow, in Construction. Der. The term 
is taken from the same Old English word 
hol, a cavity, as hole is; and it more accu- 
rately defines what a hollow than it indicates 
what a hole is; for a hollow is a depressed 
or sunk part in an object—not necessarily 
showing light and letting air through, as a 
constructive hole does (see last term above, 
also Cavity). Syn. Fr. for to hollow, or 
the act of hollowing, Creuser — pron. 
kreu-zay, to scoop or dig out; Ger. 
héhlen—that is, to make a hole or cavern, 
which does not give the precise concep- 
tion of a constructive hollow or cavity. 
For to hollow out in the sense of stamp- 
ing, as a sheet of iron, or to make 
projecting knobs on hoop iron (which see), 
to give it a better hold, the French synonym 
is Faire une cavité, to make a cavity—pron. 
fair uehn kah-vee-tay. Another French 
term is Faire une plumée. This has a some. 
what curious derivation: plumée — pror. 
ploom-eh, is a dip of ink and small cavities 
may be said to contain as much liquid as 
this. Another French term for this stamp 
ing out cavities in metal is Kstamper une 
cuiller, to stamp out a spoon (cwiller pron. 
kweel-yea). Syn. Ger. Schlag machen—that 


72 


ho 


is, making blows, which, though true of 
stamping, which cannot be done without 
blows, gives no idea of what purpose they 
are toserve. The more precise term would be 
eine Vertiefung machen, which is the nearest 
approach to our hollow or cavity—meaning 
to make a deepening (from vertiefen, to 
deepen or make deeper) — pron. ferr-tee- 
foong. To hollow out the surface of a 
stone, the Fr. syn. is Creuser une pierre ; 
Ger. Stein aushdhlen. A hollow, as a groove 
or recess, is in French Creuwx—pron. kreuh ; 
Ger. Héhlung. 

Hollow Brick, in Bricksetting. A brick 
with void spaces or having holes, circular 
or rectangular in section, running through 
from end to end longitudinally, or from side 
to side transversely. The object is not 
merely to lighten the weight of the bricks, 
but to serve in some measure the same 
purpose as the hollow wall. Hollow bricks 
are also used as air bricks and foundation- 
course or damp-proof bricks (see Bricks). 

Hollow Groove, in Carpentry or Joinery. 
Syn. Fr. Gorge, the throat—pron. gorrjh; 
also Cannelure—literally “a channel”—pron. 
kann-el-uhr ; also échancrure — pron. eh- 
shahn-kruuhr — literally “a slope” (from 
échancrer [eh-shahn-kray], to slope) ; Ger. 
Kehle — pron. kay-leh, the throat, or a 
channel ; also Kehilleiste (Leiste, a band), 
meaning a long channel. 

Hollow Wall, in Masonry and Brick- 
laying. A wall with a central void space. 
The object of this is to keep the inner or 
house side of the wall dry or free from 
damp; any rain or damp which passes 
through the outer part of the hollow wall 
being arrested by the void space. (See 
Cavity Wall.) 

Holly, in Timber, and in House and Garden 
Decoration, An evergreen bush—which, how- 
ever, under careful cultivation, assumes the 
form of a tree of considerable height and 
with widely spreading, yet compactly formed, 
branches. It is much admired for the 
beautiful green glossiness of its pointed and 
prickly leaves, and the red berries which 
adorn it in the winter months. It is largely 
cultivated for the house decoration at “dear 
delightful Christmas.” The botanical name 
is ilex aquefolium. Der. The word “holly” is 
taken from the Old English holegn, and this 
from halig, holy or sacred, referring to its 
use at the sacred season above alluded to. 
The custom, then, of decorating our houses 
at this period with evergreen holly is thus 
seen to be a very old one. Syn. Fr. Houx— 
pron. hoo; holly wood is Bois de houx—pron. 
bwah deh hoo; Ger. Walddistelholz (from 
Wald, a forest, Distel, a thistle, Holz, wood, 
referring to the prickly character of its 
leaves, like those of a thistle)—pron. valld- 
dis-tell-hollts, 


Home, Drive, in Construction, Meaning 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ho 


that the piece, as a wedge or a nail or hold- 
fast, is to be driven in with blows of the 
hammer or mallet till it has penetrated the 
body into which it is driven as far the 
workman deems necessary in order to give 
it the firmest or most secure hold (see Hold). 
Syn. Fr. Enfoncer, to drive or force in, as to 
drive home a nail, is Enfoncer un clou—pron. 
ahn-fonn-say oon kloo; Ger. Nagel ein- 
schlagen (Schlag, a blow or stroke)—pron. 
nah-gell ine-shlah-gen. Der. Our word 
“home” is taken from the Old English ham, 
a home, which latter is nearly the Lowland 
Scotch for one’s house : “ when the kye (Ger. 
Kich, cattle) come hame”—that is, when 
they are brought from the pastures to be 
housed. Our word “drive” is taken from 
the Old English dri/, force or compulsion 
(from drifan, to force). 

Home Grown Timber, in the Timber 
Trade. Another term for round timber 
(which see) that is sold in the tree form of 
boles and branches. The term indicates 
that the dealer does not asa rule sell foreign 
grown timber, but deals in timber trees 
grown in our own country, such as oak, 
larch, fir, sycamore, etc. Syn. Fr. Bois du 
pays—that is, wood of the country—pron. 
bwah duh pay-ee; Ger. einheimisches Holz 
(from Heim, home)—pron. ine hime-ee-shess 
holtz. 

Hone. The synonym for whetstone (or 
setstone), which is used by carpenters and 
joiners for “setting” their chisels, plane- 
irons, etc., or putting a fine edge on them, 
the surface of the stone being lubricated 
with fine oil, The word “hone,” however, 
is more generally used to indicate the form 
of whetstone used to put a fine edge on 
smaller tools, such as knives, razors, ete. 
The whetstones for long most esteemed 
were known as “Turkey,” of a fine rich 
creamy colour, remarkably smooth in tex- 
ture, and yet giving a good “bite” to the 
tool edge. The stone known and chiefly 
used now as “ Arkansas” is a product of 
American quarries, chiefly in the State of this 
name ; hence the designation. This stone is 
remarkable for the bite it gives the edge, and 
the rapidity with which it ‘‘ sharpens”? it. 
The colour of Arkansas stone is a bluish- 
white or a whitey-blue. Syn. Fr. Pierre 
@ aiguiser (to sharpen or put an edge on)— 
pron. pee-air ah eh-gweeze-eh ; Ger. Wetz- 
stein (from wetzen, to sharpen)—pron. vettz- 
shtine. 

Hood, in Architecture. A term used to 
denote some species of covering, as— 

Hood Moulding. The moulding which 
forms the upper member of a Gothic door 
or window dressing, and which projects 
from the wall so as to cover the members 
below and thus protect them from wet or 
drip; hence the other terms given to the 
same object—drip moulding, weather mould- 


73 


ho 


ing. It is sometimes also termed a “label.” 
Der, The word hood is from the Old English 
hod, a hut or covering. Syn. Fr. Cham- 
branle a pignon (literally “a gable casing ”)— 
pron. shahm-brahnl ah peen-yon; Ger. Thiir 
(or Fenster) verdachung—literally “a door 
(or window) roofing ”—pron. thuerr ferr- 
dach-oong. 

Hook, in Ironmongery. A piece of metal 
bent or crooked at one end, the curve more 
or less approaching to that of part of a 
circle ; sometimes also shaped like an ogee 
(which see) or with an elliptical curve. The 
part of the hook opposite to the bend or 
crook is called the tail, and this may be 
simply pointed to be driven like a nail. In 
the best work the tail end is screwed. Der. 
Our word is from the Old English hoc, a 
thing bent or crooked (hoicht, crooked). 
The word crook is supposed to be taken 


from the Welsh croca, but it may be from’ 


croc—pron. kroh, which is the French 
synonym for hook. Crochet also means a 
hook—pron. krow-shay: this, however, means 
alittle hook. Syn. Ger. Haken, a hook or clasp 
—pron. hah-kenn ; also Haspen (our word 
hasp comes from this). To hook an object 
is n French Attacher (to attach) avec un. 
croc ou crochet—pron. ah-tash-eh ah-vek oohn 
krok oo krosh-eh; Ger. Anhaken or anhaspen 
(see above)—pron. an-hah-ken, an-hass-pen. 
Hook Ring, in Door or Window Furniture. 
A ring or eye screwed—or the tail may be 
pointed like a nail only—into the framing in 
the case of a door, to receive the bent part 
of the “ hook” which is jointed to the door 
itself. In this case the tail end of the hook 
is furnished with an eye by which it can be 
screwed on to the door, etc. Syn. Fr. Croc 
a@ anneau— pron. krok ah an-noh; Ger. 
Hakenring—pron. hah-kenn-ring. 
Hoop-iron, in Bricklaying. Used largely 
now as a substitute for bond timber—that 
is, long pieces of wood, generally of brick 
section, so as to fit or bond in with the 
bricks, built in the walls to keep or bind or 
bond the bricks together. But as this bond 
timber decayed rapidly, leading to unequal 
settlement—a worse disease than that the 
bond timber was designed to cure—a sub- 
stitute was looked for and found in that 
form. of thin wrought-iron plate rolled as 
narrow ribands. When this is well painted 
with tar it lasts a long time, and has a much 
greater tensile strength than timber of in- 
finitely larger cross-section. By indenting 
(see Hole, Hollow) the strips with a rounded- 
head punch, a series of projections are made 
which give to the mortar a good key or hold 
ofthe iron. Better still if the small hole be 
punched through, leaving ragged or rough 
projections on the side opposite to the 
punched side. In a patent hoop-iron for 
bonding, known as Tyermann’s, the edges 
are cut into diagonally, at intervals of a short 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ho 


distance, and these cut parts are bent up in 
alternate directions so that each surface has 
its edges provided with a series of what are 
practically hooks or gripping points. Syn. 
Fr. Fer & ruban—that is, riband iron—pron. 
ferr ah rue-bahn; Ger. Reifeisen (from Reif, 
a circle or hoop)—pron. rife-ize-enn. To 
hoop is in French Cercler—pron. sare-clay ; 
Ger. Umreifen—pron. oohm-rife-enn. 

Hoop (Metal), in Construction. A ring 
or hoop of iron made to encircle a piece of 
timber, as the head of a timber pile, to 
prevent the piece splitting open under the 
blows of the “ monkey,” a falling weight 
which “drives home” (which see) the pile. 
Der. The word is from the Old English hop, 
aring. Syn. Fr. Cercle—pron. sair-kel; also 
Anneau—pron. an-no; also Cerceau—pron. 
sair-soh ; Ger. Rundband—pron. ruhnd-bahnd; 
also Schiene—pron. shee-nay, am iron band 
(from schienen [shee-nen], to splint or tie 


round). 
Hornblende. One of the constituents of 
granite. Syn. Fr. Granit ampholique—pron. 


grahn-ee-tahm-foll-eek; Ger. Hornblende- 
granit—pron. horn-blen-deh-grah-neet. 

Hierse, in the Timber Trade. The frame- 
work made up of angularly disposed timbers, 
or with timbers having spaces between of 
varying widths. Into these spaces the sawn- 
up planks or boards are placed in sloping 
or angular directions, so that the upper ends 
of one set cross the ends of another set, 
projecting beyond the sides of the rack or 
horse. When so placed they are exposed 
to drying winds and sunlight, and thus 
get “weathered” or ‘seasoned.’ But as 
they are also exposed to rain and damp, 
this seasoning is anything but complete. 
Another name is trestle or timber trestle. 
The French synonym for our word is 
Triteau, a trestle (see Trestle)—pron. tree- 
toh; Ger. Gestell, a trestle, a holding frame 
—pron. geh-stell; also Bock, a trestle. The 
special German synonym for a timber horse, 
rack, or trestle is Sdgebock—literally “saw 
(Sdge, a saw), wood trestle”—pron. zay- 
geh-bokk. 

Hiorse-shoe Arch, in Architecture. A 
distinguishing feature of Arabic, Moresque, 
or Moorish architecture. In every other 
form of arch the ends spring from the 
impost or pier for some distance in a ver- 
tical or partly vertical direction, the inside 
line or intrados being coincident or in a line 
with the inner lines of piers or imposts. In 
the horse-shoe or Moorish arch, the spring- 
ing ends form part of a circle—blending 
with the upper line of intrados, which is 
semicircular—bending, as it were, towards 
the centre line of arch, so that the lines of 
imposts or piers are nearer the centre line 
than on other forms of arches, It is not 
easy to explain in words what a diagram 
can alone do; but this will suffice to give 


74 


ho 


the general reader some conception of the 
form, which will begreatly aided by keeping 
in mind the formof the inner curve of a 
horse-shoe, which gives the dominant idea 
in our own term as stated, and the French 
synonym, Are & cheval—pron. ark ah sheh- 
yahl. The German synonym is dominated 
by the name of the nation who first intro- 
duced this arch—the Moors—and of which 
the finest specimens are to be met with 
in the Alhambra, that beautiful structure 
which they built when they held Spain. 
Syn. Ger. der mohrische Bogen (literally 
“Moorish arch”)—pron. more-ish-eh boh- 
genn. 

Hothouse, in Garden Architecture. A 
term applied to a glazed structure either 
on the “lean-to” or the “span roof” (see 
Lean-to, Span Roof) principle of framing, 
and which is kept artificially heated to force 
on flowering and other plants. Syn. Fr. 
Serre-chaude, a hot greenhouse, a close or 
tight structure (from serrer, to ‘close or 
tighten)—pron. sairr-shode ; Ger. T’reib- or 
Warmhaus (from treiben [tribe-enn], to force 
or drive) — pron. tribe, varm-house. If for 
forcing fruits only, the French synonym is 
Forcerie—pron. forser-r-ree; Ger. Frucht 
(fruit—pron. fruecht) warm or treibhaus. 

Mouse, in Domestic Architecture. The 
building in which human beings are sheltered 
or goods, etc., protected. Der. The term is 
from the Old English hus, and this from 
huten, to cover (see Hut). Syn. Fr. Maison 
—pron. may-zonn ; Ger. Haus—pron. howss. 

Housing (to House), in Carpentry. The 
making of a place, as a scarf joint, to receive 
the end of another member of a framing, 
as the rafter joining the tie beam. When 
the joist is completed the rafter is said to be 
“ housed,” and ‘‘ to house” it is to make the 
joist ; housing is the joist completed. The 
term applies, of course, to a wide range of 
work ; joists of floors, for example, are said 
to be “housed” when built into the walls. 
Syn. Fr. Mettre en place, to put in place— 
pron. mett-err ahn plahce; Ger. Einheimsen 
(Heim, home), to take or place home—pron. 
ine-hime-senn. 

House Carpene}r.—The artificer who does 
the timber framing work of domestic and 
other houses. (See Carpenter—Carpentry.) 

House Painter. The artificer who does 
the internal and external painting work. 
Syn. Fr. Peintureur—pron. pehn-tuhr-eur 
or -uehr ; also Peintre des bdatiments—that is, 
a building painter — pron. pehn-terr day 
bah-tee-mahn ; Ger. Putzenmaurer—literally 
“a builder - dresser or decorator” (from 
putzen, to dress)—pron. put-senn-mow-rerr ; 
also simply Weisser—literally “a whitener 
or whitewasher,” as if the ability to white- 
wash a building embraced all that was 
essential in painting. | 

Hovel (see Hut). A term generally 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


hhy 


applied to some temporary erection, almost 
always constructed of wood, sometimes of 
earth, made to shelter workmen in doing 
work in rural districts, as in railway work, 
farm work, etc. There are but too many 
houses of the poor, so called, to which the 
name of hovel would be more applicable. 
It is hard to say when this social stain on 
our national character will be removed (see 
Sanitary Construction), Der. The word is 
from the Old English hofel (from hof, a 
house), meaning a little house. (See Cabin), 

Hurdle. <A species of portable fence, 
the fence being made in short sections and 
fixed in the earth where required. The 
cheapest form of hurdle is that made of 
branches of trees filled in with small twigs 
and brushwood. WDer. The word in this 
sense is taken from the Old English hyrdhil. 
Improved hurdles are made like gates, 
regularly framed, or of wrought iron. Syn, 
Fr. Claie—pron. klay; Ger. Hiirde—pren, 
heurr-deh. 

Hut, in Building. A small house con- 
taining generally but one room. The term 
is often used as synonymous with hovel 
(which see), although as a rule a hut is 
considered to be more carefully constructed 
than a hovel, even if its accommodation as 
a living place be no greater. Der. The 
term may be a corruption of the Old English 
hus, although lt is more probable that we 
take it direct from the German WHiitte ‘or 
from the French, which gives precisely the 
same word. The pronunciation of the latter 
is huett; of the German huet-tay. 

WMuteh, in Ecclesiastical Architecture. 
Hutch or Hatch, in Joinery. In the first- 
named the name was given to the receptacle 
or movable chest or fixed cup-board in which 
the utensils, etc., of public worship were 
kept. In joinery the term—more frequently, 
however, spelt as hatch—is used for a species 
of trap-door used in barns, caravans, etc. 
The door is generally made in two halves, 
divided horizontally, so that when the upper 
half is let down the lower half still keeps 
the doorway closed, while light and air are 
admitted through the upper opening. The 
term hutch is most generally used to indi- 
cate the species of small timber house or 
box in which rabbits are kept. Der. Our 
term hutch is taken from the Old English 
hucche. 

Hydrant, in Water Supply. An appliance 
placed in streets, courts, etc., to facilitate 
the supply of water without unnecessary 
waste. It consists ofa tall iron case, plain 
or ornamental in design, which encloses the 
valve or tap apparatus. This is worked by 
a spring knob or by other mechanical ar- 
rangement from the outside. Hydrants are 
also used for fire extinguishing purposes. 
Der, The term is from the Latin hydra, and 
this from the Greek hudor, both signifying 


75 


hy 


water. Syn. Fr. (for a fire hydrant) Robinet 
a@ incendie—pron. roh-bee-nay ah ahn-sahn- 
dee ; Ger. Feuerhahn ( Hahn, a cock or tap)— 
literally “a fire-cock ”—pron. foy-err-hahn. 
Hydraulic Cement, in Building. A 
cement which hardens under water. The 
Romans used a mineral substance called 
puzzalano, and the use of this has descended 
to our own day. The mineral called tufa, a 
soft friable rock, but which indurates or 
hardens on exposure to the air, was largely 
used by the ancient Romans as a hydraulic 
cement. Rome may be said to stand on the 
tufa ; and those mysterious places, so full of 
archeological interest —the catacombs of 
Rome—are by some authorities believed to 
have been formed by the inhabitants of 
ancient Rome for the purpose of obtaining a 
supply of hydraulic cement, which they not 
only used largely (almost exclusively) in 
constructing their splendid buildings or 
aqueducts, but sent to all parts of their vast 
dominions for constructive purposes. The 
mineral called trass (a corruption of terrass), 
found very largely in some of the districts 
on the Rhine, markedly in that of the Lohr, 
is quarried extensively and sent to various 
parts, specially to Holland, where it is largely 
used as a hydraulic cement. Of late a 
species of cement known as Portland is most 
extensively used in hydraulic work and in 
forming a concrete, the materials of which 
are mixed with water and “set” with 
remarkable hardness, Syn. Fr. Ciment de 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


im 
puzzolane — pron. see-mahn deh pueh-zoh- 
lahn ; also Ciment @hydraulique—pron. see- 
mahn dee-droll-eek ; Ger. Hydraulischer Kitt 
(Kitt, cement)—pron. hee-drow-lish-err kitt. 

Hyperthyrum, in Architectural Design. 
Der. From the Latin hypethrus, used to 
indicate the lintel of a door and the frieze 
or ornaments above it. It is a learned 
synonym for hood mouldings (which see). 
Syn. Fr. Hypéthre—pron. hee-pay-ter ; also 
Hyperthyrion dessus de porte—pron. hee-perr- 
teer-ee-on deh-sueh deh porrt; Ger. Fries 
tiber der Thiir (“frieze over the door ”?)—pron. 
freess ueh-berr derr tuerr ; also Thiirbekro- 
nung—literally “ the door crowning ’—pron. 
tuer-beh-kroeh-noong. 

Hypocaust, in Building. The name given 
by the Romans to the arrangement of stove 
by which the water of their baths was 
heated. Syn. Fr. Hypocauste—pron. heap- 
oh-kohst; Ger. Hypokaustum—pron. hip-oh- 
kows-toom ; also Heitzung unter dem Fuss- 
boden (literally “heating under the floor,” 
this referring to the principle upon which the 
hypocaust was arranged by the Romans)— 
pron. hite-soong oon-terr dame foos-boh-denn. 

Hypotrachelium, in Architectural Design. 
A learned synonym for the neck or the 
frieze of the capital of an order, or for the 
neck moulding. Syn. Fr. Gorgerin (gorge, 
the throat) — pron. gorje-air-aihn ; also 
Colarin — pron. kohl-arr-ihn; Ger. Hypo- 
tracelion—pron. hip-oh-trah-kell-ee-on. 


Impost, in Masonry and Bricklaying. The 
upper part of a pier or column, or upper part 
of a wall, from which an arch springs. The 
distance between the sides of the impost with 
which the inner curve or intrados of the arch 
coincides is equal to the ‘span ” of the arch. 
The “rise” of the arch is measured from the 
central point of a horizontal line joining the 
upper faces of the two imposts. Der. From 
the Latin ponere, to place, an impost being 
a body or surface upon which something 
(the arch stone or voussoir) is placed. Syn. 
Fr. Jmposte; also Coussinet—pron. koo-see- 
nay ; Ger. der Impost—pron. imm-posst. 

Inch, in Measurements. A lineal measure 
or measurement of length equal to one 
thirty-sixth part of the “standard or im- 
perial yard,” or one-twelfth of the foot. In 
“foot rules” it is generally divided into 
eight equal parts, technically termed eighths; 
but a further division in many rules is made 
into sixteen parts, technically called “six- 
teenths” of an inch. Der. From the Old 
English ince, and this probably from the 
Latin wncia, which means the twelfth part. 
Syn Fr. Pouce—pron. poohce, which means 


literally “the thumb,” and the term as 
applied to a measurement of length probably 
arose from the habit of taking measurements 
from or by the length of the first or nail 
joint of the thumb, which on the average is 
about equal to the length of an inch; Ger. 
Zoll—pron. tsoll, which means literally “a 
toll.” The word Zoll is from Zahl, number, 
and zahlen is to pay or count out the money, 
like the Tatin nwmerare pecuniam. From 
the same root is the expression “to tell 
(count) a sum of money” (Geld zahlen). 

Inclination, in Construction. A part or 
surface which is inclined or on the slope, as 
the sides of a roof. Syn. Fr. Pente—pron. 
pahnt, or Talus, which latter term is generally 
applied to the sloping incline of an embank- 
ment or earthwork ; Obliquité — pron. ob- 
lee-kwee-tay ; also /nclinaison—pron. aihn- 
klee-nay-sonn ; Ger. Shiefe—pron. shee-feh. 
Inclination of the rafters of a roof: Syn. 
Fr. Rampe de chevron—pron. rahmp deh 
shevv-ron ; Ger. Schiefe der Dachsparren 
(roof spars or timbers)—pron. shee-feh derr 
dach-spar-ren, 

Incline (as in Handrailing), in Joinery 


76 


im 
—the handrail (which see) being on the 
incline or slope. Syn. Fr. Rampe; Ger. 
Schief—pron. sheef. 

Inclosure, in Building. A space fenced 
or boarded off (see Hoarding), in which work 
may be carried on. Jer, Krom the Latin 
verb includere, and this from in and claudere, 
to shut in or enclose. Syn. Fr. Enclos—pron. 
ahn-kloh ; Ger. Umfassungsmauer, or Einhd- 

ung—pron, OOm-fass-oongs-mow-err, ine- 
ay-goong. 

Indent, To, in Building Construction. A 
term used, as in carpentry, signifying that 
notches or depressed parts have been cut out 
of a surface, as in scarfing a beam. Those 
depressions are generally terminated by a 
vertical or nearly vertical end, the other part 
sloping away from this, so that when a 
number of indentations are made a toothed- 
like surface is produced, The word indent 
involves this idea, for it is derived from the 
Latin indentare, and this from in, and dens,a 
tooth. The French synonym is from the 
same root: édenter—pron. eh-dang-tay; also 
denteler—pron. dahn-te-lay ; also creneler— 
pron. kray-neh-lay, to notch. The German 
synonym involves the sam2 idea: bezahnen 
(from Zahn, a tooth)—pron, bay-tzahn-en ; 
also Zihnen—pron. tsay-nen ; also ausfeilen 
—pron. owss-file-enn (feilen, to file); also 
auszacken (zacken, to notch or indent)—pron. 
owss-tzack-enn. 

Indian Architecture. The resemblance 
between the leading features of Indian 
architecture and those of Egyptian (which 
see) is so marked that there is little doubt 
but that the Hindts borrowed their style 
from the Egyptians. The same massive and 
imposing style of column, with heavy shafts 
and bulging-out and ponderous capitals, 
characterise both. The feature of the 
pyramids of Egypt is also found reproduced 
in India, in some of the most celebrated 
pagodas, such as that at Tanjore. The 
general form is different, starting as the 
pyramidal or tapering point does from a 
rectangular base, and the top is truncated 
and finished with a dome or cupola, while 
the sides or surfaces are beautifully de- 
corated. The gate pyramids or gopuras 
are remarkable specimens of this style. 
There are some magnificent specimens of 
Indian, or as it is otherwise called Hindi, 
architecture existing in India. Of these 
there are two classes—those excavated or cut 
out of the solid rock, and those constructed 
or built. Of the first the rock-cut temples at 
Ellora are the most remarkable. These are 
so extensive, so gigantic in proportions, and 
are characterised by such an infinity of 
detail, that it is difficult to give credence to 
the statements of travellers who have visited 
the place and described what seem to be 
more the creation of a rich fancy than the 
sober details of fact. The anles at this 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


im 
delebrated place are not, however, all ex- 
cavated or hollowed out from the rock, the 
chambers and halls being, so to say, en- 
tombed within the mass; but some are cut 
or carved —if this latter term can be 
employed in such gigantic work—out of the 
solid, so that the temples are as completely 
isolated as if they had been built in the 
usual way from the foundation. Of this 
class of rock-cut work, the most celebrated 
is the temple known as the Kylas at Hilora, 
Hindi or Indian architecture with many 
is supposed to be of a low or degraded kind, 
but this is so far from the case that there 
is abundant evidence throughout our pos- 
sessions in the Hast that the science of 
architecture has been and is thoroughly 
well understood even in its highest develop- 
ment as a constructive as well as a decora- 
tive art by the native architects. Those 
who can make reference to such works as 
Fergusson’s “ History of Architecture ” will 
find numerous illustrations of this. There 
is a balcony from the Observatory at 
Benares figured in this work, which affords 
in itself proof of the high ability of the 
native architects. Those who can obtain 
access to the Journal of the Society of Arts 
will find also, in a paper recently read 
before the Society on “ Indian Architecture,” 
principally street or domestic architecture, 
evidence enough how infinitely the Indian 
architects are before us in this department, 
(See Saracenic Style.) 

Ink, in Architectural Drawing. Generally 
krown as Indian or China ink. It is made 
in the form of a long, thin, and narrow cake, 
composed of the finest lampblack and a 
cementing gum, to which is added some 
scented or odoriferous gum. The finest 
Indian ink is free from all gritty substances, 
and rubs down with water to any depth of 
tone or degree of blackness required. Der. 
generally from the Danish inkt, or from. the 
Latin encaustum, and this from the Greek eg- 
kaustos, meaning something burnt-in, that 
is indelible. Syn. Fr. for ink generally, 
Encre—pron. ahn-kerr; Ger. Dinte or Tinte 
—pron. dinn-teh, tinn-teh: for drawing ink, 
Syn. Fr. Encre de Chine—pron. ahn-kerr deh 
sheen; Ger. die Tusche—pron. toosh-eh. 

Inlay, in Cabinet Making, with enamel 
work, Syn. Fr. Niellage—pron. nee-ell-ahj 
(from nieller, to engrave with enamelled sur- 
faces, generally black in colour—pron. nee- 
ell-eh). Another term more frequently used 
is Marqueterie—pron. marr-keh-tree (from 
marqueter—pron. marr-keh-tay—to inlay, to 
make patchwork, to spot or mark with 
different colours). Syn. Ger. einlegen mit 
Schwarz—pron. ine-lay-genn mit shvahrts; 
for marqueterie, einlegen—literally “to lay 
in ”--pron. ine-lay-genn. 

Inlay, To, in Construction. To fix in or 
lay in the surface of a body pieces of different 


77 


im 
forms and sizes. When pieces of wood are 
inlaid in a floor, the purpose is, by using 
pieces of different forms and colours, to form 
a pattern or design. Syn. Fr. for this kind 
ot work Parquetrie—pron. parr-kett-ree (from 
parqueter, to inlay—-pron. parr-keh-tay); Ger. 
Tif eln—pron. tay-feln. 

Enlet, 2n Construction. A term sometimes 
used to indicate an aperture inga wall or a 
recess in a beam into which another part is 
to be housed or inserted. Generally the 
term is used in connection with some definite 
part of construction, as an Inlet Pipe, the 
French synonym for which is Tuyau d’entrée 
—pron. twee-oh dahn-tray; Ger. Hinfluss- 
rohr—literally an inflow pipe (Rohr, a tube 
or pipe)—pron. ine-flooss-rohrr. An Jnlet 
Sluice in French is Lcluse de chasse—pron. 
eh-kloos day shass ; Ger. Hinjluszschleusse—- 
pron. ine-flooss-shloyss-ch. 

Inner Side, in Construction, as of a wall 
or a beam. Syn. Fr. Parement intérieur— 
pron. pahr-mahn aihn-tare-ee-eure ; Ger, die 
innere Fronte—pron. dee inn-arr-ay fron-tay, 

Insert, in Construction. To join together, 
to put one piece in connection with another, 
as a tenon inserted, pushed, or driven into 
the mortise. Der. From the Latin inserere 
—from in, and serere, to join or connect. 
Syn. Fr. (almost identical with the Latin 
word) insérer—pron. aihn-sair-ay. Insertion 
is in French the same in spelling as our 
word—pron. aihn-serr-see-onn ; Ger. Ein- 
riicken (from riicken, to push or force or 
place in)—-pron. ine-rueck-enn. 

Inside, in Construction, as the inside of 
a wall (see Inner Side). Jnside diameter, as 
of a-hole or ring, or the curb of a well: 
Syn. Fr. Diametre de Vintérieur or dinté- 
rieur; Ger. Durchmesser (literally a “through 
measurer”). Inside shutter of a window: Syn. 
Fr. Volet intériewr—pron. voh-lay-taihn-tair- 
ee-eur; Ger. tnnerer Fensterladen — pron. 
inn-air-err fenn-sterr-lah-denn. 

Intercolumniation, in Architecture. A 
term used to indicate the way in which the 
columns or pillars of a building are arranged 
in relation to one another—that is, the dis- 
tance or intervals between the pillars in 
proportion to their diameters. Der. From 
the Latin inter, between, and columna, a 
pillar or column. Syn. Fr. Entrecelonne- 
ment — pron. ahn-terr-coll-onn-mahn — that 
is, arrangement of the spaces between the 
columns; also Lspacement des colonnes— 
pron. ess-pahss-mahn day coll-onn. When 
pilasters (see Pilaster) are used in place of 
columns the term is Entre pilastre; Ger. 
Sdulenweite — literally “column or pillar 
width”’—or Sdéulenraum—literally “column 
space ’”’—pron, zoy-lenn-vih-teh or zoy-lenn- 
rowm. 

Kntercolumniation, Styles or Classes 
of, in Architecture. Where the space or 
interval between any two columns is equal 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


im 
to two diameters of the column the arrange- 
ment is known as “Systyle.” Syn. Fr, 
Entrecolonnement systyle —pron. ahn -terr - 
coll-onn-mahn sys-teel; Ger. Nahesdulig 
(nahe, nigh or near), meaning that this 
class is that in which the columns are nearer 
to each other than in the other classes of 
intercolumniation, such as “Eustyle,” in 
which the spaces or intervals between the 
columns are equal to two-and-a-quarter 
diameters of the column. Syn. Fr. Entre- 
colonnment eustyle; Ger. schine Stulenweite 
—literally “the fine (schén, fine) column 
width,” referring in this to the opinion 
held by the great architectural authority 
Vitruvius, that this was of all the classes 
of intercolumniation the finest or best. 
“ Diastyle.’”—In this class the space or 
interval between the columns is equal to 
three diameters of the column. Syn. Fr. 
Entrecolonnement diastyle; Ger. Weitsdéulig— 
pron. vite-zoy-lich, 

Intersection, in Architecture. Der. From 
the Latin inter, between, and seco, I cut; 
thus, when two lines, right or curved, cross 
each other, the point of meeting is called the 
point of intersection. Where arches meet, 
as in a vault or dome, they are said to 
intersect. The term has a wide application 
in construction, as beams or joists crossing 
each other are said to intersect. Syn. Fr, 
the same word as ours in spelling—pron,. 
aihn-terr-sex-yonn (intersected, intersecté— 
pron, aihn-terr-sek-tay); Ger. Unterschnitt 
—pron. oon-terr-shnitt—literally “under or 
between cutting.” 

Knterstice, in Construction. A narrow 
void or space in a body, or between two 
bodies. Der. From the Latin interstitium, 
and this from inter, between, and sistere, to 
stand. Syn. Fr. /nterstice—pron. aihn-terr- 
steece, or IJntervale (see Interval); Ger. 
Zwischenraum—literally “ between space” 
(Raum) or “space between”—pron. tsvish- 
enn-rowm., 

Entertie, in Carpentry. <A piece of timber 
placed between and fixed or inserted into 
two contiguous timbers, as the trimmer-beam 
(which see) between the two floor or trimmer 
joists. Syn. Fr. “ntretotse—pron. ahn-terr- 
twahz ; Ger. Zwischenbalken—pron. tsvish- 
enn-ball-kenn—literally “a between beam.” 

Interval, in Construction. The space 
between two parts or bodies, as between 
joists or beams, or the spaces between 
windows in the story of a building. Der. 
From the Latin intervallum, and this from 
inter, between, and vallum,a wall. Syn. Fr, 
Espacement—literally “the spacing ’’—pron. 
ace-pass-mahn ; Ger. Zwischenraum (see 
Interstice). 

Intrados, in Building. The inner line or 
curve of under or concave side of an arch, 
sometimes also called the soffit. Syn. Fr. 
Intrados; also Douelle—pron. doo-ell; Ger. 


78 


in 


innerer Bogen—literally “the inside of’’ or 
‘the inner arch,” 

Invert Arch, in Building. An arch re- 
versed, with the intrados uppermost and 
extrados invert—an arrangement used in 
forming the curved parts of tunnels, or 
culverts, sewers, etc. Der. From the Latin 
invertere, and this from vertere, to turn, to 
place upside down or reverse in position. 
Syn. Fr. Arc a lenvers; Ger. umgekehrter 
Bogen—literally “inverted arch ” — pron. 
oom-gay-kairt-err boh-genn. 

Tonic Order, in Architecture. The second 
of the three Classical orders of Grecian 
architecture, and so called from the fact 
that the order owed its introduction to the 
Ionians. In the Roman style, it is the third 
of the five orders of architecture so called. 
It constitutes in its simple elegance a 
fine medium between the massiveness of 
the Doric and the graceful and richly 
decorated Corinthian. The leading feature 
of the Ionic order, and that by which it is 
best known and most easily distinguished, 
is its capital, with its spiral volutes one at 
each corner. The shaft of the column is 
fluted with twenty-four flutes, the fillets 
between the flutes being semicircular or 
half-round in surface. The base varies much 
in detail according to different authorities : 
what is known as the Attic base is frequently 
adopted in the order. The cornice varies 
also: in some examples it is a plain Grecian 
cornice, in others it is the Dental, and in 
others the Modillon cornice (which see). 
Syn. Fr. Ordre Jonique—pron. orr-derr ee- 
onn-eek ; Ger. Jonische Sdéulenordnung—pron. 
ee-chn-ish-eh zoy-lenn-orrd-noong. 

Iron, in Materials. The metal known as 
such is produced or manufactured in various 
forms and classes, suitable for the different 
classes of work in building construction. 
Der. From the Old English iren. Syn. Fr. 
generally Fer; Ger. Hisen. For pure me- 
tallic iron: Syn. Fr. Fer métallique—pron. 
fairr mett-ahl-eek; Ger. metallisches Eisen 
—pron. met-ahl-ish-ess i-zen. For Cast Iron, 
known in the trade as pig, the direct pro- 
duct of the blast (smelting or reducing) 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ja 
furnace: Syn. Fr. Fer fonte or Fer coulé 
(see Cast Iron) ; Ger. rohes EKisen—literally 
“raw iron.” For Wrought or Malleable Iron, 
produced by the processes of puddling, 
shingling, re-heating, and hammering : Syn. 
Fr. Fer forgé or Fer de forge; Ger. Schmiede- 
eisen—pron. shmee-day-i-zen. For Angle- 
iron: Syn. Fr. Fer d’angle or Fer a cor- 
nieres—pron. ferr dahn-gell, ferr ah korr-nee- 
aire; Ger. Winkeletsen—pron. vin-kell-i- 
zenn. For Hoop-iron: Syn. Fr. Fer en 
rubans ; Ger. Bandeisen. For Iron Wire: 
Syn. Fr. Fil de fer; Ger. Eisendraht. For 
Galvanised Iron: Syn. Fr. Fer zinque or Fer 
galvanisé ; Ger. verzinktes Eisen. For Sheet 
Iron: Syn. Fr. Fer battw non étainé— 
literally “iron beaten or black not tinned” 
(from eétainer, to tin) ; Ger. schwarzes Blech- 
eisen—literally “black (not tinned) plate 
iron” (Blech, a plate)—pron. shvartz-ess 
blech-i-zenn. For /ronwork generally: Syn. 
Fr. Fers douvrage; Ger. Kisenwerk, For 
Ironwork for Doors and Windows: Syn. Fr. 
Quincaillerie — pron. kaihn-kahl-yay-ree; 
Ger. Thiir und Fenster Eisenwerk— pron, 
tuer oond fenn-sterr i-zenn-vairrk. For 
Ironmonger (or perhaps more correctly [ron- 
worker, such as a locksmith): Syn. Fr. 
Serrurier constructeur ; Ger. Bauschlosser. 
For lron Framing: Syn. Fr. Charpente a fer 
—literally “iron carpentry ”; Ger. Gerippe 
von Eisen (Gerippe, a framework, skeleton). 
For Jron Frame: Syn. Fr. Couple en fer— 
pron. koo-pell ahn fairr; Ger. Rahmeneisen. 
For Jron Building: Syn. Fr. Fer de char- 
pente ; Ger. Baueisen. For Iron Fastenings : 
Syn. Fr. Armure en fer ; Ger. Beschlageisen 
(Beschlag, a clasp or fastening). For [ron 
Plate: Syn. Fr. Plaque en fer; Ger, Eisen- 
platte. 

Italian Architecture. An adaptation, 
and in the opinion of many a debased altera- 
tion, of Classical architecture. The style so 
called was introduced by Palladio. Of the 
modern Italian there are, however, some 
beautiful examples — perhaps the finest 
specimens being that division of the style 
known as the Venetian. 


J 


Jack Plane, in Tools. Otherwise called 
a trying plane. The first tool used by the 
joiner in planing, being employed to take 
off the rough surface and prepare it for the 
smoothing planes, It is comparatively light 
and short, so that it can be used if necessary 
with one hand. Syn. Fr. Demi-varlope— 
literally “half plane” ; Ger. kleine Rauhbank. 

Jack Rafters, in Carpentry. The short 
rafters meeting the hip rafters and filling in 
the spaces at the ends of a hipped roof. 
“Jack timbers” is a term used to indicate 


that those timbers are shorter than others 
in the framework. “Jack ribs” are the 
short pieces of timber used in meeting the 
angle ribs in groins, etc. 

Sack Serew, or Lifting Jack, in Building 
Appliances. A mechanical arrangement con- 
sisting of a strong vertical frame supported 
on a wide-spreading base, carrying a large 
screw with notched or clawed table or top. 
The apparatus is placed under a heavy part 
to be moved or raised, the screw being 
turned by a hand lever taking into apertures 


79 


ja 
made in a swell in the screw stem. Syn. Fr. 
Cric @ vis—pron. kreek ah vee, or Vérin— 
pron. vay-raihn ; Ger. Hebezug—literally “a 
lever screw”; also Daumkraft — literally 
“a strong thumb-screw.” This word, but 
slightly altered—namely, “ dumbcraft ”—is 
employed in some districts of the kingdom 
to indicate a lifting windlass or crab. 

Jagging, in Carpentry. A term used 
sometimes as synonymous with notching or 
indenting (which see). Syn. Fr. Dentelure— 
pron. dahn-tay-luhr (from dent, a tooth) ; 
Ger. Zackenschnitt, an indent or notch cut 
(from zacken, to indent, and Schnitt, a cutting 
incision). 

Jam—Jamming, in Construction. When 
a body, as a stone or a piece of timber, is 
pressed forcibly or kept tight between two 
other bodies, it is said to be jammed up. 
Syn. Fr. Serrer or Presser; also Pincer; 
Ger. Befestigen. 

Jamb, in Construction. The vertical side 
of an opening or void in a wall, as that of 
a door or window, or the sides of a recessed 
part, such as of a fireplace. Der. From 
the French jambe, a leg—as the jambs of a 
door, for example, may be taken as the legs 
on which the upper part or lintel stretching 
across the opening is supported. Syn. Fr. 
Jambettes or Jambages ; also Montants ; Ger. 
Stdnder, supports —of a window, eines 
Fensters ; of a door, einer Thiir ; of a fire- 
place, eines Feuerplatzes. 

Jamb-lining, in Joinery. The thin wood 
used to line the door or window opening. 
The edge of this towards the room is usually 
finished off with a quirk bead (which see). 
Syn. Fr. Chambranle or Garniture dune 
Jenctre or dune porte ; Ger. Verkleidung—ot 
a door, Thirwerk ; of a window, Fensterwerk. 

Jamb-post, in Masonry and Carpentry. 
In a stone wall the side posts or jambs of an 
opening, as of a door. Syn. Fr. Pied-droit 
en pierre; if the post be of wood Pied-droit 
en bois—literally “a stone (or wood) right 
foot”; Ger. Steingewdnde or Holzgewinde— 
pron. stine-geh-venn-deh, hollts-geh-venn- 
deh. 

Jet, Gas. That part of a gaslight fixing 
through which the gas finally passes, and at 
which it is lighted or consumed, and the 
arrangement of the aperture of which gives 
the shape or form to the flame, such as the 
“bat’s-wing,” “rat’s-tail,” etc. Syn. Fr. Bec 
& gaz—literally “ gas beak ’—pron. beck ah 
gahz ; Ger. der Gasbrenner. 

Jib or Jibb Door. A door concealed in a 
wall or partition, being painted or papered 
over with the same colour or design as the 
wall surface generally. Syn. Fr. Porte 
perdue—literally “a lost door”; Ger. Tape- 
tenthiir—literally “a tapestry door” (from 
Tapete, tapestry hanging, the door being 
concealed by tapestry or hanging cloth). 

Jib, in Mechanical Building Appliances. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


jo 
Part of a lifting crane, so called from its 
resemblance to the position of the jib sail 
or jib-boom of a ship. Syn. Fr. Fieche de 
grue; Ger. Krahnbalken — literally “crane 
beam.” ; 

Job—Jobbing, in Construction. In the 
execution of work, a term more frequently 
used to denote that its extent is small, or 
comparatively so; the term “ contract ” 
being that employed when the extent: of 
work to be done is great. The derivation 
of the word is uncertaiu : some authorities 
maintain that it is simply a corruption of 
chop, to cut up into small pieces, since a 
contract if divided in its work gives rise to 
a series of “jobs” or small pieces, being thus 
chopped or jobbed up. “Jobbing” is a term 
used to indicate the doing of sundry small 
pieces of work, such as the finishing up of 
the various departments of a large contract 
—i.e., completing small portions of work 
which may have been overlooked. <A 
“jobber” may therefore be considered as 
a workman possessing a knowledge of a 
number of kinds of work. Syn. Fr. for “job,” 
Corvée—pron. kohr-vay; Ger. kleine Arbeit— 
literally “little or small labour ”—pron. 
kline-nay ahr-bite. Syn. Fr. for jobber, 
Ouvrier a facon—t.e. one able to do all 
kinds of work according to their kind or 
fashion—pron. oov-ree-ay ah fah-sonn, 

Joggle, in Masonry. A piece of stone 
cut in the form of a dovetail, used to connect 
two blocks of stone together. Apertures 
corresponding in size and shape to half of 
the “joggle” are cut in the centre of the 
edges of the two stones, so that when they 
are brought together face to face an aperture 
of the same size and form as the joggle is 
formed ; and into this the solid stone joggle 
is passed, and from its double dovetail it 
keeps the two blocks in contact, preventing 
one from being slipped aside and out of 
connection with the other. In many cases 
the “joggle” is made of iron. Syn. Fr. 
Joint de marche—literally “a step joint,” 
as it is often used for stone stairs; Ger, 
Treppenfuge,the meaning being the sameasin 
the French synonym. The term “joggling” 
is often used as synonymous with scarfing 
in “Carpentry,” but in which keys or jog- 
gles of wood are inserted in grooves, by 
which the connection of the two beams is 
made more secure. Syn. Fr. Assemblage des 
poutres en adent—literally ‘joining of beams 
in tooth-shaped fashion”; Ger. gezahnte 
Balkenverbindung — literally ‘‘toothed (or 
scarfed) beam joining or binding.” 

Joiner—Joinery, in Construction. The 
work of the joiner is distinct from that of 
the carpenter—both of which, however, deal 
with timber—in the fact that it deals with 
the smaller objects of construction, such as 
the interior fittings of a house, doors, win- 
dows, and work of a character more or less 


80 


jo 
decorated. The work of the carpenter is 
confined chiefly to the designing and con- 
struction of those parts of structures which 
are large in dimensions, and the parts of 
which are of comparatively great weight 
and bulk, such as roofs, partitions, and 
floors. The work of the joiner, dealing as 
- it does with small objects, is distinguished 
also from that of the carpenter in this— 
that the wood is dressed or tooled so as to 
be smooth in surface, and parts more or less 
ornate are either worked upon or added 
to the surfaces, which parts are known 
generally as mouldings. This work necessi- 
tates the use of a large number of tools of 
various forms and degrees of fineness. In 
the work of the carpenter the timbers are, 
as a rule—the exceptions being very few— 
left rough or in the condition in which they 
are supplied from the timber dealer or 
come from the saw-mill. Syn. Fr. for 
Joiner, Menuisier—pron. mehn-weeze-yea ; 
Ger. Tischler—pron. tish-lerr—literally “a 
table maker” (from Tisch,a table), although 
this is a more appropriate synonym for 
our term cabinet-maker; also Schreiner — 
pron. shrine-nerr (from Schrein, a box). For 
- Joinery or Joiner’s Work: Syn. Fr. Menui- 
serie or Ouvrage de menuiserie—pron. mehn- 
weeze-er-ree ; Ger. Schreinerarbeit — pron. 
shrine-err-ahr-bite. For Joiner’s Workshop : 
Syn. Fr. Atelier de menuiserie—pron. ah- 
tell-yea de mehn-weeze-er-ree ; Ger. Tischler- 
werkstitte. For Joiner’s Work Bench: Syn. 
Fr. Etable (board, bench) du menuisier—pron. 
eh-tah-bel deh melhn-weeze-ee-ay ; Ger. 
Hobelbank—pron. ho-bell-bank (from hobeln, 
to plane). 

Join, To, in Carpentry and Joinery. To 
bring two or more pieces together, to place 
and keep in contact. Der. From the French 
joindreé, to join, and this from the Latin 
jungere, and this again from jugum, a yoke, 
a yoking together or joining. Syn. Fr. 
Enter—pron. ang-teh; Jointer—pron. jwang- 
teh ; Assembler arainure, or Emboiter—pron, 
ahm-bwatt-eh—literally “to embox” (from 
boite [bwatt], a box) ; Ger. Einfiigen (from 
Siigen, to join, to fit, to groove). 

Joint, in Construction. The completed 
junction or joining of two or more pieces, 
Syn. Fr. Joint, Articulation—pron. jwahnt, 
ahr-tee-cue-lah-see-on ; Ger. Fuge — pron. 
foo-gay. The forms of joints are very 
numerous, and can only be clearly understood 
when the descriptions are aided by illustra- 
tions. 

Joists, in Carpentry. The beams of 
smallest section, or, to use the popular 
phrase, the lightest beams in a floor framing, 
or those, namely, which support or carry the 
flooring boards, are so called. The other 
and heavier timbers of the floor framing are 
the “ girders,” “binding joists,” and “ bridg- 
ing joists.” Der, From the Old English 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ju. 


giste, from gésir, to lie upon, the flooring 
or walking-on boards lying upon or being 
secured to the joists. Syn. Fr. Solive; also. 
Support de parquet—pron., pahr-kay—an inlaid 
floor or floor generally, and this from par- 
queter (pahr-keh-teh), to inlay; Ger. Balken, 
or Stiitzbalken, or more specifically Balken 
unter dem Fussboden—literally “the beams 
under the floor or foot-ground or surface.” 
In some cases the term joist is applied to 
all the timbers of a floor, this chiefly in 
framed (not double-framed) floors; and when 
so the heavy joists or timbers, such as the 
bridging joists, are distinguished by the 
term “principal joists,” the smaller or lighter 
as the joists proper—the “common joists.” 
Syn. Fr. for those terms, Solive principale— 
pron. soh-leeve (a small joist being a solivette 
—pron. soh-lee-vett); Ger. for principal joist, 
Hauptbalken ; for common joist, Stiitzbalken ; 
for little joist, kleine Balken. 

Journeyman. <A term used to indicate 
the difference between a workman who 
works for wages, at so much per day or 
week, and who can be engaged or dismissed 
at those periods, and an apprentice who is 
engaged to work for a term of years, and at, 
wages more or less nominal. Der. From the 
French journée (jhoor-nay), a day’s work, 
a day’s travel, etc., and this from jour, a! 
day ; and from the Latin diurnus, and this 
from dies,a day. Syn. Fr. for journeyman, | 
Ouvrier—pron. oo-vree-ay, and this from) 
Ouvrage, work—pron. oov-rahj; Ger. Tage 
léhner—pron. tah-gay-loehn-err (from Tag, 
a day, and Lohn, pay, wages, and this from, 
lohnen [loh-nen], to pay or reward) ; also 
Lohnarbeiter—pron. lohn-ahr-bite-err—lite- 
rally “a wage workman.” 

Jumper, in Quurrying Stone. A. chisel- 
pointed tool, with a long bar or tail, used 
for making the holes in stones for blasting 
purposes. The “jumper” is held by one 
man who keeps turning it round and lifting 
it up and allowing it to drop, while another 
man strikes the upper end of the tool with 
a hammer. This process, continued for a 
length of time, bores a hole in the stone of 
the required depth to receive the charge of 
blasting material, such as gunpowder, nitro- 
glycerine, etc. Syn. Fr. Barre a mine— 
literally “a mine or mining bar”—pron. 
barr ah meen; Ger. Steinbohrer. To “jump” 
is to work the jumper or make the hole, for 
which the French synonym is Creuser le 
trou du pétard—literally “to hollow out or 
dig the hole of the petard or blasting car- 
tridge”—pron. kreuh-zay leh troo duh pay- 
tarr ; Ger. Steinbohren; also Steinsprengen 
(from sprengen, to blow up, to burst, to 
break open by explosion), * 

Junction, in Construction. A term often 
used as synonymous with joint. Der. From 
the Latin junctio, and this from jungere, 
to join. Syn. Fr. (almost identical with our 


81 6 


ju 
word) jonction—pron. jhonck-see-onn, and this 
from joindre—pron. jwahn-derr, to join; Ger. 
Verbindung—pron. ferr-binn-doong (from 
binden, to tie, to connect together). 

Justify—Justification, in Construction. 
A term often used as synonymous with to 
adjust, or adjustment, as setting one piece of 
timber square with another by means of 
the “square.” Der. From the Latin justifi- 
care, to show to be right or just, and this 
from two Latin words, justus, and facere, to 
make. Syn. Fr. for justify is justifier—pron. 
jhues-teef-ee-eh ; for justification, approche ; 
Ger. Zurichten, Justirung. 

Jut out or Jutting out, in Construction. 
Terms often used as synonymous with to 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


kil 


project, or projecting. The term is a cor- 
ruption of our word “jet,” to spring or spout 
out or forward. Syn. Fr. Pousser—pron. 
pooss-eh, to push out; also Resauter—pron, 
ray-soh-tay (from sauter [soh-tay], to leap); 
Ger. Vorsprung bilden—pron. forr-sproong- 
bill-den (from Sprung, a leap, a jump, and 
bilden, to shape or toform). Thus a bay, or 
a bow, or an oriel window is jutting out. 
Syn. Fr. for a projecting window is Fenétre 
en saillie—pron. fenn-eh-ter ahn sahl-yee 
(saillie is projecting—from saillir, to pro- 
ject, to push or spout out); Ger. Erker- 
JSenster—literally “a bow window” (Erker, 
a bow), 


K 


Kerbstone, in Roadmaking or Paving. 
The stone edging which runs along the 
outer edge of a footpath, separating it from 
the main road or from the gutter. The 
term is a corruption of Curb (which see), or 
it may be from the German Kerb, Syn. Fr. 
Bordure de trottoir—literally “the border 
of the footpath” — pron. bohr-duehr deh 
trot-wahr; Ger. Kerbstein (kerben is to 
notch, indent). 

Kerp. The void or free way which a 
saw makes in the wood as the sawing pro- 
gresses, the kerp preceding the saw. 

Key, in Ironmongery, in Construction, and 
Tools. The appliance used for opening and 
closing the bolt of a lock. Der. From the 
Old English cag. Syn. Fr. Clef — pron. 
klay!; Ger. Schliissel (from schliessen, to close). 
The term “key ” in construction is synony- 
mous with Cottar, meaning a body formed 
like a wedge, which is driven up into an 
aperture, or between two other bodies by 
which they are tightened and held together. 
It is usually made of iron. Syn. Fr. 
Clavette (from the Latin clavis, a key). 
When of wood it is generally in the form 
of a longish piece, but square in section, and 
is let into, or driven up into, grooves, form- 
ing a square aperture between two pieces, 
as the face of a beam, the “key” holding 
the two together and preventing lateral 
movement. Syn. Fr. Clef Mune poutre— 
pron. clay d’uehn poo-terr—literally “the 
key of a beam”; also Crampon—pron. 
krahm-pohn; Ger. Balkenschliissel — pron. 
bahll-kenn-shlues-sel—literally ‘beam key.” 
In Tools the “key” is an appliance having 
a long handle or tail, with a flat head, in 
the face of which is cut a square aperture. 
It is used to tighten up or loosen the nuts 
of screw bolts, the side of the nut passing 
into the aperture in the head of the key, 
and the leverage being exerted by the 
handle or tail. The name by which the 


appliance is most generally known is 
“spanner.” Syn. Fr. Clef a boulon—pron. 
clay ah bool-onn; Ger. Bolzenschliiss el— 
pron. bollts-enn-shlues-sel — both literally 
meaning “ bolt-key.” 

Keystone, in Jlasonry. The stone placed 
at the centre or highest part of an arch, 
and shaped like a wedge — truncated — 
sloping equally on both sides, is so called, 
It is sometimes called a “bond stone.” It 
is the last stone placed in building an arch; 
and when the “centre” is removed, it acts 
as a wedge for closing up the stones or 
voussoirs of the arch. Syn. Fr. Clef de 
voute or Clef darc—pron. clay de voot, 
clay darrk—literally “ vault or arch key”; 
Ger. Bogenschluss or Schluszstein, arch key 
or keystone. 

Kiln, Brick. A structure consisting of 
a large chamber, in which bricks are piled 
up, in order to be “ fired” or calcined—the 
heat for the same being obtained from a 
series of furnaces made at the lower part of 
the structure, the flames and heated air 
from which pass up through specially made 
apertures. Der. From the Old English cyln, 
and this, it is conjectured, from the Danish 
kylla, to kindle. Syn. Fr. Four & briques— 
literally “brick furnace”; Ger. Ziegelofen 
—literally “brick (ziegel is brick) oven.” 
Syn. Fr. fora “lime” kiln, Your a chaux— 
pron. foor ah show; Ger. Kalkofen—pron. 
kallk-oh-fenn. 

King-post, in Carpentry. The member 
in a king-post truss so called from its being 
the principal or chief feature of the framing. 
Syn. Fr. Poingon (see Puncheon) d’un ferme 
— pron. pwang-son duhn fairmm; also 
Susfaite; Ger. Hiéngesdéule—pron. heng-geh- 
zoy-leh (literally “a hanging pillar ”)—or 
Hangepfoste; also Schlusspfoste—that is, a 
locking post. When the office of a timber 
king-post is performed by an iron rod the 
member is cafed a King-bolt. Syn. Fr. for 


&2 


ki 


this is Poulon maitresse—pron. booh-long 
may-tress'—literally “the mistress” or “head 
bolt”; also Cheville maitresse—literally “the 
chief peg”; Ger. Hauptbolzen—pron. howpt- 
boll-tsen—literally “ the head bolt.” 

King-post Truss or Roof, in Carpentry. 
It is so called from the king-post being the 
principal or chief post in the truss. It is 
the central vertical post, resting on the 
“tie beam” (which see) at its lower end, 
and carrying at its upper termination the 
ends of the rafters (which see). These butt 
against the sides of the head of king-post, 
and are supported about the middle of their 
length by obliquely-placed timbers called 
“struts ” or “braces” (see Strut), the lower 
or inner ends of which butt against the sides 
of the lower part of king-post, a little above 
the tie beam. The lower ends of the rafters 
are jointed to the tie beam. Syn. Fr. Ferme 
a@ une clef pendante—pron. fairrm ah uehn 
clay pahn-dahnt—literally “a frame or truss 
with a hanging key”; Ger. Dach mit einer 
Héngepfoste—literally “ roof with a hanging 
post ’—the king-post apparently being sus- 
pended from the upper end of the rafters. 

Kitchen, in Domestic Architecture. The 
apartment of a dwelling in which the cook- 
ing and general work of the house is carried 
on. Der. Hither from the Old English 
cyc(h)en, or the German Kiiche, kitchen— 
most probably from the latter. Syn. Fr. 
Cuisine — pron. kweez-een (from cuire 
[kweer], to boil, to bake, to cook—more 
directly from cuisiner [kweeze-ven-eh], to 
cook, to dress victuals); Ger. die Kiiche 
(from kochen [koch-enn], to cook). Our 
word cook comes from the German der Koch, 
die Kéchin, the (man) cook, the cook-maid. 

Kitchen Dresser or Table, in Joinery or 
Cabinet Making. The large table on-which 
the cooking and other operations of the 
kitchen are done. In good dressers, while 
the lower part—which is generally arranged 
with a series of drawers and cupboards—is 
made of yellow or red pine, the “top,” or 
working surface, is of plane tree or syca- 
more wood, or close-grained timber which 
gives a smooth and polished surface. The 
term “dresser” is purely French, in which 
it is pronounced dres-say — meaning to 
prepare, to dress, to finish. Syn. Fr. for 
kitchen dresser Table de cuisine — pron. 
tah-bel deh kweez-een; Ger. Kiichentisch, 
* kitchen table.” 

Kitchen Range, in Ironmongery. The 
fireplace, with appliances for cooking, such 
as oven, boiler, hot-plate, etc., given to the 
kitchen. The term is an abbreviation of 
the word “arrange,” and indicates that the 
various parts are arranged in proper rela- 
tion to each other, and all in connection 
with the central fireplace, which is of small 
dimensions as compared with the fireplace 
or grate in an ordinary kitchen. Syn. Fr. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ky 


Fourneau potager —literally “pottage fur- 
nace” (pottage soup is from this). Another 
term frequently used is Poéle de cuisine 
anglaise—i.e., English kitchen stove—pron. 
po-ahl deh kweeze-een ahng-laiz2—so called 
from this form of cooking range having 
been originally brought out in England, 
and to distinguish it from the closed cook- 
ing stove ordinarily used in France, and for 
which the synonym is Poéle ou Four &@ cuire, 
stove or furnace for cooking, to distinguish 
it from the stove used for warming the 
air of an apartment, and which is called 
simply Poéle. Syn. Ger. for kitchen range, 
Kiichenofen, kitchen oven or stove. 

Kitchen Utensils, Furniture, including 
the shelving on which the utensils are ranged 
or kept while not in actual use. Syn. Fr. 
Batterie de cuisine—literally “a _ kitchen 
battery ’—pron. bat-ter-ree; Ger. Kiichen- 
geschirr (Geschirr—pron. geh-shearr—ves- 
sels, implements, ware)—literally “ kitchen 
vessels.” 

Knee, in Handrailing (Staircasing). That 
part of the handrail of a stair which presents 
a convex upper surface, as where the sloping 
handrail joins the horizontal rail at the 
landing. Der. The term “knee” is from the 
Old English knea, the joint connecting the 
lower and upper parts of the leg. The term 
is often used in construction as synonymous 
with angle or elbow. Syn. Fr..Genou—pron. 
jeh-noo, the knee; for elbow, cowde—pron. 
kood ; Ger. Knie—pron. knee (the k being 
sounded); elbow, Ellbogen. Timber naturally 
or artificially bent to form a knee or angle 
is in French Bots coudé—pron. bwah kood-ch, 
or Bois genouille—pron. jeh-nooy-eh. 

Knob, in Door or Window Furniture, as 
a door knob, the projecting part by which 
the lock is turned—the handle by which the 
door is opened and closed (see Door). Der. 
From the Old English cnocp, or more pro- 
bably from the Danish knob, meaning a 
projecting hard and solid body. Syn. Fr 
for door knob, Bouton en olive—pron. boo- 
tonn ahn oh-leave (see Door for this term) ; 
Ger. Thiirknopf—pron. tuehr-knoppf. 

Knots, in Timber. The hard parts of 
timber generally of a deeper or different 
colour from the genéral surface. The knots 
indicate the places or positions of the 
branches of the tree where they spring from 
the bole or body. Der.-Hither from the Old 
English cnott, or a corruption of the Latin 
nodus, a knot, or from the German Knoten— 
pron. know-ten (sounding the k), Syn. Fr. 
Neud—pron. neuh; Ger. Knoten. 

Kyanising. A method of preserving 
timber, so called from the name of the 
inventor, Kyan. The method consists in 
impregnating the timber with a preparation 
of corrosive sublimate. Syn. Fr. Kyaniser 
du bois—pron. key-ah-neeze-eh duh bwah 
Ger, Kyanisiren—pron. kee-ann-ease-ear-enn. 


83 


la 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


la 


L 


Label, in Architecture. A term synony- 
mous with Weather Table or Dripstone 
(which see). Der. From the Latin labellum, 
the diminutive for labrum, a margin, lip, or 
edge. Syn. Fr. Larmier—pron. lahr-mee-eh ; 
also Couronne du corniche—literally “ cor- 
nice crown”; Ger. Rinnleiste (from rinnen, 
to drop, and Leiste, a band or border) ; also 
Kranzleiste—literally “a crown, band, or 
channel” — pron. rinn-lice-teh, krahnnts- 
lice-teh. 

Labourer, in Construction. One employed 
in doing work which demands little know- 
ledge or skill—chiefly physical exertion— 
as a bricklayer’s labourer, who carries the 
bricks and mortar to the points required by 
the bricklayer, who is the skilled workman. 
Der. From the Latin labor, work, bodily 
exertion, Syn. Fr. for labour, Travail— 
pron. trah-vahyl; Ger. Arbeit—pron. arr- 
bite (from arbleiten, to work). Syn. Fr. for 
labourer, Maneuvre; also Laboureur ; Ger. 
Arbeiter. 

Ladder, in Building or Constructive 
Appliances. A contrivance by which spots 
elevated above the ground level can be 
easily and securely reached. It consists of 
two long side-pieces or small-sectioned 
beams, connected together by cylindrical 
pieces or short lengths called “ rounds” or 
“rungs.” These are placed at intervals, 
the distance between them being equal to 
an easy step or rise. These rungs or rounds 
afford footholds, and also gripping pieces 
for the hands to lay hold of in ascending 
and descending the ladder. Der. From the 
Danish ladder, or the German Leiter. Syn. 
Fr, Echelle—pron. eh-shell; Ger. Leiter— 
pron. lite-err (from /eiten, to guide, to lead). 

Ladder, Folding, otherwise and more 
frequently called a Step Ladder. <A species 
of ladder used by painters, etc., made up of 
two parts. The first or front part is com- 
posed of two side-pieces corresponding to 
the carriages of an ordinary staircase ; these 
side-pieces supporting boarded steps, giving 
a flat surface to tread upon, like the 
“treads”? of an ordinary staircase (see 
Treads and Staircase). Hence the term 
“step ladder,” as denoting that the foot- 
holds are not “rounds” or spars, as in the 
ordinary ladder, but flat steps. The steps 
are longer at the bottom than at the top, 
thus giving a tapering form to the ladder, 
which is terminated by a platform on which 
the workman stands. The back part is 
composed of a triangular framing, hinged to 
the upper or platform end of the steps, so 
that the lower part of the frame can be 
opened out, thus giving a broad base to 
the steps and making them stand securely. 
The back frame is kept extended when in 


use by an iron rod hinged at one end to the 
step carriage, and hooked at the other. 
which hook goes into a staple on the frame, 
Syn. Fr. for a folding ladder, Echelle brisée 
—pron. eh-shell breeze-eh ; Ger. Klappleiter 
—pron. klap-peh-ly-terr. Syn. Fr. for step 
ladder, Kchelon—pron. eh-shell-onn; Ger. 
Treppenleiter (Treppe, steps, stairs)—pron. 
trep-penn-ly-ter. : 

Lancet Arch, in Architecture. The form 
of arch so called from its outline resembling 
the point of alancet. Der. The term lancet 
is from the French lancette, a diminutive of 
lance, which is itself derived from the Latin 
lancea, a spear. The lance has curved sides, 
the spear straight, both terminating in a 
sharp point. Syn. Fr. Are a lancette, or Arc 
a Vogive—pron. arrk ah lahn-sett, arre ah 
loh-jeeve; Ger. Spitzbogen (Spitz from 
spitzen, to point); also Ohkrgewdlbe, “ ear 
arch,” so called from its supposed resem- 
blance to the curve of an ear—pron shpits- 
boh-genn, oarr-gay-voell-beh. 

Landing of a Stair, in Staircasing. The 
resting-place or platform betweeen one flight 
of steps and another. A landing’ may give 
access to a room or to rooms placed at a 
lower level than the final or upper landing. 
Syn. Fr. Marche palier—pron. marrsh pahl- 
yea; also simply Palier; also Repos d’un 
escalier—i.e. “the resting-place (repos) of a 
stair ”—pron. reh-poh duhn ess-kall-yea; Ger. 
Treppenabsatz—literally “a break of or in 
the stairs or steps’’—7.e. a part which breaks 
the continuity of the steps—pron, trepp-en- 
app-zats. 

Lantern of a Staircase, in Building. The 
skylight or part glazed, where the well-hole 
is terminated by a cupola or dome, is so 
called. Der. From the French lanterne, and 
this from the Latin lanterna, and this from 
the Greek lampein, to give light (our word 
lamp being derived from this). Syn. Fr. 
Lanterne descalier—pron. lahn-tairrn dess- 
kahl-yea ; Ger. Treppenthurm—literally “a 
stair tower” or “turret” ; or Treppenoberlicht 
—literally “the over light” or “ upper light 
of a stair ’’—pron. trep-pen-toorrm, trep-pen- 
oh-berr-licht. 

Lap Joint, in Construction. A joint in 
which one part of the joint laps over or lies 
upon the other part. Der. The term lap is 
from the Old English lappa, a lap or flap, 
the Fr. syn. being Poser a recouvrement ; 
Ger. Ueberdecken—literally “ to cover over.” 
Syn. Fr. for lap joint Joint a plat—literally 
“a plate” or “ flat joint ”—pron. jwoint ah 
plah ; Ger. Ueberkante—literally “ over the 
ledge” or “ border.” 

Lateh, in Ironmongery. The furnishing 
ot a door or gate by which it is kept shut or 
closed independently of the lock, and often 


84 


used in place of a lock. When used for an 
ordinary door it generally takes the form 
known as a “thumb latch,” so called from 
the part by which the latch is moved being 
concave, inthe hollow of which the thumb 
rests in pressing down the latch when the 
door is to be opened, by releasing the other 
extremity of the latch from its catch. Der. 
The term latch is from the Old English 
laeccan, to seize, to grip, to lay hold of, as 
the catch seizes hold of the lifting latch. 
Syn. Fr. Loquet—pron. loh-kay ; Ger. Thiir- 
klinke—literally “door link” or “lever ”— 
pron, tuehr-klinn-keh. 

Lath and Plaster, in Building. A term 
used to denote the way in which a wall 
surface is formed. Syn. Fr. Lattes et crépi ; 
Ger. Latten und Putzmértel (lath and trim- 
ming mortar). 

Lath, Floated and Set, or Set Fair, in 
Plastering. Work pricked up, the surface of 
first coat scored or scratched crosswise with 
the trowel; floated (see Floated), that is, 
worked fair with the trowel at the second 
coat; and set, or set fair, that is, with a 
third coat of fine stuff (see Setting) to 
receive the painting or papering. Syn. Fr. 
Crépi et flottage sur les lattes—pron. kray-pee 
eh flot-tahj suer lay latt (crepi, rough-cast, 
flottage, floated); Ger. Dreifachkalkwerk— 
literally “three-fold plastered or limed’”— 
pron. dri-fahch-kallk-vairrk. 

Lath, Laid and Set, in Plastering. Two- 
coat work is so called. In this the first 
coat is not scored or seratched with the 
trowel, but is simply made rough, to afford 
a good key or hold, by brushing the surface 
with a broom. 

Laths, in Plastering. Narrow and thin 
strips of wood which are nailed to the 
under sides of the ceiling joists, or in single 
floors, where there are no ceiling joists, 
simply to the under sides of the joists them- 
selves, on which the plaster to form the 
ceiling of the room is laid ; the plaster not 
only adhering to the surface of the laths, 
but being pressed up between the narrow 
intervals or spaces between them, becomes 
hardened or “set,” and forms a “key” or 
hold by which a firm connection between 
the plaster and the laths is further secured. 
Laths are also used to form the surface on 
which the plaster is laid forming the surface 
of partition walls. Laths are of different 
thicknesses, classed as “ single laths,” “lath 
and half,” and “double laths,”—and of 
different lengths, named as “three-feet ” 
and “four-feet” laths. Der. The word lath 
is from the Old English /attu, a rod or staff. 
Syn. Fr. for “Ceiling lath,” Lattes du plafond 
—pron. laht duh plah-fohn; Ger. Deckenlatten 
—pron, deck-eh-lat-ten. Syn. Fr. for “ Par- 
tition laths,” Lattes du cloison—pron. klwah- 
zon; also Lattes du partition—pron., parr-tee- 
see-on ; Ger. Theilungslatten (from theilen, 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, 


le 


to divide) — pron. tile-oongs-lat-ten ; also 
Scheidungslatten (from scheiden [shy-denn], 
to separate)—pron. shy-doongs-lat-ten,. 

Lattice Girder, in Construction. An open- 
work beam or girder, of which the central 
part is formed with flat bars of iron or of 
wood placed crosswise or lattice fashion, the 
upper and lower ends of the lattices or bars 
being secured to longitudinal beams of small 
section. The girder thus formed gives great 
strength with lightness. Syn. Fr. Poutre en 
treillis americaine—literally “an American 
trellis beam,” this form of girder or beam 
having been first introduced in America— 
pron. poo-terr ahn trail-ye; or simply Poutre 
en treillis; Ger. Gitterbalken (Gitter, trellis 
or lattice): Gitterbriicke is a lattice bridge 
(Briicke, a bridge). 

attice Work, in Construction. Reticu- 
lated or net-like work formed by the cross- 
ing of laths or narrow and thin strips of 
wood, or of iron—generally of wood. Der. 
From the French J/attis, lattice work, and 
this from latte, a lath. Syn. Fr. Lattis ; 
Ger. Lattenwerk. A synonym for lattice 
work is trellis work (see Trellis). 

Layer. A term synonymous with stratum 
or bed—a layer of mortar, bricks, etc. Syn, 
Fr. Couche assise; Ger. Lage or Schicht. 

Lay, in Construction, as to lay the bricks, 
is to place or set the bricks, Der. From the 
Old English ligan, to lie, to place or set 
down upon. Syn. Fr. for to lay the bricks, 
Placer (or poser) les briques—pron. plah-say, 
po-zay, lay breek ; Ger. Ziegeln legen. 

Laying, in Plastering. ‘he first coat in 
two-coat work is so called, the surface being 
roughened or keyed by brushing it with a 
broom. ; 

Laying Down, or Lay Down, in Con- 
struction. A term often used, as in the 
laying of a foundation, synonymous with 
“setting out” or establishing of the founda- 
tion. Syn. Fr. for to lay the foundation, 
Etablir or Poser le fondement—pron. eh-tabb- 
leer or poh-zay le(u) fohnd-mahn ; Ger. 
Grund legen—pron. groond lay-genn,. 

Lavatory, in Domestic Architecture. That 
apartment in a house, generally of small 
dimensions, in which conveniences for 
washing are placed. It is often combined 
with the water-closet, an arrangement by 
no means good in a sanitary sense, and by 
no means agreeable in its associations, The 
two apartments may be placed contiguous 
to each other, but should be essentially 
distinct. Der. From the Latin lavatorium, 
and this from lavo, I wash (our word lave 
comes from this). Syn. Fr. Lavatoire—pron. 
lah-vah-twahr ; Ger. Waschzimmer — pron. 
vash-tsim-merr. 

Lead. One of the metals used in Con- 
struction, as for the lining of cisterns, 
gutters, and the flashing (see Flashing) of 
chimney-stalks, eaves, etc. Der, The term 


85 


le 


is Old English both in meaning and in 
spelling. Syn. Fr. Plomb—pron. plohn, and 
this from the Latin plumbum; Ger. Blei— 
pron. bly. 

Lead Covering, in Construction, as the 
covering of a terrace or flat, as the flat of a 
pavilion roof, It is synonymous with “lead 
lining” in the case of covering the interior 
of a hollow vessel, as a cistern. Syn. Fr. 
for lead covering, Couverture en plomd; also 
Toiture (roofing)—pron. kooh-vairr-tuhr (or 
twah-tuhr) ahn plohn; Ger. Bleidach— 
literally “covering with lead” or “lead 
decking ”’—pron. bly-dach. 

Leaf, in Joinery. The flat part forming 
one half of the door and which is hinged to 
the other part ; or one of the hinged parts 
of window shutters. Der. The term is Old 
English, meaning the leaf of a book, as also 
the single leaf of a tree. Syn. Fr. for the 
leaf of a folding door, Vantail (or Manteaw) 
de porte; also Feuille (a leaf), or Porte bat- 
tante—pron. vahn-tahill,mahn-toe,feu-eel deh 
porrt or porrt bah-tahn ; Ger. Thiirfliigel— 
literally “ door wing’”’—pron. tuer-flueg-ell. 

Keaning Against, in Architecture or 
Building. A term used in cases where one 
part slopes or inclines toward another, as 
a buttress against a wall. Der. From the 
Old English hlinian, to rest upon, or to be 
from the vertical. Syn. Fr. Adossement— 
literally “a backing” — pron. ah - doss - 
mahn; Ger. Bdschung (from bdschen, to 
slope or incline)—pron. boeh-shoong. 

Ledge, in Construction. A projecting, 
generally a flat or level, part. Der. From 
the Old English word Jeger, to lie, and was 
applied to a shelf or a projecting part. Syn. 
Fr. Tringle ovr Mouchette—pron. traihn-gull, 
moo-shett ; Ger. Tragleiste—pron. trahg-lie- 
steh. 

Ledgers, in Bricksetting. The horizontal 
poles or pieces of round timber used to 
support the outer ends of the small beams 
called putlogs (see Putlog), the inner ends 
of which are carried by the brickwork, and 
which carry the planks or boards forming 
the platform of the scaffolding on which 
the bricklayers stand when building brick 
walls. The ledgers are lashed by, or con- 
nected to, the upright poles of the scaffold- 
ing by ropes. 

Lengthening of Timbers, in Carpentry. 
Synonymous with scarfing. When timbers 
are required of a greater length than that 
of any of the single pieces at command of 
the workman, two or more of the shorter 
pieces are joined together by the joint 
known as the scarf (which see), of which 
there are many varieties. Der. The term 
“length” is from the Old English lengdh, 
and this from leng, length. Syn. Fr. Bois 
en bout ; also Rallongement—literally “ wood 
(or timber) on end,” and “lengthening” (from 
rallonger, to lengthen)—pron. bwah ahn 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


le 


boo, rah-lonjh-mahn ; Ger. Holzverlingerung 
— literally “wood lengthening” — pron. 
hollts-ferr-leng-airr-roong. 

Level. Generally this term indicates, as 
applied to a surface, that it is parallel to or 
in a line with the horizon, The term also is 
used to denote a smooth and flat—that is, 
as popularly described, a level surface. In 
this wider sense it may indicate a surface 
which may be on the slope or inclined—that 
is, oblique to the line of the horizon—as 
well as one truly level—that is, parallel with 
it. Der. Hither from the Old English loefel, 
level or flat, or from /ibella, a diminutive of 
the Latin word libra, a balance: when it is 
balanced, so that one end does not preponder- 
ate over the other, it is parallel to the horizon 
or level--hence the derivation. Syn. Fr. 
for the general term, Niveau—pron. nee-voh 
(from niveler [nee-veh-lay], to level) ; Ger. 
Horizont—pron. horr-ee-tzonnt. Syn. Fr. for 
“true level,” Niveau vrai—pron. vray (true) ; 
Ger. wahrer Horizont (from wahr [vahr], 
true). This last term is synonymous with 
“dead level.” For making a surface or body 
dead level, Syn. Fr. Ktablir un niveau vrai ; 
Ger. wahre Horizontmachung. “To level” 
or “bring to the level” by planing, as in 
wood, or by dressing or cutting with the 
tool, as in masonry work, Syn. Fr. Niveler, 
Aplanir, or Metire de niveau; Ger. Behauen, 
zurichten, or beschneiden—pron. beh-how- 
en, tsoo-rich-ten, beh-shny-den. “Levelling” 
is the act of making level: Syn. Fr. Nivelle- 
ment — pron. nee-vell-mahn; Ger. Gleich- 
machung (from gleichen, to level, to make 
eee —pron. glych-mach-oong, also Nivel- 

irung. 

ever, in Tools. A long bar or rod of 
iron, or a long batten or piece of timber, 
used to raise heavy bodies. In masonry the 
lever is of iron, and sharp-edged at the end, 
so that it can be inserted beneath the stone 
to be prised or eased up. Der. Indirectly 
from the French levier, a lever, and this 
from lever, to lift, which is precisely our 
word. It is also derived from the Latin 
levare, to lift. Syn. Fr. Levier—pron. lev- 
vee-ay ; Ger. Hebel or Hebebaum (from heben, 
to lift)—pron. hay-bel, hay-beh-bowm, 

Lewis, in Masonry. An appliance or 
mechanical contrivance by which heavy 
blocks of stone are taken hold of by the 
lifting hook and chain of the crab or crane 
(which see) and lifted and transported from 
one place to another. The “lewis” is inserted 
in an aperture cut in the npper surface of 
the block, near its centre or balancing point, 
and is so constructed that the greater the 
weight the tighter it takes a grasp of the 
stone. The hole or aperture is what is called 
a dovetail in form, the widest end being at 
the bottom, the narrowest at the surface. 
To get the “lewis ”—which, as a whole, is also 
of the same dovetail form, but a little less in 


86 


le 


size—into the aperture in the stone, it has 
of necessity to be made of three {parts of 
wrought iron, The two side-parts have their 
outer edges sloping at the same angle as the 
dovetail hole in the stone, their inner edges 
being flat and vertical; their upper ends, 
which project some distance above the 
surface of the stone, are provided with bolt 
holes. Those two pieces or wings are first 
placed in the dovetailed hole in the stone 
close up to its sides, and their thickness is 
such that when so placed a space is left 
between their inner edges. Into this space 
a flat-faced piece of iron, with its edges of 
the angle of the dovetailed hole in the stone, 
is inserted. The upper part of this is por- 
vided with a bolt-hole at the same level as 
the bolt-holes in the side-pieces or wings, 
and above this an eye is made through 
which a ring is passed, and through this 
ring the hook of the crane chain is passed. 
When the three pieces are placed as above 
described a strong bolt is passed through 
their bolt-holes, and the bolt is secured in 
this position by a split key (which see). 
The reader will thus perceive that, so placed 
in the aperture in the stone and connected 
together, the three pieces form in effect a 
solid piece of the same form as the dovetailed 
hole ; and therefore the greater the pull on 
the ring, or the heavier the stone, the more 
firmly does the dovetail of the “lewis” resist 
being pulled out. Syn. Fr. Crampion, a quoin 
—literally “a wedge cramp ”—pron. krahm- 
pee-onn ; Ger. Zwingkeil zum Steinheben — 
literally “the stone lifting forcing wedge” 
(Keil, a wedge, zwingen, to force, and heben, 
to lift)—pron. tsving-kile, stine-hay-benn. 

Library, in Domestic Architecture. The 
apartment in a house devoted to the re- 
ception of books and conveniences for 
reading and writing; it is often used as 
synonymous with “study,” a room set apart 
for quiet reading. Syn. Fr. Cabinet de 
lecture; Ger. Bibliothek ; there is also the 
word Leihbibliothek — pron. lie-bib-lee-oh- 
take: this, however, is only a shop or 
lending library (from /ethen, to lend). 

Lift, in Domestic Architecture. The ap- 
paratus used in houses, warehouses, and 
hotels, by which the materials, such as 
cooked foods, dishes, etc., are raised from 
the kitchen in the low to the dining or 
other rooms on the high level. Used also to 
indicate the apparatus for taking people, 
luggage, etc., from the hall to the various 
floors of a house, as in hotels (see Hoist). 
Der, From the Old English lifan or hilifan, 
to be high, or from the Latin levis, light. 
Syn. Fr. Elevateur—pron. eh-lay-vah-teurr ; 
Ger. Aufzug—pron. owff-tsoog. 

Light, A term used in Building to indicate 
the void or aperture, as that of a window, 
by which daylight is admitted to the interior 
of an apartment or enclosed place. Hence 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


li 
the terms a “two-light ” or a “ three-light ” 
window—a two-light window having a solid 
part of the wall or a pier between the two 
openings ; a three-light having two solid 
piers between the openings (see Venetian 
Window). Der. From the Old English ih, 
that which shines or is clear, or from the 
Latin lux, Syn. Fr. Jour d'une fenétre—pron. 
jhoor duehn fay-nay-turr ; also Bai—pron. 
bay—from this our word bay (which see) ; 
Ger. Fensteréffnung — literally “ window 
opening” or void space—pron, fenn-sterr- 
oeff-noong. 

Lime, in Building. 'The material used in 
the making of mortar, rough plaster, etc., 
obtained by the calcination and the slaking 
or slacking (which see) of the mineral or 
rock called limestone. Der. From the Old 
English lim, or the Latin limus. Syn. Fr. 
Chaux—pron. show; Ger. Kalk —pron. kahlk. 

Lime, Hydraulic. A lime which sets 
hard in water. Syn. Fr. Chaux hydraulique 
—pron. show hee-droll-eek ; Ger. Hydrau- 
lischer Kalk—pron.he-drowl-ish-err kallk; also 
Wassermértel—literally “ water mortar ”— 
that is, mortar which will retain its property 
in water—pron. vass-err-moerr-tell, 

Lime Kilm. A furnace in which lime is 
calcined (see Kiln). Syn. Fr. Four a chaux 
—literally “lime furrace”—pron. foohr ah 
show; Ger. Kalkofen—literally “lime oven” ; 
also Kalkbrennerei—literally “lime burnery” 
(from brennen, to burn). 

- Lime Pit, in Building. A deep hole or 
excavation made in the ground, in which the 
lime to be used in the making of mortar, etc., 
is slaked or slacked, from which the mortar 
is made. Syn. Fr. Fosse & chauxz—pron. foss 
ah show; also Bassin (our word basin comes 
from this) @ chaux or Bassin a mortier— 
pron. bah-sainn ah show or mohr-teeay ; Ger. 
Kalkgrube (Grube, a pit, an excavated or 
dug-out place)—pron. kallk-grew-beh. 

Limestone. The form in which the 
mineral is quarried from the rock. Syn, Fr. 
Pierre a chaux—pron. peeair ah show, or 
Roche calcaire—literally “calcareous rock” 
—pron.rosh call-kair; Ger. Kalkstein—pron. 
kallk-stine (a stone). 

Lime Tree, in Timber. Otherwise known 
as the linden. Syn. Fr. Tilleul—pron. teel- 
yeul; Ger. Lindenholz. 

Lime-wash, in Building. A mixture of 
slaked lime and water used to paint or cover 
rough walls, or as a cheap paint, also as a 
disinfectant. Syn. Fr. Lait de chaux—literally 
“lime milk ”—pron. lay deuh show; also 
Echaudage—pron. eh-show-dahj ; Ger. Kalk- 
milech—literally “lime milk”—pron. kallk- 
millch ; also Kalkweisse — literally “ lime 
white ”—pron. kahlk-vice-eh. 

Line, To (with the chalk cord), In 
Construction a straight line is marked on 
a surface very rapidly by holding somewhat 
tightly between two points a cord well 


87 


fi 


rubbed over with chalk, By lifting the 
stretched cord some distance from the surface 
and letting it go or slip from the hand, in 
springing back, by virtue of: its elasticity, it 
strikes the surface and frees a quantity of 
the loose chalk from its fibres, which thus 
gives a straight line marked out in white 
between the two points at which the cord 
was fixed or held. Syn. Fr. Marquer avec la 
chaux corde—pron. marr-kay ah-veck lah 
show korrd: Ger. Leinemachen mit Kalk- 
schnur or Kreideschnur (Kreide, drawing 
chalk), or Abkreideschnur—pron. abb-kride- 
eh-shnoor. 

Line, To lay out a, as in setting out the 
plan of a house on the ground or space on 
which it is to be built. Der. The word 
“line” is from the Latin linea, a linen 
thread or string; “lineal”—that is, measured 
or measurable by straight lines—is derived 
from linealis, and this from linea, Syn. Fr. 
Ligne—pron. leeng ; Ger. Leine—pron. line- 
eh, To lay or set out a line is in French 
Aligner—pron. ah-leang-ni-ay; Ger. Hine 
Leine tragen—pron. ineh line-eh trah-genn. 

Linen Closet or Room, in Domestic 
Architecture. That apartment in a house in 
which the linen required for family use is 
-stored or kept in cupboards or on shelves 
and in drawers to be ready to hand. In 
Jarge establishments the term “room” is 
more applicable to this great convenience 
in a house; and it is not only fitted com- 
peey up for storage, but is specially 

eated by hot-water pipes, or otherwise, so 
as to maintain the temperature sufficiently 
high to keep off damp from the linen and 
have it always well aired for immediate use. 
In smaller establishments it is literally a 
closet (which see), with no special con- 
veniences save drawers or shelves and 
hhanging hooks; where there is a bath 
heating apparatus in connection with the 
kitchen range (which see), advantage is, in 
well designed and carefully planned houses, 
taken of the hot-water pipes, so that passing 
through or near the closet the air may be 
kept warm. The closet may also be so 
arranged that the kitchen chimney flue may 
‘pass through it, forming one of its walls; 
this will keep the interior air sufficiently 
well warmed. The term “napery ” is often 
used in place of linen required by families 
(see Napery Room). Der. The term linen 
is from the Old English lin, or from the 
Latin linum, both signifying flax, this being 
the vegetable fibre from which linen is made. 
Syn. Fr. for linen closet or room, la Lingerie 
—pron. lah laihnj-eur-ree; Ger. die Linnen- 
kammer ; also der Wédscheschrank (Wasche, 
linen clothes, from waschen, to wash, and 
Schrank, a cupboard or closet)—pron. vesh- 
eh-shrahnk, 

Lining, in Carpentry, Joinery,and Masonry. 
A term synonymeus with casing, as the 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


lo 


inside lining of a window, an inside lining 
wall, lining of an embankment or a reservoir. 
Syn. Fr. for lining, Doublure—pron. dooh- 
bloohr (from doubler [doo-blay ], to double, 
to line, to sheathe); also Revétement—pron. 
reh-vaitt-mahn—literally “a clothing” (from 
revétir [reh-vay-teer], to clothe, put on) ; 
also Renfort—literally “a reinforcement,” 
in the sense of strengthening or completing 
—pron. rahn-fore; Ger. Bekleidung—pron. 
beh-klide-oong (Kleidung, clothing, and this 
from leiden, to clothe); also Fiitterung or 
Ausfiitterung (from Futter, a lining)—pron. 
ouss-fuet-err-oong. Syn. Fr. Doublure de 
volige (volige, a thin board)—pron. voh-leehj ; 
also Doublure en planches (planche, a plank) 
—pron. plahnsh; Ger. Bretthkleidung (Brett, 
a board); also Dielkleidung (Diele {dee-leh], 
a plank). Syn.Fr. for a wall lining, Mur de 
revétement (see above) ; Ger, Futtermauer (see 
above). 

Link (of a lifting chain), The single 
member of achain is so called—a chain being 
made up of a number of links, any one link 
being enclosed or connected with two con- 
tiguous links. Links may be circular in 
form, or literally “rings,” but generally they 
may be described as rectangles with semi- 
circular or rounded ends—the sides parallel, 
ends rounded ; sometimes they are made 
elliptical in form or plan. Chain links are 
made of the best wrought iron, rod or round 
bar. Der. From the German Gelenk, and this 
from lenken, to bend. Syn. Fr. Chainon— 
pron. shay-nohn (from chaine, a chain); also 
Membre d’un chaine—pron. mahm-berr duhn 
shain ; Ger. Gelenk—pron. geh-lenk. 

Lintel, in Building. The timber beam or 
stone which is placed at the top and stretches 
across the void of a door or window opening, 
and which carries or supports the brickwork 
or masonry above. When the opening or 
void in the wall is wide, as in that required 
for a bay or bow window, a large beam is 
required, and to this is given the name of 
Bressummer or Brestsummer (which see). 
Der. The term “lintel” is from the French 
linteau, and this from the Latin limen, a 
threshold. Syn. Fr. ZLinteaw—pron. laihn- 
toe; also Poutre de dessus—literally ‘ an 
over” or “above beam ”—pron. pooh-terr deh 
day-suuh ; also de croisée—pron. deh krwah- 
zay ; Ger. Oberbalken—literally “over” or 
“above beam ”—pron. oh-berr-ball-kenn. 

Listel, in Architecture. A term synony- 
mous with fillet (which see) or a small 
band. Der. From the Latin liciwm, a thread 
or rope, as the listel sometimes takes the 
form of a round fillet or band. Syn. Fr. 
Listel— pron. leece-tell; also Bandelette— 
pron. bahn-deh-lett ; also Filet carré—lite- 
rally “a square fillet’””—pron. fee-lay karr- 
eh; Ger. Bandchen; also Leistchen—pron, 
bend-chenn, licet-chenn. 

Load (of a beam), A term synonymous 


88 


lo 


with “charge,” as indicating the weight 
which a beam has to carry or support, or the 
pressure which it has to resist. Der, From 
the Old English Aladen, or the German laden, 
to place a weight or a burden upon. Syn. 
Fr. Charge — pron. sharjh (from charger 
{sharr-jay], to load); Ger. Ladung—pron. 
Jah-doong (from /aden [lah-denn ], to load). 

Loam, in Soils. A species of earth or 
soil of a character between a heavy and a 
light soil, a clayey and a sandy—as a clayey 
loam, a sandy loam. Considered from a 
gardening or an agricultural point of view, 
it is the most highly esteemed, as it is not 
only easily worked, being geferally friable— 
more or less—but is fertile. Considered as 
a soil for excavating for foundation trenches, 
etc., it is an easily worked soil, and where 
met with it should be laid aside for addition 
to the garden soil of the house. Loam is 
often taken as synonymous with clay—a 
loam pit or a clay pit—but there is an 
obvious difference between the two. Syn. 
Fr. Limon—pron. lee-mongh ; also Terrain 
limoneux— pron, terr-ann lee-monn-euh; 
Ger. Lehm—pron. lame. 

Lobby, in Domestic Architecture. That part 
of a house to which entrance is obtained 
immediately from the street or road or 
principal door, and from which access is had 
to the various apartments. It corresponds 
with the hall or vestibule in larger houses 
—the term being applied to domestic 
buildings of a humble or middle-class de- 
scription. The staircase is almost invariably 
placed in the lobby at one side. Der. From 
the debased Latin word lobia or lobium, a 
covered place, like an arbour. For equiva- 
lents in French and German see Hall. 

Lock, in Ironmongery. The appliance or 
mechanical contrivance by which a door or 
gate is fastened or secured, and which 
cannot be opened without turning the lock 
mechanism with the key. Der. From the 
Old English loc, from locan, to enclose, to 
fasten up. Syn. Fr. Serrwre—proa. sair- 
reuhr (from serrer [serr-eh], to close, to 
fasten) ; Ger. Schloss—pron. shloss. Locks 
are of various kinds. The highest class of 
lock, or that used for the doors of superior, 
well-fitted houses, is known as a Mortise 
Lock, It isso called from the fact that it is 
concealed within the thickness of the wooden 
door style and lock rail of a door (see Door), 
the only parts visible being the handles, one 
on each side of the door, the keyhole generally 
covered with the escutcheon (which see). 
A mortise or hole is cut out in the style and 
the lock rail to receive the lock. Syn. Fr. 
Serrure @ mortaise—pron. sair-reuhr ah more- 
teze; also Serrure & fourreau—pron. sair- 
reuhr ah foor-oh (from fourrer [foor-eh], to 
thrust in or pass into—the mortise); Ger. 
Einsteckeschloss—iiterally “a lock covered” 
or “ sheathed” (from einstecken, to cover, to 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


lo 


sheathe) — pron. ine-stek keh-shloss; also 
Taschenshloss—literally “a pocket lock” (from 
Tasche [tash-eh]—that is, a concealed or 
hidden lock. A lock of a more common 
kind, as for kitchen and closet doors or the 
like, is that which is screwed on to the 
outside of the door style, either on the 
side of door next the room, or outside or 
passage side. In the former case only the 
handle and the keyhole are visible in the 
interior of the room. This kind of lock is 
generally termed a Rim Lock, or more simply 
“ outside lock.” Syn. Fr. for the latter term 
Serrure & bosse — literally “a projecting 
lock ’—i.e. standing out from face of door 
(from bosse, a hump, a projecting part)— 
pron. sair-ruehr ah boss; Ger. Kellerschloss, 
a cellar lock—that is, a lock for common 
doors. A Double Lock is a lock the key of 
which is turned twice, giving with two bolts 
a greater security to the door. Double locks 
are now used rarely as compared with former 
days. Readers of novels issued some forty 
or fifty years ago will remember the phrase 
“Jocked and double-locked the door.” Syn. 
Fr. Serrure a deux towrs—pron. sair-ruehr ah 
deuh toor, or Serrure & double towr—pron. 
sair-ruehr ah doo-bell toor ; Ger. Doppel- 
schliessendes Schloss —literally “a double 
locking lock ” (Doppel from doppeln, to 
double, and Schloss from schliessen, to lock )— 
pron. dop-pel-shleece-en-dess shloss. 

Lock Furniture, in Ironmongery. The 
various parts connected with the lock of a 
door are so called. In well fitted apartments 
the furniture comprises the lock, its handles, 
the escutcheon or cover for keyhole, and 
what are called finger plates, those being 
attached to the lock style of the door both 
above and below the handle. Those finger 
plates are of enamelled ware, plain or 
ornamented, and they are designed to 
prevent the door style from being soiled with 
finger marks. Syn. Fr. Garniture de serrure 
—pron. garr-nee-tuehr deh sair-ruehr ; Ger. 
Schlossbedecke—pron. shloss-bay-dek-keh. 

Lock Rail, in Joinery. The central or 
middle horizontal rail of a door frame, which 
divides the panels and connects the side 
styles of the door frame together. This 
middle rail is so called, as it is placed at the 
height at which the lock is fixed, and in 
doors with narrow lock styles the mortise of 
a mortise lock may partly be made in the 
lock rail. Syn. Fr. Traverse moyenne dune 
porte—literally “the middle cross-piece of a 
door ’— pron. trah-vairrse moy-enn duehn 
porrt ; Ger. das mittlere Stiick einer Thiir— 
literally “the middle piece of a door”—pron, 
mit-lairr-eh stueck ine-er tuer. 

Locksmith. A maker and repairer of 
locks. Syn. Fr. Serrurier—pron. sair-reu- 
ree-eh ; Ger. Schlosser—pron. shloss-err. 

Lock Style, in Joinery. The vertical side- 
piece of a door frame to which the lock is 


89 


lo 


secured. Syn. Fr. Montant intérieur dune 
porte—pron. monn-tann. 

Loft, in Building. A term generally 
applied to the apartment—usually left ina 
more or less unfinished state—placed in the 
roof or at the highest part of a building. 
In church architecture it signifies a chamber 
placed or raised upon another and lower 
such, as the singing loft, organ loft, ete. 
Der. The term is evidently an abbreviation 
of the word lofty or high. Syn. fr. Toit des 
planches—pron. twah day plahnsh. 

Log (of wood or timber) synonymous with 
Balk (which see), A piece of timber of large 
section, from fourteen to eighteen inches 
square on the side, determined by the 
diameter of the tree out of which it is cut. 
The sides or outer surface are in the rough, 
just as they leave the “lumber” mill or 
saw mill in the forests in which the trees 
have been felled. The length of logs varies, 
this being determined by the height of the 
tree or length of that part of its bole which 
will give a log or balk of uniform section 
throughout its whole length, as logs do not 
taper as the boles or trunks of trees do, one 
end being of the same section as the other. 
Der, From the Old English word log, which 
means heavy, also dull, heavy piece of 
timber. Syn. Fr. Biche—pron. bush (from 
bucher [bueh-shay ], to rough-hew—that is, 
wood not dressed but in. the rough); also 
Bille (our word “billet”? comes from this) ; 
also Bloc ; Ger. Holzklotz (Klotz,a block, a 
log)—literally “a wood block’’—pron. hollts- 
klotts, 

Lombardie Style, an Architecture. So 
called from its introduction by the Lombards, 
about the seventh century. It is essentially 
a debased Roman style; yet, notwithstanding 
its rudeness and its massive and heavy 
characteristics, it possesses many points 
worthy of study. The style known as 
Venetian has many of the Lombardic fea- 
tures, but finely and gracefully developed. 
Some writers maintain it to be the style on 
which that known as Norman was based; 
but there are many features which are not 
to be found in the Norman. Other authori- 
ties seem to think it more nearly allied to 
the Harly German, 

Longs and Shorts, in Masonry. Applied 
where long pieces or blocks of stone, as 
at the quoins (which see) or corners of a 
building, alternate with short pieces. In 
the running or straight part longs and shorts 
are equivalent to headers and stretchers 
(which see). Syn. Fr. d’Encoche—pron. 
dahn-kosh (from encocher [ahn-koh-shay ], 
to notch—.e. the alternate placing of long 
and short pieces vertically disposed, as in 
quoins, gives an appearance like notching. 
The more accurate because more definite 
synonym is Chaine d’encoignure—literally 
“the chain of the corner” or “ quoin” of a 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


lo 


building — pron. shain dahn-kwang-yure ; 
Ger. Eckverband aus Quadern—pron. eck-ferr- 
band ouss quah-derrn—literally “ the corner 
dressing out of the square or free-stone”; 
as applied to headers and stretchers the term 
would be Ldngestein und Engestein. 

Louvre, in Domestic Architecture. In early 
times, before chimneys were invented or used, 
the smoke from the burning fuel on the 
hearth in the hall was allowed to escape by 
holes made in the roof, The apertures were 
concealed or made to form an ornamental 
part of the roof by being arranged on the 
side of a little projecting turret-like structure 
with a sloping top or roof. This form is still 
retained in buildings in certain styles—in 
some cases acting as a ventilator, in others 
as a mere ornamental feature. Der. From 
the French louwvet (loo-vay), a hole in a stone, 
Syn. Fr. Tourelle—pron. too-rell, a little 
tower; also Fumarelle (from the verb fumer, 
to smoke, this term having reference to the 
original use of the contrivance) ; Ger. Dach- 
thiirmchen—literally ‘‘a roof turret ”—pron. 
dach-tuerm-chen ; also, and with reference to 
the original use of the structure, Rauchloch 
—literally “smoke hole” (from rauchen, to 
smoke, and Loch, a hole—from lochen, to 
perforate). 

Louvre Boards. ‘The sides of louvres or 
ventilating turrets are generally filled in 
with narrow boards, placed at an angle one 
above the other, filling in the space and 
leaving void spaces between, with sloping 
surfaces, allowing the air to pass out. The 
angular surfaces of the boards facilitate the 
passing out of the air; as when there is a 
breeze or wind blowing, the air is deflected 
over the sloping surfaces as it is blown in on 
one side and passing over to the opposite set 
of void spaces is blown out. The current 
thus created across the louvre or turret 
increases the draught up the turret, and also 
up the ventilating shaft which it crowns. 
Syn. Fr. Louvre vénetienne, or Venetian 
louvre, from its resemblance to Venetian 
blinds. Another term for louvre boards 
is “luffer boards,” luffer being merely a 
corruption or popular pronunciation of 
louvre. 

L-Iron or L-shaped Iron, in Construction. 
Wrought-iron bars with a section like the 
letter L, otherwise and more generally 
known as Angle-iron (which see). Syn. Fr. 
Fer en barres, faconné en L forme, “iron bars 
fashioned L shape”; Ger. L-Ezsen. 

Lozenge-shaped, in Glazing. Window 
panes are so called which are cut out of a 
diamond shape, or more correctly of the 
form of a rhomboid with the points placed 
vertically. The derivation of the term is 
obscure : some authorities maintain that it 
is derived from a Greek and a Latin word, 
loxos, oblique, and angulus, an angle. Syn. 
Fr, Lozanges—pron. loze-ahnj, Ger, Fenster- 


90 


rauten (Raute,a rhomboid)—pron. fenn-sterr- 
row-tenn. 

Lucarne. A French synonym for Dormer 
Window (which see). 

Lumber, in Timber. A term chiefly used 
to denote timber in the rough. Syn. Fr. 
Bois de construction—pron. bwah deu conn- 
strueck-see-onn ; Ger, Bauholz—pron. bough- 
hollts. 

Lumber Room, in Domestic Architecture. 
A room set apart, generally in the attic— 
where this is in a house—for storing up odds 
and ends or useless pieces of furniture, ete. 
Der. From the Old English /eoma, an utensil. 
Syn. Fr. Cabinet de decharge—pron. kah-bee- 
nay deu day-sharj ; Ger. Polterkammer ; also 
Rumpelkammer — pron. poll-terr-kamm-err, 
rum-pell-kamm-err, 

Lumps, Fire. The bricks of fire-clay 
(which see) which are placed at the backs 
of fire-grates to act as non-conductors of the 
heat, as also radiating the heat which they 
absorb, thus acting as economisers of the 
fuel. Der. The term lump is from the 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ma 


German Klumpen, which gives us our word 
‘‘clump,” which is a synonym for lump, A 
lump means generally a mass of no given 
form. Syn. Fr. Brique réfractaire pour le 
Soyer (see Fireplace and Fire-grate)—pron, 
breek reh-frakk-tare poor leu fwoy-yea; Ger. 
Feuerrostziegelstein — literally “ fire- grate 
brick”) — pron. foy-err-rosst-tsee-gel-stine, 
or Feurziegelstein—literally “ fire-brick.” 

Lunette, in Building and Architecture. 
The upper part of a vault or aperture which 
gives light to the interior. Syn. Fr. Lunette 
de votite—pron. lueh-nett deh voot; Ger. 
Gewélbelichtloch—literally “the arch light- 
hole’””—pron. geh-voell-beh-licht-loch. 

Lustre, Gas. A synonym for gasalier or 
gas chandelier (which see). Der. The term 
is purely French—lustre, gloss or shining 
(from dustrer [lueh-stray], to shine, to be 
glossy, and this from the Latin dustrare, to 
shine). 

Lying Panel, in Joinery. A panel in 
which the grain of the wood is placed hori- 
zontally. 


Mi 


Matadamising, in Roadmaking. A method 
of making roads and finishing the surfaces, 
invented or introduced by a Scotch road 
engineer of the name of MacAdam—hence 
the term. The principal feature of the 
system of MacAdam is the employment of 
small stones of granite or trap, of size 
sufficient to pass through a ring some two 
inches in diameter. These are laid upon the 
prepared surface of road, and in process of 
time the upper layer gets, by the continued 
traffic, quite smooth and level. What is 
called the “bottoming” or foundation of 
the road is carefully made, and much in the 
same way and with the same material as 
the top or finished surface. The use of a 
ponderous roller, worked by and forming 
itself part of the mechanism of a steam 
traction or road roller engine, has greatly 
facilitated the construction and increased 
the economical efficiency of macadamised 
roads. Syn. Fr. Paver & la Macadam; Ger. 
Macadamisiren—pron, mak-ah-dahm-ee-zee- 
renn. 

Mahogany, in Timber. One of the best 
known and most widely used of our orna- 
mental timbers in furniture making and in 
the interior fittings of buildings. There are 
two kinds of it—the Spanish and Honduras 
—the one dark, the other light in the grain. 
There is a species of mahogany known as 
baywood, which has somewhat the appear- 
ance of the true wood but few of its high 
qualities. Syn. Fr. Acajou— pron. ah-kah- 
joo. When used specially for furniture 
making the term is Acajou & meubles ; Ger. 
Mahagoniholz—pron. mah-ha2h-go-nee-hollts ; 
also Acajouholz, When mahogany is used 


for veneering (see Veneers) the term in 
French is Fewilles dacajou or Placages 
dacajou; Ger Mahagonifurnire. 

Main Wall—Main Timber, in Construc- 
tion, in the sense of principal or chief. Der. 
From the Old English magan, strength, or to 
be strong orable. Syn. Fr. for “main wall,” 
Chef mur—pron. sheff muehr ; Ger. Haupt- 
mauer—pron. howpt-mow-err (ow as in cow); 
for “ main beam ” or “ timber,” OChefpoutre or 
Poutre principale—pron. shef poo-terr ; Ger. 
Hauptbalken—pron, howpt-ball-ken. 

Mallet, in Tools. A species of hammer, 
but of which the head as well as the handle 
is wood. The mason’s mallet is the best 
known form of this tool. It is the frustum 
of a cone—that is, a cone with the tapered 
part cut off, leaving a flat circular upper sur- 
face in the centre of which is the handle, which 
is circular and short. Der. From, or is buta 
corruption of, the French term maillet, and 
this from the Latin malleus, a wooden 
hammer. Syn. Fr. Maillet-—pron. mah-eel- 
yea; Ger. Schidgel (from schlagen, to beat) 
—pron. shlay-gell; also Holzklopfer, a wood 
beater (from klopfen, to strike or beat). 

Malm Bricks. A superior kind of bricks 
light in colour. Syn. Fr. Briques jaunes ; 
Ger. gelbe Ziegelstene: the terms in both 
languages meaning “ yellow bricks.” 

Manse, in Domestic Architecture. A term 
known only or chiefly in Scotland, to indicate 
the residence of the clergyman of the parish. 
The English synonym is the parsonage, 
vicarage, or rectory. Der. The word manse 
is from the Latin mansio, and this from 
manere, to remain, to dwell in. 

Mantel, or Mantel-piece, in House Con- 


9% 


ma 


struction. The latter term is often used 
as synonymous with chimneypiece. The 
mantel proper is, however, the shelf or 
projecting ledge which crowns or finishes 
the chimneypiece or decoration surrounding 
the fireplace opening or grate. Der. The 
term, in the sense of a covering, is from the 
Old English mentel, or from the debased 
Latin mantellus, a covering or loose fitting 
garment, as a cloak. It may also be— 
very probably, we think, is—a corrup- 
tion of the French word manteau, a cloak. 
Syn. Fr. for mantel —i.e. the upper stone 
or piece or shelf crowning the chimney 
jambs, Linteau de cheminée—literally “ the 
chimney lintel ”—pron. laign-toe deh sheu- 
mee-nay; Ger. Sturze der Kamingewdénde— 
pron. stoo-erts-eh derr kah-meen-geh-venn- 
deh—literally “the cover of the chimney 
jambs.” Syn. Fr. for “mantelpiece” as a 
synonym for chimneypiece, Tadlette (which 
gives a more accurate idea of the work) 
manteau de cheminée—literally “ the chimney 
(opening) mantle, cloak” or ‘‘ covering ”— 
pron. mahn-toe; Ger. Schiirzrauchfang — 
pron. shuerts-rowch-fang — literally “the 
apron” or “mantle of the smoke draught” 
or “ flue.” 

Marble. One of the most valuable of 
our building stones; the finest of all the 
varieties, which are very numerous, being 
the Carrara marble, obtained in Italy. Marble 
is a limestone, and is distinguished by the 
hardness and closeness of its texture, and 
which is capable of a high polish. Der. 
From the Latin marmor, and this from the 
Greek marmairein, to shine or flash. Syn. 
Fr. Marbre; Ger. Marmor — pron. mahrr- 
morr. 

Margin, in Slating. The parts of slates 
in the courses not covered by the slates 
above them—that is, the part of a lower 
course exposed to the weather and not 
covered by the upper course. Syn. Fr. 
Partie dune ardoise exposée—pron. par-tee 
doohn arr-dwahze ex-poh-zay ; Ger. freilieg- 
ender Theil des Schiefers — literally ‘“ the 
free-lying part of a slate”—pron. fry-lee- 
genn-derr tile dess shee-ferrs. 

Margin or Margent, in Joinery. The 
flat part at the edge of rails or door-styles. 
Der. From the Latin marginus, a border or 
edge. Syn. Fr. Bord—pron. bor; Ger. Rand. 

Market. An open or covered-in place set 
apart for the sale generally of food and 
provisions of various kinds. Der. From the 
German Markt, or the Latin mercatus, and 
this from mercari, to sell, to trade. Syn. Fr. 
Marché; Ger. Markt. For “ market-place,” 
Syn. Fr. Place du marché—pron. plahss deuh 
marr-shay ; Ger. Marktplatz—pron. marrkt- 
platts. 

Mark out a Site, in Building. This is 
generally done by first setting out the lines 
of the walls and.indicating their position by 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


mia 


driving in wooden stakes at different points. 
Der, The term mark is from the Old English 
mearc, or from the French marque, and this 
from the Latin meare, to go through, to 
search out. Syn. Fr. for mark out a site by 
stakes, Marquer avec les pieux & pointes (pieu, 
a stake or a pile); Ger. Ortpflécken—literally 
“place marking with pegs” or “stakes” 
(Ort, a place, and Pflock, a peg or stake). 

Mark out Lines, as of a building site. 
Syn. Fr. Aligner (ligne, a line)—pron. ah- 
leang-yea, or Aligner le terrain; Ger. Gerade 
Linien abstecken — literally “right line” or 
“rectilineal line pricking” or “marking out” 
—pron. geh-rah-deh lee-nee-en ap-steck-enn. 

Marl, in Materials. A species of clayey 
earth composed of clay, sand, and carbonate 
of lime. Der. From the Old French marie, 
Syn. Fr. Marne; Ger. Mergel—pron. mairrgell. 

Marquetry, in Cabinet Making. Inlaid 
work in which the patterns are made up of 
small pieces of wood of different colours, 
Der. From the French marqueter, to spot, 
speckle, chequer, or inlay. Syn. Fr. Mar- 
queterie—pron. marr-kett-ree ; Ger. Linlegen 
—literally “inlaying ”—pron. ine-lay-genn. 

Masonry. ‘The art of constructing build- 
ings in stone. Der. From the French magon, 
a builder in stone, and this probably from 
the Latin maceria, wall, Syn. Fr. Maconnerie 
— pron. mah-son-ner-ree (sometimes the 
phrase used is Ouvrage des pierres—literally 
“work in stones”); Ger. JMJauerei — pron. 
mow-err-i; also Mauerwerk—literally “ wall 
work.” The Fr. syn. for Mason, the work- 
man who builds in stone, is Magon—pron. 
mah-sonn; Ger. MJaurer—pron. mow-rerr 
(ow as in cow). 

Master (as a “master builder” or 
“master carpenter”), A term synonymous 
with “employer,” as employer of builders, 
etc. Der. From, or rather is a corruption of, 
the French maitre, and this from the Latin 
magister, a master. Syn. Fr. Maitre—pron. 
may-terr ; Ger. Meister—pron. mice-terr. 

Mastic. A species of cement of a strong 
adhesive character, much used in the arts. 
It is a vegetable gum obtained from a small 
shrub which grows freely upon the shores of 
the Mediterranean. The word has a curious 
derivation, being from the Latin mastiche, 
and this from the Greek masasthai, to chew, 
the gum being largely used by Eastern people 
for chewing, as one does tobacco. Our term 
is the same as the French in spelling—pron. 
mah-steek ; Eng. pron. mas-tick ; Ger. (the 
same word) der Mastic—pron. mah-stik. 

Materials, in Construction, indicates the 
“stuff” (a synonym sometimes employed) 
used in the work, for instance, if the 
builder, as stone and mortar; if the carpenter, 
as timber, etc. Der. From the Latin mate- 
rialis, and this from materia, matter. Syn. 
Fr. Matériaux—pron. mabh-tairr-ee-oh, or 
Matériels; Ger. Zubehér—pron, tsoo-bay-heur, 


92 


ma 


meaning appurtenances; also Materialien. 
For Raw Material—that is, materials in their 
natural or original state or condition, not 
worked or tooled or prepared—Syn. Fr 
Matériaux or Matériels primitifs (pree-mee- 
teef) or premiers (preuhmieh); Ger. Roh- 
material—pron. ro-mah-tair-ree-ahl—that is, 
rough material. 

Mausoleum, in Architecture. A sepulchral 
monument or separate place for depositing 
the dead, but designed and built upon an 
unusually large and costly style. Mauso- 
leums are often erected on the private 
grounds of wealthy or distinguished people. 
Der. From the name of a king of Caria— 
Mausolus—to whose memory his widow 
erected a monument of a costly character. 
Eng. pron. maw-so-lee-um. Syn. Fr. Mausolée 
—pron. moh-zo-lay; Ger. das Mausoleum. 
(See Monument.) 

Measure, To, in Construction. A synonym 
for the phrase to take the dimensions of, as 
the length and breadth when it is required 
to find what is called “superficial or surface 
measure,” as the length breadth, and thick- 
ness for solid or “cubic measure.” The 
term ‘‘ measure” means a standard or extent 
or proportion, and is derived from the French 
mesure, and this from the Latin metior, I 
measure. Syn. Fr. for to measure, Mesurer 
—pron. meh-zuehr-ay; Ger. Messen—pron. 
mess-en: Syn. Fr. for measure, Mesure— 
pron. meh-zuehr; Ger. Mass—pron. mahss. 

Measurement, in Construction. A term 
much employed to indicate the sizes or 
dimensions or bulk of materials employed, 
or of work finished. Syn. Fr. Mesurage 
—pron. meh-zuehr-ahj; Ger. Abmessung. 
Linial Measurement —that is, measure of 
length: Syn. Fr. Meswrage linéaire—pron. 
leen-eh-airr ; Ger. Linienmass—pron. leen- 
yenn-mahss. Superficial Measure, or measure 
of surfaces in square feet or inches, hence 
also called Square Measure: Syn. Fr. Mesure 
de superficie— pron. meh-zuehr deh sueh- 
perr-fee-see ; Ger. Fldchenmass (from Flache, 
a plane or level)— pron. flech-enn-mahss. 
Solid Measure, generally called cubic mea- 
sure: Syn. Fr. Mesure pour les solides— 
prone so-leed; Ger. Kérpermass (Kérper, a 

ody)—pron. koerr-perr-mahss, 

Member, in Architecture. A term used 
to indicate a part of an “order,’”’ as one of 
the mouldings of the base or capital of a 
column. Der. The term is directly from 
the French membre, and this from the Latin 
membrum, a part of a body. Syn. Fr. 
Membre—pron. mahm-berr; Ger. Glied— 
pron. gleed; also Stiick, a piece. 

Metals, in Materials. The metals used 
chiefly in construction are iron, brass, 
copper, and lead. The term has a curious 
derivation—directly from metallum, and this 
from the Greek metalon (from metallaein, 
to search after), indicating that the metals, 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


being obtained from ores which are usually 
imbedded in the earth, have to be dug or 
searched for. Syn. Fr. for metal, Métal— 
pron, may-tahl; for metals, Métaux—pron, 
may-toe ; Ger. Metall. 

Metope, in Architecture. The flat space 
between the triglyphs in the entablature of 
the Doric order of architecture (see Doric 
Order). In some ancient examples these 
flat spaces were left quite plain; in the 
Roman Doric they were filled up with 
sculptured ornaments, of which a commonly 
used one was the head of an ox, with a 
flower garland passed across the horns, and 
drooping or depending from the tips of 
those. In the Grecian Doric various devices 
were used to ornament the metopes—fre- 
quently historical subjects. Der. The term 
is from the Latin word metopa. Syn. Fr. 
Metope—pron, may-tope ; Ger. Zwischentie, 
—pron. tsvish-enn-teef. 

Mezzo Relievo, in Carved Work. A 
synonym for demi relievo or half relief— 
pron. met-so rel-lee-ay-voh. 

Middle Rail, of a Door. A term synony- 
mous with “ lock rail” (which see). Syn. Fr. 
Traverse moyenne ; Ger, Mittelquerfries—liter- 
ally “ the middle cross ( Quer, a cross) frieze.” 

Mitred Borders, in Joinery. Narrow 
strips of boarding, three to four inches in 
width, placed round the front and two ends 
of hearthstones of fireplaces, like a frame, 
mitred at the corners. 

Mitre, in Construction. As in joinery, 
where two pieces are joined at right angles 
to each other, the line of joint between 
them being at an angle of 45° to each of 
the pieces. Syn. Fr. Mitre—pron. meet-err ; 
also Onglet (aun-glay); Ger. Fin halber 
rechter Winkel—literally “a half right angle,” 
that is, of 45°. Mitres are also used to join 
pieces at other angles. 

Mitre Joint. <A joint at 45° to the 
pieces or members. Syn. Fr. Assemblage & 
onglet or en biassement — pron. bee-ahss- 
mahn ; Ger. Gehrung—pron. gair-roong. 

Mitre Post, in Carpentry. A vertical 
post at which parts meet or to which they 
are joined. A king post may be so termed. 
Syn. Fr. Poteau battant—pron. poh-toe baht- 
tahn ; Ger, Gehrungsdéule—pron. gair-roong- 
zoy-leh. 

Mitre Square or Bevel, in Tools and ~ 
Appliances. A name given to the tool 
(after the term “T-square,” which is a square 
properly so called), and has the blade set at 
an angle of 45° to the stock, to facilitate 
the marking out of the mitre line. Syn. Fr 
Equerre a mitre—pron. eh-kare ah mee-terr ; 
Ger. Winkellineal zu fiinf und vierzig Grad 
—pron. vin-kell-lin-ay-ahl tsoo fuenf oond 
fear-tsich grahd. 

Mitring or Mitering Angles, in Plaster- 
ing. Making good the internal and external 
angles of mouldings, 


93 


mi 


Mix. A term chiefly used in Masonry, as 
mix or temper the mortar. Der. From the 
Old English miscan, to blend or mix to- 
gether, or the Latin miscere, to mix. Syn. 
Fr. for to mix the mortar, J/élanger le 
mortier ; Ger. Mortel bereiten. 

Modillions, in Architecture. An orna- 
mental construction used in the Corinthian 
and Composite orders of architecture (which 
see), which may be described as a small 
bracket usually of the form of a scroll, the 
small end of the scroll being outwards, the 
larger inwards. It may be considered also 
as a console. Syn. Fr. Modillons—pron. 
moh-deel-yohn. 

Modules, in Architecture. A measure or 
scale from which the proportions of the 
various members of an order may be taken. 
A “module” properly is half the diameter 
of the column at its base; each “ module” 
is divided into thirty parts, called a “ minute.” 
Der, From the Latin modulus, a measure. 
Syn. Fr. Module; Ger. Model. 

Monument, in Architecture. A structure, 
generally decorated, raised to perpetuate 
the memory of the dead, or to perpetuate 
the remembrance of some national or local 
event. Sepulchral monuments have from 
very early times been structures to which 
men have devoted much attention, and upon 
which they have lavished much of their 
wealth and decorative taste. Der. From 
the Latin monumentum. Syn. Fr. The same 
word as ours—pron. monn-ueh-mahn ; Ger. 
Grabmal—pron. grahb-mahl—which narrows 
the word to a sepulchral monument. (See 
Mausoleum.) 

Moorish Architecture. (See Saracenic.) 

Mortar, in Masonry and Bricklaying. A 
mixture of slaked or slacked lime and sand 
and water; a very usual proportion being 
three of sand to one of lime. Fresh-water 
or inland sand should be used—never sea- 
sand, or, what is scarcely less inferior, 
a sand taken from land at one time 
covered by the sea. Der. The word is taken 
from the Latin mortarium, lime and sand 
cement. Syn. Fr. J/ortier—pron. morr-teay. 
A more precise equivalent in French, as 
indicating the materials with which mortar 
is made, is Mortier a chaux et sable, “lime 
and sand mortar ”’—pron. morr-teay ah show 
eh sah-bell; Ger. Mértel—pron. moerr-tell. 
Mortar, Hydraulic. (See Hydraulic Mortar.) 
A mortar which sets in water. A poor or 
thin mortar, in which there is too much 
sand: Syn. Fr. Mortier maigre—literally 
“a thin mortar’’—pron, morr-teay may- 
gerr ; Ger. Mértel mit zu viel Sand—literally 
“mortar with too much sand’’—pron, mit 
tzoo feel zant. Strong or rich mortar (ie. 
rich in lime): Syn. Fr. Mortier gras — 
literally “a fat mortar ’”’—pron. grah; Ger. 
Setter Mértel—also literally “ a fat mortar ’”’— 
pron, fett-err, A quickly setting mortar is 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


HELO 


one partly hydraulic: Syn. Fr. Mortier 
rapide—pron. rah-peed ; also Mortier « prise 
prompte—pron. al preeze prohmpt; Ger. 
Schnell bindender Mortel—literally “a fast 
binding mortar.” A slow-setting mortar : Syn. 
Fr. Mortier & prise lente (lahut), slow ; Ger. 
Langsam bindender Mértel—literally “a slow 
binding mortar,” 

Mortar Mill, A machine used in large 
works to facilitate the mixing of the mortar. 
In form it is like a clay-mill for mixing the 
clay in brickmaking, consisting of a vertical 
casing or chamber in which a vertical shaft, 
having horizontal arms or mixers, revolves 
slowly, being set and kept in motion either 
by horse or steam power. Syn. Fr. Machine 
or Moulin a mortier; Ger. Adrtelmiihle— 
pron. moerr-tell-mueh-leh, 

Mortice or Mortise, in Construction. The 
aperture, slot, or hole, generally rectangular, 
sometimes square in plan, made in the face 
or surface of a piece of timber, into which 
the Tenon (which sce) at the end of another 
piece is inserted and fixed by wedges or 
nails. The tenon is of the same length as 
the depth of the mortise, often termed the 
mortise hole. Syn. Fr. Mortise—pron. morr- 
teeze; Ger. Zapfenloch (Zapfen|tzapp-fenn], 
a lock)—literally “a tooth place,” the tenon 
being a projecting part like a tooth’ also 
Fuge — pron. fooh-geh (from jfugen, to 
groove). A Dovetail Mortise is that in 
which the mortise hole is cut with sloping 
ends, so that it is wider at the bottom than 
at the top. The “tenon” is made rect- 
angular, but has two saw-cuts made on the 
lower face or end. Into these wedges are 
placed, and when the tenon is inserted in 
the mortise hole and the piece driven home, 
the wedges force out the sides of the tenon 
and fill up the angular parts at ends of 
mortise hole. Syn. Fr. Mortise a queue 
d’aronde; Ger. Taubenschwanz-zapfenloch— 
literally “dovetail tooth place’’—pron. tow- 
benn-shvants tzapp-fenn-loch. (See Disser- 
tation for pronunciation of last syllable.) 

RMosaie. Inlaid work in which hard 
substances, as stones of different colours, 
are let into surfaces, as walls, pavements, or 
the like. The derivation of the word is very 
uncertain; our word is from the French 
mosaique—pron. moh-zah-eek; Eng. pron. 
mo-zay-ick ; Ger. Mosaik. For Mosaic Pave- 
ment: Syn. Fr. Pavé (pah-veh) de mosaique ; 
Ger. Mosaikfussboden. For Mosaic Work 
generally : Syn. Fr. Ouvrage a la mosaique ; 
Ger. Mosaikwerk. 

Moulding Plane, in Tools. A plane used 
by the joiner to form mouldings of various 
forms or profiles on the edge or face of 
timber. There are several kinds of mould- 
ing—the irons, as the steel cutting edges are 
called on the face or working surface of 
the plane itself, being arranged so as to 
give the desired shape to the moulding. 


94 


mo 


Syn. Fr. Varlope onglée; also Mouchette—pron. 
moo-shett ; also Feuilleret; Ger. Plattbank. 
Mouldings, in Building and Architecture. 
The separate parts by which objects are 
ornamented or decorated, such as the pro- 
jecting and recessed parts at the base or 
capital of a pillar or column, or similar parts 
placed along a flat surface, as the entablature 
of an order of architecture, or in a building 
at the architrave of a door, or the dado of a 
room, for all of which see terms under the 
distinctive letters. Der. From the word 
mould, the matrix in which an object is cast ; 
as if mouldings were cast in, in place of being 
cut out of the solid as they generally are. 
The derivation of the word mould is from the 
Latin modulus, a measure. Mouldings are 
divided into two great classes—“ Classical” 
and “Gothic.” The classical are so called 
from being those used in connection with 
what are called the classical orders of 
architecture, Grecian and Roman. The 
curves or profiles of Roman mouldings 
are described by parts of circles. Those 
of the Grecian order are given by the higher 
curves, as the ellipse. In Gothic mouldings 
the distinguishing feature is the absence of 
set rules for finding the curves or profiles, 
those being always drawn by hand, and 
characterised by great freedom of form and 
position. The classical mouldings so called 
are numerous, as the “ Bead,” the “ Torus,” 
the “Ovolo,” the “ Ogee,” the “Cyma Recta,” 
the “ Cyma Reversa ” or the “ Cymatium,” 
the “ Cavetto,” the “Congo” or “ Necking,” 
and the “ Scotia’”’—for descriptions of which 
see under those terms. For the general term 
moulding, Syn. Fr. Moulures—pron. moo- 
luehr; Ger. Rand; also Leistenwerk. An 
Ornamented. Moulding is one the surface of 
which, in place of being plain, is furnished 
with decorative forms in relief. Syn. Fr. 
Moulure ornée ; Ger. Leistenwerk or Rand. 
Mountings, in Joinery, etc. A term used 
to indicate the parts necessary to complete 
a door or a window, etc. It is often used as 
synonymous with furniture, such as door 
furniture. For Mountings of doors, Fr. syn. 
Ferrule de porte; for mountings of locks, 
Fr. syn. Rateau—pron. rah-toe; for MJount- 
ings of a window pulley, Fr. syn. Chape de 
poulie—pron. shahp deh poo-lee, 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


WRU 


Mud Wall. Otherwise known as adobe ; 
also Pisé (see Pisé). A rough style of 
building, as for hovels for temporary use, 
buildings or enclosures to shelter cattle, or 
keep them out of fields, Der. The word 
mud is taken from the German Moder, wet, 
moist, or damp soil or earth, Syn. Fr. 
Boue—pron. booh; Ger. Moder ; also Koth 
or Schmutz—pron. shmoots. Syn. Fr. for 
mud wall, Mur de bousillage—pron. muuhr- 
deh boo-see-leeahj; Ger. Modermauer or 
Kothmauer. 

Mullion, in Masonry and Joinery. The 
vertical stone or timber member of a window 
dividing it into two or more sections, as in 
Domestic Gothic. In a French or casement 
window it is the middle or centre part. 
Syn. Fr. Meneau — pron. meh-noh; also 
Meneau dune croisée—that is, “a window 
with across,” referring to one form of French 
or casement window in which the central 
styles dividing the window do not go right 
up to top, but are intercepted by a crossbar 
at a height from the ceiling giving a rect- 
angular light on top. A stone mullion is 
Poteau (post) miliew fait en pierre. A timber 
or wooden mullion is Poteau milieu fait en 
bois—literally “ the middle post made in 
stone or wood.” Syn. Ger. for maullion, 
Mittelpfosten eines Fensters. 

Munnion (synonym for Mullion). Syn. 
Fr. Montant dune fenétre; Ger. Mittelstiick 
eines Fensters. 

Muntins, in Joinery. The vertical pieces 
in a door frame placed centrally between 
the two styles—the lock style and hanging 
style. The panels are placed on each side 
of the muntins. The term is evidently a 
corruption of mountings. 

Mutule, in Architecture. An ornament 
used in the Doric cornice of the entablature, 
corresponding in position to the modillion 
of the Corinthian and Composite orders (see 
Modillion), The “mutule” of the Doric is 
in shape rectangular with square ends, The 
guttz or drops are placed on the under 
side of the mutule. The upper edges are 
decorated with a simple moulding. Der. 
From the Latin mutulus. Syn. Fr. Mutule ; 
Ger. Hauptbalkenkopf—literally “the head 
beam cap or top.” 


N 


Nail, in Construction. A mechanical 
contrivance or appliance used to secure 
pieces of timber together. Nails are gene- 
rally made of wrought iron, sometimes of 
copper or brass—these latter being used 
chiefly for small work, and by cabinet 
makers. Nails are of different kinds, but 
are all provided with sharp points to enable 
them to penetrate easily the wood, into 
which they are driven by, smart and re- 


peated blows of the hammer. They may 
all be classed under -two divisions—nails 
with heads, and headless nails. Der. The 
word nail is from the Old English negel, or 
the German Nagel, a nail, or long, narrow, 
pointed piece of iron. Syn. Fr. Clow—pron. 
kloo (from clouer [kloo-eh], to confine, to 
nail); Ger. Nagel — pron. nah-gell (from 
nageln, to nail). For To Nail: Syn. Fr. 
Attacher avec un clou—pron, ah-tash-eh ah- 


95 


ra 


veck euhn kloo; Ger. Annageln— pron. 
an-nah-geln, For Nailed: Syn. Fr. Cloutre 
—pron. kloo-uehr; Ger. genagelte Stelle— 
literally “nailed place ”—pron. gay-nah-gell- 
tay stell-eh. For Nailing : Syn. Fr. Clouage, 
also Clouement—pron. kloo-ahj, kloo-mahn ; 
Ger. Nagelung—pron. nah-gell-oong. For 
Nail without a Head—Headless Nail: Syn. 
Fr. Clow a téte coupée—pron. kloo ah tayte 
kooh-pay ; Ger. Nagel ohne Kopf—pron, nah- 
gell oh-neh kopf. For Nail with a Head— 
Headed Nail: Syn. Fr. Clou avec une téte; 
Ger. Nagel mit einem Kopf. For Small Nails, 
otherwise known as Sprigs — short thin 
nails without a head: Syn. Fr. Semence— 
pron. seh - mahnse; Ger. kleiner Nagel or 
Schuhzwecke. For Small Nails with a Flat 
Head, otherwise known as Zacks: Syn. Fr. 
Broquette—pron. broh-kett ; Ger. Teppich- 
nagel—literally “ tapestry nail”—pron, teh- 
pick-nah-gell. For a Clinched Nail (see 
Clinch): Syn. Fr. Clow rivé — pron. kloo 
reeve-eh—a riveted nail; Ger. Nagelniete 
(Niete, a rivet) — pron. nah-gell-nee-teh ; 
also Nietsti/t and Nietnagel. 

Naked Flooring, in Carpentry. The 
rough timber work or open framing, as 
joists, binding joists, etc., ready to receive 
the flooring boards and ceiling joists to 
complete the floor. Syn. Fr. Planche nue— 
pron. plahnsh nuuh ; Ger. nackter Fussboden 
. —pron. nakk-terr fooss-boh-denn. 

Natural Bed, in Masonry. | Otherwise 
known as “ Quarry bed.” A term used to 
indicate that the stone is laid in the course 
of a wall in the same position as it lay in 
the quarry—that is, the grain or lamine 
occupy the same relative position. If in the 
quarry they lay flat, they are flat in the 
wall; if the lamin were vertical, they will 
be vertical in the wall—that is, if the stones 
in the wall are directed in the specification 
to be laid on their quarry bed. A French 
equivalent La pose naturelle dune pierre; 
Ger. naturelle Lage von Stein, or natiirlicher 
Grundsatz von Stein. 

Nave, in Ecclesiastical Architecture. Syn. 
Fr. Nef—pron. neff; Ger. Kirchenschiff— 
literally “the church ship,” the nave (navis, 
a ship) being so called from its resemblance 
to the long deck of a ship. 

Neck, in Architecture (as the neck of a 
column or pillar). That part immediately 
below the capital. In the Doric column 
it is sometimes distinguished by a narrow 
rectangular channel cut all round the 
column. Syn. Fr. Col—pron. koll; also 
Gorge—pron. gorrj; also Gorge de colonne— 
literally “the throat of a column’’—pron. 
gorhj deh koll-onn ; Ger. Sdulennacken or 
Sdulenkehle-—— pron. zoy-len-nahk-ken, zoy- 
len-kay-leh. . 

Neck Moulding, in Architecture. The 
moulding at the neck of a column, where 
this is given to it. It is sometimes used 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


no 
as a synonym simply for the neck, as 
above. 

Nerves, in Architecture. The moulded 
ribs of a Gothic vault are so called. These 
are disposed at equal intervals round or 
along the vault or dome; in the case of the 
latter all the nerves or ribs converge from 
the circumference to the centre. Syn. Fr. 
Nervure dun votite—pron. nairr-veubre duehn 
voot ; Ger.Gewdlbrippe—pron. geh-voellb-rip- 
peh—literally “an arch” or ‘ vault nerve.” 

Newel, in Joinery. The vertical post in 
dog-legged stairs (see Stairs), which sup- 
ports the narrow ends of the “ winders ” 
(which see) or tapering steps; and the post 
also into which the adjoining stairing boards 
are framed. ‘The term also is used to indi- 
cate the pillar or post placed at the foot or 
the first step of a flight of steps or stairs, 
and which is generally more or less orna- 
mented. The handrail crowning, or carried 
by, the balusters (which see) terminates at 
its lowest point, and is framed into the face 
of newel near its upper part. Syn. Fr. 
Noyau dun escalier—pron. noy-yoh duehn 
ess-kahl-yea—or simply Noyau; Ger. Trep- 
pensaule—pron. trep-pen-zoy-leh — literally 
“step pillar”; also Spindel, the spindle. 

Niche, in Architecture. A recess in a 
wall, more or less ornamented externally 
and internally, often semicircular in plans 
with an arched or semi-spherical head. Syn, 
Fr. Niche—pron. neesh ; Ger. Mauernische 
—literally “the wall niche”—pron. mow- 
err-nee-shay. When the niche has a vaulted 
or semi-spherical head, in French it is termed 
Votte en niche—pron. voot ahn neesh; Ger. 
Nischengewdlbe — pron. nish-enn-geh-voell- 
beh. Eng. pron. nitch, rhyming with rich 
—not nick as some pronounce it. 

Nippers, in Tools. A name given some- 
times—chiefly in Scotland, we believe—to 
the pliers or small pincers used to get hold 
of nails, etc., in pulling them out of their 
seat. Syn. Fr. Pince a tenaille — pron. 
paihnee ah tay-nah-ill; Ger. Doppelméule— 
pron. dop-pell-moy-leh—literally “a double 
jaw ” or “ holder ”—referring here chiefly to 
the use to which pliers are put in doubling 
over in order to break wire. For pincers or 
holders the term is Kneipzange, or simply 
eae tongs or pincers—pron. knype-tsann- 
geh. 

Nogging, in Bricklaying (more frequently 
called “ Bricknogging”’). A method of filling 
in the vacant spaces of timber partitions 
between the quarters with bricks. The 
bricks are laid generally in courses of two 
feet deep, lying upon pieces of timber placed 
horizontally and secured to the quarters of 
the partition, which timbers are called 
“nogging pieces.” Syn. Fr. for bricknog- 
ging, Hourdée—pron. hoorr-day ; also Cloison 
avec briques—pron. klwah-zon ah-veck breek ; 
Ger. Ringelmauer—literally “a ring wall.” 


96 


ae 


Piey 7 =. Ue 
fay Vw, 


) 
my = ae o rial 
= * qe 
j 
: 
+ 
e 
e 7 ” / 
. 
4 j 
- 
+ _ 
4 
A . 
. 
s 
a ‘es 
. ‘ 
~*~ 5 
rm *. . id 
, | 
> 
a 
* * 
v 
. é A ; 
« 
- 
4 Wd 
. 
. ~ ry 
” «. ‘ai “= 
a j 
» = 
= - 
* 
» 
' 
. 
' v3 
r 
t 
J] 
*: 
' 
' 
a 
) » 
, : ma? 
. <= 
* 
+ a P 
. h ¢ ¥ 
’ 
> . 
: 
a ¥ 
.* 
- d * 
* el 4 
. 
. 
~*~ 
’ i 
{ 
: 
‘ 
. 4 
7 7 ’ 
* 
bal ‘ 
‘" - 
1 
‘ ® : , 
. ‘ 
ve 
‘ ey ‘ 
. } 
’ . * 
4 ’ 
. J 4 i 
as 
* os ° 
‘ . 2 
- i i 
. wd ow A 
7] ‘2 
‘ * =< 


py ’ so 4 i ot, 
ite! fs yee 


my ‘ a 
- ; A 6 ee : ' 
ee a” = st, ak hae es 


bh 6 eet ayaeg AO f+ i paws 


c d 
LG Wye 
Y, Us fy 
a 


Fania 
Zaliiil 
il 
i il 


ZA 
4 lie 
| 


——. 


) 


Plate X{lI.—Terms in Masonry and Joinery:—Joints and Mouldings, 


a 


J 


(ee 


| 
= : 


YY 
ML, 


" 


Plate XIV.—Terms in Joinery:—Moulding and Panels. 


> ee ew ee 
q rw 4? ae 
Sn” 


3 ion 
, 
=a") 


ae 


, * 
at DEMS) 
poe 
agit op 


mee s 


Pal 
<< 


Ne, 


as 


‘ce 


no 


“To nog bricks” is in French Hourder les 
ans des bois—hourder is to rough-work— 
iterally “to fill in the timbers with rough 

work,” generally bricks, 

Nogs, in Bricklayin, and Joinery. Wood 
bricks—i.e. blocks of wood of the same 
dimensions as bricks, let or built into a 
brick wall at points to which wood framing, 
as of doors, is to be secured or nailed. 

Norman Style, in Architecture. The 
style which succeeded the Saxon (which 
see). Those writers who classify what they 
call the Gothic style of architecture into five 
classes, to correspond with the five orders, 
so called, of Classical architecture, make the 
Norman the second of the Gothic style, the 
Saxon being the first, the Early English 
the third, the Perpendicular the fourth, and 
the Decorated the fifth. The Norman style 
considered as per se—and not as belonging 
to Gothic architecture at all, which, strictly 
speaking, has for its chief characteristics 
pointed arches, tall aspiring columns or 
shafts,and tapering buttresses and pinnacles, 
etc.—is characterised by features essentially 
its own. Norman arches are semicircular, 
generally more or less deeply recessed—that 
is, with arches gradually diminishing in 
diameter towards the interior, and supported 
by clustered shafts, which, considered as 
a whole, constitutes the column. These 
columns are always low in height and 
massive in bulk. In the earlier specimens 
the shaft capitals and arch mouldings are 
plain, but in later examples they are more or 
less highly, and in the latest specimens richly, 
ornamented. <A characteristic moulding of 
the Norman style is the zigzag. Where 
towers are given to the building they are 
square in plan, and very low as compared 
with the lofty and tapering features of true 
Gothic buildings. 

Nosing, in Joinery. The projecting edge 
or moulding at the outside of the step of a 
stair is so called. It is that which defines 
the profile or outline of the outer edge, 
which may be plain or more or less orna- 
mented. Syn. Fr. Face extérieure d'une 
marche or Extrémités des marches — pron. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


oe 


fahce ex-tay-ree-eure d’uehn marrsh: Ger, 
Treppenkante—pron. trep-penn-kahnn-teh. 

Notch, in Construction. A part cut out 
of the surface of some material, as a beam 
or stone, forming an indentation generally 
angular in section, the two sides being 
oblique to each other, Syn. Fr. for to 
notch, Ruder—pron. rueh-day; Ger. Auf- 
hauen—pron. owff-how-enn. Syn. Fr. for 
notching in carpentry work generally is 
Entaille; Ger. Ueberscheite. Syn. Fr. for 
a triangular notch, which may be taken as 
the general form or section, is Patte—pron. 
pahtt ; Ger. Klawe—pron. klow-eh. 

Notch Board, in Joinery. The board 
secured to the wall at the side of a staircase 
into which the ends of the steps are housed 
or notched, the notches forming a zigzag of 
alternate horizontal and vertical lines, cor- 
responding to the “rise” and the “ tread” 
of the steps (see those terms). Syn. Fr. 
Inmon—pron. lee-mon; Ger. 7'reppenwange 
—pron. trep-pen-vang-eh — literally “the 
cheek of a stair.” A more accurate term 
is Treppenbrett, “ a’ step-board.” 

Notches, in Architecture. The small 
curved parts or arches between corbels, or 
sometimes placed in the face of the corbel 
itself, 

Nut (of a screw-bolt), in Ironwork in 
Building Construction. The part, either 
square or hexagonal in plan, and of a depth 
or thickness corresponding to the diameter 
of the screw-bolt, which is an integral part 
of the appliance termed a “screw-bolt and 
nut.” The bolt being passed through the 
holes in the parts to be secured together— 
the bolt-head pressing against one, generally 
the lower, surface of a body—the nut is 
screwed on to the screwed or upper end of 
the bolt and fast up to tighten the whole 
connexion. The appliance used for screwing 
up the nut is termed a key or spanner, 
Syn. Fr. for nut, Ecrou de boulon, or simply 
Ecrou; Ger. Mutter. Syn. Fr. for nut-key 
or spanner, Clef a@ écrou—pron. klay ah eh- 
kroo; Ger. Schraubenschliissel—pron. shlow- 
ben-shles-sel. 


O 


Oak. The most valuable of our native 
hard-wood timber trees—the term “English 
oak” being a synonym for all that is sound 
and durable. Syn. Fr. Chéne—pron. shain ; 
Ger. Eiche—pron. eye-keh. Syn. Fr. for 
“ oakwood,” Bois de chéne; Ger. Eichenholz. 
Syn. Fr. for “oak plank,” Planche en chéne ; 
Ger. Lichendiele — pron, eye-ken-deal-eh 
(see Timber). 

Obelisk, in Architecture. A_ special 
feature of the Egyptian style, one being 
placed at each side of the entrance to a 
temple. They are square in section or plan, 


comparatively small at base, and gradually 
tapering to the upper end, which is slanted 
off at the sides to form a pyramidal point. 
The sides are usually covered with hiero- 
glyphics. What is called Cleopatra’s Needle, 
now erected on the Thames Embankment, 
has made many now familiar with this 
architectural form. Syn. Fr. Obélisque— 
pron. oh-bay-leesk ; Ger. Obelisk—pron. oh- 
bell-isk, or Spitzsaiile—literally ‘‘a pointed 
pillar ’”—pron. speetz-zoy-leh. 

Octostyle, in Architecture, A term used 
to indicate a portico having eight columns 


97 7 


of 


in front. The French term is the same in 
spelling as ours—pron. ock-toe-steel ; Ger. 
Achtsdéulig — literally ‘‘ eight - pillared ”— 
pron. ahcht- (like the Irish och) zoy-lich. 

Offset, in Building. Where the face of 
a wall is not in the same plane, but part is 
set back, this is termed an offset. Thus, 
in building a house the upper story walls 
are thinner than the lower story walls, 
having less pressure to bear or resistance to 
offer. The course where the reduction of 
thickness is carried out is called the “ offset,” 
forming a species of narrow horizontal shelf 
running along the walls. The term is also 
applied to cases where one part of a building 
projects before another. The step-like parts 
of the foundation, as of a brick wall, in 
which the breadth is gradually reduced to 
the thickness of wall to be raised upon it, 
are also termed offsets. Syn. Fr. for this 
meaning of the term is Fondation en saillie 
(from saillir, to project)—pron. faun-dah- 
see-on ahn sahl-yee; Ger. Vorsprung — 

ron. fourr-sproong. 

Ogee, in Architecture. A moulding the 
profile or edge of which in section shows a 
curve of contrary flexure—one curve being 
concaye, the other convex. It is sometimes, 
and more scientifically, termed the Cyma 
reversa. The ogee is a form used both in 
Classical and Gothic architecture; in the 
latter modified according to the style. Syn. 
Fr. Ogive—pron. oh-jeeve; Ger. Karniess. 
This is, perhaps, more strictly the synonym 
for the joiner’s plane for striking the ogee 
moulding. The other German term is 
Hohlleisten—pron. hole-lyce-sten—literally 
“a hole or hollow band or border.” 

Opening, in Architecture or Building. A 
term used to signify a void space in a wall, 
as that left to be fitted with a door or 
window. Syn. Fr. Ouverture—pron. 00-vare- 
ture; Ger. Oeffnung—pron. eff-noong. 

Open Newelled Stairs, in Joinery. Stair- 
cases in which the well hole is rectangular, 
and which have two or three flights of stairs 
with level landings between the flights. 

Open Work, in Construction. Surfaces, 
as of wood or of stone, in which apertures, 
plain or more or less ornamented, are cut, 
through which daylight is seen. Syn. Fr. 
a Claire voie; Ger. durchbrochene Arbeit— 
literally ‘“broken-through work” — pron. 
doorsh broh-ken-eh ahr-bite, 

Orangery, in Garden Architecture. A 
house specially designed and constructed—a 
species of hothouse and conservatory—in 
which orange trees, are grown and culti- 
vated. Syn. Fr. Orangerie—pron. oh-rahn- 
jerr-ee ; Ger. Gewdchshaus—literally ‘‘ a plant 
or vegetable House.” A more accurate term 
would be Orangenhaus—pron. oh-rann-jenn- 
house, or Orangerie—-pron. oh-rann-jeh-ree. 

Order, in Architecture. Sometimes called 
style. The term, however, is strictly appli- 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ou 


cable to Classical architecture—that of style 
being specially used in connection with 
Gothic architecture. The orders of Classical 
architecture proper, often called the Grecian 
style, are only three—the Doric, Ionic, and 
Composite. In Roman Classical architecture 
two other “orders” are added—the Tuscan, 
between the Doric and the Ionic, and the 
Composite, after the Corinthian. The Roman 
and Grecian orders vary in many of the 
details. Syn. Fr. Ordre; Ger. Ordnung or 
Sdulenordnung — literally “a column or 
pillar order,” as the orders are distinguished 
by the columns. 

@riel Window, in Architecture, —A 
window projecting from a wall at a floor 
or at a level above the ground floor, to dis- 
tinguish it from a bay or a bow window, 
which starts from the ground level, and 
which usually stops there, though it some- 
times is carried up to the second floor. The 
oriel window is generally semicircular in 
plan, the line of face of wall forming the 
chord or diameter of the arc. The base of 
the oriel window sometimes rests on brackets 
or corbels of a more or less ornate cha- 
racter. Usually the base is formed of a 
series of curved rings gradually diminishing 
in diameter till it becomes pointed. Syn. 
Fr. Fenétre en saillie d’oriel; Ger. Erker- 
Jenster—literally “a corner window,” the 
oriel being often placed at the corner or the 
meeting edge of two walls. The derivation 
of the term oriel still, after all the discus- 
sions about it, remains shrouded in obscurity. 

Out of Winding, in Building Construction. 
A term used to indicate that a surface, as 
that of a stone or board, is perfectly true. 
It is synonymous with adjusted or worked 
fair or true. 

Outfall, in Sewage and Drainage. The 
place of ultimate deposit of the drainage 
or sewage waters. In the case of house 
drains the outfall is into the main sewer, 
and the contents of this are delivered to, 
and it has its outfall at, the river, the sea, 
or into the settling tank of the sewage 
(purifying) works, as the case may be. 
The term is often used as synonymous with 
outlet, though this is more accurately con 
fined to the point where a small drain opens 
into a larger one or into asewer. Syn. Fr 
Issue d’un tuyeau de décharge—pron. eess-ue 
duhn twee-oh deh day-sharrj; Ger. Abzug 
—pron. ahp-tsooch. 

Outhouse, in Building. A small structure 
or erection generally placed at the back of 
a house, either connected with it, as an offset 
(which see), or detached at some distance 
from it. It is used for a variety of purposes, 
—usually for storage purposes, or for the 
locality of a privy, ashpit, etc., or it may be 
adapted to the keeping of pigs or poultry. 
It is a synonym for out-building, and means 
in both cases strictly a building detached or 


98 


ou 


separate from the main building or house, 
Syn. Fr. Annexe—that is, connected with 
or joined to; Ger. /Hinterhaus—in the sense 
that the structure is at the back part of, or 
behind, the house. 

Outline of a body, as of a moulding, is 
a term used to indicate the lines bounding 
the form or giving the form to a body. 
Applied to a drawing, the term is usually 
an outline sketch, giving only a general 
idea of the form of the body, details being 
left to the more complete and finished 
drawings. Syn. Fr. for outline in its general 
sense, Tracé — pron. trah-say ; Ger. iss— 
pron. reece; Syn. Fr. for outline sketch, 
Contour — pron. caun-toor; Ger. Skizze— 
pron. skit-seh. 


Ovolo, in Architecture. A synonym for 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, 


pa 


the moulding known as the “ quarter-round,” 
the profile being formed in the Roman style 
by describing the fourth part, quadrant, or 
quarter of a circle, joining the fillets above 
and below—hence the term “ quarter-round.” 
In the Grecian style the synonym is echinus 
— pron. eh-kine-us — the curve which is 
not a part of a circle, as in the Roman 
moulding, but of an ellipse; and is so named 
as it is supposed to resemble the profile line 
of the seashell known as the echinus or sea- 
urchin, Syn. Fr. for quarter-round, or ovolo, 
Quart de rond, Ove; for echinus, Echine— 
pron. aish-een ; Ger. for ovolo, Wulst—pron. 
voolst — literally “a swelling moulding” ; 
also Hierleiste, from its resemblance to the 
curve of an egg—literally “an egg band”; 
for echinus, Lichen—pron. eyk-enn. 


> 


Packing, in Construction. A term used 
to indicate a process of adjusting two bodies, 
as in the case of a block of stone lying 
upon another, or two beams or members of 
a framing lying upon or butting against 
each other, so that they shall “ bed fair” or 
“Jay level.” The term is also, and perhaps 
more frequently, applied to the filling in of 
central spaces of walls in masonry with 
small stones bedded or grouted in mortar. 
In masonry where the blocks have not 
been properly faced, or in rubble where 
they are not well selected in relation to 
their beds or meeting surfaces, packing is 
frequently resorted to, and in the last- 
named sense of the term so much so that 
the wall is much less solid than it appears 
externally to be. Many stone-built walls 
are thoroughly honeycombed, and not truly 
solid, from this causa In timber framing, 
packing pieces are frequently used, but 
generally as temporary expedients till the 
various adjustments are made and the work 
finally completed. Syn. Fr. Lmballage— 
pron. ahm-bahl-ahj ; Ger. Hinpacken—pron. 
ine-pahk-ken, or simply Packen. 

Padlock, in Ironmongery. What may be 
called a portable lock, inasmuch as it can 
be wholly removed from the parts to be 


locked, and applied only when required— all. 


other locks being fixtures, or permanently 
connected with the parts to be secured 
together. The padlock is of two parts: the 
body, which contains the lock proper, and 
is generally almost circular in form, the 
upper part of the circle being cut off to 
form a flat part; sometimes the body or 
case of the lock is formed heart-shaped, but 
also having its upper side flat. ‘The other 
part is the hoop or latch part. This is 
jointed at the right-hand end of the flat 
or upper side of the body or lock-case, and 
made flat at the other end of the bent hoop. 
In this part a slot is cut, into which the 


ward of the lock passes, and which holds it 
fast when the key is turned to the left. The 
hoop passes through the staple, eye, or hook 
driven into one part, as the style of a gate, 
to be secured or locked to the other part or 
fixed member, as the gatepost. To tnis the 
strap or hasp is jointed, and has a narrow 
slot at its outer end which passes over the 
face of the hook driven into the style of 
the gate. The hoop of the padlock is then 
passed through the staple or eye, and when 
locked keeps the hasp in its place, and thus 
prevents the gate being opened. Syn. Fr. 
Serrure mobile, or Serrure portatif; Ger. 
Hiéngeschloss, a hanging or hung lock. The 
term pad is derived from the Old English 
padd, a path, and used as a prefix — the 
padlock being originally used to lock gates 
leading to a path. 

Paint, in Building Construction. The 
mixture of oil and colouring matter, or of 
colouring matter and size (as glue), used to 
decorate surfaces with. Der. From ‘the 
French peindre, and this from the Latin 
pingere, to paint. Syn. Fr. Coulewr—pron. 
koo-leurr; Ger. Farbe—pron. farr-beh. Syn. 
Fr. for “to paint,” JMettre en couleur ; to 
daub over or coat with paint, Knduire; Ger. 
Farbengrund geben. 

Painter. ‘The tradesman who undertakes 
the painting of houses, etc. It is generally 
associated with the term paperhanger in this 
country. Syn. Fr. Entrepreneur de peinture 
—pron.ahn-terr-pray-neurr deh paihn-tuuhr. 
This term is more applicable to a master 
painter—a workman painter being simply 
Peintre. Syn. Ger. Maler generally : a house 
painter, Hausmaler, also Anstreicher. 

Paling. The timber construction used 
to enclose a space, as a garden or field, is so 
called. It is made of a series of upright 
vertical pieces or small posts placed at 
intervals, driven into the ground, and 
secured together by horizontal pieces, and 


99 


pa 


in some cases strengthened with oblique 
braces. In some forms the paling is made 
up of planks or boards placed close together, 
supported by uprights and braces; but the 
proper term for this form is boarding. Der. 
From the Old English pal, or from the Latin 
palus, a stake. Syn. Fr. The nearest ap- 
proach to our term is, perhaps, Palissade— 
pron. pah-leess-ahd, or Haie de bois—that is, 
a fence (or “hedge” literally) of wood; Ger. 
Pfahlzaun—pron. pfaal-tsown—literally “a 
post or stake fence.” 

Pane of Glass, in Glazing. The flat sheet 
of glass fitted in between the sash bars or 
astragals, filling in the window-frame with 
transparent material, In consequence of 
the improvement in glass manufacture, 
panes are now made of dimensions far 
beyond those which our ancestors used. 
The best windows are now fitted with 
sheets of plate-glass, which is not only 
highly translucent, but is of great strength. 
It may be called burglar proof, as it is not 
easy to cut compared with ordinary panes 
of glass; and its breakage is accompanied, 
moreover, with so much noise that alarm 
may be given by it. Der. From the Old 
English word pan, a piece. Syn. Fr. Carreau 
de verre—literally “a square of glass,” as 
originally the panes were made square or 
equal-sided and set angularly or lozenge-wise 
between narrow strips of lead—with us 
termed quarry, obviously a corruption of 
carreau; also Panneau de verre—literally 
“a panel of glass”—pron. karr-oh or pann- 
oh deh vairr; Ger. Fenster- or Glass-scheibe 
—pron. glass-shy-beh (Scheibe, a disc or 
slice, a pane of glass)—literally “ window- 
pane, glass pane.” 

Panel, in Joinery. Thin boards, generally 
of rectangular form, fitted into void spaces 
left between the styles, muntins, and rails 
of doors, forming also features in deep or 
old-fashioned dados or skirting-boards. Der. 
From the French panneau, which is diminu- 
tive of pan, signifying a flap, a pane; Ger. 
Fiillung—iiterally “a filling-up piece.” Syn. 
Fr. for “ panelling,” Lambrissage (lambris, 
the lining, wainscoting, of a room)—hence 
another synonym for panel, Panneau de 
lambris; Ger. Fachwerk—literally “ com- 
partment work.” Syn. Fr. for “panelled,” 
Pannelé; Ger. Fiillungen, also ausgefacht. 

Pantile, in Roofing Work.—A tile almost 
universally red in colour, which gives the 
painter’s warmth or tone of colour in 
pictures in which tiled—not slated—houses 
are depicted. The cross section of the tile 
shows a curve of double and contrary 
flexure, like the ogee (which see), the right- 
hand edge being turned over to lap or cover 
part of the flattish surface of the next series 
of tiles in the roof—the tiles being laid in 
parallel lines running from the ridge to the 
eaves. The tiles are individually supported 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


pa 


by cross battens nailed to, and running 
across, the face of the common rafters of 
the roof truss,—small projecting square 
pieces or studs being formed on the under 
side and at the upper end of each tile, those 
catching and being supported by the cross 
battens. The curved or hollow surfaces of 
the tiles form gutters, by which rain falling 
on the roof surface is carried down to the 
eaves gutter. The prefix “pan” is an ab- 
breviation of the French word panneau, a 
panel, Syn. Fr. Tuile flamande—pron. tweel 
flah-mahnd — literally “ Flemish tile,” this 
picturesque form of roof-covering having 
been introduced by the Flemings; also Twile 
courbée—pron. koor-bay—literally “ curved 
tile,” as distinguished from the flat tile used 
in paving; Ger. Dachpfanne—literally “a 
roof pan” or cover, also Hohlziegel. 

Pantry, in Domestic Architecture. A 
closet or small room fitted up with shelving, 
in which household stuff is stored. It is 
distinguished from the larder by the cha- 
racter of the materials stored in it,—the 
latter apartment being generally devoted to 
the keeping of meat, fish, and perishable 
food, the pantry being used to store up tea, 
sugar, etc. If devoted to crockery or glass, 
it is usually called a china closet. Syn. Fr. 
Gardemanger — pron. garrd -mahn -jay— 
literally “a guardian place for things to 
eat”; Ger. Speisekammer—pron. spy-zeh- 
kahm-merr. 

Paper for Drawing. The paper used 
for the preparation of the drawings re- 
quired by the building constructor and 
architect. It is of various sizes and qualities 
—“demy” and “royal” being the smallest, 
and “antiquarian” and “elephant” the 
largest-sized sheets. Machine-made paper 
being made in webs of very great length—+ 
the breadth also being very considerable— 
“sheets” of any length may be had of 
this class of paper. The great defect of all 
drawing papers is their liability to shrink ; 
and this shrinkage is so unequal, not only in 
one sheet as compared with another, but 
even in different parts of the same sheet, 
that “scales” drawn on the sheet are prac- 
tically little to be trusted to as giving 
accurate measurements of the lines of the 
drawing taken from them. Cartridge paper, 
the most common of all the classes used, 
is the most valuable, as it displays in a less 
degree the objectionable features of shrink- 
ing. Syn. Fr. Papier & dessiner—literally 
‘paper to design with’”’—pron. pahp-yay 
ah des-see-nay; Ger. Zeichenpapier 
(zeichnen, to draw or design)—pron. tsych- 
en-pah-peer. Tracing paper. A thin or 
tissue paper saturated with oil, prepared 
according to different recipes. The best 
quality is the French, and that bearing the 
brand of “St. Léon.” It is remarkably 
transparent, takes on both nk and colour 


100 


pa 


with great freedom, and is so tough that it 
does not crack and split on folding, as so 
many of the inferior tracing papers do, to 
the great annoyance and loss of those who 
have frequent occasion to refer to and use 
tracings of drawings. The best tracing 
apers are those bluish-white in colour, 
Ve have always found those of a yellow or 
yellowish tinge brittle and unsatisfactory 
in use. In using the paper it is stretched 
over the drawing on the drawing-board, 
and carefully secured so that it does not 
move or shift in position. The lines of the 
drawing seen clearly through the tracing 
paper are then gone over or traced—hence 
the name—in ink or pencil, as desired. Syn. 
Fr. Papier huilé—pron. wee-lay—literally 
“paper oiled,” or Papier ciré — literally 
“paper waxed”; also Papier a& calquer 
(calquer [kahl-kay], to counter-draw, to 
trace, to copy); Ger. Oelpapier or Wachs- 
papter—pron. vahx-pahp-earr, oiled or waxed 
paper. Zracing cloth. Where tracings, as of 
working drawings, are to be frequently re- 
ferred to, in order to resist much handling, 
which would soon destroy even the best of 
tracing paper, a species of transparent linen 
is employed largely. It is beautifully trans- 
parent and very strong. Syn. Fr. Toile a 
calquer or Papier toile — literally “ linen 
cloth paper”; Ger. Zeichenkattun—pron. 
kaht-toon—literally “drawing cotton cloth.” 
Paperhanging. <A branch of building 
work generally associated with painting. 
As its name denotes, it concerns itself with 
the sale and putting on the walls of the paper 
chosen by the landlord or the tenant for the 
decoration, or as it is very frequently termed 
in popular phrase “beautifying,” of the house, 
Sometimes the choice of the paper—that is, 
of its design or pattern—is left to the painter 
or paperhanger; and we regret to say that 
the selection made does not always justify 
the trust reposed in him—the paper, both 
in design and colour, being altogether un- 
suitable, and in some cases simply hideous, 
It is to be regretted that such designs are 
printed, sinning as they do so grievously 
against all rules of design and of good taste 
so called. But such designs must be called 
for by the public, or they would not be 
produced. Let us hope that they will be 
called for less frequently in the future, as 
correct ideas of what is design and what 
generally is good taste become more widely 
spread. Syn. Fr. for “ paper (wall),” Papier 
tenture — literally “ paperhangings”; Ger. 
Tapeten — literally “tapestry” or “hang- 
ings.” Syn. Fr. for “maker of wall-paper,” 
Fabricant de papiers-tenture; Ger. Tapeten- 
fabrikant. Syn. Fr. for “ paperhanger,” 
Tapessier or Colleur de papier; Ger. 
Tapezierer. 
Parapet, in Architecture and Building. 
In architecture, the wall at the upper part 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, 


pa 


of and terminating a wall, generally about 
breast-high above the flat roof, of the 
highest apartment which forms the floor 
of the part, as in a tower or turret, sur- 
rounded by the parapet wall. This is usually 
formed into what are called battlements or 
open parts—a feature which was introduced 
in the Early English (Gothic) period. In 
the later Gothic styles the piercing of the 
parapets was done in styles generally highly 
ornamental, The pierced parapet work of 
the Elizabethan style is very ornate. The 
walls at the sides of a bridge are also called 
parapets. Der. From the Italian parapetto, 
and this from the Latin para and petto, the 
chest or breast. Syn. Fr. Garde corps— 
literally “body guard”; Ger. Brustmauer— 
literally ‘ breast wall” — that is, a wall 
breast-high, 

Pargetting, in Building. A species of 
plaster, composed of mortar mixed with cow- 
dung, used to line or plaster the interiors of 
chimney flues, for which purpose it seems 
particularly well adapted. The term is also 
applied to the plaster used for the outside 
surfaces of houses built in the half-timbered 
style peculiar to England. In those the 
plastered surfaces are whitewashed, the 
timber beams, straight and curved, being 
painted black. 

Paring Chisel, in Tools. A tool generally 
used by the joiner in taking or shaving off 
small parts of a piece of timber to give it 
the desired form, ‘The chisel is flat, of 
varying breadths, and is used for flat sur- 
faces. When hollow surfaces are being 
worked, the paring chisel assumes the forrr 
of a chisel the cutting edge of which is 
curved in section, and is called a “ gouge.” 
Syn. Fr. for paring chisel, Ciseaw mince— 
literally “a thin, slim, or slender chisel ”— 
pron. seize-oh mainss; Ger. diinner Meisel 
—literally “a thin chisel.” Der. The term 
“paring” is from the French parer, to 
dress, trim, or finish, and this from the 
Latin parare, to prepare. Syn. Fr. for “to 
pare,” as applied to joiner’s work, is Rogner 
—pron. rong-yea, to gnaw, cut, clip, or 
trim ; Ger. Schdlen, 

Parlour, in Domestic Architecture. An 
apartment in a house synonymous with a 
sitting-room; but in the case of large 
houses it is a lesser room to which one 
can retire from the dining- or drawing-room 
for greater privacy or quiet. It has a 
curious derivation—literally it means “a 
speaking (in private) place,” a quiet room 
apart from the noisy, frequented hall of the 
houses of olden times, and comes from the 
French parler, to speak. This is seen in 
the French synonym Parloir—pron. parrl- 
wahr; also in the Ger. syn. Sprechzimmer 
(from sprechen, to speak, to talk to). 

Partition, in Building. The walls in 
bricklaying and masonry, and the frame- 


101 


fsa 


work in carpentry, which divide one apart- 
ment from another, are termed partitions. 
Where not of timber, they are formed, even 
in stone-built houses, of brick not thicker 
than one brick in length, but usually only 
of half-brick thickness, or “brick on bed.” 
In but too many cases, however (as in the 
dwellings of the working, and even in some 
of those for the middle classes), they are 
built thinner still—namely, “‘ brick on edge ” 
—a thickness, or rather thinness, which 
should not be tolerated under any wisely 
framed Building Act. Both surfaces or faces 
of brick partitions are finally plastered ; the 
faces being left as rough as possible in 
building, to afford good holding surfaces or 
keys to the plaster. Partitions framed 
with timber are generally known as “ quar- 
terings” or ‘quartered partitions”; the 
parts being termed quarters. A partition 
frame has for its chief parts the sill or cill 
or base, the upright posts at the ends, the 
head parallel to the cill, the doorposts, the 
braces or struts, and the puncheons. Laths 
are nailed on each side, to which the plaster 
is secured. Partitions thus made are chiefly 
hollow—hence called sometimes ‘‘ hollow 
quartering partitions,” and therefore aid 
greatly the extension of fire should it break 
out in the building of which they form a 
part. In good construction the interior 
should be filled up with incombustible 
material, in the way so much practised on 
the Continent. Der. The term is directly 
from the Latin partitio, and this from 
partire, to divide. Syn. Fr. Cloison; also 
Paroi — pron. kloah-zon, parr-wah; for 
“hollow partition,” Cloison non hourdie— 
that is, a partition not made in rough work, 
but simply of timber; for “ trussed parti- 
tion,” Cloison avec décharge; for “ wood 
partition,’ Cloison des planches—that is, of 
planks or boards; for “partition wall,” 
Mur de refond. Syn. Ger. for ‘‘ partition,” 
Zwischenwand— pron, tsvish - enn - vant— 
literally ‘‘a between wall”; for “hollow 
partition,” hohle Scheidewand (scheiden, to 
separate—Scheidewand is another synonym 
for partition) ; for “trussed partition,” 
Bindewerkscheidewand — that is, the work 
framed or bound together; for ‘‘ wood 
partition,” Bretterscheidewand—pron. brett- 
err-shy-deh-vahnd for “partition wall” 
(of brick or stone), Zwischenwandmauer— 
pron. tsvish-en-vahnd-mow-err. 

Party Wall, in Building. The wall built 
on the dividing line between two properties, 
to separate the one property or site from 
the other. The conditions of the construc- 
tion and maintenance in good repair are 
usually named in the title-deeds of the 
properties; the points being mutually 
agreed to, should the properties be under 
two different landlords. The term may 
either be considered as an abbreviation of 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


pa 


“parting ” wall, or as a wall belonging 
mutually to two “parties” or individuals. 
Syn. Fr. Mur mitoyen commun, which con- 
veys the last-named derivation—that is, a 
middle wall in common; Ger. Zwischenmauer 
or Mittelmauer. 

Pavilion, in Architecture. An isolated 
structure, as a summer-house, erected in a 
garden, having a pointed roof curved con- 
cavely like a tent roof, or convex like a 
dome. Frequently the roof is of double 
curvature, like the curve known as the 
“ogee” (which see). Strictly defined, a 
pavilion is a tent of more ornate form and 
of larger dimensions than the ordinary tent. 
Der. The term is from the French pavilion, 
a tent. The German synonym is the same 
as the French in spelling—pron. pah-vill- 
yon. 

Pavilion Roof. 
from its resemblance to that of a tent, or 
rather a pavilion Syn. Fr. Zot en pavillon s 
Ger. [Holldndisches Dach--that is, a Dutch 
or Holiand roof, this class of root being a 
noted feature of Dutch architecture. 

Paving, in Brickwork, is a pavement sur- 
face made of bricks either “on bed” or “on 
edge.” ‘The bricks are generally laid so as 
to form a kind of pattern by placing them 
obliquely to another. Paving in tiles is 
formed with flat, thinnish tiles, generally 
square, which are sometimes ornamented 
with projecting and indented parts to form 
a good foothold. Tiles of different forms 
and colours are used to form patterns of 
various kinds. The best paving tiles are 
the blue Staffordshire tiles, paving “ bricks” 
being made of the same material, which 
gives a hard, metallic-looking and sounding 
tile and brick. Encaustic tiles give the 
highest class of paving, and are generally 
confined to interior work, as halls, entrances 
halls, lobbies, etc. They are made of very 
superior material in different shapes, and 
have their surfaces beautifully coloured ; 
and when put together to form a whole, 
give ascertain general design to the pave- 
ment more or less, and in expensive work 
highly ornamental. Paving in stone is done 
by the aid of large- dimensioned stones, 
generally rectangular—that is, of greater 
length than breadth—bedded carefully on 
a proper foundation, edge to edge and end 
to end, being retained in position by an 
outside range or ranges of cubical blocks, 
termed unitedly the kerb or “curb stone” 
(which see), Certain classes of stone are 
used to form paving-stones, or pavement— 
this being the term more specially applicable 
to flat-surfaced paving. Der. The term 
paving is from the French paver, and this 
from the Latin pavire, to strike or beat 
down ; a part of the paviour’s work being to 
force down—especially in the case of paving- 
stones or small blocks—the material with 


A curved roof, so called 


102 


pa 


a heavy implement called the “ paviour’s 
rammer.” Syn. Fr. for “to pave,” Paver ; 
Ger. Pflastern. Syn. Fr. for “ pavement,” 
Pavé panneau — pron. pah-vay pah-noh ; 
Ger. Pflaster—pron. pflass-ter. Syn. Fr. for 
“to pave with tiles,” Carreler; Ger. mit 
kleinen Platten pflastern. Syn. Fr. for 
“stone pavement,” Dallage—pron. dahl-ahj; 
Ger. Plattenbeleg—pron. platt-enn beh-laig. 
Syn. Fr. for “ paving tile,” Mattoir—pron. 
mah-twahr; Ger. Ziegel fiir den Fussboden— 
literally “ brick-for-the-foot floor.” Syn. Fr. 
for “paving brick,” Brique a paver; Ger. 
Pflasterziegel. Syn. Fr. for “paving stone,” 
Pierre & paver—pron. pee-air ah pah- 


vay; Ger. Pflasterstein—pron. pflass-turr- 
stine. 
Paviour. The workman who lays down 


pavements, Syn.Fr. Paveur ; Ger. Pflasterer. 
Syn. Fr. for “paviour’s rammer,” Marteau 
d’assiette — literally ‘a plate hammer”; 
Ger. Rammel— pron. rahm-ell, or P/laster- 
hammer. 

Pedestal, in Architecture. A stone bleck, 
square in section, of greater height than 
breadth of face, furnished with “ base” and 
“cap” or “cornice” mouldings. Its use is to 
support columns or pillars, and its mould- 
ings are in keeping with those of the column 
which it carries. The central part, which 
is generally flat between the base and the 
cornice, is called the “dado” (which see), 
also “die.” The term “surbase” is sometimes 
used to indicate the cap. Der. From a com- 
pound—pes, pedis, the Latin for foot, and 
the German word stal,a statue or resting- 
place ; or it may be from the Italian word 
for the part, piedestello, which means the 
same thing as the above compounded term. 
Or it may be derived from the French 
synonym, Piedestal, in which if the “i” be 
left out our word is obtained. Syn. Ger. 
Sdulenstuhl—iiterally “the pillar or column 
stool’’—pron, zoy-lenn-stoohl. 

Pediment, in Architecture. That part, 
generally triangular in shape, placed at the 
upper part of a building front or fagade, 
and often filled-in in the interior and 
receding or central part with sculptured 
ornaments or figures. Of this feature the 
pediment of the Royal Exchange in London 
is a well-known and fine example. The 
pediment is sometimes terminated with a 
pointed pinnacle, sometimes with a sculp- 
tured figure. The pediment is also fre- 
quently used over doors and windows: 
sometimes left pointed, sometimes broken 
in the centre, and sometimes with a rounded 
in place of an angular, straight-lined upper 
surface. The derivation is the same as that 
of Pedestal, as above, so far‘as the Latin 
word pes, pedis, a foot, is concerned—as if the 
crown of the pediment was the base or foot 
of the ornament or statue with which an 
ancient pediment was often finished. Syn. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


pe 


Fr. Tympan—pron, taim-pahn ; Ger, Giebel- 
Jeld—liiterally “ the gable field.” 

Pegs, in Carpentry. Small pieces of wood, 
circular in section and of varying lengths 
and diameter, used to connect pieces of 
timber together after the manner of nails— 
the pegs being driven into auger holes made 
to receive them, which holes pass through 
the pieces of timber to be secured together. 
A synonym for peg is “pin,” and a term 
very frequently used is “trenail” (which 
see). The small stakes used for laying out 
and marking off the position or plan of a 
house on the site are also called pegs. Syn. 
Fr. Tacquet ; also Cheville or Bouton de bois 
—literally “a bolt of wood”—pron, tak- 
kay, shay-veal, booh-tohn deh bwah; Ger. 
Holznagel—iiterally “a wood nail”—pron. 
hollts-nah-gell. 

Pencils, Drawing. Pencils of a superior 
kind, used by architects and engineers in 
the preparation of drawings, They are of 
different qualities, or ‘ grades ” as the tech- 
nical term has it, beginning with F for 
“fine,” the softest, and ending with H HHH, 
or “four H,” being the hardest of all—the 
intermediate grades being, H, “hard,” HB, ° 
“hard black,” HH, or “double H,” harder 
than H, and H HH, or “treble H,” a quality 
harder still. The full or proper designation 
is “lead pencil,” inasmuch as the pencil 
proper is a hair pencil, being derived from 
the Latin penicillum, and this from peniculus, 
a diminutive of penis, a tail. Syn. Fr. for 
drawing pencil, Crayon a dessiner—pron. 
kray-on ah des-see-nay; Ger. Zeichenstift 
—pron. tseich-enn-steeft—literally “a 
ae pencil,” or Bleistift (from Blet [bly], 
ead). 

Pendant, in Architecture. A hanging or 
suspended ornament or feature of the Gothic 
style, and markedly of that knownas the Per- 
pendicular Gothic. Formed of stone or wood, 
and richly ornamented, they form a very 
striking and beautiful feature in buildings in 
this style. Pendants often take the place 
of “ bosses,” the ornaments often used under 
or to conceal the keystone of vaults or 
arches. For derivation of the term see 
below (Pendent Bridge). Syn. Fr. Pendant, 
simply, or as @ substitute for bosses under 
the keystone of an arch, Clef pendante d'une 
votte—literally * the hanging keystone of a 
vault ’’—pron. klaif pang-dangt doohn voot ; 
Ger. Hdngeschluszstein—literally “a hang- 
ing keystone” —pron. heng-eh-shluhss- 
stine. Remarkably rich and fine examples 
of pendants are to be met with in West- 
minster Abbey, in Henry VII.’s Chapel. 
The term is often used as ‘“ Pendative” ; 
but this also is a term in building denoting 
the arches thrown across and joining and 
supporting the angles of a square tower ; 
on which a superstructure, as a_ spire 
octagonal in section, is raised. Another 


103 


pe 


synonym for pendative is Squinch. Syn. 
Fr. Pendatif — pron. pahn-dah-teef ; Ger. 
Hingebogen—literally “a hanging arch” 
—pron. heng-eh-boh-gen. 

Pendent Bridge. A timber bridge the 
side beams of which are supported at their 
ends by abutments and by vertical posts 
placed at intervals between them. Jer. 
The term “pendent,” which is used in 
building construction, is from the Latin 
pendens, and this from pendere, to suspend 
or hang. 

Pendentive Cradling, in Joinery and 
Plastering. The curved ribs used in arched 
and vaulted ceilings to carry or support the 
plaster work. 

Pentastyle, in Architecture. A term used 
where the portico of a building has five 
columns or pillars. Syn. Fr. Pentastyle— 
pron. pahn-tah-steel; Ger. Fiinfsdiulig — 
pron. fuenf-zoy-lich — literally “ five-pil- 
jared.” 

Penthouse, in Building. A _ structure 
external to and projecting from the main 
building ; or a small detached outhouse or 
hovel haying an inclined or sloping roof. 
A synonym sometimes used is a shed-roofed 
house, sheds generally having a roof sloping 
from one side only; a span roof—z.e. one 
sloping on both sides—being used only for 
large sheds. Der. The term “ penthouse ” 
is from the French pene, down or sloping, 
and the English house. Syn. Fr. Au vent— 
pron, oh vahn; Ger. Schirmdach — literally 
**a roof shelter ”’—pron. sheerrm-dach. 

Peripteral, in Architecture. The fourth 
order of public temple architecture according 
to the great authority Vitruvius, in which 
columns were placed all round and with six 
columns infront. Syn. Fr. Périptere (from 
peripteros, the Latin name for the arrange- 
ment) ; Ger. Ringsumherfliigel — literally 
“a roundabout wing’’—pron. rinngs-oom- 
hairr-flueh-gell, The more correct synonym 
is Saiilenhallen ringsum — literally “halls 
pillared all round.” 

Peristyle, in Architecture. An interior 
court in Grecian and Roman houses—also 
met with in temples — surrounded with 
columns or pillars, thus forming a colonnade. 
The term is often, but erroneously, applied 
to a straight and detached row of columns, 
Syn. Fr. Péristyle—pron. perr-ee-steel (from 
the Latin name peristilum) ; Ger. Peristyl— 
pron. pare-ee-steel. 

Perpendicular Style, in Architecture. 
The latest style of Gothic or Pointed archi- 
tecture, the era of which commenced at the 
end of the fourteenth, flourished chiefly 
during the fifteenth, and on through the 
early portion of the sixteenth century. The 
characteristics of the style are so marked 
that it is perhaps the easiest of the Gothic 
styles to be popularly determined. They 
are displayed best in the windows, in which 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


pi 


it will be observed that the main lines of 
the parts filling in the window space or 
void are all vertical or perpendicular to the 
sill, The mullions or parts dividing the 
general space or void into “lights” or 
compartments are carried right up to the 
“head,” or part immediately enclosed by 
the pointed arch, which is generally of the 
“four-centred” variety. All the tracery 
of the heads of windows is distinguished 
also by perpendicular lines. Another pecu- 
liarity of the style is the extremely light 
and elegant proportions of the window 
openings ; they are much taller or higher 
in proportion to their width or breadth than 
windows in other styles of Gothic archi- 
tecture. Another feature of the style is 
the panelling used both in the exterior 
and interior of the buildings, this being 
profusely given and highly ornamented. 
Corbels are in this style supported or 
carried by angels, with widespread wings 
and folded hands—a characteristic ornamen- 
tal feature. 

Perpend Stone, in Masonry. A stone or 
block which extends through the whole 
thickness of the wall, showing at both sides 
or faces. It is more commonly termed a 
“through.” Syn. Fr. Assise de perpaing— 
pron. ah-seez deh pairr-paihn ; Ger. Durch- 
bindestein — pron. doorch-binn-deh-stine — 
literally ‘a through binder stone.”’ Properly 
a binder or bond stone is not always carried 
through the wall, showing at both sides; it 
may stop short of the one side. The dis- 
tinction between it and the perpend stone is 
that this always goes completely through. 

Perpend Walls, more accurately spelt 
as “perpeyn,” is a term which is sometimes 
met with in architectural descriptions. It 
means in one sense walls built with large 
square blocks of stone, not rough or irregular 
in outline, and may in this way be considered 
as synonymous with what is called ‘* coursed 
rubble” (see Rubble). In another sense the 
term perpeyn or perpend walls means walls 
which are built in the interior of enclosing 
walls of a building and at right angles to 
them, thus forming a series of divisions like 
stalls, examples of which are met with in 
some of our ecclesiastical buildings. 

Persians, a synonym for Caryatides— 
that is, female figures used in place of 
columns to support entablatures, etc. The 
term is also sometimes applied to the pro- 
jecting hood or canopy placed over the 
outside upper part of a window. Syn. Fr. 
Persans—pyron. pairr-sahn. 

Pick, in Tools. An instrument used for 
various purposes in Building Construction. 
Its general form in plan, or wheu looked at 
in side view, is curved, or part of a circle 
of large diameter. The central part is 
widened out in both directions, on the edge 
as well as on the face, so as to admit of the 


104 


pi 


formation of a central slot or aperture which 
forms the eye of the pick, into which the 
wooden handle is secured, The ends of the 
ick, or outer extremities of the arc forming 
it, are finished in one of two ways: they 
are either sharp, or widened out to forma 
species of chisel or axe-like edge. The 
points in both cases are of steel, though the 
body of the tool is of wrought iron. The 
pick is much used in breaking up soils, 
more or less hard, or soft rock. The 
sharp point enters the soil or rock, and 
pieces are detached by using the tool as a 
lever, of which the handle forms a part. 
In loose soils the pick with chisel-shaped 
or adze-shaped points is used, it being 
frequently termed, when of this form, a 
“ mattock” —in some cases a_ pickaxe. 
There is a single-pointed pick also in use, 
which closely resembles the adze in appear- 
ance. The “quarryman’s pick,’ which is 
almost identical with the “mason’s pick,” 
has the head or metal piece much shorter 
and lighter than the ordinary pick. It is 
straight in the direction of its length, the 
eye or hole for handle being in the centre 
of this; the points are of steel, and sharp. 
This form of pick is used with both hands, 
and its office is, in the case of the quarry- 
man, to rough-dress the stones, bringing 
them into something like the desired 
form in the case of the mason, to dress 
the surface of stones.in the peculiar way 
known as “hammer - picked,” or simply 
“picked.” Der. The term “pick” is from 
the Old English word pycan, to prick or 
pierce, the “pick” being first forced or 
driven into the soil to pierce it, and then 
used as a lever to “prise” or force off the 
piece or lump. Syn. Fr. for “ pick,” Pic— 
pron. peek; Ger. Pieke—pron. pik-keh. 
Syn. Fr. for “the mason’s or quarryman’s 
pick,” Pic-a-pierre or Pic-a-roc ; Ger. Stein- 
picke or Keilpicke — literally “a wedge- 
shaped pick”; also Keilhawe—pron. kile- 
how-eh—literally “‘a wedge-shaped hoe” or 
mattock. Sometimes the pick with two 
ends or points is called a “double pick,” to 
distinguish it from the pick with one end, 
which is termed a “ single” or “hand pick.” 
Syn. Fr, for “double pick,” Pic-a-marteau ; 
Ger. Zweispitzpicke—pron. tzvigh-spitz-pik- 
keh—literally “a two-pointed pick.” Syn, 
Fr. for single or hand pick, Pic-a-main; Ger, 
Handpicke—pron, hant-pik-keh. 

Piece, in Carpentry. A term employed, 
Synonymous with “member,” to indicate a 
separate part of a timber construction or 
framing, or of an assemblage of timbers. 
Der, The term is from, and is identical in 
spelling with, the French pizce—pron. pee- 
ace—and this from the debased or Low Latin 
ig: part of a body or substance. Syn. 

r. Piéce d'une construction en bois or Piéce 
dune ferme en bois, “ Piece of timber” is a 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


pi 


phrase frequently used in carpentry ; in the 
art of joinery the expression is the same, 
with the exception of “timber,” for which 
the term “wood” is substituted. Syn. Fr. for 
the first of these terms, Piece de charpente ; 
for the second, Piéce de menuiserie. Syn. 
Ger. for piece of timber, Zimmerholz (see 
Carpenter). To “piece up” a part of 
construction is generally used to indicate 
the completion of a part by filling in or 
adding to a part or parts which have been 
omitted, broken or decayed. Syn. Fr. 
Joindre — pron. jwahn-derr — literally “to 
join” ; Ger. Ausstiicken—literally “to piece 
out.” 

Piece-work. A system so called, in 
which workmen are paid for the (piece of) 
work they actually do ‘This having a 
determinate value or price attached to it, 
the workman knows that if he completes 
the work quickly and well he will make 
more money—that is, get a greater sum in 
a given time—than if he lingers over and 
delays its completion. Piece-work has great 
advantages over the ordinary system of 
payment by weekly wage, but it has its 
disadvantages also. These have operated 
so powerfully in some directions that the 
system has become by no means generally 
adopted. Much has been written about it 
pro and con. Syn. Fr. for to do piece-work, 
Travailler « fagon—that is, according to the 
customary price alluded to or value of a given 
piece of work; Ger. beim Stiick arbeiten, 

Pier, in Masonry and Architecture. A 
vertical part of stonework built in the water- 
way or channel of a river to support the 
arches of a bridge; the arch springing 
from each side of the central pier, and the 
haunches of the abutment on each side, or 
from one pier to another should there be 
more than one arch in the bridge. The term 
is also applied to structures of stone or of 
brick to carry beams, as the iron beams of 
a railway bridge; also in other departments 
of building, as the solid parts between 
window openings; or where stone or brick 
parts are used to support beams, etc. The 
term is also applied to those erections— 
whether solid, as of stone, or constructed of 
columns, beams, etc.—which are carried out 
from the land into the sea. Der. The term 
is from the French pierre, a stone, and this 
from the Latin petra, arock. For the term 
indicating the pier of an arch, as that of a 
bridge: Syn. Fr. Arc boutant or Are support 
—literally “the arch bearer or support”; 
Ger. Unterstiitzungsbogen — pron. oon-terr- 
stuets-oongs—literally “the arch support” ; 
also Scheidebogen (from scheiden [shide-en], 
to separate), the top of the pier being the 
point at which the straight line of the pier 
and the curve of the arch are separated. Syn. 
Fr. for the term applied in marine work, as 
synonymous with mole, jetty, or breakwater, 


105 


pi 
Méle, Jettée — pron. jeuh-tay; Ger. Molo, 
Hafenbriicke — pron. hah-fenn-bruek-keh — 
literally “a harbour bridge.” Syn. Fr. for 
pier of a wail, or solid part between window 
voids, Cétes (sides), Tableaux (tables or flat 
spaces) d’une fenctre. 

Pier Glass, in Cabinet Making. A large 
mirror fixed in a movable or portable frame 
set on castors or friction rollers, so as to be 
easily removed from one part of the dressing- 
or bedroom to another, or “set” in any 
desired position, in order to judge of the 
adjustment of the dress or figure as a whole. 
Syn. Fr. Trumeau—pron. truhm-moh; Ger. 
Schaftspiegel — literally “a stalk or stem 
mirror’ that is supported by legs or pillars 
at the side; hence also the term Pfeiler- 
spiegel—iiterally “a pillar glass”: this last 
is the more accurate synonym. 

Pierce, To, in Construction. A term 
synonymous with “to bore,” as by auger in 
the case of timber, or with the chisel and 
tamping bar in the case of stone. The 
term is also used in timber framing, as when 
one piece is framed into another it is said to 
pierce it. Der. The term is directly from 
the French percer. to pierce or penetrate, 
and this from the Latin pertundere, to bore 
through and through. A French synonym 
other than Percer is Entamer—pron. ahn- 
tah-may—although this means strictly to 
penetrate, break or cut through the surface, 
or make the first cut; Ger. Anbohren. For 
to “pierce through and through,” or, as 
we should otherwise say, penetrate a piece: 
Syn. Fr. Perforer—pron. perr-fo-ray ; also 
Transpercer—that is, pierce through—pron. 
trangs-perr-say; Ger. Durchlichern — 
literally “to make a hole through”; also 
Durchbohren, to bore through—pron. doorch- 
lech-errn, doorch-boh-renn. 

Piercing Saw, in Tools. Sometimes 
called also a “keyhole saw,” as it is fre- 
quently used to cut out the keyholes or other 
small apertures in wood pieces; so also it is 
sometimes termed a “small tenon saw,” used 
to cut out tenons in dovetail work in small 
objects, as workboxes and the like. Another 
name by which it is known is “fret saw,” 
as it is used for cutting out “frets” and 
the parts in buhl and inlaid work. The 
saw is a long, thin and narrow blade— 
almost pointed at the end—very flexible, 
so as to go round curves and follow waving 
and intricate lines in the part to be cut. 
To “enter” the saw, or to enable it to 
begin its work, a small piece of wood at 
the solid part, away from the lines to be 
followed, is bored or cut out. Syn. Fr. 
Scie a découper — literally “‘a saw to cut 
out ’—pron. see ah day-koop-ay ; also Scie 
& contourner, a saw to follow the contours 
or lines of the design or part to be cut out; 
Ger. Lochstige—literally “a hole saw” ; also 
Laubsige—literally “a leaf or foliage saw,” 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 


pi 


indicating that it is capable of cutting out 
the complicated parts constituting a design 
of leafage or foliage —pron. loch-zay-geh, 
lowb-zay-geh. 

Pigeon Holes, in Cabinet Making. Part 
of a desk, cabinet, or escritoire, partitioned 
off into small compartments, into which 
letters and documents are placed so as to 
be easily got at for reference. In lock-up 
pigeon holes the compartments are concealed 
by a falling board lifted up, or by swing 
doors. Syn. Fr. Serre-papier, a place for 
locking up papers—pron. serr-pah-pee-ay ; 
Ger. Papierfaicher—literally “ paper com- 
partments.” 

Pigeon House, in Rural Architecture. A 
small apartment within the general range 
of the farmhouse or the farm buildings or 
“‘farmery,” set apart for the placing of nests 
for the rearing, and perches or sitting places 
for the housing of pigeons. Pigeon houses 
are sometimes detached from the other farm 
structures, being built either of stone or 
brick, or, in the case of some detached 
structures, in the form of a small barrel 
or lantern-formed house or shelter for the 
pigcons erected on the upper part of a post 
or pillar. This kind of pigeon house, known 
as the lanterne, is a well-known feature of 
the farmyards of certain districts of the 
Continent, as in Flanders and the north of 
France. Syn. Fr. Colombier — pron. koh- 
lohm-bee-eh ; Ger. Taubenhaus—pron. tow- 
benn-house. Syn. Fr. for a “lantern pigeon 
house,” Lanterne de colombier; Ger. Tau- 
benhaus mit einer Sdule, or the better 
synonym is Sdulentaubenhaus. 

Pilaster, in Architecture. A pillar rect- 
angular in section, projecting from and 
connected with the front or the face wall of 
a building. Der. The word is from the 
debased or Low Latin pilastrum (from pila, 
apillar). Syn. Fr. Pilastre—pron. pee-lass- 
terr; Ger. Pilaster; also vierechige Stiitzen 
—literally “quadrangular or square sup- 
ports.” 

Pile, in Building. A timber beam, either 
square or circular in section, provided gene- 
rally with a pointed end encased in iron, 
and with a ring near the top or cap, for 
driving—by piling machine—into the ground, 
in order to form a firm foundation on which 
to build a structure, as the pier of a bridge, 
in soil which is not very sound or which is 
liable to lateral movements. Der. The term 
is from the Old English pil, a stake, Syn. 
Fr. Pilot—pron. pee-lo ; also Piew—pron. pe- 
yeuh; Ger. Spitzpfahl—literally “a pointed 
stake” (Spitze, a point, and Pfahl, a stake or 
post). 

Pile, in the sense of a heap, as a heap of 
stones. Syn. Fr. JMJassif—pron. mah-seef ; 
for “to pile up,” Mettre en pile, or Empiler 
—pron. ahm-peel-eh; Ger. die Steinmasse ; 
also, der Steinhaufen. 


106 


pi 


Piling Engine, or Pile Driver. The 
machine by which piles are driven into the 
ground. It consists of a tall, narrow frame, 
erected close to the line along which the 
piles are to be driven, the centre of the 
frame being furnished with two projecting 
pieces of timber placed some inches apart— 
these forming a guide, down which a heavy 
mass of iron, called the “monkey” or 
“ram,” slides when allowed to drop from 
the top of the frame to the head of the pile, 
which it drives into the soil. The ram is 
raised by a small winch and tackle, by 
means of double-jointed hooks and chain. 
These hooks have outspreading curved ends, 
which, when separated, cause the hooks to 
grasp or grip the head or handle of the 
heavy ram; but when they are brought 
together forcibly, the hooks spread out 
from, and let go their grip or hold of, the 
ram head or handle. At the head or upper 
part of the pile-driving frame two cheeks 
are secured. These are placed apart, and 
are curved or shaped on their inner sides 
* $0 as to present an open space of the same 
shape as the open or separated arms of the 
hooks. On raising the ram by means of 
the hook and chain, turning the winch or 
small windlass fixed to the frame of the 
pile-driver within easy reach of the work- 
man, as the hook arms approach the cheeks 
at top of frame, they enter the space 
between them, and as the hoisting is con- 
tinued, the arms of the hook are pressed 
together. This widens the hook arms, so 
that the handle of the ram is relieved; and 
the heavy ram being thus left free, drops a 
height equal to the height of the frame, 
and falls with great force directly on the 
head of the pile, which is prevented from 
splitting by an iron ring passing round the 
neck or cap of the pile. Syn. Fr. Sonnette 
— pron. son-nett; also Sonnette a tiraude 
—pron. tee-rohd ; Ger. die Ramme — pron. 
ram-meh ; also Zugramme. 

Pillar, in Architecture. A member of a 
building popularly considered to be the same 
asacolumn. But there is a clear distinction 
between the two terms. While the column 
always forms one of the regular orders of 
architecture, and has the proportions of its 
various distinct parts set off in strict accord- 
ance with the particular order to which it 
belongs, a pillar may be altered both in the 
particular parts or members and in the 
established proportion of the parts. The 
term pillar is more correctly applied to 
Gothic architecture than column—to which 
the term shaft or that of pier is, however 
commonly applied; but the term pillar is 
better than either of these two last terms. 
The pillars constitute the principal features 
of the Gothic style; those of the Norman 
style—if that be admitted one of the Gothic 
styles, as some admit it—are short and very 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


pi 


massive. The pillars in the Early English 
style of Gothic are slender, and appear to 
be made up of a series of small columns 
clustered together, yet detached, so that 
they surround a central pillar or shaft. The 
pillars of the Decorated style are also slender, 
and more truly clustered than those of the 
Early English style, as they join each other 
closely. The pillars of the Perpendicular 
style are lighter still, as if made of mouldings, 
which frequently run round the arch from 
the base of one pillar to the base of the next; 
in this arrangement there is no break in the 
mouldings by a capital—which is, therefore, 
absent from examples of this kind. Der. 
The term pillar is from the Latin pila, a 
pillar. Syn. Fr. Pilier— pron. peel-yeh; 
also Colonne—pron. ko-lonn; also Support 
—pron. sueh-porr ; Ger. Pfeiler—pron. pfy- 
lerr; also Sdéule—pron. zoy-leh. 

Pin, in Carpentry and Joinery. Equivalent 
to “peg.” A small piece of wood, generally 
round or circular in section, sometimes with 
and sometimes without a taper in the direc- 
tion of its length, being thus smaller at 
one end than at the other. It is sometimes 
called a trenail (which see). The pin is used 
to unite separate pieces of timber or wood 
together; the hole into which it is driven 
being formed by the auger in carpentry, and 
the brace-and-bit or the spring bit in joinery. 
In joinery, in uniting two flat pieces or 
boards together, the pin projects a short 
distance from the edge of one piece, and is a 
fixed member, it passing into a hole made to 
receive it in the edge of the other board at 
a corresponding point in its length. Der. 
The word is from, and is an abbreviation of, 
the German Pinne. Syn. Fr. Cheville—pron. 
sheh-veel; also Tige de bois—literally “a 
stem or stalk of wood”—pron. tee] deh 
bwah; Ger. die Pinne; also hélzerne Nadel 
—literally “a wooden needle” ; also Bolzen, 
a bolt—pron. boll-tzenn. 

Pimeers, in Tools. A term applied some- 
times, more frequently in Scotland, to the 
hand tool employed to take a grip or hold, 
as of a nail in driving it out from its position, 
and to which the name of nippers or pliers 
is more generally applied. Syn. Fr. Pince, 
Tenaille, or Bignette; Ger. Handzange, or 
simply Zange—pron. tsang-eh. 

Pine Wood, in Architecture. <A timber 
largely used in carpentry, and specially in 
joinery. There are various kinds employed 
the principal being white, yellow, and red 
pine (this list showing an ascending scale 
of value). Syn. Fr. Bois de conifere—pron 
koh-nee-fairr; Ger. Nadelholz — literally 
“needle wood,” referring to the spike or 
neédle form which the leaves assume. 

Pinnacle, in Architecture. The upper 
termination or pointed finial of parts of 
buildings, such as towers and buttresses, 
In Gothic architecture the pinnacles are 


107 


pi ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


marked features, from the general elegance 
of their form and their ornamentation. Der. 
From the Latin pinnaculwm, and this from 
pinna, a feather. Syn. Fr. Pinacle ; also 
Aiguille — pron, ay-gweel; Ger. Gipfel— 
pron. gip-fell; also /iale — pron. fee- 
ahl-eh. 

Pipe, in Construction, as a drain-pipe, or 
water- or gas-pipe. The term tube is often 
used as synonymous with this. Der, Our 
word pipe is of Anglo-Saxon origin, the 
word being spelled precisely as ours. The 
first pipe or tube, as for conveying water, 
was doubtless a hollow reed. Syn. Fr. 
Tuyau—pron. twee-yoh ; also Condwit—pron. 
kondwee ; Ger. Riéhre—pron. roeh-reh. 

Pisé, in Building. In construction, a 
method of constructing walls so called, 
much practised in some parts of the Con- 
tinent. The material used is soil—if clayey 
the better. This is rammed hard into 
hollow moulds made of boards on each 
side, the space between being the thickness 
of intended wall. The arrangements for 
fixing the frame or mould, as the build- 
ing of the wall advances, are simple but 
effective. Much of the system has been 
adapted to the modern method of concrete 
wall building. Though this supersedes all 
use of pisé in this country, it is well 
adapted to the colonies, and would indeed 
be a capital substitute for the many tumble- 
down cottages, so called, which disgrace 
some of our own districts. Syn. Fr. Con- 
struction en pisé—pron. pee-zay ; also Terre 
battue—literally “beaten earth,” referring 
to the way in which the soil is rammed 
down into the moulds; Ger. Stampfbau— 
meaning the same thing as the last given 
French phrase. 

Pit, as a lime-pit. A hole or excavation 
made in the soil at a convenient part, near 
the building in which the lime is slaked and 
mixed for the mason, bricklayer, or plasterer. 
Der, From the Latin puteus, a well, or from 
the Old English pitt, a hole or well; it may 
come also from the French pwits, which again 
is derived from the Latin, as above. Syn. 
Fr. Fosse—pron. foss; Ger. Grabe—pron. 
groo-beh. A “sand-pit” is an excavation 
from which sand is dug, as a “marl pit” is 
one from which marl is taken out. 

Pitch, a term used in Construction. The 
pitch of an arch, for example, is the distance 
measured from a horizontal line joining the 
points from which it springs to the under 
side or soffit of the arch—in other words, its 
“rise” or “height,” so that in a semicircular 
arch the pitch is equal to its semi-diameter 
or its radius. The “pitch of a roof” means 
the slope or inclination of the sides: thus, 
when the angle is low it is termed a low 
pitch; if the angle is high, a high-pitched 
roof. Der.From the Old English picchen, to 
prick. Syn. Fr. for the pitch generally, 


pl 


Portée — pron. porr-tay; Ger. Neigung — 
pron. nyegoong. 

Pitching Piece, in Carpentry. A piece 
of timber is so called which is built into and 
projects from the face of a wall used to 
support or carry the rising strings of stair- 
cases where there is no trimmer used. 

Pitch Pine, in Timber. A synonymous 
term for red pine, as there is so much more 
resinous matter in it than in yellow or white 
pine. Syn. Fr. Bois de pin, de poix (poix, 
pitch pine—pron. pwah), 

Place, in Construction. A term used to 
denote the putting in position of certain 
pieces of material, as to place a beam. Syn. 
Fr. Poser—pron. poh-zay ; Ger. Lagern. 

Place Brick, in Bricklaying. A common 
variety or poor quality of brick. Syn. Fr. 
Brique de rebut—literally “rubbish brick,” 
a title which many bricks used for building 
well deserve—pron. breek deh reh-bueh; 
Ger. weichgebrannter Ziegelstein — literally 
“soft-burnt brick””—a description which fully 
explains the character of such bricks but 
too frequently employed in construction 
which is satd to be sound and good—pron. 
veich-geh-brann-terr tzee-gell-stine. 

Plan, in Building. The one of a set of 
drawings which shows the arrangement of 
the parts as horizontally disposed—as, for 
example, the apartments of a dwelling-house, 
the disposition and thickness of the walls, 
and of the different apartments, etc., which 
they enclose. Correctly, it is a horizontal 
section—that is, a section taken in a line 
parallel to the horizon, at a point which will 
cut all the parts. In domestic architecture 
there are several plans required in a com- 
plete set: as “block plan,” showing the 
position of the building in relation to the 
ground on which it is to be built, roads, 
garden, etc. ;“ plan of foundations,” showing 
the position and width of foundation of 
walls; “basement or cellar plan,” showing 
the arrangement of apartments; “ general 
plan,” which is the principal plan, in which 
the entertaining rooms, kitchen, etc., are 
placed ; “chamber plan,” showing the dis- 
position of bedrooms, etc. If there are more 
than two stories in the house, the third story . 
is called the “second floor” or “ two-pair” 
plan, the first story in this case being 
the “first floor” or “one-pair ” plan; the 
fourth story is the “three-pair plan,” to 
which there may be added the “ attic plan,” 
showing the apartments in the roof; and, 
finally, the “roof plan,’ of which there 
should be two—one showing the disposition 
of the timbers, which may be called a naked 
roof plan, the other showing the outside 
of the roof, which is a covered plan. Der. 
The term plan is from the Latin planus, a 
flat or level. Syn. Fr. Plan—pron. plahn ; 
for “ground plan,” Rez de chaussée—pron. 
ray deh shoa-say—literally “the floor on a 


108 


pli 


level with the pavement ”—that is, entered 
from the ground level; foy ‘chamber or 
first floor,” Plan de premiere étage (generally 
written 1¢7¢ ¢tage)—literally “ the first floor.” 
Syn. Ger. for ground plan, Grundriss, “a 
ground sketch ’’—pron. groond-riss. 

Plane. A tool used largely by joiners 
and cabinet makers in planing—that is, 
levelling and smoothing the surfaces of 
boards. The varieties of planes are very 
numerous, embracing many forms of mould- 
ing planes for “striking” or forming 
mouldings, ploughing, etc. Der. From the 
Latin planus, the root of the word plan 
(which see). Syn. Fr. Rabot—pron. rah- 
boh; Ger, /obel—pron. hoh-bell. 

Planks, in Timber. Thin boards sawn 
out of the balk, and cut into breadths 
exceeding nine inches in width, are so 
called. Planks and boards are very fre- 
quently used as synonymous. Der. From 
the Latin word planca, a board. The French 
synonym is from this, namely, Planche— 
pron. plahnsh ; also Ais—pron. aye; Ger. die 
Diele—our word “deal”? comes from this— 
pron. dee dee-leh ; also das Brett—literally 
“a board.” 

Planting, in Masonry. A term used to 
denote the operation of laying the first 
courses of a foundation on“a level bed. 

Plaster, in Plastering. The material, made 
of lime mixed with sand and hair, which is 
used for the base or first coat of the plaster 
covering, so called, of wall surfaces, the 
whole being finished with a coat of finer 
materials (see Coarse Stuff, Fine Stuff, 
Floated Lath and Plaster, etc.). Plaster of 
Paris is the mineral known as gypsum, 
calcined to deprive it of its moisture, and 
then reduced toa fine powder. When this 
is mixed with water into a thin paste it can 
be run into moulds to form ornaments for 
interior wall and ceiling decoration. The 
composition is remarkable for its quickly 
setting properties, as it hardens almost 
immediately. It is so called from the fact 
that it is chiefly found in the quarries which 
underlie certain parts of Paris, of which the 
district yielding the best quality is Mont- 
martre. Der. From the Latin emplastrum, 
and this from the Greek emplastron (from 
en, and plassein, to mould), Syn. Fr.Plitre, 
—pron. plah-terr; Ger. Kalkgyps—literally 
“chalk gypsum.” Syn. Fr. for plaster of 
Paris, Platre de Paris; also Gypse cuit—that 
is burned or fired gypsum; Ger. Pariser 
Gyps—pron. pah-ree-zerr gipps. 

Plasterer. The workman who makes 
and applies the plastering materials to the 
covering of walls, ceilings, etc., and to their 
decoration by cornice and other mouldings. 
Syn. Fr. Plitrier—pron. plah-tree-eh ; Ger. 
Gypsbereiter. 

Plastering. The act or work of laying 
on and finishing of plaster. Syn. Fr. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


pl 

Enduisson — pron. ahn-dwee-song; Ger. 
Vebertiinchen. 

Platband, in Architecture. <A flat and 


square moulding, the height of which is 
much greater than the distance which it 
projects beyond the member on which it 
rests, as the upper part of a pier from 
which an arch springs. The lintel of a door 
or of a window is sometimes designated by 
this term. Syn. Fr. Plate-bande — pron. 
plaht-bahnd; also /asse—pron. fass; also 
Bandeau—pron. bahn-doh ; Ger, die Platte— 
pron. plah-teh ; also das band—pron. bant. 

Plate, in Carpentry. A piece of timber, 
rectangular in section, laid on a wall, as a 
“ wall plate’”’ (which see), to receive the end 
of another piece of timber, as a tie-beam, the 
two being secured together by various forms 
of joints. Syn. Fr. Sablier—pron. sah-blee- 
eh ; Ger. Platte. 

Plate Glass, in Glazing. A superior 
quality of glass, so called because it is 
made in large plates, the use of which for 
window glazing admits of large lighting 
surfaces being used. Syn. Fr. Glace; Ger. 
Spiegelglas. These terms are synonymous 
with mirror-glass or cast-glass (plate). A 
more definite French synonym is Glace 
coulée (flowing or cast)—pron. glass koo-lay; 
Ger. Guszspiegelglas. 

Plate Iron, in Ironmongery. A term 
used often in place of sheet iron. Syn. Fr. 
Fer en cole, or simply Céle; Ger. Schwarz- 
blech — literally “ black iron plate ”— pron, 
shvarts-blech. 

Platform Roof, in Building. A roof 
terminated with a flat part or flat roof—an 
ordinary roof truncated. Syn. Fr. Comble 
plat; also Plate-forme dun toit; Ger. 
Jlaches Dach—pron. flach-ess dach—literally 
“flat roof.” 

Pliers, in Tools. (See Pincers.) 

Plinth, in Architecture. The square, 
flat surface immediately under the mould- 
ings of the base of columns—the square 
base. The term is also used to denote the 
square solid on which a pedestal or wall 
rests ; also a projecting offset at the base 
or ground-level line of buildings. Der. 
From the Latin plinthus, meaning the same 
thing., Syn. Fr. Plinthe — pron. plaint ; 
Ger. Plinthe—pron. plin-teh ; also Tafel. 

Plug, in Building. The name given to 
small blocks of wood driven into holes 
made in the brickwork or masonry, and to 
which woodwork is secured. The plug 
performs the same office as the wood brick 
(see Bricks ; also Wood Brick). Der. The 
term is probably from the Low German 
plugge, or the Swedish pligg,a peg. Syn. 
Fr. Tampon—pron. tahm-pohn ; also Bouchon 
—pron. boo-shon ; Ger. Zapfen—pron. tsapp- 
fenn; also Stépsel. In carpentry the French 
synonym is Cle/—that is, a key—which is the 
word used with us to denote the same part. 


109 


po 


The German is Zapfen, as above. In the 
sense of a trenail in carpentry work, the 
French synonym for plug is Cheville de 
lien—literally “a tie-peg ”’—pron. shay-veel 
day lee-an; also Ltélon—pron. eh-tay-lon ; 
also Moise—pron. mwahz—i.e. a binding 
piece; Ger. Zapfennagel—pron. tsap-fenn- 
nah-gell—literally “a peg-nail.” 

Pointed Architecture. Another term 
frequently employed to denote the Gothic 
style, and so called from the characteristic 
feature of the arch, which is not rounded 
like that of Classical or the horseshoe arch 
of Moresque architecture. Also so called 
from the aspiring, vertical character of the 
Gothic style terminating, as parts generally 
do, in points, as pinnacles, finials, etc. 

Pointing, in Building. The filling in of 
the external joints or spaces left between 
the bricks or stones with mortar or cement ; 
so called, we presume, because the work is 
chiefly done with the point of a fine, sharp- 
nosed trowel. What is called “flat pointing” 
is done by marking the joints of the brick- 
work with a flat trowel; “tuck pointing” 
is done by using fine plaster or cement, and 
making each joint with parallel lines or 
edges at top and bottom. Syn. Fr. Rejointe- 
ment — literally ‘ rejointing ’? — that is, 
making good the joints left open, more or 
less, in setting the bricks or stones; also 
Jointoiement — pron, ray -jwoynt-mahn, 
jwoynt-wah-mahn; Ger. Verbdndelung — 
pron. ferr-ben-dell-oong. 

Pole Plate, in Carpentry. A small-sec- 
tioned—generally square or rectangular— 
piece of timber let into the upper end of the 
tie-beam of a roof-truss near its end, against 
which the ends of the “common rafters” 
abut. This makes it to run parallel with 
the “ wall plate,” on which the lower side 
of the tie-beam rests. Syn. Fr. Semelle de 
comble—pron. seh-mell deh cohm-bel; also 
Plitebande decomble—pron. plaht-bahnd deh 
cohm-bel; Ger. Dachschwelle—pron. dach- 
shvell-eh. 

Poplar, in Timber Trees. A tree of 
which there are two varieties chiefly grown 
—the black and white poplar. The wood is 
of inferior value for constructive purposes, 
and is used chiefly for rough work. Syn. 
Fr. Peuplier — pron. peuh-plee-ay ; Ger. 
Pappelholz. Syn. Fr. for white and black 
poplar respectively, Blane de Hollande (or 
Dutch poplar)—pron. blahn deh holl-ahnd, 
or Bois de peuplier blanc—pron. bwah deh 
peuh-plee-ay blahn; and Peuplier noir — 
pron. nwahr. Syn. Ger. Weisspappel or 
Schwarzpappel—pron.vice-papp-ell, shvarrts- 
papp-ell. 

Poreh, in Church and Domestic Archi- 
tecture. A covered entrance to the doorway 
proper of a building. In church architecture 
the porch in earlier buildings was made a 
remarkably striking and beautiful feature 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


po 


of the building. The cathedrals of Lincoln 
and of Salisbury furnish fine examples in 
the Harly English styles of Gothic archi- 
tecture. In domestic architecture it is 
capable of being made, as it has sometimes 
been made, a very striking feature of the 
general design. In cottages and the like 
humbler structures it adds much to the 
comfort of the dwelling-house, especially 
if this would otherwise enter directly from 
the street or road. Der. From the French 
porche—pron, porrsh, and this from the 
Latin porticus, a covered entrance. Syn. Fr. 
Porche or Portail—pron. porr-tahil; Ger. 
Halle—pron. hahl-leh. 

Portico, in Classical Architecture. An 
additional member to the front end of a 
building or at the side, composed of a series 
of columns or pillars. If there are four 
pillars, the arrangement is termed “tetra 
style”; if of six columns, “hexastyle”’; if 
of eight, “octastyle.” Syn. Fr. Portique 
(from the Latin porticus); Ger. Portik— 
pron. porr-teek; also Sdulengang-—literally 
a column or pillar way ”—pron, zoy-lenn- 
gang. 

Portland Cement, in Materials. A 
cement largely used for various constructive 
purposes, and for the formation of concrete 
and artificial stonework. It derives its 
name from the fact that its colour closely 
resembles that of Portland stone—a brownish 
grey. The cement is made from hard nodules 
of calcareous clay found in the stones of the 
river Medway, and also in large areas at 
Boulogne. These nodules are calcined under 
a high temperature, and afterwards when 
cold are ground into a fine powder. Like 
nearly every other substance used in the 
arts, the cement is greatly adulterated by 
the addition of sand, etc. These debasing 
ingredients, while they enlarge the bulk, 
reduce the weight of the cement; so that 
the best test of its purity is its weight in 
relation to a certain measure of bulk. Thus 
good cement should not weigh less than 
100 lb, per bushel, but for the best work 
110 lb. is a much safer proportion to 
the bushel measure. Portland cement is 
hydraulic—that is, sets hard and indurates 
in water as well as in the open air. It is 
now very largely used in marine and sub- 
marine constructions, chiefly in the form of 
large blocks or monoliths. Syn. Fr. Ciment 
de Portland—pron. see-mahn deh porrt-lahn ; 
Ger. das Portlandcement—pron. porrt-lant- 
say-mennt. 


Portland Cement Concrete, in Construc- 
tion. An artificial stone or concreted mass 
possessing generally the qualities of stone, 
and specially some good qualities not hke- 
longing to many building or natural stones. 
It is made by mixing the Portland cement 
with sand (or crushed or ground broken 
bricks or “‘ breeze”) and water in certain 


110 


po 


proportions. Fine, dry, clean sand—river, 
not sea or sea-margin sand—is one of the 
best substances to use in the making of 
Portland cement concrete. The proportion 
of this to the cement varies from three 
to seven of the sand to one of the cement— 
the first-named proportion being the best 
for superior work. For walls and massive 
blocks, while the exterior parts of the 
concrete or artificial stone are formed of 
the cement and sand or powdered bricks or 
breeze, the inner parts are made up of 
broken stones, stone shivers, broken bricks, 
lass, or almost any other kind of more or 
ess bulky and incombustible and indestruc- 
tible materials. The fine cement and sand, 
being run in between stones, etc., of the 
packing, bind the whole together in a solid 
and hardened mass. The cement and con- 
crete are mixed together with water to 
form a thin mortar-like material. Syn. Fr. 
Béton de pallende-ciment ; Ger. Portlindische 
Bétongriindung. 

Postern or Postern Gate, in Military 
Architecture. A small gate by which ad- 
mission was gained to the interior of a 
fortified place. It was so placed as to be 
commanded by the archers or gunners de- 
fending the place. Syn. Fr. Petite porte; 
Ger. Seitenthiir—pron. zy-tenn-tuerr. 

Posts, in Carpentry. The vertical pieces 
of timber placed in a frame to support 
pieces, as the king-post or central member 
of a king-post truss, or the queen-posts at 
each side of the roof in a queen-post roof. 
Syn. Fr. (plural) Poteaux—pron. pott-oh ; 
also’ Montant en bois; Ger. Pfoste—pron. 
pfoss-teh. The term “principal posts” is 
equivalent to posts, referring to the larger 
posts as the king-post. Syn. Fr. for “ post 
of the string-board of a stair,” Jambette dun 
escalier — pron, jahm-bett duhn ess-kah- 
leeay ; Ger. Treppenpfosten. 

Pricking-up, in Plastering, is the first 
coat in plaster work, laid upon laths, The 
plaster used is made of coarse stuff—that is, 
a mixture of lime and hair with some sand 
or road dust. The surface of pricked-up 
work is always scored or scratched pretty 
deeply with the tool, so as to form indenta- 
tions, which afford a key or hold to the 
next and succeeding layer of the plaster 
work. The scores or scratches are made 
diagonally on the surface, and in opposite 
directions, so as to form diamond-shaped 
spaces. Syn. Fr. Piquage de lattis—pron. 
pee-kahj deh lah-tee; Ger. Aufhauen der 
Lattung—pron. owff-how-enn dare latt-oong. 
Syn. Fr. for “to prick” or prick a hole 
generally, Piquer — pron. pee-kay; Ger, 
Stechen—pron. staych-enn. 

_ Prime, To, in Painting. A term used to 
indicate the preparation of wood or timber 
surfaces for the reception of the paint, such 
as py smoothing the surface: by rubbing it 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


pr 


with pumice stone, killing the resin of knots, 
ete, ,Syn. Fr. Appréter—pron. ah-pray-tay, 
or Kchauder—pron. ay-show-day; Ger. 
Griinden—pron, gruenn-denn. Syn. Fr. for 
“ priming,” Couleur fondamentale — pron. 
kooh-leurr fonn-dah-mahn-tahl; Ger. der 
Grund—pron. derr groond, 

Principal, in Carpentry. A synonym for 
the chief or principal rafters of a roof-truss 
(see Rafters). Their office is to support 
the purlins (which see), which in turn 
support or carry the common rafters. Syn. 
Fr. Maitresse Deed ; also Maitre chevron— 
pron. may-terr shove-ron; Ger. Alte, also 
Dachstuhibalken. “ Half principal” is a 
synonym seldom used for the “common 
rafter” of a roof-truss. Syn. Fr. Ferme de 
croupe—pron, fairrm deh kroop ; Ger. Walm- 
bindebalken —literally “the binding beam 
of a slope.” Both these synonyms may be 
applied to the principal rafter. 

Prise, To, in Construction. A term 
synonymous to raise or lift, although these 
two words are used in connection with 
objects more or less heavy or bulky; while 
the term ‘‘ prise” indicates the double act 
of raising and separating or detaching, as 
in the case of taking off a small piece of 
wood which is nailed or secured to the 
surface of another and generally a larger 
part. In this act, the first operation is to 
insert the thin edge, as of a chisel or small 
crowbar, and when the hold or grip is 
secured, using the chisel as a lever, the 
fulcrum of which is the larger and lower 
body, thus separating the smaller piece from 
it. The nearest French synonym for the 
term “ prise,” used in the above sense, or as 
it may be spelt “pryse,” is Lever—pron. 
lev-vay, to raise or lift; or perhaps better 
still Detacher—pron. day-tahsh-ay, to detach 
or separate, or Desunir—pron. dez-ueh-neerr, 
to disunite, or Séparer—pron. say-pah-ray, 
to separate. Syn.Ger. Trennen or Absondern 
—pron. ahp-zon-derrn. 

Privy, in Domestic Architecture. A term 
often used as synonymous with water-closet. 
Strictly speaking, it refers to a building or 
closet detached or separate from the house, 
as when placed in the backyard or in the 
garden. In this arrangement the construc- 
tion is of the simplest, water, with its neces- 
sarily more or less complicated mechanical 
arrangements, being but rarely used. Syn. 
Fr. Liew d’aisance—pron. lieu day-sahnss ; 
also Latrine—pron. lah-treen; Ger. Abtritt 
—pron. ahp-tritt. 

Profile. The side or edge view of a 
moulding or building, The cross-section of 
a moulding shows its profile. Syn. Fr. Profil 
—pron. proh-feel, which is also the correct 
pronunciation of the English word, not proh- 
file, in which the file is pronounced as while, 
tile, etc. ; also Coupe verticale or perpendicu- 
laire—that is, a section or cut on a line at 


Li 


pr 


right angles to the base—pron. koop vaihr- 
tee-kahl or pairr-pahn-dee-kue-lairr : Ger. 
(the same as the French) das Profil; also 
der Durchschnitt—literally “a through cut” 
—pron. doorch-shnit. 

Profile, To, in. Architectural Drawing. 
To project, set out, draw in, or develop the 
profile of an object. Syn. Fr. Profiler— 
pron. proh-feel-ay ; also Faire la projection— 
pron. fairr lah proh-jeck-tseeon, or Faire le 
développement — pron. day-vail-opp-mahn ; 
Ger. Durchschnittriss — literally “ through- 
out sketch.” 

Projections, in Building. Sometimes 
called “offsets,” parts which project from 
the main structure, as a bay or a bow 
window, a porch, etc. Syn. Fr. Ressauts— 
pron. ress-oh ; also Saillant—pron. sah-eel- 
yahnu ; Ger. Vorsprung—pron. forr-sproong ; 
also Projecture—pron. proh-jeck-tuehr. 

Projecture, in Architectural and Building 
Drawing. The more precise and scientific 
term for setting out the lines of an object 
to serve asa guide in the laying down of 
the plan of a building, the setting-out of 
vertical heights, and in the construction of 
detached parts of buildings or objects. The 
term is borrowed from the theory or prin- 
ciple upon which drawing or setting-out is 
based, the various points of the object or 
body being supposed to be projected by 
visual rays to the eye of the draughtsman or 
to the plane, as the sheet of paper on the 
drawing board, in which the drawing is 
being made. Syn. Fr. Projecture — pron. 
proh-jeck-tuehr, a projection—same word as 
ours; Ger. Ansichtzeichnung—literally “the 
view or sight of the drawing ’’—pron. ann- 
zicht-tsiche-noong (ch guttural—see Disser- 
tation). 

Prop, in Building. A piece of timber or 
of stone, generally the first-named of these, 
used to keep up or sustain in a definite 
position some part of a structure, as the 
propping up of the wood “centre” of an 
arch. Props are placed either vertically or 
perpendicularly to the base, or oblique to 
the same; and are termed vertical or sloping 
or angular props. Syn. Fr. Ltrésillon — 
pron. eh-tray-seel-yon ; Ger. Spretze—pron. 
spright-seh, or Stiitze—pron. stuett-seh. Syn. 
Fr. for “ prop,” as a strut or beam used for 
shoring up a wall or building, Etaie—pron. 
ai-tay; Ger. Bodenspreize. Syn. Fr. for 
“propping,” the act of shoring or staying 
up or supporting, Etaiement—pron. ai-tay- 
mahn; Ger. das Stiitzen. 

Puddling, in Building. The operation of 
making good foundations, forming water- 
tight central spaces in embankments, etc., 
by ramming in layers of clay. The clay, 
which should be of good quality, free 
from earthy or vegetable matter or small 
stones, is laid down in layers of from two to 
three inches in thickness, and then rammed 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


pu 


tightly and uniformly down by a heavy 
paviour’s rammer, or the clay trodden down 
by the feet of the workmen. The great 
object of puddling is to have the clay layers 
so pressed together that in mass they form 
a close impermeable body. Syn. Fr. Pudd- 
lage—pron. puedd-lahj; Ger. das Puddeln. 
Syn. Fr. for to “ puddle,” to ram building 
spaces with clay, Envaser; also Remblayer 
(to fill up) e¢ piloner (ram) le terrain autour 
des fondements— pron. ahn-vah-zay, rahm- 
blay-ay ay pee-lon-ay oh-toorr day fohn- 
deh-mahn ; Ger. Grundmauern (ground walls 
—i.e. foundations) anfiillen und feststampfen 
—.e. to fill (with puddling clay) and stamp 
or ram down foundation spaces—pron. ann- 
fuell-enn, fest-stam-pfen. 

Pug Mill, in Brickmaking. The mill used 
to mix and temper the clay used in the 
making of bricks. It is a tall, cylindrical 
case or receptacle of cast iron, within which 
a vertical spindle slowly revolves. This is 
armed with projecting blades, which cut 
into and press together against the interior 
of the case the masses of clay, which are 
pressed or passed out through an aperture 
made in the lower part of the case. Syn. 
Fr. Petrin—pron. pay-traibn ; also Malareur 
—pron. mahl-ahx-euhr; Ger. Lehmmiihle, 
clay or loam mill. 

Pugging, in Building. Filling in’ spaces 
with mortar, as between the flooring boards 
of one apartment and the ceiling below, in 
order to deaden the noises passing from one 
room to the other. The mortar is made up 
usually with mortar-hair and chopped or 
cut hay or straw. Syn. Fr. Pilonage; Ger. 
Lehmstampfen. “ Pug-mortar” or clay is 
the name given to the material employed in 
pugging. Syn. Fr. Yorchir—pron. torr- 
sheerr ; also Bousillage (sillage, a track or 
way), meaning layers or long spaces filled 
with clay ; Ger. Klebelehm (kleben, to stick) 
—pron. klay-beh-lame ; also Strohlehm, straw 
mortar or clay. 

Pulley Block, in Building Appliances. 
The block of wood, of an elliptical form, in 
which spaces are cut to receive a pulley 
with grooved periphery or rim, round which 
the rope used in obtaining a purchase, or in 
lifting heavy objects, is passed. The pulleys 
revolve on a central pin passing through 
the wooden block. Syn. Fr. Moufle—pron, 
mooh-fel; the term for the “pulley” is 
Poulie— pron. pooh-lee; Ger. Rollkloben 
( Kloben, a block); for pulley simply die Rolle. 

Pulley Cheek or Frame, in Joinery. The 
part, as in a window, which supports the 
rope or chain from which the sash weights 
are suspended which balance the weight of 
the sash by which it is easily lifted or 
pulled down. Syn. Fr. la Caisse, a cage 
or shape; Ger. Klobenhaus—literally “the 
pulley-house.” 

Pulley Sasheord, in Joinery. The cord 


112 


pu 


which passes over the sash pulleys (see 
above), and ‘which are fixed to the upper 
bar of sash, and provided at the other with 
heavy iron weights to counterbalance the 
weight of the sash with its glass pane or 
panes, Syn. Fr. Corde & poulie pour la 
Senétre ; Ger. das Seil der Fensterbekleidung — 
literally ‘‘ the cord (Sei/—pron. zile) or rope 
of the window clothing or case.” 

Pulpit, in Church Building. A raised 
platform surrounded by, or enclosed within, 
sides more or less highly ornamented, and 
from which the clergyman delivers his 
sermons. It is reached by stairs, which 
form part, and frequently a most striking 
feature, of the design. 

Pumice Stone, in Painting. The porous 
light stone used for rubbing the surface of 
wood or of painted timber to make it smooth 
and give a good face to the layers of paint. 
It is the hardened lava of volcanoes. Syn. 
Fr. Lave pumicée ; also Pierre pouce—pron. 
pee-airr pouss ; Ger. Bumisstein. 
Puncheons, in Carpentry. The small or 
short vertical posts used in framing, as those 
over a door-void in a framed and quartered 
partition. Generally the term is applied to 
short posts (see Posts) or studs. Syn. Fr. 
Poteaux de cloison—pron. pote-oh deh klwah- 
zon (partition posts) ; Ger. Wandsdule (wall 
side pillars or posts)—pron. vant-zoy-leh. 

Purchase, in Building Work. The power 
obtained as by men hauling in the rope of a 
pulley or a pulley block, or through the 
intervention of a crane or dumbcraft, in 
raising or lifting heavy bodies. Syn. Fr. 
Abutage — pron. ah-buh-tahj ; also Force 
méchanique; Ger. Halt. , 

Purlins, in Carpentry. The timbers ina 
roof-truss which are secured to the upper 
edges of the principal rafters, running 
parallel to the wall-plate, pole-plate, and 
ridge-plate or pole. The office of the purlins 
is to carry or support the “ common rafters,” 
the lower ends of which butt against the 
pole-plate (which see), being notched thereto, 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


qu 


the upper ends butting against the ridge- 
pole or plate let into the head of king-post 
in a king-post roof. Syn. Fr. Panne de 
comble; als» Platforme de comble; also la 
Travée, or simply Panne; Ger. Dachstuhl or 
Dachrahmen. 

Putlogs, on Bricklaying. The cross or 
transverse poles or sticks on which the 
planks are laid that form the platform on 
which the workmen stand while setting the 
bricks. The putlogs are inserted in the 
wall in holes purposely left for them, and 
which are called “ putlog holes”; those are 
afterwards filled up with “bats”’ or pieces 
of brick when the building is finished. The 
outer end of the putlogs or horizontal poles 
is connected with, and secured to, the 
upright poles fixed in the ground. Syn. Fr. 
Traverse, or Traverse d’echafaudage—that 
is, the cross-pieces of a scaffolding; Ger. 
Streckholz (from strecken, to stretch or 
extend over—the pieces of wood stretching 
over the space between the wall and the 
uprights). 

Putty, in Painting and Glazing. The 
plastic substance which glaziers use for 
securing panes of glass to the window 
sashes, and painters for stopping up holes 
and fissures in surfaces before painting, 
and for a wide variety of purposes, A 
very common form of putty is made of 
whiting mixed up with sweet-oil and worked 
by hand till it is in the soft plastic condition 
which admits of its being spread over 
surfaces and pressed into holes by the hand 
and thin elastic steel tool or pallet knife. 
After being exposed to the air for some 
time it changes into a dense solid mass, 
Syn, Fr. Mastic — pron. maas-teek ; also 
Lut or Potée a mastic de vitrier — pron. 
luet, or poh-tay, day vee-tree-eh—that is, 
the lute or putty or mastic of the glazier ; 
Ger. Fensterkitt or Glaserkitt — that is, 
window cement, or lute, or cement of the 
glazier, 


Q 


Quantities, Bill of, in Building Construc- 
tion. The technical name given to the 
schedule or paper in which the various 
measurements—superficial and cubic or solid 
—are stated under the different heads of 
masonry, brickwork, carpentry, joinery, etc. 
From the data thus afforded—which are 
termed quantities, though the accurate term 
is measurements—the contractors or trades- 
men are enabled to make their estimates of 
cost, knowing thus the amount of materials 
required in each department of work. In 
many cases, as in small buildings, the 
tradesman or contractor ‘‘ takes out his own 
quantities” —that is, takes the dimensions 
or measurements from the drawings fur- 


nished by the architect, calculating from 
these data the amount of materials required. 
But in special and large works the “ bills 
of quantities” or “schedules of measure- 
ments” are made up by the members of a 
special profession, known as surveyors or 
building surveyors, whose remuneration is 
generally based upon a certain percentage 
on the estimated cost of the building—say 
24 per cent. Syn. Fr. for “ measurement,” 
Metre; Ger. Vermessung. Syn. Fr. for 
“quantity,” Quantité— pron. kahn-tee-tay ; 
Ger. die Menge—pron, dee meng-eh; also 
Masse. 

Quarry. The locality from which build- 
ing stone is excavated is socalled, A quarry, 


113 8 


qu 


though it usually is a pit or hole, frequently 
acres in area, is not necessarily an excavated 
place—it being frequently found in the ver- 
tical face of a cliff composed of the kind and 
quality of stone desired. Syn. Fr. Carricre—- 
pron. karr-ee-aire ; for “stone quarry,” Car- 
riere des pierres ; Ger. Steingrube—literally 
“a stone pit or grave”—pron. stine-groo- 
beh. Syn. Fr. for “ quarry-stone ” rough, as 
taken from its bed, Moellon brut—literally 
‘¢a rough (brut) rag-stone” ; Ger. unbehauene 
Bruchsteine. Syn. Fr. for “ quarry-stone 
wall,” or dry stone wall built without mortar, 
Mur en moellons ; Ger. Bruchsteinmauerwerk., 
Syn. Fr. for “ quarry-stone work,” irregular 
blocks, Moellon irrequlier ; for “ quarryman,’ 
Carrier—pron. carr-yea; Ger. Steinhauer— 
pron, stine-how-err. 

Quarry Glass, in Glazing. This is the 
term used to designate the small square 
pieces of glass used in old buildings, and 
often reproduced in church windows and in 
those of domestic buildings of the Queen 
Anne style. The squares are often set 
diagonally or diamondwise. The term 
“quarry” is also sometimes used to denote 
small square paving bricks, the name being 
clearly a corruption of the French term for 
the same thing, Carreaua—pron. karr-oh. 

Quarter Panel, in Joimery. A square 
panel which encloses a quatrefoil or four- 
leaved ornament in the Gothic style. 

Quarter Round, in Mouldings. Other- 
wise termed the ovolo, A moulding the 
section or profile of which shows the 
quadrant of a circle in the Roman style. 
In the Grecian the curve is a fourth part 
of an ellipse. Syn. Fr. Quart de rond— 
pron. carr deh rohnd; also Ove (pron. ohv) 
or chine ; Ger. Fichen ; also Kropfleiste. 

Quarterings, in Carpentry. The stud or 
post work of a quartered partition (see 
Partition). Syn. Fr. Bois de cloison or 
paroi; Ger. Bretterverschlagholz — pron. 
brett-err-ferr-shlahg-hollts. 

Quarters, in Carpentry. The vertical or 
upright posts in a quartered or framed par- 
tition which are placed at the ends of the 
framing, and the office of which is to carry 
the head beam, the quarters being tenoned 
at foot into mortises made in the “sill” or 
lower beam of the partition. Syn. Fr. Piéce 
dassemblage — pron. pee-ace dahs-sahm- 
blahj. 

Queen Posts, in Carpentry. The vertical 
posts, one of which is placed at each side, 
at a certain distance from the central point 
or ridge pole of roof. The queen post cor- 
responds to the king post in a king-post 
truss or roof, but with this difference—that 
while the king post supports or receives 
the pressure of the.struts or braces on both 
sides of its foot or lower part, each queen 
post supports the pressure of one strut or 
brace only (see next term), Syn. Fr. Clef 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


qu 


pendante—pron. klay pehng-dahngt; also 
Poingon d'une comble avec une espace ouverte 
dans le cintre—pron. poh-ehng-song duuhn 
kohng-bell ah-veck uuhn ais-pass ooh-vairt 
dahng luh saing-terr; Ger. Hédngesdéule— 
pron. heng-eh-zoyl-eh; also Hdngesdule 
von zwet Hangesiulenddchern. 

Queen-post Roof, in Carpentry. A roof 
in which there are two queen posts so 
disposed that a free or open space is left 
between them, which may be used as an 
apartment in the interior of the truss. This 
arrangement necessitates that the queen 
post shall receive the thrust or pressure of 
the strut or brace of the rafter on one side 
only ; but this is balanced or counteracted 
by horizontal pieces called straining beams, 
which keep the heads of the queen posts 
apart, and prevent them from moving in- 
wards to the centre, while the feet of the 
queen posts are equally dealt with by placing 
a horizontal piece between them called the 
“straining cill.”’ The other members of 
the queen-post truss, as tie-beam, principal 
rafters, common rafters, purlins, pole-plate, 
wall-plate, etc., are much the same as in 
the king-post. Syn. Fr. Ferme ou comble 
avec deux poincons—pron. fairrm ooh kohng- 
bell ah-vekk duuh poh-ehng-songs; also 
Ferme a deux clefs pendantes—-pron. fairm ah 
duuh cleffs pahng-dahngts ; Ger. Dach mit 
zwei Hdngesdulen; also Zweihdngesdulen- 
dach. 

Quicklime, in Materials. Burnt lime 
ready for slaking to form mortar. Syn. Fr. 
Chaux vif—pron. show veef—that is, “living 
lime,” as distinguished from its dead or inert 
condition in its natural or mineral. state, 
when it is unfitted for slaking; also Chaux 
caustique; Ger. lebendiger Kalk — literally 
“living lime.” 

Quirk, in Mouldings. The recessed or 
sunk part, or groove placed at the side of a 
bead or rounded moulding, between it and 
the solid wood on which the bead is formed, 
or the piece out of which it is made. The 
top or upper part of the moulding is flush, 
or on the same plane as the general surface 
to which the moulding is attached; and the 
depth of the groove or recessed part varies,— 
as a rule it is about the depth of the centre 
of the bead. A “double quirk” is when the 
side as well as the top of the round moulding 
is recessed or grooved. Syn. Fr. Couture ; 
Ger. die Kante; also Kante zwischen Rinnen 
—literally “the border or edge between two 
channels ”—7.e. grooves. 

Quirked Bead, in Mouldings. <A half- 
round bead with a narrow, sunk, deep recess 
between it and the flat part—as, say, of an 
architrave. The ovolo and ogee mouldings 
are also sometimes quirked. 

Quoins, in Masonry. The square or 
rectangular stones built in at the corners of 
a building. They may show only in front 


114 


ra 


elevation, or they may be disposed to show 
at the return or corner next adjoining. 
They are generally disposed in the way 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, 


ra 


known as “longs and shorts,” a short one 
between two long ones, Syn. Fr. Angle coin, 
or simply Angle; Ger. die Kante or Ecke. 


R 


Rabbet (see Rebate) : Rabbeting, in 
Carpentry. Scarfing (see Scarf) or rebating 
timbers tegether. Syn. Fr. Assemblage a 
mibois—i.e. half depth of wood; Ger. Auf- 
blattung ; also Hinfalzung—literally “ infold- 
ing.” 

Gacitone, sometimes called “ Kentish 
Rag,” in Masonry. A method of forming 
walls in which the stones are thin, generally 
about the thickness of a brick, and of vary- 
ing length. Although the stones are laid 
usually on their beds or faces, and horizon- 
tally, they are frequently disposed at all 
angles, according to the notions of the 
builder—irregularity, both in size and dis- 
position of the stones, being the feature of 
this method of building. 

Rack, in Joinery. An arrangement of 
. parts of timber generally fixed to and pro- 
jecting from a wall, as a clothes-rack, from 
which articles can be suspended, or in which 
they may be placed one above the other, as 
in a plate-rack or bottle-rack. Syn. Fr. for 
a rack with pegs, asa clothes-rack, Tringle ° 
Ger. der Rechen. 

Rafters, in Carpentry. The timbers in a 
roof-truss which are placed at an angle or 
oblique to the walls, forming the sloping 
sides of the roof-covering of a building. 
Rafters are divided into three classes—(1) 
“principal rafters,” (2) “common rafters,” 
and (3) “ hip-rafters” (see Roof). The 
principal rafters are those which are con- 
nected directly with the “king-post” in 
king-post trusses and the “ queen-post” in 
queen-post trusses, and with the tie-beams, 
Syn. Fr. Arbalétriers—pron. ahr-bah-lay- 
tree-eh; Ger. die Sparren. The common 
rafters are those which carry the slate 
boarding or tile spars or battens, and are 
supported by the “purlins” (which see), 
these latter being supported by the principal 
rafters. Syn. Fr. Chevrons; Ger. Sparren, or 
more definitely Pfostensparren. Hip rafters 
are those placed at the angles of a building 
in cases where the gable-formed roof (see 
Gable) is not employed (see Hip-roof), but 
where the ends of the roof are oblique to the 
walls, sloping in at each side to and meeting 
the central ridge-pole. Syn. Fr. Arétiers or 
Chevrons de croupe; also Arétes d’un comble ; 
Ger. Ecksparren; also Schiftsparren (from 
schiften, to join—that is, joining the corners 
of the roof with the central part; also 
Walmsparren (from Walm [valm], a slope 
or sloping), 

Rails, in Joinery. The horizontal pieces 
or members of a framing, as of a door, con- 
necting the side or vertical pieces, which 


latter are called the “styles” (which see), 
and into which the rails are tenoned. The 
rails of a door are known as the lower and 
upper rail, the middle rail being the “ lock 
rail,” as that to which the lock is secured in 
the case of a “rim lock,” or into which it is 
mortised in the case of a “ mortise lock.” 
The rail of a stair is called the “ handrail,” 
as it is grasped for the purpose of protection 
in ascending and descending by the hand. 
It surmounts the balusters or vertical rails. 
Syn. Fr. for the “rail of a door,” Traverse 
d'une porte encadrée; Ger. Querfries einer 
Thir. For the “handrail of a stair,” Fr. 
Garde corps or Garde fou—the latter literally 
the guard or protection of an intoxicated or 
mentally weak person; Ger. Brustwehr— 
literally “a breast defence,’ or defence 
breast high, also Treppengelinder. 

Railing, in Construction. The pieces put 
up to enclose an open space, or to guard 
from falling into deep or dangerous places, 
as the railing which separates the areas of 
houses from the pavement of a street. 
Generally the railing is made of iron, con- 
sisting of vertical pieces an inch square in 
section or thereabouts, leaded into a flat 
curbstone, and connected together by a flat 
connecting bar running horizontally along 
the whole length of railing. The upper 
terminations of the rails are either simply 
pointed, or ornamented with some decora- 
tive design. Railing is sometimes made of 
timber, each piece or rail being separated 
from its neighbour some distance, and the 
whole being connected together by a hori- 
zontal straining piece. When the enclosure 
is of timber, flat boards are sometimes 
employed, in which case the boards are 
placed closely edge to edge, so that all view 
of the interior space is lost. In this case 
the term “ paling” is employed to indicate 
the arrangement. Syn. Fr. and Ger, same 
as in Rail: see above for Handrail. 

Raise, in Building Construction, A term 
used to indicate the operation of erecting a 
structure, a synonym for which is “ run up.” 
Syn. Fr. for “to raise or run up a building,” 
Donner Vexhaussement ; Ger. Abhihen. Syn. 
Fr. for “to raise in architecture,’ a term 
equivalent to increasing a part, Elever, 
Exhausser ; Ger. Uberhihen. Syn. Fr. for 
“to raise or run up a wall,” Rehausser un 
mur; Ger. eine Mauer hiher bau Syn. Fr. 
for “to raise or run up timber or :oodwork,” 
Monter une charpente or un toit; Ger. Holz- 
werk aufbringen. Syn. Fr. for “to raise a 
part, as a projecting moulding, by a colour, 
in painting, contrasting with the ground or 


115 


ra 


general tone or tint of colour,” Rechamper 
avec une couleur; Ger. mit Farben aus dem 
Grunde hervorheben. Syn. Fr. for “ raised 
work in decoration or in hammered iron- 
work,” Ouvrage martelé; Ger. Hammerarbeit, 
Syn. Fr. for “raised work” generally, 
Exhaussé ; Ger. erhéhte Arbeit. 

Raiser, in Joinery. A term sometimes, 
though but rarely, used as synonymous with 
“ Riser” (which see). 

Raising, in Building Construction. The 
act of elevating or running up a structure, 
Syn. Fr. for “raising of a wall,’ Elévation 
dun mur; Ger. Aufhéhung des Mauerwerks. 
Syn. Fr. for “raising of the centre of an 
arch,” Levage (lifting) dun cintre; Ger. 
Aufstellung des Wolbgeriistes. Syn. Fr. for 
the “ raising of timber-work,” Levage d’un 
toit or dune charpente; Ger. Richten des 
Holzwerks. 

Raising Pieces, in Carpentry. The pieccs 
of timber used under the beams on which 
they rest, and over the puncheons of a 
timber framing. 

Raising Plates. The wall-plates or pieces 
of timber on which a roof-truss is raised or 
rests. 

Rake, in Building Construction. A term 
used to indicate the position of one piece to 
another when one is at an angle or oblique 
to the plane of the other; the angular or 
sloping piece is then said to rake with the 
other. Syn. Fr. Piéce en pente or en oblique- 
ment ; Ger. abschiissiges Werk. 

Raking Moulding, in Masonry and 
Joinery. A moulding which runs obliquely 
to the horizontal moulding. The point of 
junction of the members of the two mould- 
ings forms, when viewed in profile, a project- 
ing angular point. 

Ram, in Foundation Work, etc. To com- 
press soil or clay, in puddling (see Puddling) 
and foundation work, forcibly by the raising 
and letting drop of a heavy piece of timber 
by manual labour. The force of the impact 
or blow due to the gravity or weight of the 
timber is increased by the workman exerting 
his physical force in pressing down the piece 
or increasing its velocity. The piece of 
timber employed is called the “rammer,” 
and it is composed of a piece three or four 
feet long, generally circular .n section, pro- 
vided with projecting pins or handles by 
which it is lifted, the lower end being 
usually provided with an iron shoe, which 
performs the double office of adding weight 
to the rammer and protecting the wood from 
abrasion and splitting when coming into 
contact with hard substances,as in ramming 
down paving stones. Syn. Fr. for “ram,” 
Pilon—pron. pee-lon; Ger. Handrammer— 
pron. hant-rahm-merr. Syn. Fr. for “ paving 
rammer,” Dresseur—pron. dres-seuhr; Ger. 
der Ebner—pron. ayb-nerr ; also Planirer— 
pron. plah-neer-err. Syn, Fr, for “ ramming,” 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


re 


Damage~pron. dah-mahj; also Pilonage— 
pron. pee-loh-nahj ; Ger. Planisen — pron. 
plah-neer-enn ; also Stampfen; also Fest- 
stampfen. 

Ramp, in Joinery. The term used to 
indicate the concavity in the line of the 
handrail of a stair necessitated by the 
sudden rise of the steps, as at a landing 
place, the difference between the levels 
being adjusted by a curved piece, so as to 
preserve the continuity of the hand surface 
of rail, in place of by rectangular adjust- 
ment. Syn. Fr. Glacis or Caie ; Ger. Rampe— 
pron. ram-pay ; also Ausfahrt ; also Abhang. 

Rampant Arch, in Masonry and Brick- 
work, An arch which springs from inclined 
or sloping abutments. 

Random Courses, in Masonry. Courses 
or successive layers of stones which are 
unequal in respect of their distances from 
one another, arising from the unequal depths 
of the stones. It is chiefly met with in 
coursed rubble work, being, as a rule, never 
practised in ashlar work. 

Rank Set, in Tools. A term used to 
indicate that the “iron” or cutting part of a 
joiner’s plane projects so much from the 
face of sole that it cuts too deeply. 

Rasp, in Tools. A species of file, with 
the surface so cut that curved cutting edges 
are distributed regularly over its surface, 
which grind or rasp down the face of soft 
materials, such as wood, against which the 
rasp is worked to and fro by hand. When 
used by joiners it is to give a comparatively 
smooth surface to wood, preparatory to a 
smooth and finished surface given by a fine- 
cut file and glass- or sand-paper. A file is 
distinguished from a rasp by having its 
cutting edges produced by the cutting of 
lines oblique to its length, but all parallel 
to one another—these crossed by similar 
lines, but cut in an opposite direction—thus 
giving a series of triangular-shaped pro- 
tuberances with fine cutting edges. In a 
rasp the cutting edges are, so to say, dotted 
or spotted over the surfaces at greater or less 
distances from each other according to the 
roughness or fineness of the tool. Der. The 
word rasp is from the Old French rasper, 
to scrape, or from the Latin radere, 
rasum, to scrape or rub away. Syn. Fr. 
Rape; also Lime mordante; Ger. Raspe or 
Raspel. Syn. Fr. for “to rasp,” Raper— 
pron. rah-pay; also Chapeler—pron. shah- 
pelay—or Travailler avec une rape; Ger. 
Abraspeln or mit einer Raspel arbeiten— 
pron. mit i-nerr rass-pel ahr-bite-enn. 

Rebate, in Joinery. A part cut away 
from the edge of a piece of wood—which 
piece is generally designated as “stuff ”—- 
forming a ledge. The part cut out is rect- 
angular in section, so that the inner side or 
edge of the ledge next to the solid or uncut 
part of the stuff is at right angles to the 


116 


re 


flat-lying or horizontal part. It is equiva- 
lent to what is called the “ half-lap joint ” 
in carpentry, and is used for a purpose 
identical — namely, the junction of two 
pieces, as boards, edge to edge, so that when 
the sides of the “rebates” on the edges of 
the boards are placed together the faces or 
surfaces of the two boards are flush. This 
is secured by making the depth of the rebate 
exactly equal to half the full depth or thick- 
ness of the board or stuff. The width of the 
rebate may vary according to the purpose 
required; it is often made equal to the 
depth, but when it is greater than this, it 
affords a better bearing and nailing or glu- 
ing surface, and gives a more secure joint. 
Parts are also rebated for other purposes, 
as where the meeting edges of two boards 
have to give the two surfaces flush faced. 
Syn. Fr. Bandelet—pron. bahn-del-lay ; also 
Listel, or Filet-—pron. fee-lay ; also Listeau 
—pron. leece-toh; also Meglet—pron. reg- 
lay ; also Fewillwre—pron. fueh-cel-yeuhr ; 
Ger. Bédndchen — prow. bendt-chenn ; also 
Riemen, Riefel, and Plidttchen. Syn. Fr. 
for “to rebate,” Faire une feuillure ; also 
Feuiller—pron. feuhl-yea; Ger. Anriefeln, 
Anjinden ; also Holzpldttchen arbeiten. Syn. 
Fr. for “rebating,” Mi-bois, Assemblage a 
demi-bois; Ger. <Aufplatten; also Ueber- 
schneiden—pron. ueb-err-shnide-enn, Syn. 
Fr. for “rebated joint” in joinery, Joznt- 
saillant—pron. joahn-sahl-yahn; Ger. Stoss 
(edge) mit Ueberschneidung or Ueberplittchen. 
Syn. Fr. for “rebated joint” in carpentry 
(half-lap scarf joint), Ecart double—pron. 
eh-kahrr dooh-bel; Ger. Langplittchen, 
Doppelfalz—pron. dop-pell-fahlts— literally 
“a double groove.” The term Rabbet is 
often used as synonymous with rebate. 
The term may be a corruption of “rebut,” 
which comes from re and butt, or Ital. buttare, 
to drive back. Syn. Fr. Chamfrein—pron. 
shahm-fraihn (see Rebate above) ; Ger. Falz 
(see also Rebate), 

Rebate Plane, in Tools. <A tool the 
working face and “iron ”-—i.e. cutting tool 
—of which are so shaped that it cuts out the 
groove or rebate on the edge of the stuff 
along which it is worked. Syn. Fr. Rabot 
(rah-boh) feuilleret — pron. feuhl-yerr-eh ; 
also Feuilleret Guillaume—pron. gee-yohm 
(g as in go). 

Recessed Arch, in Architecture. The 
arrangement of two or more arches of 
different radii one within the other is so 
called. The outer arch, in face of wall, is of 
course the largest, the other arches being, 
as it were, bound to it by the mouldings of 
gradually decreasing radii. Der. The term 
recess is from the Latin recessus (from re, 
again, and cedere, to go or yield). Syn. Fr. 
Engoujure—pron. ahn-gooh-jeuhre ; Ger. die 
runde Nath; also Zuriicktreten — literally 
“step back” or “tread back.” Syn. Fr. for 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


re 


the part of a building front which recedes 
from the general face, Renfoncement (rahn- 
fonce-mahn) d’un facade—pron. deuhn faw- 
sahd ; Ger. Riicklage—pron. roo-eek-lah-geh 
—literally “back site” or “ place.” 

Reduce, in Architectural Drawing. To 
draw a plan, etc., to asmaller scale than that 
given in the original or copy. This is done 
by the aid of the “ proportional compasses,” 
but more accurately by taking the measure- 
ments from the scale of the copy or original, - 
and then re-taking the like measurements 
from the smaller scale to which the reduc- 
tion or reduced copy is made. When the 
drawing to be reduced is very elaborate, 
the reduction can be most quickly made, 
and with the utmost accuracy of detail, by 
means of the photographic process. Der. 
The word reduce comes from the Latin re, 
again, and ducere, to lead. Syn. Fr. Reduire 
un dessin—pron. red-dweerr uhn dess-aihn ; 
Ger. eine Zeichnung or einen Risz reduciren, 
to reduce a sketch. 

Reeds, or Reeding, in Architecture. Small 
round or half-round beads placed close 
together and parallel to each other, forming 
a flat corrugated surface, projecting from a 
flat surface, as a dado, or let into or sunk 
insame. Syn. Fr. for reed, Baguette—pron 
bah-gett ; for reeds or reeding, Assemblage 
de baguettes; Ger. die Rundstdbe—literally 
“round (half-round) stakes”; for reeds or 
reeding, Rundstibe dicht an einander—lite- 
rally ‘round stakes close together.” 

Regrating, in Masonry. Dragging, tool- 
ing over, or rubbing down the surface of 
old stones, to give them the appearance of 
being new and fresh. Der. From the French 
gratter, to rub or scrape down; regrating 
is rubbing over again. Syn. Fr. for “ to 
regrate a stone,” Regratter une pierre; for 
a wall, wn Mur; also Bretteler un mur 
(bretteler, to tool)—pron. bret-teh-lay. Syn. 
Ger. for “to regrate,” Aufratschen (from rat- 
schen, to scrape)—pron. raht-shenn; also 
Aufspitzen (from spitzen, to point with a 
hammer-pick or tool) ; for “to regrate a 
stone,” einen Stein aufratschen; for a wall, 
eine Mauer. 

Rejointing, in Masonry and Brickwork. 
Renewing the joints in old-built walls. In 
this the old mortar is scraped out and the 
new mortar or cement inserted and tooled 
off fair externally. In brickwork the opera- 
tion is more frequently termed repointing 
(see Pointing). Syn. Fr. for “to rejoint a 
wall,” Ferrer, to calk—the operation being 
considered similar to calking a Joint in 
shipbuilding ; also Rejointer un mur; Ger, 
eine Mauer mit Cement ausfachen. 

Relay, To, in Construction, as in the re- 
newing of a pavement. Syn. Fr. Reposer ; 
also Remanier—pron. reuh-mah-neeay ; Ger. 
Umlegen—pron, oohm-lay-genn. 

Relaying, in Construction, Syn. Fr. Re- 


117 


re 


posement, Remanitement—pron, reuh-mann-ee- 
mang; Ger. das Umlegen. 

Relief, in Stone Cutting, etc. A term used 
to denote that a point projects or is raised 
from the surface of another. It is usually 
applied to decorative or ornamental work. 
Syn. Fr. Relief or Ouvrage en bosse (bosse, 
a knob, a lump, etc.; Ger. Relief—pron. 
reuhl-yeff; Syn. Fr. for low relief, bas-relief 
—pron. bah-reuhl-yeff ; Ger. Basrelief; also 
flaches Relief (from flach, plane or level in 
surface). 

Relieve, in Painting. To reduce a colour 
so as to soften it or to make it harmonise 
better with another colour. Der. The word 
relieve comes from the Latin velevare or 
the French relever, tolift up. Syn. Fr. Adoucir 
Veffet d'une couleur—pron. ah-dooce-earr leff- 
eh duehne cool-euhr ; Ger. die Farbe mildern 
—pron. dee fahr-beh mill-derrn—literally “to 
make the colour mild.” 

Relieving Arch, in Masonry and Brick- 
work. The arch, generally segmental in form, 
thrown over a brestsummer or bressummer 
beam or lintel which spans an opening, the 
office of which is to relieve the beam from 
the superincumbent wall above. A synonym 
for the term is camber arch (see Camber). 

Relievo, or (im) Relief, in Carving or 
Sculpture, A term used to denote a carved 
subject which projects beyond the face of 
the body to which it is attached. Relief is 
of three kinds: Alto-relievo, or high pro- 
jection ; Mezzo-relievo (medz-oh), or middle 
or mean relief, between alto- and Basso- 
relievo or low projection. Syn. Fr. Relief— 
pron. ray-lee-ef ; also Sursage en bosse—pron. 
suehr-sajh ahn boss; Ger. das Relief—pron. 
dass ray-leef. 

Remove, in Construction. As materials, a 
wall or a building, to take away or down, 
and carry the materials to some other 
position or locality. Der. Our word comes 
from the Latin removere, and this from re, 
again, and movere, tomove, Syn. Fr. Enlever 
—pron. ahn-leu-vay; also Remuer — pron. 
eh-mue-ay; Ger. Rduwmen— pron, roy- 
menn, also Wegrdumen. 

Render and Set, in Plastering. Plaster 
work in two coats upon laths, the synonym 
for which is “set work.” Syn. Fr. Crépir 
et enduire—pron. kray-peer ay ang-dweer 
(crépir, to rough-cast, endwire, to lay or 
spread over) ; also Gobeter et enduire—pron. 
goh-be-tay, to point; Ger. Bewerfen ‘Ren- 
dered” is the term for plaster-work, one 
coat and rough. Syn. Fr. for “rendering,” 
Gobetage ; Ger. erste Putzlege (putzen, to 
dress, to ornament), 

Rendered, Floated and Set, in Plaster- 
ing. Work in which three coats are given, 
Syn. Fr. Enduit en trois couches—literally 
“laid. on in three beds or layers”; Ger. 
Dreischichtenputz. “Rendered and floated” 
is two-coat work: Syn. Fr. En deux couches ; 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


re 


Ger. Zweischichtenputz (Schicht, a layer or 
bed). 

Renew, in Construction, as in renewing 
timber-work which has become decayed or 
decaying, unsafe. Syn. Fr. Changer, to 
change—pron. shahn-jay; also Jenouveler 
—pron. reuh-noo-vel-lay; Ger. Erneuern-— 
pron. err-noy-errn. 

Renovation, in Architecture. A term 
chiefly employed in connection with the 
“restoration” of decayed or decaying struc- 
tures, chiefly churches and ecclesiastical 
buildings. Renovating, although considered 
as synonymous with renewing, is not always, 
if, indeed, ever, successful in giving back 
that which has been lost. The spirit in 
which the work was originally conceived, 
and the way in which it was at first done, 
can never be renewed or restored. The 
purposes of utility may be served and the 
views of economy met by the renovation 
of old buildings, but the claims of a high 
and correct sesthetic art—never. The term 
“renovation” is often employed in ordinary 
building construction as synonymous with 
renewing. Der. The word renovate comes 
from the Latin re, again, and novare, to 
make new. Syn. Fr. Renovation—pron. reuh- 
no-vah-see-onn; Ger. Erneuerung—pron, errs 
noy-err-oong. 

Rent, in Building and Materials. A term 
equivalent to crack, as the crack in a wall, 
generally due to unequal settlement and to 
over-weights placed upon it, or a fissure or 
flaw in timber. Der. From the French 
rendu (rang-duuh), over-spent; more cer- 
tainly from the Old English rendan, to cut 
or tear asunder, Syn, Fr. Fessure — pron. 
fess-uehr; also Fi/lwre — pron. fee-leuhrr ; 
Ger. Ansprung—pron. sproong; also Spalt. 

Repairing, in Construction. Often cons 
sidered as synonymous with renewing ; but 
the term is more applicable to the over- 
hauling of parts of a building, in which 
they are so treated as, while set or put 
right, they are not wholly taken out and re- 
placed by altogether new parts. In repairing 
the best is made of the old parts ; in renew- 
ing they are taken away and replaced by 
other and sound parts. Der. From the Latin 
re, again, and parare, to prepare ; or from 
the French reparer, to make new or repair. 
Syn. Fr. Repanage— pron. reuh-pah-nabj 5 
Ger. Ausbessern—literally “making better,” 
which conveys an accurate idea of what 
repairing is, : 

Reredos, in Church Architecture. The 
screen or carved woodwork (or in stone) 
placed sometimes behind the altar, but 
generally separating the’ chancel from the 
body of the church. 

Reservoir, in Construction. A receptacle 
or enclosed space for the collection or 
retention of water, which is supplied to it 
by natural springs, by the watershed or 


118 


re 


drainage water of surrounding soil, or by 
pumping or artificial means. ‘The reservoir 
or water space may be constructed of walls 
surrounding the whole area to be enclosed, 
or (which is the most natural and easily 
constructed) an embankment may be thrown 
across a convenient part of a valley, thus 
catching the water on its upper side, and 
retaining it in the valley behind to a depth 
proportionate to the height of the retaining 
wall or embankment. Syn. Fr. Réservoir— 
pron. ray-zairr-vwahr; Ger. Wasserbehdlter 
—pron. vass-err-beh-hell-terr. 

Retaining Wall, in Masonry and Brick- 
work, The name given to a wall built 
against a mass of earth, as at the sides of a 
road cutting or against the side of a rising 
ground. The object of the wall is to keep 
up or “retain” in position the mass of the 
earth or soil behind it. Generally the wall 
is not vertical, as in ordinary cases, but 
placed at an angle to, or slopes inwards 
from, its base. Apertures have to be made 
in its face at intervals, leading from its 
front, face, or exterior surface to the soil or 
earth behind, for the purpose of leading the 
surplus or drainage water of the soil and 
preventing it from accumulating behind the 
wall, where it would only be a source of 
danger by its pressure. Der. The word 
“retain” is from the Latin re, again, and 
tenere, to hold back, to keep on. Syn. Fr. 
Mur de soulévement—literally “a sustaining 
wall ”—pron. muehr deuh soo-lave-mahn ; 
Ger. die Futtermauer — literally “a lining 
wall ”’—pron, foot-err-mow-err ; also Schutz- 
mauer — literally “a protecting wall” or 
“ouard wall’”—pron. shootts-mow-err. 

Reticulated Work, in Masonry. Walls 
built with the stones placed so as to form 
with their outlines a net-like surface or 
series of lines—the stones being square, but 
disposed angularly or lozenge-shaped in 
form. Der, From the Latin reticulatum 
opus, net-work, Syn. Fr. Mur maillée, or 
simply Maillée—pron. mahl- yeh; Ger. 
netzformiges Mauerwerk — literally “ net- 
formed” or “ -shaped wall-work.” 

Return, in Joinery, Masonry, and Brick- 
work—as of a wall. When two pieces of 
timber are placed at an angle to each other, 
and are therefore in contrary directions, 
the one piece is said to return into the other. 
In walls, when one is at an angle to the 
other, generally at a right angle, the point 
of junction is said to be the return. Der. 
The word return is the Latin prefix re, 
again, and our word turn; or it may be 
from the French retowrner—pron. ray-toohr- 
nay. Syn. Fr. Retour — pron. reuh-toohr ; 
Ger. Nebenseite — pron. nay-benn-zy-teh ; 
also Eckenseite — literally “the near” or 
“neighbour side,” “the corner” or “angle 
side.” Syn. Fr. for “return of a wall,” 
Mur en retour—pron. muehr ahn reuh-toorr ; 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, 


ri 


also Mur en aile—literally “a wall in wing” 
or “wing wall”; Ger. Fliigelmauer—lite- 
rally “a wing wall”—pron. flueh-gell-mow- 
err. 

Reveals (sometimes termed Revels), in 
Building. The flat margin, vertical at the 
sides, of a window or recessed opening, 
between the outside surface of the wall and 
the outside face of window. The breadth 
or depth of the reveal decides the depth of 
the recess, or amount to which the face of 
window is sunk below the face of outside 
wall. The Scottish term is “ rybate” or 
“rybat.” Syn. Fr. Ecoincon d'une fenétre— 
literally “the quoining (or cornering) of a 
window”; Ger. Eckstein eines Fensters— 
literally “the edge stone.” 

Rib, in Carpentry. A curved piece of 
timber, a “curb rib.” The word rib is 
identical in spelling and meaning with the 
Old English word. Syn. Fr. Lierne ronde 
—pron. lee-ern rong-day; Ger. gebogene 
Rippe. Syn. Fr. for “rib of a dome,” Céte 
dun déme—pron. koht doohn dohm; Ger. 
Kuppelrippe—pron. koop-pell-rip-peh. Syn. 
Fr. for “intermediate rib,” Nervure inter- 
médiaire—pron. nairr-vuehr aihn-terr-may- 
dee-airr ; Ger. Streberippe (from streben, to 
strive upward, to soar). Syn. Fr. for “rib 
vaulting,” Voute a nervure—pron. voot ah 
nairr-vuehrr; Ger. Gewdlberippe — pron. 
geh-voehl-beh-rip-pe. Syn. Fr. for “corbel 
rib of stone,’ Yas de charge or Pierre 
de charge—pron. tah deuh sharrjh; Ger. 
Kragstein (corbel stone)—pron. krahg-stine. 

Ribs, in Architecture. In ground roofs 
or vaults, the mouldings which project from 
the surface are so called. The term in 
construction generally is applied to any 
part projecting from, or secured to, a sur- 
face. In Gothic architecture the ribs play a 
most important part, not only as affording 
scope for rich and varied design in the 
mouldings which form their surface and 
give them their profile or section, but as 
really constituting the principal feature in 
the construction. They carry in many 
cases the roof, the vault lying upon them 
simply, as remarked by the great authority 
Mr. Willis, as a mere “shell.” Der. From 
the German Jippe. Syn. Fr. Nervures; 
Ger. Rippen—pron. rip-penn. 

Ribs of a Roof, in Carpentry. A term 
employed in some districts to denote the 
“purlins” (which see). 

Ridge, in Carpentry. The upper part 
of a roof, running along the apex of the 
triangular surface. The “ridge pole” is 
that member of a roof-truss placed at the 
highest part, and consists of a flat member 
much deeper or broader than it is thick, 
against the sides of which the upper end of 
the common rafters butt. The ridge pole is 
carried by the king-post head in a king-post 
truss ; in a queen-post truss it is carried, so 


119 


Fi 


to say, by the upper ends ofthe common 
rafters. Der. The word ridge is from the 
Old English rig, the upper part or back of 
an object, as of a hill, Syn. Fr. Faite; Ger. 
Firste— pron. feer-steh ; also Giebelrucken— 
pron. gee-bell-ruek-ken. Syn. Fr. for “‘ ridge 
piece,” Patin—pron. pah-taihn ; also, Faitage 
—pron. fay-tahj; Ger. Dachspitze—literally 
“the roof point ”—pron, dach-spit-seh. Syn. 
Fr. for “ridge tile,” Hnfaitage—pron. ahn- 
fay-tahj; also Tuilefaiticre—pron. tweel-fay- 
tee-airr; Ger. Firsteziegel—pron. feer-steh- 
tzee-gel. Syn. Fr. for “ ridge pole,” Faitiére ; 
Ger. Firstebalken—literally “ ridge beam.” 
Syn. Fr. for “ridging,’ Faitage; Ger. Ver- 
Jjirstung —pron, fer-feerst-oong. 

Rise, in Construction. A term used 
generally to indicate the increase of height 
in a piece of construction, as the rise of a 
wall ; or sometimes to indicate the extent of 
elevation, as the rise of a roof, as of a slope 
or height of so much, in measurement ; also, 
as in the case of an arch, the rise of the 
arch indicating its height. Der. Our word 
rise comes from the Old English risan, to go 
up, to move from a low to a high position. 
Syn. Fr. Hautewr—literally “ height ”—pron. 
ho-teuhrr ; Ger. Héhe—pron. hoeh-eh. Syn. 
Fr, for “to rise,” Adler aw levage— literally 
“to go to the lift”—pron. ahl-ay oh leh-vahj ; 
Ger, Aufstehen—pron. owf-stay-enn. Syn. 
Fr. for “rising,” MJontée—pron. maun-tay ; 
Ger. Auffahrt. Syn. Fr. for “rising of an 
arch,” Monter d’un arc — pron. maun-tay 
duhn arrk; Ger. Pfeilerhéhe—pron. pfi-lerr- 
hoeh-eh. 

Riser, in Joinery, A term used to indicate 
that part of the step of a stair which is 
vertical, or what may be called the front or 
face board of it, as distinguished from the 
flat part or horizontal board on which the 
foot rests in ascending the stair, and which is 
called the “tread” (which see). The office 
of the “riser” is to support the tread. Syn. 
Fr. Montée de la marche—pron. maun-tay 
deuh lah marrsh; Ger. Treppenhéhe—pron. 
trep-penn-hoeh-eh, 

Road. The strip of land the surface of 
which is prepared specially in one or other 
of several modes of construction, by which 
communication is facilitated between one 
part of the land or district and another on 
which buildings are erected. The road is 
distinguished from a pathway by being 
broader, and by having its surface con- 
structed or laid in a way more costly and 
elaborate, fitted to resist the pressure and 
wear-and-tear of the carriage or cart or 
horse traffic for which the road is intended ; 
the pathway being designed for the use of 
foot passengers only—hence called generally 
the footpath, Roads in suburban and rural 
districts are generally less in width than 
those in the immediate neighbourhood of 
towns; and in those where the lines of houses 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ro 


are continuous, the population dense, and 
the business traffic heavy, they assume the 
form of streets, and demand a mode of con- 
struction altogether adapted to the heavier 
wear-and-tear to which they are subjected, 
Roads in purely rural districts are, in the 
principal routes, comparatively narrow— 
capable generally of allowing carriages to 
pass and repass easily, but in the less fre- 
quented parts of width but little greater 
than that necessary for the passage of one 
loaded cart or waggon. Such roads are 
generally called “accommodation roads,” 
designed for the use of farms or for isolated 
houses. Roads in districts where the traffic 
is considerable are skirted by two pathways, 
one on each side; in rural or suburban 
districts, where the traffic is small, by one 
only. The pathway is generally raised a 
little above the carriage roadway, and 
divided from it by a curb and a covered 
drain or an open water-channel for carrying 
off the drainage water of the road. To 
facilitate this drainage, some road con- 
structors make the surface convex, sloping 
from the centre to the side, at which a drain 
or channel is placed to carry off the drain- 
age. Other constructors make the road 
surface perfectly or nearly flat, so as to 
make the wear-and-tear uniform over the 
whole width of road. In laying out roads, 
the route in new building districts should be 
chosen which will open up the best building 
sites, possess as few curves and those of as 
large a radius as possible, and be level, or 
if inclines or gradients are necessary, these 
should be as light and easy as possible. 
The road or working surface should be 
placed on the land or soil surface, which is 
properly prepared to receive it. The road 
surface is made in a variety of ways, but the 
principal method employed is that known 
as Macadamising (which see). Road sur- 
faces are also often paved with small stone 
blocks, of which granite is the best. Hxcel- 
lent roads are made in great lengths on the 
Continent of bricks—which method, both 
in original construction and in keeping in 
good order, might be introduced into rural 
and suburban districts in this country with 
advantage. Roads in rural and suburban 
districts are bounded by wood or wire 
fencing; but the best, at least the most 
beautiful of boundaries, is the quickset or 
thorn hedge. Der. The word road comes 
from the Old English rad, a place for 
riding (ridan, to ride), as if the other 
ways of communication were only for 
foot traffic. Syn. Fr. for road generally, 
Chaussée—pron. show-say ; Chemin—pron. 
sheu-maihn ; Route—pron. root; also Voie 
—pron. vwah: Ger. der Weg—pron. dare 
vague; also Land- or Heerstrasse — pron. 
lant or hairr-strah-seh; also Strasse (pro- 
perly this is street), Syn. Fr. for “ roadway,” 


120 


ro 


Chaussée; Ger. Fahrweg. Syn. .Fr. for 
“roadway with convex or saddle - back 
surface,” Chaussée convere (or bombée—pron. 
bomb-bay); Ger. gewdlbter Weg, an arched 
or vaulted road—pron. geh- voehlb - terr 
vague. Syn. Fr. for “paved road,” Loute 
(or Chemin) vavée—pron. pah-vay ; Ger. 
epflasterter Weg—pron. geh-pflass-terr-terr. 
yn. Fr. for “ Macadamised road,’ Route 
or Chemin & chaussée macadamisée—pron. 
mah-cah-dah-meeze-ay. Syn. Fr. for “road 
with metal,” or “road metal” — that is, 
covered with broken stones — Chaussée 
empierrée — that is, a stoned road —pron. 
ahm-pee-air-eh ; Ger. Weg mit Bruchsteen— 
pron. Yague mit brooch-stine. Syn. Fr. for 
“rural or parish road,” Chaussée communale 
—pron. koh-mune-all; Ger. Nebenweg. Syn. 
Fr. for “road maker,” Constructeur des 
chemins or chaussées — pron. kon - struek- 
teuhrr ; Ger. der Wegbauer—literally “road 
builder.” Syn. Fr. for “ road construction,” 
Construction des routes — pron. kon-struek- 
tsee-ohn day root; Ger. Wegbau—literally 
“road building.” ‘“ Road roller,” a heavy 
roller of cast iron dragged to and fro by 
manual or horse labour over the surface, 
to consolidate it. Syn. Fr. Route rouleau— 
pron. rooh-loh ; Ger. Wegwalze—pron. vay- 
geh-vallt-seh. Syn. Fr. for “steam road 
roller,” Rouleaw machine-d-vapeur — pron. 
vah-peuhrr. “ Road scraper,” a machine by 
which a considerable width of road surface 
is cleared of the accumulated mud made 
by the traffic. Syn. Fr. Bord du chemin— 
pron. bohrd dueh sheu-maing; Ger. Weg- 
kratzeisen — literally “an iron scraper” or 
* scratcher.” 

Rock. A term often used as synonymous 
with stone, but properly indicating the 
original or natural condition in which stone 
exists in mass in the earth’s crust. So that 
rocks may be considered as the source from 
which stone is obtained in a condition fitted 
for constructive work, as that of the mason 
—rock the primary, stone the secondary or 
prepared body. Der. From the Old English 
roc, a large mass of stone. Syn. Fr. Roche— 
pron.rosh; also Rocher—pron. rosh-eh; Ger. 
Felsen; also Stein ; also Klippe—pron. fell- 
zenn,stine, clip-peh. Syn. Fr.for “solid rock,” 
Roche compacte; Ger. fester Felsen—pron. fess- 
terr-fell-senn. Syn. Fr. for “ rockwork,” in 
gardening, Roche rustigue—pron. rosh rueh- 
steek, or Ouvrage en roche rustique; Ger. 
unbehauenes Felsenwerk—that is, unhewn or 
natural rockwork—pron. oon-beh-how-enn- 
ess fell-zenn-vairrk. Syn. Fr. for “rockwork,” 
in building, in which the stone is worked 
with a rough surface, Conyélation (as if 
frosted) — pron. kon-jay-lah-seeon ;_ Ger. 
Felsenrococostyl. Syn. Fr. for “ rockwork ” 
in gardening, built up as grotto-work, 
Rocaille — pron. roh- kyle; for “ rocky,” 
as a soil in foundation work, full of 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ro 


stones, or with rocks interspersed, Plein: 
de rocher, or de roche—pron. plaihn deh rosh-i 
eh, deh rosh; Ger. Fe/sig—pron. fell-zig ; 
also Felsenhart—pron. fell-zen-hart. Syn. Fr. 
for “rocky. soil,” Terre en roche—pron. tairr 
abn rosh ; Ger. Grund/elsen—pron. groond- 
fell-zen. © 

Rod, in Construction. A long piece of 
wood or of iron, of small section, either 
square, round, or polygonal, used for a 
variety of purposes. Der. The word is the 
same in Old English, signifying a thin, tall 
rod or stick of timber. Syn. Fr. Verge—pron. 
vairjh; also Zige—pron, teej; Ger. Ruthe— 
pron. roo-teh; also die Stange—pron. dee 
stang-eh, 

Rod Iron. Wrought iron rolled into long 
lengths, square or round in section. Syn. Fr. 
Fer a tringles—pron. ferr ah trang-gell; Ger. 
Leisteneisen — pron. lice-tenn-ize-enn; also 
Stangeneisen—pron, stang-en-ize-enn, 

Rod, Measuring. A long rod of a definite 
length, as so many either feet or yards, the 
lengths marked carefully off along its length, 
and figured or numbered for smaller divisions 
of the unit, as that of a foot. The first 
division, or that to the left, is marked off 
in inches. Syn. Fr. Verge d’arpenteur—e. 
rod of the measurer—pron. vairr] darr-pahn- 
toohr; Ger. Messruthe—pron. mess-roo-teh, 

Boll, as in road or garden-walk work, to 
go over the surface with a heavy roller. 
Der. From the French rouler, or German 
rollen ; the word is connected with, or allied 
to, the Latin rotula or rota, a small wheel. 
Syn. Fr. Rouwler—pron. roo-lay ; Ger. Lollen 
—pron. roll- (like doll) en. 

Roll, in Architecture. Sometimes used as 
synonymous with volute (which see), as if 
the scroll were formed by winding or rolling 
up a flat long strip, to form a continuously 
winding scroll, the edges of which, when. 
seen in profile, have the appearance of a 
helical spring. Syn. Fr. Volute (voh-lueht), 
Corne de béelier—literally “ ram’s horn,” the 
horns of this animal having frequently a 
helical twisted shape —pron. korrn deuh 
bail-yeh ; also Hélice—pron. hay-leece ; Ger. 
Schnorkel, a scroll—pron. shnoerr-kell. 

Roller, in Joinery. The roller of a 
window-blind. Or the implement used in 
compressing the surface of roads or path- 
ways, or in gardening of lawns or grass- 
plots. Syn. Fr. Rouleau—pron. rooh-loh ; 
Ger. die Rolle—pron. dee roll- (like doll) eh. 
Syn. Fr. for “roller of a window,” Rouleau 
d'une fenétre—pron. rooh-loh duehne fay-nay- 
terr; Ger. die Fensterrolle, Syn. Fr. for 
roller, for compressing the surface of roads 
(“road roller”), Rouleau pour chemins or 
chaussées ; Ger. Wegrolle—pron. vaig-roll-eh. 
Syn. Fr. for “ garden roller,” Rouleau pour 
le jardin—pron. jharr-daihn ; Ger. Garten- 
rolle—pron. garr-tenn-roll-eh, Syn. Fr. for 
“to roll,” Rower—pron, rooh-lay; Ger 


121 


ro 


Rollen. Syn. Fr. for “rolling,” as in road- 
making, Plombage—pron. plom-bajh ; Ger. 
Stampfen. 

Roll Moulding. A term often used as 
synonymous with a bead-torus or continuous 
moulding, rounded or circular in profile. 
Syn. Fr. Moulure a rouleaw— pron. moo- 
leuhre ah rool-oh; Ger. Rolleleistenwerk — 
pron. roll-eh-lice-tenn-vairrk. Syn. Fr. for 
“roll moulding and fillet,” synonymous with 
bead and fillet, Moulure rouleaw et jfilet-— 
pron. mooh-leuhre rool-oh eh fee-lay ; Ger. 
Rollkehlungen mit Bdndchen — pron. roll- 
kale-oong-enn mit baent-chenn, Syn. Fr. for 
“roll joint,’ Tringle a toiture—pron. traihn- 
gell ah twah-teuhre; also Joint rouleau— 
pron. jhwahn rool-oh ; Ger. Falzrolle—pron. 
falts-roll-eh. 

Roll Moulding, in Gothic Architecture. 
A moulding the profile of which shows the 
lower and upper parts or halves as rounded, 
in some forms a complete semicircle, but the 
upper of which is of larger diameter than 
the lower, terminating at, and forming a 
projection at, a line coincident with the 
diameter. The “roll and fillet”? moulding 
possesses the same features as the “roll 
moulding,” only, as its name indicates, it has 
a square-edged “fillet” in front, midway 
between the lower and upper. 

Rolls, in Joinery. Pieces of wood or stuff, 
of section rectangular, but having frequently 
the upper side rounded, and sometimes semi- 
circular. Rolls are used to cover the joint 
of two pieces, as boards or sheets of zinc 
or other covering for surfaces, lying edge to 
edge. The roll is nailed down lying on its 
flat side, and central to the joint below. 
Syn. Fr. Bourelet—pron. boo-rel-lay—literally 
“a swelling” or “ piece projecting from the 
general surface” ; Ger. Kop/fleiste—literally 
“a head band ”—pron, koppf-lice-teh. 

Romanesque Style, in Architecture. So 
called from the resemblance, in its general 
features, to the Roman style. The style, 
however, is known by other names, such as 
the Lombardic, Byzantine, and sometimes 
the Norman, with which it has much in 
common. The feature jof the Roman style 
which constitutes what is most generally 
known as the Romanesque is what may be 
termed clumsy and rude — heaviness and 
massiveness being the general characteristic; 
so that while the features so familiar in the 
Roman style—as rounded arches, pillars or 
Columns, entablature—are all represented in 
the Romanesque, they are low and massive 
to a degree which gives, as we have said, the 
idea of heaviness to the complete exclusion 
almost of anything like graceful or elegant 
proportion. Syn. Fr. Style romanesque — 
pron. steel roh-mah-nesk 3; Ger. romanischer 
Baustyl—pron. roh-mah-nish-err bough-steel. 

_ Roman Style, in Architecture. The prin- 
cipal distinction between it and the Grecian 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, 


ro 


style is the use of the arch, which is its 
essentially distinctive feature, and which 
necessitates the employment of decorative 
and constructive details peculiar to the style, 
These details are of a bolder nature, giving 
greater projection to mouldings, etc., than is 
met with in the Grecian. In the sense of 
“ orders” the Roman has two more than the 
Grecian, these being the “ Tuscan ” and the 
“ Composite,” which in effect are but mere 
variations of the Grecian Doric and Corin- 
thian. 

Roof, in Building. The framework of 
timber in domestic and general architecture 
—sometimes of iron in public buildings— 
which covers in the space enclosed by the 
walls, and which framework carries or 
sustains the materials known as the roof 
covering, as of slates, tiles, etc. The office 
of the roof is thus to protect the interior of 
the building from the effects of weather, 
and to complete the enclosure of the space, 
Roofs are of various kinds, including the 
simplest arrangement of timber in the case 
of small-spanned or narrow-spaced buildings 
up to the elaborate and carefully designed 
framing fitted to cover in wide spaces, 
There are two classes of roof framing: first, 
the “lean-to, or shed roof,” and second, the 
“span roof.” In the “ lean-to,” as its name 
indicates, the slope or incline of the roof is 
to one side only, the outer edge being lower 
than the upper, the joists resting at one end 
on the highest wall or back wall, the lower 
resting on the front or low wall. In the 
“span roof” the side walls on which the 
roof timbers rest are of equal height, the 
lower ends of the rafters or timbers resting 
on the-valls, and their upper ends meeting 
ata point of greater or less height above 
the level of side or supporting walls; and 
which point is central to or midway between 
the side walls. This arrangement gives, 
consequently, a sloping surface to one side 
wall, at a definite angle, and a sloping 
surface to the other side in an opposite 
direction. The roof covering, as slates, is 
supported upon boards nailed to the rafters, 
which are placed at certain intervals along 
the walls, and in a direction at right angles 
to them. To give the greatest strength to 
a roof framing with the least amount of 
timber, and to convey its pressure upon the 
walls in the way in which they are best 
calculated to resist or sustain it, the prin- 
ciple of the “truss” is adopted (which see). 
The simplest form of roof truss — or, to 
use the simpler and more generally adopted 
term—of roof, is the “ collar-beam ” truss or 
roof. In this the rafters or inclined beams 
are prevented from spreading out at the feet 
or lower parts; and thrusting laterally upon 
the walls, by a flat thin beam or board 
secured at each end to the sides of the 
opposite rafters, The collar or collar beam 


122 


ro 


is generally placed at a height above the 
foot of the rafters, this height varying 
according to the designer’s notions—gene- 
rally at about one-third of the vertical rise 
or height of the truss. There are various 
modifications of the collar-beam truss or 
roof. The second class of roofs or of roof 
trusses is that known as the “king post.” 
In this the feet of the rafters are connected 
together, and supported by a cross-beam 
stretching across the space to be roofed in, 
and resting upon a wall-plate (which see) at 
the level of the upper part, from which the 
roof springs, This cross-beam is called the 
“ tie-beam ” (which see), as it ties or binds 
together the ends of the rafters. The feet 
of these are tenoned into the upper edge or 
face of the beam at intervals of a few feet 
along its length. These rafters are called 
the principal rafters, or principals (see 
Rafter, Principals), The principals carry 
on their upper face beams called “ purlins ” 
(which see); or beams which run at right 
angles to them—that is, parallel to the walls 
—and on the purlins are laid the “common 
rafters,” parallel to the principals, but with 
intervals between them much less than 
those of the principals. The office of these 
common rafters is to carry the boarding on 
which the slates, etc., are secured. The com- 
mon rafters butt at their lower end against 
small beams called “pole plates” (which 
see), notched into the upper face and near 
the outer end of tie-beam ; and they butt at 
their upper terminations against the ridge 
piece (which see). The principal rafters at 
their upper ends are supported or carried 
by vertical posts termed “king - posts” 
(which see), the lower ends of which are 
carried by and secured to the tie-beam in 
the centre of its span. The principal rafters 
are supported about the middle of their 
length, and at parts near the purlins, by 
beams placed diagonally or obliquely to the 
king-post, to the foot of which they are 
secured. These oblique beams are called 
“struts” or “braces” (see Strut; also 
Brace). The third class of roof trusses or 
roofs is the “queen-post truss.” In this the 
arrangements are much the same as in the 
“king-post roof” ; but the king-post is dis- 
pensed with, and two vertical posts are 
given—one at each side of, and at a certain 
distance from, the centre of the tie-beam., 
This gives a space between the posts ad- 
mitting of a room or free enclosed space in 
the centre of the truss. The fourth class 
of roof trusses is the “mansard” or “curb 
roof,” a truss specially designed to give 
room space within the truss—the lower part 
being formed of beams inclining inwards at 
a high angle, and crowned with the usual 
en roof and king-post truss, The sides of 
the apartment within the truss are thus 
sloping, but much less so than the sides of 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


or 


attic rooms, where the queen-post truss is 
employed; and by using “ashlets” the 
sides of the room may be made vertical, or 
to alarge extent so. Of the modifications of 
the ordinary forms of trusses— king-post 
and queen-post—the principal one is the 
“hip” or “hipped roof,” adapted for build- 
ings which have no gables (which see), 
In this case the ends of the roof slope 
inwards from the end walls towards the 
ridge pole—which is thus shorter than in a 
gabled roof—while they slope inwards from 
the side walls to meet the ridge pole cen- 
trally between them. The “ pavilion roof” 
is a hipped truss, but with the upper part 
truncated so as to give a flat space in the 
centre of the roof at top. A “flat or terrace 
roof”. can scarcely be called a trussed roof, 
as in ordinary cases the space is spanned by 
rafters or beams placed horizontally. But 
in the best forms of flat roof a modification 
of the truss with very low rise is employed 
to carry the boarding which supports the 
lead or zinc with which the outer surface is 
covered. Der. The word roof comes from 
the Old English hrof or the Icelandic rof, 
remotely from the Greek orophus (from 
erephein, to cover over), Syn. Fr. for 
roof generally, Yoitwre—pron. twah-tuehrr ; 
also Comble — pronounced almost as we 
pronounce the word, but with the first 
syllable having a slight nasal sound ; 
also Ferme—pron. fairrm; Ger. Dach. Syn. 
Fr. for “lean-to, shed, or pent- house 
roof,” Toit; Ger. Wetterdach — pron. vet- 
terr-dach; also Schussdach — pron. shooss- 
dach, Syn. Fr. for “span roof,” Comble or 
Toiture & deux pentes—i.e. a roof with two 
sloping or inclined sides; also & deux égouts 
—i.e. a roof with two side eaves—pron. 
ah dooh pahnt, ah deuhze ai-goo. Another 
French synonym is Toiture en d’os d’déne— 
literally ‘fan ass’s-back roof,” referring to 
the ribs of the animal, sloping on each side 
—pron. twaht-uehrr ahnn doh dahn ; Ger. 
Satteldach — literally “a saddle roof,” the 
sides sloping, as in a saddle, from the centre 
—pron. zatt-ell-dach; also Dach mit zwei 
Dachbalken im Dachstuhl—i.e. a roof with two 
rafters inclined—pron. dach mit tsvy dach- 
ball-ken im dach-stool. Syn. Fr. for “king- 
post truss or roof,” Ferme or Toiture «@ 
Comble a deux pentes avec une clef pendente, 
or avec un seul poingon—pron. ah-vekk euhn 
klay pahn-dahnt, ah-vekk euhn seul pwahn- 
song; Ger. Dach mit einer Hingesdule—i.e. 
a roof with a hanging pillar; also Dach mit 
Giebelstuhl—pron. dach mit ine-err heng-eh- 
zoy-leh, gee-bell-stool. Syn. Fr. for “ hipped- 
roof,” Toiture or Comble or Ferme en croupe 
—pron. ahn kroop; Ger. Walmdach—i.e. a 
slope roof, sloping at ends as well as at sides 
—pron. valm-dach. Syn. Fr. for “mansard 
or curb roof,” Toiture or Comble or Ferme 
Mansarde— pron. mahn-sarrd; Ger, Jlan- 


123 


ro 


sarddach. Syn. Fr. for “ garret or attic roof,” 
Comble brise—literally “‘a broken roof ’’— 
pron, breeze-eh ; Ger. Bruchdach, also “a 
broken roof,” which is sometimes used as a 
synonym for attic or garret roof. Syn. Fr. 
for “pavilion roof,” Comble, Toiture, or 
Ferme en pavillon—pron. pah-veel-ong ; Ger. 
Zeltdach—liiterally “a tent roof.” Syn. Fr. 
for “ flat or terrace roof,” Comble plat—pron. 
plah; also Comble surbaissé—pron. suehr- 
bay-say; also Comble écrasé—literally “a 
crushed (in) roof”—pron. eh-krah-zay; Ger. 
flaches Dach (flach, flat, level)—pron. flach- 
es dach. Syn. Fr. for “roofing,” Comble; 
Ger Dachbindung—liiterally “ the roof bind- 
ing ”—pron. dach-bin-doohng. Syn. Fr. for 
“roof covering,” Couverture d'une toiture— 
pron. koo-vair-tuehr; Ger. Dachdeckung, 
roof finishing or decking. Syn. Fr. for 
“iron roof,” Comble a toiture en fer; Ger. 
Eisendach—pron. ize-enn-dach, Syn. Fr. for 
“ fire-proof roof,” Toiture or Couverture 
apyre—pron. ah-peer ; Ger. fewerfestes Dach, 

Room, in Domestic Architecture. A term 
very frequently employed as synonymous 
with chamber—as bedroom, bedchamber ; as 
also with apartment, as “ there are so many 
rooms in the house” (so many apartments). 
Der, From the Old English rum, a place 
set apart for any special purpose. One 
of the French synonyms is almost iden- 
tical in spelling with our own word, a p 
and an e only being added, thus apparte- 
ment—pron. ahp-pahr-teh-mahng. Another 
synonym is Piece — pron, pea-ace ; also 
Chambre—pron, shahm-berr ; Ger. die Stube 
—literally “the stove-place”’ or the sitting- 
room in which a fireplace is placed—pron. 
stoo-beh ; also Kammer —pron, kamm-err ; 
also das Zimmer—pron. tsim-merr ; also das 
Gemach—pron. geh-mach (the g hard) ; also 
Gelass—pron. gee-lass, a room or space. In 
these last two terms the “gs” is sonnded 
hard, as in our word guess, not as in gelid, 
where it is soft. Syn. Fr. for “drawing- 
room” of a house, Salon—pron. sah-lon ; 
Ger. der Saal—pron. derr zahl ; also Gesell- 
schafiszimmer (from Gesellschaft, society, 
company, an association)—that is, “ society 
chamber ”’—pron. geh-zell-shaffts-tsim-mer. 
Syn. Fr. for ‘“bedchamber,” Chambre « 
coucher—literally “apartment to sleep in”; 
Ger. Schlafzimmer—literally “sleep apart- 
ment ’—pron. shlahf-tsim-merr. 

Room, in Construction. A term used to 
indicate space, as there is space or room in 
the tenon of a beam for the end of a joist 
to enter into and to rest. Syn. Fr. Espace- 
ment—pron. ess-pass-mangt ; also Echappe- 
ment (from échapper, to escape from, as 
where a beam is readily or easily taken out 
of its seat) — pron. eh-shapp-mahn ; also 
Entredeux—hiterally “‘ between two” bodies 
or surfaces, as between the two sides of a 
tenon, which includes the idea of an en- 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ro 


closing or receiving space ; Ger. Zwischen- 
raum—i.e. a between space or room—pron, 
tsvish-enn-rowm (ow as in cow). 

Rope, in Construction, as in the hoisting 
rope used to lift materials with by the crab 
or winch, the rope to tie the parts of the 
scaffolding in brickwork. Der. From the Old 
English rap, a cord made strong by twining 
several smallercordstogether. Syn. Fr. Corde 
—pron. korrd; also for ropes, Cordage—pron. 
korr-dahj ; Ger. Letne—pron. line-eh; also 
Steep, from which our word rope is derived ; 
also Seil—pron. zile; also Tau, a cable or 
rope—pron. tou. Syn. Fr. for “ tarred rope,” 
Corde goudronnée (from goudron, tar)—pron. 
goo-dron-nay; also Cordage noir—literally 
“black ropes’’—pron. nwahr ; Ger. Getheerte- 
leine (from Theer, tar, or theeren, to tar) 
—pron, geh-tare-tay-line-eh. Syn. Fr. for 
“pulley rope,’ Chable — pron, shah-bell; 
Ger. Koll-leine; also Flaschenzugseil—pron, 
flash-enn-tsoog-zile. Syn. Fr. for “ scatfold- 
ing rope,’ Chabot—pron. shah-boh; Ger, 
Geriistenseil (das Geriiste, the scaftold)—pron, 
geh-ruest-enn-zile; also Tauwwerk am Geriiste 
—pron. tow-vairrk am geh-reust-teh. Syn. 
Fr, for “knotted rope,” Cordage nouée— 
pron. noo-eh ; Ger. Tau or Seil mit Knépfen 
—literally “ropes with knobs” or projecting 
heads — pron. knoepp-fen, Syn. Fr. for 
“ropemaking,” Comderie—pron. korr-der-ree ; 
Ger. Seilerei—pron. zile-er-eye; also Seiler- or 
Tauerarbeit—pron. tou-err-arr-bite (tow like 
cow). Syn. Fr. for “ropemaker,” Cordier— 
pron. kohr-dee-eh ; Ger. Seiler—pron. zile- 
err ; also Reepmacher—pron. reep-makk-err. 
Syn. Fr. for a “rope-walk,” Corderie ; Ger. 
Seilenschldgeret — pron,  sile-en-shlay-gerr- 
eye. 

Rose Window, in Architecture. A 
window chiefly shown in Gothic buildings, 
circular in form, the interior space being 
filled in with tracery work, the main parts of 
which, in some instances, radiate like the 
spokes of a wheel. Some of the rose 
windows in cathedrals are very beautiful in 
design. Der. From the Latin rosa, the 
flower so esteemed by all. Some philolo- 
gists conceive that this comes from the 
Greek rhodon, allied to the Greek word forred 
—eruthrus. Syn. Fr. Fenétre en rosée—pron, 
feh-nay-terr ahn roh-zay ; Ger. Fensterrose— 
pron. fenn-ster-ro-zeh. Syn. Fr. for ‘‘ rose- 
work,” Rosace—pronv. roh-zahss; also Roson 
—pron. roh-song; Ger. Rosette—pron. roh- 
zett ; also Einsetzrose—pron. ine-sets-ro-zeh. 
“ Rosewood,” a species of wood red and 
warm in colour, and more or less richly 
grained, much used in cabinet-making : Syn. 
Fr. Bois de Rhodes or de Chypre—that is, 
“‘ wood of Rhodes or of Cyprus ”—pron. bwah 
deh rode, deh chee-perr ; Ger. Rhodeser Holz 
—pron. roh-day-zerr holts; also Rosenholz 
or Cypernholz—pron. tsee-perrn-hollts, Syn: 
Fr. for “rose colour,” in painting, a rich; 


124 


ro 


soft pale-red, Couleur de rose, or simply Rose 
—pron. kooh-leurr deh rose; Ger. Rosenfarbe 
—literally “rose paint’’—pron., ro-zenn-fahr- 
beh. 

Rot, in Materials. A term used to indicate 
some species of decay, the best known of 
which is the “dry rot” in timbers of a house. 
Der. From the Old English rotian, to become 
decayed or putrid. Syn. Fr. for “to rot,” 
or “to become rotten,” Tomber en pourriture 
—literally “to fall into decay or rotten- 
ness’? (from pourrer, to rot)—pron. tohm- 
bay ahn poor-ee-tuehr; Ger. in Féulniss 
iibergehen—literally “to go over to rotten- 
ness or decay’ — pron. fowl-niss ueh-berr- 
gay-enn. Syn. Fr. for “dry rot” in timber, 
Bois en pourriture scche—pron. bwah ahn 
poor-ee-tuehr saysh; also Bois carié séche 
—pron. kah-ree-eh — from carier, to rot 
(carious). Syn. Fr. for “ wet or damp rot,” 
Pourriture humide—pron. you-meed; Ger. 
nasse Ftéulniss. 

Rotten Stone, or Brick, in Materials. 
A term used to indicate a soft, friable, 
crumbling-away condition. Syn. Fr. for 
rotten material used in construction, Carié 
or Pourie—pron. kah-ree-eh, pooh-ree ; also 
Friable—pron. free-ah-bell; also Facile a 
rompre—t.e, easy to break—pron. fah-seel 
ah rom-perr; also Mow (mooh) or Facile a 
détacher—i.e. easy to detach (one piece from 
the other)—pron. fah-seel ah day-tahsh-eh ; 
also Pourie—pron. pooh-ree; Ger. Ver/ault 
—pron. ferr-fowlt ; also Weich—pron. vych 
(g hard); also Zerreiblich, friable (from 
zerreiben, to rub asunder, to dismember)— 
pron. tzerr-eye-bleech; also Zerbrechlich, 
breakable, brittle (from zerbrechen, to break 
to pieces, to fracture)—pron. tserr-brech- 
lich, Syn. Fr. for the rotting of wood, 
Pourriture du bois—pron. poor-ee-toohr degh 
bwah. 

Rough, in Materials. Synonymous with 
coarse generally, but specially as indicating 
material in what may be called its natural 
condition, as sawn boards or planks, before 
being dressed —that is, made smooth in 
surface by means of the plane. Der. From 
the Old English rug or ruh or hreof, that 
which is*not smooth, or uneven in surface. 
Syn. Fr. (for the general term) Grosster—pron. 
groh-see-eh ; also Raflewx—pron. rah-fleugh ; 
Ger. Rauh, Grob, coarse—pron. row (ow as 
In cow), grop. Syn. Fr. for “ roughen,” 
Dégrossir—pron. day-groh-seer ; also Dégau- 
chir— pron. day-go-sheer; Ger. Bewald- 
rechten (from bewaldet, woody)—pron. bay- 
vald-rech-tenn; also Aus dem groben 
behauen—pron. ouss dame groh-benn bay- 
how-enn. Syn. Fr. for “to roughen ”—for 
which there is a synonym in plastering in 
the term “pricking up,” roughening the 
surface of planks of wood, for which the 
Fr. syn. is Piquer les pans de bois (pron. 
pee-kay lay pahn deh bwah)—of blocks of 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ro 


stone, Piquer les pans de pierre—pron. deh 
pee-airr ; Ger. abzuputzende Steine aufhauen 
— pron. app-tsoo-put-tsen-de stine-eh ouf- 
how-enn. Syn. Fr. for “ roughness,” Jnégalité 
—pron. inn-ay-gal-ee-tay ; also Grossié¢reté¢— 
pron. groh-see-airr-tay ; Ger. Rauhigkeit— 
pron. row-ich-kite ; also Rohheit—pron. roh- 
hite; also Grobheit—pron. grop-hite. Syn. 
Fr. for “ roughing,’ Degrossi—pron. day- 
gross-ee; Ger. Groben. 

Rough Cast, in Materials and Plastering. 
Rough-cast as a material is composed of 
fine gravel well washed in water to free it 
from soil, etc. It is then mixed and well 
stirred up with a fluid of lime and water, 
Syn. Fr. Hourdage (from hourder, to do 
rough work)—pron, hoor-dahj]; also Hnduit 
hourde—literally “rouzh plastering or lay- 
ing on’”—pron. ahn-dwee hoor-day; Ger. 
Rauhputz; also Rauhwerk—pron. row-pootz 
or -vairrk; also Berapp (from berappen, to 
rough cast). To “rough cast.” a wall in 
plastering is first to give the outside wall a 
pricking-up coat of lime and hair, then a 
second coat worked smooth, and over this 
while soft the rough cast or prepared gravel 
is thrown or plastered up against the surface, 
the pebbles sticking or adhering to it. This 
affords a coat or covering to an outside wall 
rougher in appearance, but much cheaper, 
than stucco or cement. Syn. Fr. Gobeter— 
pron. goh-beh-tay ; also Kavaler un mur— 
pron. rah-vall-eh uhn muehr; Ger. Berappen 
— pron. beh-rapp-enn; also eine Mauer 
abputzen (from putzen, to dress, to trim)— 
pron. ine-eh mow-err ap-poots-enn. 

Roughing-in, in Plastering, is the first 
coat of plaster put on in three-coat work. 

Rough Rendering, in Plastering, is the 
giving of one coat of plaster only, and this 
left rough on the surface. 

Rough Strings, in Staircasing. Rough, 
unplaned pieces of timber placed under the 
steps of a stair to support them, the ends of 
which are secured to vertical struts. 

Rough Walling, in Masonry. A synonym 
for rough rubble work (which see)—walls 
constructed without mortar, or what is called 
otherwise “dry stone walling,” and prac- 
tised in rural districts where stone is plen- 
tiful. Syn. Fr. Limosinaye—pron. lee-moh- 
zeen-ahj; also Maconnerie limosiné—pron. 
mah-son-ner-ree lee-moh-zeen-eh; Ger. 
Bruchsteinmauerwerk — pron. brooh-stine- 
mow-err-vairrk. 

Round, in Construction. A term used to 
indicate that a body, as a block of stone or 
piece of wood, has its surface a part of a 
circle, cylinder, or sphere. The term half- 
round, for example, indicates that the body 
has its surface half a cylinder, or its section 
is half of a circle, and this is otherwise 
called a ‘‘bead.” The moulding “ ovolo” is 
sometimes called a “ quarter-round,” indi- 
cating that its section is the fourth of a 


125 


ro 


circle or of a cylinder. Der. From the French 
ronde, and this from the Latin rotundus, and 
this again from rota,a wheel. Syn. Fr. for 
“round,” Cylindrique—pron. see-leen-dreek ; 
also Sphériqgue—pron. sphare-eek ; also Circu- 
laire—pron. sere-kooh-lairr; also kond—pron, 
rohnd; also Arrondie—pron. ah-ronn-dee ; 
Ger Rund—pron. roohnd ; also Cylindrisch 
—pron. see-linn-drish ; also Sphdrisch—pron. 
sfair-ish. Syn. Fr. for “to round,” Gourbiller 
— pron. goohr-beel-yea ; also Gouriller — 
pron. gooh-reel-eh ; Ger. Ausrunden or Auf- 
runden—pron. owss- or owf-roon-den. Syn. 
Fr. for “to round off,” Arrondir—pron. ah- 
rong-derr; Ger. Abrunden—pron. ahb-roon- 
denn. 

Round Edge, in Construction. Syn. Fr. 
Barbe—pron. bahrrb; Ger. Rundkante—pron. 
roohnd-kann-teh, Syn. Fr. for “round head,” 
Téte en rond—pron. tate ahn rohn, 

Rounding off, in Construction. A term 
often used as synonymous with finishing 
off or completing, Syn. Fr. Arrondissage— 
pron. ah-ronn-deess-ahj ; Ger, Arrondiren— 
pron, ah-ronn-deer-enn ; also Abrunden — 
pron. app-roon-denn. Syn. Fr. for “ round- 
ing of” in posts or timber supports, Para- 
close—pron. pahr-ah-kloss ; Ger. Querbalken 
mit Pfeilern—i.e. beams laid across the head 
of piles—pron. quairr-bahl-kenn mit pfy- 
lairrn. 

Round Ridge, in Roof Construction. A 
ridge which is finished off with a round or 
circular surface—sometimes termed a roll- 
ridge—in place of with a sharp edge, Syn. 
Fr. Fait en rond—pron. fate ahn rohnn ; also 
Fait cylindrique ; Ger. Rundfirste — pron. 
roond-firr-steh. 

Round Timber, in Materials. That is, 
wood or timber used in the natural form of 
boles or trunks and large branches, of form 
not squared as in balks or beams, or cut 
up into planks or battens. The term is 
synonymous with “home-grown timber ”— 
that is, obtained from trees grown in our 
own country — such as oak, ash, elm, beech, 
poplar, larch, etc., not imported from abroad 
as in the case of pine or fir, all of which is 
sold in the form of square balks, flat planks, 
and battens. “ Hard timber” is sometimes 
used as synonymous with round timber, as 
formerly oak was the chief timber sold by 
the home-grown-timber merchant. Round 
timber is used for a wide variety of pur- 
poses, such as for props in coal and other 
mines, bricklayers’ scaffolding, telegraph 
poles, river improvement, embankment 
work, and the like. Syn. Fr. Bois en grume 
—literally “ uncleft wood ”—pron. bwah ahn 
groohm ; also Bois encylindrique ; Ger, Rund- 
holz—pron. roond - hoitz- ; also cylindrisches 
Holz—pron. see-linn-drish-ess holtz, 

Rub, in Masonry. A term synonymous 
with to make smooth, polish, to grind, as 
polishing or making the surface of a stone 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ru 


by working over it with another stone; the 
operation in masonry being done, or facili- 
tated, by the use of water. Der. From the 
German reiben, to move one body over the 
surface of another. Syn. Fr. Frotter— 
pron. frot-tay ; also Poli, to polish; Ger, 
Reiben — pron. ribe-enn. Syn. Fr. for 
“rubbing,” Frettage—pron. frot-tahj; Ger, 
Scheuern—pron. shoi-errn. 

Rubbish, in Building. A term generally 
used to indicate the material used in forming 
the foundation sites of houses, composed 
of a wide variety of materials, such as soil, 
broken bricks, tiles, pots, stones, and all the 
varieties of substances met with in what is 
popularly understood by the term. The 
presence of decaying organic substances in 
rubbish used for foundations of houses is a 
fruitful source of unequal settlement in the 
walls, and of disease amongst the inhabit- 
ants. The term is also employed to designate 
the débris of materials, as stone chippings, 
pieces of brick, mortar, shavings, sawdust, 
etc. Syn. Fr. Décombres—pron. day-kohng- 
berr ; also Rebut — pron. ray-bueh; also 
Gravois—pron, grahy-wah ; also Copeaua— 
pron. kopp-oh ; also Guenilles— pron. gwenn- 


eel; also Hboulis—pron. eh-bool-ee; also 
Balayures (from balayer, to sweep)—literally 
“sweepings ” — pron. bay-lay-euhrr; also 
Debris—pron. day-bree ; Ger. Schutt—pron. 
shut (the ut as in the verb put) ; also Abfall; 
also Kehricht—pron. keh-richt; also Stein- 
schutt, Holzschutt, Ziegelschutt, Mértelschutt, 
in the sense of being the rubbish of stones, 
wood, bricks, and mortar ; also Bruchschutt 
—pron. brooch-shut. Syn. Fr. for “to remove 
rubbish,” Décombrer—pron. day-kohng-bray; 
Ger. Schutt wegreinigen—pron. shut vehg- 
rine-ee-genn. 

Rubbish Shoot, in Building. The tem- 
porary place for depositing rubbish, as on 
the site of a building, to be used in forming 
the foundation, or to fill up spaces to the 
desired level. Syn. Fr. Gravois décharge— 
pron. grawv-wah day-shargh—or Décharge 
publique—pron. pue-bleek—i.e. a place where 
any one is free to unload or shoot rubbish ; 
Ger. Schuttplatz—i.e. rubbish place—pron, 
shut-plahts. 

Rubble Work, in Masonry. Called also 
“rough rubble.” Walls set in or constructed 
with rough stones—that is, undressed, or as 
taken from the quarry, etc. The stones are 
either set in mortar, or are placed together 
without mortar, the solidity of the wall 
being secured by their weight, and by their 
being so placed in relation to one another 
that they will interlock or bond with each 
other (see Bond). This species of wall is 
termed dry walling, and is confined to walls 
of low height or elevation, such as walls for 
enclosing spaces or fields. Syn. Fr. Macon- 
nerie en moellon (moellon, rough or rag 
stone) — pron, mah-sonn-er-ree ahn moh- 


126 


ru 


ell-ohn; Ger. Feldsteinmauerwerk—literally 
“ field-stone-wall-work,” meaning that the 
stones are those picked up in fields, etc., 
as distinguished from those taken out of 
quarries — pron. felt-stine-mow-err-vairrk ; 
also Rauhbrechsteinwerk. “Coursed Rubble” 
walling is that in which the stones are 
partly squared and rough-dressed, so as to 
give fine joints, though the courses may not 
be uniform in depth or height or in level. 
Syn. Fr. Magonnerie en moellon pique (peek- 
eh); Ger. dressirtes Bruchsteinmauerwerk; also 
dressirte (dray-serr-tay) Knackwerk (from 
knacken, to crack or break off, as the pro- 
jecting edge or corner of a rough, uneven- 
shaped stone. Syn. Fr. for “rubble stone,” 
Pierre brute—pron. pee-airr bruet; Ger. 
Bruchstein—:pron. brooch-stine. Syn. Fr. 
for “rubble pavement ”—that is, pavement 
or footpath made with rough stones, some- 
times also called pebble pavement, Pavé en 
blocages—pron. pah-vay abn bloh-kahj; also 
en remplage; Ger. Pflaster mit kleinen Steinen 
—i.e. with little stones or pebbles—pron. 
pflah-sterr mit kline-en stine-en. 

Rule, in Tools and Appliances used in 
Construction. The term is in some cases 
synonymous with “straight edge ”—that is, 
a flat, narrow and comparatively thin piece 
of wood—say three to five inches broad, 
half an inch thick, and from six to ten feet 
in length—with the edges parallel to each 
other and square—that ws, at right angles to 
the surface or faces. The straight-edge or 
rule is used to draw straight lines, and 
adjust parts of objects so that they will lie 
in the same plane or have their edges or 
surfaces flush. The term rule is also applied 
to a measure, as the “ foot rule,” the ‘ two- 
foot rule ”—the latter generally designated 
by mechanics as the “ two-foot.” Der. Our 
word rule comes from the French régle, and 
this from the Latin regula, which again 
comes from regere, to direct or set straight. 
Syn. Fr. for “rule,” Regle—pron. ray-g'll ; 
also Echelle—that is, a “ scale” (in the sense 
of having a scale of equal parts marked on 
it, as feet and inches)—pron. eh-shell; also 
Pied—that is, a foot rule—pron. pee-aid ; 
also Métre — that is, a metre scale, the 
standard of the French metrical scale of 
measures of length or surface—pron. mait- 
err. The more correct or definite synonyms 
for these last two would be Echelle pied—i.e. 
foot scale or rule; Echelle métre—i.e. metre 
scale or rule ; another term is Norme; Ger. 
Maszstab — literally “a measure staff or 
rod”; also Regel, a rule—pron. reh-gell ; 
also Zollstab—pron. tsoll-stahb—i.e. “an inch 
stake or rod”; also Norm. Syn. Fr. for a 
“two-foot rule,” Mesure or Echelle de deux 
vieds—pron. may-zeuhr or eh-shell deh devh 
pee-aid ; Ger. Maszstab or Zollstab mit zwei 
Fuss, or zweifuss Maszstab. Syn. Fr. for a 
“jointed rule,” so as to fold up into a short 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ru 


one, Regle pliante—pron. ray-g’ll plee-ahnt ; 
also Régle brisée—literally “a broken rule ” 
—that is, not in one continued piece, the 
length being interrupted by the joint or 
joints—pron, ray-g’ll breeze-ay ; Ger. Regel 
mit Gewinde—pron. reh-gell mit gay-vinn 
deh. Syn. Fr. for a “straight-edge rule,” 
Equerre—pron. eh-kare; a better term is 
Tire-ligne—that is, a line drawer—pron. teer- 
leen, Ger. Richtscheit—pron. reeght-shite—- 
literally “a rule for wood logs’; a more 
definite term is Linienzieher (from ziehen, to 
draw )—pron. lee-ne-enn-tzee-herr. 

Run, in Building. A term used in several 
ways—as to “run up a wall”—that is, to 
build or erect it. The expression is gene- 
rally associated with work more or less 
quickly, and therefore not so well, done as 
in other work. Der. From the Old English 
rennan, to go over the ground at a greater 
speed than by walking over it. Syn. Fr. for 
this expression, Elever wun mur—pron. eh-leuv- 
vay uhn muehr; Ger. eine Mauer auf-,or errich- 
ten—pron.i-neh mow-err owff-or err-rich-tenn, 
Another expression in which the word run is 
met withis “so much (meaning the price) 
per foot or yard run’’—that is, where a suc- 
cession or length of feet or measurements 
is to be taken. The technical term is 
“per running foot.” Syn. Fr. for “run” in 
this sense, Cowrant—pron. kohr-ahn ; Ger. 
ganze Linge—ti.e. the whole length—pron. 
gahn-tseh leng-eh. 

Rung, or Rundle, in Joinery. The cross 
or transverse bars of a ladder connecting 
and separating the two side-pieces. They 
represent the steps of an ordinary staircase, 
but are also used for holding on by the hand 
while ascending or descending the ladder— 
this being necessary for safety, as a ladder 
is not only tall, reaching to a great height, 
but is placed, if not vertically, at least at 
a very high angle. Syn. Fr. Lanterne—pron. 
lahn-tairrn; Ger. Laterne—pron. lah-terr- 
neh; also Leitertreppe—i.e. a ladder step— 
pron. lite-err-trep-peh. 

Rust, of Jron or Steel. A term used to 
indicate the red powdery substance which 
collects on the surface of iron exposed to 
the atmospheric effects, and, if means be 
not taken to prevent its formation, will 
ultimately destroy the metal. This rust or 
powder is produced by the action of the 
air, the oxygen present in it attacking the 
metal and producing a certain combination 
or compound known as oxide of iron. 
Rustless iron is iron subjected to what is 
called “ Barff’s process,” which may be 
popularly described as a method of giving 
to the surface of the iron a species of 
enamel which renders oxygenation impos- 
sible under the ordinary circumstances of 
exposure to the air. Der. From the Old 
English word precisely similar to ours. 
Syn. Fr. for “rust,” Rouwille de fer—pron. 


127 


ru 


rooh-eel deh fairr; Ger. Rost or Eisenrost— 
pron. i-zenn-rosst. 

Rustic Work, in Masonry. The term is 
applied where the surfaces of the stones are 
left very rough, just as if half finished in 
the work of dressing, rubbing, etc. Rustic 
work, strictly speaking, is that class of 
masonry in which the joints between the 
stones are worked in grooves, either rect- 
angular or angular in section; the other 
and rough-surfaced work being known more 
correctly as rockwork. Der. Our word rustic 
comes from the Latin rusticus, and this from 
rus, ruris, the country. Syn. Fr. for rustic 
work, Bossage—pron. boh-sahj ; Ger. Rustik- 
werk—pron. rooh-steek-vairrk. Syn. Fr. for 
“rustic quoin,’ Dowelle— pron. dooheell ; 
Ger. Bogenrundung—pron. boh-genn-roohn- 
doong. Syn. Fr. for “rusticated ashlar,” 
Pierre rustique—pron. pee-airr rueh-steek ; 
Ger. Bauerisches Werk—pron. boy - err - ish- 
vairrk. Syn. Fr. for “rustication,” Bossage 
rustique; Ger. Quadrirung—pron. qwahd- 
reer-oong. ‘‘ Vermiculated rusticated work,” 
in which the surface of the stones, chiefly 
those used for quoins, is worked or tooled 
to represent roughly the twistings of worms, 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


the whole presenting a continued series of 
curves in contrary directions: Syn. Fr, 
Bossage vermiculaire or Pierre rustique ver- 
miculaire — pron. verr-meek-yue-lairr; Ger, 
Nudel- (vermicelli) rustikwerk—pron. nooh- 
dell roos-teek-vairk. 

Rust Joint, in Plumbing. <A joint, as 
in fitting up of kitchen-range, boilers, hot- 
water pipes, etc., made water-tight by a 
lute or cement made of iron filings or 
borings mixed with water and sal-ammoniac. 
The ammoniacal solution promotes the rapid 
production of rust in, or oxygenation of, 
the metal; and this “rust,” placed between 
two surfaces and these tightly screwed or 
riveted up, hardens quickly into a sub- 
stance closely resembling metal, and gives 
a water-tight joint. Syn. Fr. Joint au 
mastic ow cement défonté ou fer — pron. 
jwahnt oh maw-steek ooh see-mahn day- 
fohn-tay ooh ferr. Syn. Fr. for to “rub or 
polish off the rust,” Dérouiller—pron. day- 
rool-yea ; Ger. Rost abnehmen—literally “to 
take off the rust”—pron. roost app-nay- 
menn. Syn. Fr. for “ rustiness,” Rouwillure 
—pron. roo-eel-yuehr; Ger. Verrosten— 
pron. fer-rosst-enn. 


S 


Sag, To, 7n Construction. A term. used to 
indicate the bending or deflection of a beam 
in the centre, which is supported at both 
ends. Der. From the Old English zaaken, 
to sink or fall down, which gives a good idea 
of what the sagging of a beam is—sinking 
or falling down—the greatest point of de- 
scent being at the point midway between 
the two points of support or bearing sur- 
faces, Syn. Fr. Courber—pron. koohr-bay, to 
bend; also Décliner, to deflect—pron. day- 
kleen-ay ; also Dévier—pron. day-vee-ay, to 
deviate; Ger. Absenken; also Abweichen— 
pron. app-vych-enn. 

Sagging of a Beam. The amount of 
bend or deflection in a beam brought about 
by the action of its own weight, or through 
the pressure or load put upon it. To 
counteract this, “ camber” (which see) is 
given to the beam. Syn. Fr. Déviation d’une 
poutre—pron. day-vee-ah-see-on doohn pooh- 
terr; Ger. Balkenabweichung— pron. bahl- 
kenn-app-vych-oong. 

Sailing Course, in Bricklaying. Courses 
made at intervals in the raising of a wall 
in which the bricks project a part of their 
length in some definite proportion. These 
projecting parts are left in order to admit 
of a new or extended wall being afterwards 
atts to bond in with the part originally 

ult. 

Sand, in Materials. The minute particles 
of disintegrated stone, the result of long- 
continued attrition or grinding of stones 


one upon another by the power of moving 
water. Sand is divided, in a building sand, 
into three great classes—sea sand, pit or 
inland sand, and river sand. The first-named 
of these should never be used for the making 
of mortar, as the salt contained in it makes 
the sand highly hygrometric, and thus it 
gets damp, more or less, in all unfavourable 
changes of the atmosphere. Inland or pit 
sand is generally free from salt, but if not 
far removed from the sea margin is apt to 
be a little, in many cases very, salt, as the 
sea has, in times more or less remote, flowed 
over the land surface. The best sand for 
building purposes is river sand, and for the 
best work is always specified to be washed 
in water, to rid it of all vegetable and 
extraneous matter. The word is the same 
in spelling in the Old English as ours: the 
fine grains or portions of a stone rubbed 
down or crushed down. Syn. Fr. Sable—pron. 
sah-bell; Ger. der Sand—pron. dare zant ; 
Syn. Fr. for “fine sand,” Sable fin or Sablon— 
pron. sah-bell fan, or sah-blon ; Ger. fener 
Sand — pron. fine-err zant. Syn. Fr. for 
“coarse sand,” Gravier—pron. grah-veay ; 
Ger. grober Sand — pron. groh-berr zant. 
Syn. Fr. for “river-bank sand,” Gréve—pron. 
grave; Ger. Mauerkies — pron, mow-err- 
keess. Syn. Fr. for “loamy sand,” Sable a 
moules or &@ mouler—pron. sah-bell ah mool, 
moo-lay ; Ger. fetter Formsand—pron. fett- 
err fohrm-zant. Syn. Fr. for “ clayey sand,” 
Sable argile— pron. sah-bell ahr-jheel, or 


128 


en Nap oe 
aim 4 a: 


be, wy 
' 
hepa 


WISI 


| = SMT 


re = 
age: 


lil 


i 


5 Og pann 
: NIDA KS 
4 C taj 
a 
— 
— 
Picwatkis 


a 


a = SS 
ay =: > iA 


Wa 4°38 WK. = TT UT] LSTA 

=a — SSS 

=a SS Geaicimmuaanaannan 
1 


iawn 


| | 
Th 
Plate XV.—Terms in Carpentry—Partitions and Roofs; in Joinery :—Panels. 


Pig..2 


6 


b= 


= 
S| | 
TSS 
c ef 


: , 


——] 


4, 


il 


di, 


B co 
Steg —— at 
aiietbaue yA 

1 * oF 


lala 


Plate XVI.—Terms in Carpentry :—Roofs, Partitions. 


' “—_ _ 7 eo + — 
oe er ee 
* - . «it x. 
* . 4 aan ‘. 
os * 


6a ._-—C ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


Rabot—pron. rah-boh ; for “fine, sharp, hard 
sand,” Sable fin or Sablon—pron, sah-bell 
fan, or sah-blon. 

Sand Paper, in Joinery. A thick, tough 
paper, the surface of which is covered with 
powdered glass of varying degrees of fineness 
and sharpness. It is sold in sheets, and is 
used by joiners, cabinet-makers and the like, 
to make the surfaces of parts of their work 
very smooth. The more correct name is 
“glass paper,’ the term “sand” being 
chiefly confined to Scotland. <A very effec- 
tive and durable sand or glass paper 1s now 
made with the powder or fine particles of 
_ a specially hard quartzose rock found in 
Germany. Syn. Fr. for “sand paper,” Papier 
sable ; for “ glass paper,’ Papier de verre— 
pron. pah-pee-eh sah-bell, or deh vairr; Ger. 
Sandpapier or Glaspapier—pron. zant- (or 
glass) pah-peerr. . 

Sand Pit. The hole or excavation made 
in sandy soil, or the part opened up at the 
side of a river bank, or sandy inland bank, 
from which supplies of sand for building 
purposes are taken. Syn. Fr. Sabliere (sah- 
blee-airr) or Sabloniére— pron. sah-blohn- 
yairr; Ger. Sandgrube or Kiesgrube—pron. 
zant- or kees-grooh-beh. - 

Sandstone, in Materials. A stone of 
_ which the base is sand of different qualities. 
It is easily worked, and some kinds—as that 
known as freestone—is capable of being 
brought to a very fine and smooth surface. 
Syn. Fr. Grés dur—pron. gray-doohr ; Ger. 
Sandstein—pron. zant-stine. Syn. Fr. for 
“argillaceous or clayey sandstone,” Gres 
argileux — pron. graze ahr-jeil-euh; Ger. 
Thonsandstein—pron. tone-zant-stine. Syn. 
Fr. for “calcareous or limey sandstone,” 
Gres calcareux—pron. gray kall-karr-euh. 
Syn. Fr. for “hard sandstone,’ Grognard— 
pron. grong-yahrd; Ger. Hartsandstein. 
Syn. Fr. for “ soft sandstone,” Gres mou or 
moule or doux—pron. gray mooh, moohl, 
doo; Ger. Weichsandstein—pron. vyche-zant- 
stine. Syn. Fr. for “marly sandstone,” 
Grés de marneux—pron. gray deh mahr- 
neuh ; Ger. Mergelsandstein — pron. merr- 
gell-zant-stine. Syn. Fr. for “new red 
sandstone,” Gres keuprique— pron. gray 
cuh-preek ; Ger. Keuperbildung—pron. koy- 
perr-bill-doong. Syn. Fr. for “refractory 
sandstone or fine sandstone,’ for lining 
bakers’ ovens, etc., Chemise de louvrage— 
pron. sheu-meeze deh loov-rahj; Ger. Ge- 
stellsteine—pron. ges-stell-stine-eh. Syn. Fr. 
for “masonry or wall work in sandstone,” 
Magonnerie en grés-- pron. mah-sonn-ner- 
ree ahn gray, or Gresserie—pron. grayse-er- 
ree; Ger. Sandsteinmauer—pron. zant-stine- 
mow-err. 

Sandstone Quarry. Syn. Fr. Gresserie 
—pron. gress-er-ree ; Ger. Sandsteinlager— 
pron. zant-stine-lah-gerr. 

Sandy, in Soils for Building. Syn. Fr. 


em 


_ 


sa 


Sabloneux — pron. sah - blon-neuh; Ger, 
Sandig—pron. zann-dich. 

Sanitary Science, in Building. The 
science which relates to the design and 
construction of appliances and arrangements 
in and around structures, chiefly domestic, 
by which the health of the inhabitants can 
be promoted and maintained. The locality, 
site, aspect of a house, the drainage of the 
site, the sewage and water-closet arrange- 
ments, the water supply, the ventilation, 
warming and lighting of houses, all come 
within the dominion of sanitary science. 
Der. The term sanitary comes from the 
Latin sanitas, health, and science from the 
Latin scientia, knowing or knowledge ; and 
this from sciens and scire, to know—that 
is, the knowledge of the laws relating to 
and controlling health. Syn. Fr. Science 
sanitaire—pron, sah-nee-tare, or Science hy- 


" giéne — pron. see-ahnss hee-jee-enn ; Ger. 


Gesundheitskenntniss. 

Sash, in Joinery. The timber frame the 
spaces or interstices of which carry or are 
filled in with the panes of glass, The frame 
is made up of two horizontal parts united 
by vertical bars. The bottom horizontal 
bar is called the bottom bar, the upper the 
head, and the vertical bars the styles. The 
space enclosed by these pieces is, in superior 
windows, wholly filled in with a large sheet 
of plate glass (which see). In windows for 
cheaply constructed houses, the panes or 
sheets of glass are much smaller in surface, 
and are supported or carried by horizontal 
and vertical bars called sash bars (see 
below). A “sash,” considered as a whole, 
consists of two parts, called “leaves” or 
“lights” or “sheets” —the one being 
termed the “ upper,” the other the “lower” 
sheet, or, now better known, the ‘‘ sash.” 
The sheets are raised or lowered by the 
action of a cast-iron “sash weight,” sus- 
pended by ropes or chains, which pass 
over pulleys which have their bearings in 
that part of the window frame built into 
the wall, which is called the “ pulley style.” 
When both the upper and lower sheets are 
capable of being raised or lowered, the 
window is said to be “double hung.” In 
houses of the poorer classes the lower sash 
only is “hung,” while in some the sash as 
a whole is fixed, so that no air can be 
admitted by, or allowed to escape through, 
the opening of the sash or window; so 
that in houses where it is most required a 
wretched economy prevents all the ventila- 
tion being secured which a well constructed 
and arranged window or sash-light can give. 
Syn. Fr. for sash, Fenétre croisée — pron, 
feh-neh-terr krwah-zay, or une Croisée ; Ger. 
Fenstergertihme — pron, fenn-sterr-geh-ray- 
meh, Syn. Fr. for “sliding sash window’ 
(horizontally), Fenétre a coulisse—ie. a 
sliding, not a fixed window—pron. feh-nay- 


129 9 


sa 


terr ah kool-eess; Ger. Schiebfenster (from 
schieben, to slide, to move)—pron. sheep- 
fenn-ster. Syn. Fr. for “lifting or vertical 
sash window,” Fenétre & guillotine—pron. 
feh-nay-terr ah geel-yoh-teen ; also Wenétre 
trappe—i.e. a drop window—pron. trahp. 
Syn. Fr. for “framing of sash-windows,” 
Fenétre croisée—pron. feh-nay-terr_ krwah- 
zay ; Ger. Fensterrahmwerk (from rahmen, to 
frame, to edge, to border—the framework 
being the border of the glass of a window)— 
pron. fenn-sterr-rahm-vairrk. For a “case- 
ment window ”—in this country frequently 
termed a “French window,” as borrowed from 
France,and as used almost universally in that 
country—Syn. Fr. Croisée; when with cir- 
cular head, Croisée cintrée—pron. san-tray ; 
Ger. Bogenfensterrahmen—pron. boh-genn- 
fenn-sterr-rah-menn. Syn. Fr. for ‘sash 
window groove,” Chassis coulante or coulisse 
(from couler [kooh-lay], to flow, to slide 
along); Ger. Schiebernath (from schieben, to 
slide)—pron. shu-berr-nath. Syn. Fr. for 
“sash pulleys,’ in a vertically “ hung ” 
window, Roulettes « chassis—pron. rooh-let 
ah shah-see; Ger. Fensterrahmrollen—pron. 
fenn-stare-rahm-roll-en. Syn. Fr. for “sash 
line ”’—i.e. the rope, cord, or chain by which 
the sashes are balanced and hung — Corde 
pour une fenctre a la guillotine; Ger. Strick 
von Fallfenster—literally “cord of a falling 
window ’—pron. streek vonn fahl-fenn-sterr. 
Syn. Fr. for ‘‘sash bolt,” Targette (a little 
bolt) de chassis—pron. tahr-gett day shah- 
see; Ger. Sensterriegel (from riegeln, to 
bolt, to secure) — pron. fenn-sterr-ree-gell. 
Syn. Fr. for “window lifters ”—that is, 
the brass hooks or thumb rings fixed to 
lower rail, Monte-chassis—pron. mongt-shah- 
see; Ger. Fensterheber (from heben, to lift) 
—pron. hee-berr. 

Sash Bars, in Joinery. The small- 
sectioned bars, horizontal and _ vertical, 
which divide the interior space of a sash 
into small compartments, which are filled 
in with panes of glass. The bars are of 
different form in section, and are all pro- 
vided with a recessed part or rebate at back, 
upon which the panes of glass rest and are 
fixed by putty. The term “astragal’’ is 
sometimes used as synonymous with sash bar, 
especially in the north. Syn. Fr. for “sash 
panes” (of glass), Panneau de fenctre—pron. 
pah-noh deh fen-nait-terr ; Ger. Fensterglas- 
scheibe—pron. fenn-sterr-glass-shibe-eh. 

Sash Door, in Joinery. Sometimes called 

glass or casement door. <A door generally 
used internally, as in a lobby, dividing or 
separating the back part of a house from 
’ the front, but sometimes externally, as to 
an entrance door, or as a second entrance 
door entering immediately upon the lobby 
or hall, balcony or spare vestibule, between 
front door and it, Syn. Fr. Portechdssis ; 
Ger, Fensterthiir. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


$2 


Saw, in Tools. The implement by which 
the dividing or separating of wood or timber 
is done. The saw assumes different forms, 
and is known by differing names according 
to the purpose for which they are used; but 
in all the distinguishing feature is the teeth, 
These may be described as triangular wedges 
cut out in succession from the edge of a 
thin, flat steel blade, to the end of which is 
fixed the handle, by which the saw is worked. 
The base of all the wedges is the solid part 
of the blade, so that two sides only of each 
is exposed, and these edges are filed or 
sharpened into knife edges. The projecting 
edges are not in line—that is, the faces upper 
and lower are not in the same plane with 
the surface of the blade or with each other 
But the wedges are forced or punched out 
of line—one say to the left, the other to the 
right—or, while one wedge is kept flush 
with the surface, the next wedge lying to 
it is punched back out of the line. The 
result is that the points or apices of the 
triangular wedges form a cutting edge to 
the saw of an irregular form. This placing 
of the teeth is called “setting of the saw,” 
as the filing their edges is termed “ sharp- 
ening.” ‘The set of the saw is that which 
enables the teeth to enter freely between 
the fibres of the wood in the work of sawing, 
and to clear themselves of the “sawdust” 
or small particles of wood separated by 
the teeth, and which sawdust is thrown 
out from the “saw draught” or line of 
sawing. Syn. Fr. for “saw,” Scie—pron. 
see; Ger. Stige—pron. zay-geh. Syn. Fr. 
for “to saw,” to “saw off,” Couper avec la 
scie—pron. koop-eh ah-veck Jah see; also 
Scier—pron. see-eh; also Couper—pron. 
kooh-pay; Ger. Sdgen—pron. zay-gen ; also 
Schneiden—pron, shnide-enn ; also Abséigen, 
to saw off. Syn. Fr. for “to set a saw,” 
Donner la voie aux dents d’une scie—pron. 
dohn-nay lah vwah oh dahn duehne see; 
Ger. Sdge schrdnken, aussetzen (schrdnken, to 
cross, to set a saw)—pron. zah-geh shraenk- 
enn, owss-set-zenn. Syn. Fr. for “sawing,” 
Coupement—pron. koop-mahn ; Ger. Sdgen. 
Syn. Fr. for “a ripping saw ’’—that is, a saw 
“set” so that it cuts or separates the wood in 
a line with or along the fibres of the wood 
longitudinally, or “ with the grain” of the 
wood—Scie a refendre (from fendre, to 
cleave, to split, to go through)—pron. see 
ah ray-fahn-derr’; also Harpon—pron. harr- 
pon; Ger. SLdngesige — wie. for cutting 
lengthways of a board or piece of wood ; 
also Brettsige — i.e. a board or plank 
saw. Syn. Fr. for a “cross-cut saw ’”— 
that is, a saw to cut across or trans- 
versely to the grain or line of fibres of 
the wood—Scie de travers—pron. see deh 
trah-vairr ; also Passepartout— pron. pass- 
pahr-too; also, as indicating the form of 
the teeth, Scie avec les dents en forme d’un 


130 


triangle equilatéral — that is, the teeth 
having the form of equal-sided triangles ; 
Ger, Quersdge, also in the sense of the form 
of the teeth. Syn. Fr. for “saw with a 
back” or stiffening piece, as a tenon or 
small handsaw, Scie & dos or Scie « dossure 
—pron. see ah doh or doss-uerr ; Ger. Sdge 
mit Riicken—pron. zay-geh mit ruek-enn. 
Syn. Fr. for “keyhole or fret saw,” a long, 
narrow, tapering saw to cut out parts with 
from the solid, the small end of the saw 
being entered through a hole bored by the 
brace-and-bit in the wood, Scie @entree— 
pron. see dahn-tray ; also Scie @ couteau (a 
“knife saw” literally )—pron. see ah koot-oh ; 
also Scie @ passe-partout—pron. see ah pass= 
pahr-too-s Ger. Lochsége—pron. loch-zay- 
geh; also Messerstige—literally “a knife 
saw”; also Stichspitzsdige — literally “a 
prick-pointed saw ”—pron, stich-spits-zay- 
geh. Syn. Fr. for “circular saw,” Scie 
circulaire—pron. see seer-kueh-lairr ; also 
Scie ronde—pron. rohnd; also Scie a lame 
(lahm) circulaire—literally “a circular sheet ” 
(or disk or plate) saw; Ger. Zickelsige — 
pron. tsick-ell; also Circularsiége ; also 
Kreissige (Kreis, a circle). “Endless band 
saw,” a narrow-bladed, thin, and very elastic 
saw, made like a driving strap or band, and 
like a strap passed round two pulleys, to one 
of which motion of revolution is given, so 
that a continuous motion is given to the 
band saw, the edge of which is serrated or 
toothed. The saw passes through a slot in 
a steel-faced flat table, on which the work 
(as fretwork) to be cut is placed, and by 
adjusting which in varied relation to the 
saw, which runs always ata fixed point in 
the plate, any outline can be given; and by 
entering the saw through a slot in the wood 
any interior pattern can be cut out of the 
solid part of the wood with great facility 
and accuracy. Syn. Fr. Scie sans fin—literally 
“saw without end”—pron., see sahn faihnn ; 
Ger. Bandsiige — pron. bant-zay-geh; also 
Sdge ohne Ende (“without end” )—pron. zay- 
gehoh-nehenn-deh. “ Frameor framed saw ” 
—that is, a frame in which a number of 
saw-blades are fixed at their ends, so as to 
present a series of cutting edges parallel to 
and at certain distances from each other. 
A vertical motion in alternated or up-and- 
down directions is given to the frame, so 
that when the end of a log or balk of wood 
is presented to the saws, they cut the log up 
into a series of narrow-edged or thin planks 
or boards, the thickness of which is regu- 
lated by the distance between the saws in 
the frame. By appropriate mechanism the 
framing which carries the log to be cut up 
is moved forward as the sawing progresses, 
the proportion between the speeds of both 
heing duly arranged for by the mechanism. 
Syn. Fr. Scie & monture, a mounted saw— 
pron. see ah mon-tuchr ; also Scie allemande ; 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, 


s2 


Ger. Gestellsige — pron. geh-stell-zay-geh. 
“Stone-cutter’s saw,” a thin, comparatively 
narrow blade of steel mounted in a frame, 
which is swung from the ends of another 
and a vertical frame, so that the saw can 
be moved to and fro horizontally across the 
face of the stone which is to be cut verti- 
cally into two or more portions. The 
saw is dragged to and fro by men one at 
each end of the block of stone. The cutting 
blade is aided in its work by the applica- 
tion of water; and its action is more that 
of abrading or rubbing down the particles 
of stone than of sawing proper, as the 
cutting or rubbing edge is not serrated or 
toothed, but plain. Syn. Fr. Scie a pierre 
—pron. see ah peeairr; Ger. Steinséige. 
“Saw mill,” a term given to indicate the 
house or works where wood is cut up 
into the various forms and dimensions 
required by the building trade. Syn. Fr. 
Scierie—pron. see-err-ee ; Ger. Sdgemiihle— 
pron. muehl-zay-geh. “Sawyer,” the work- 
man who works the saws, adjusts them, and 
arranges the wood to be sawn in relation 
to them. Syn. Fr. Scieur de bois—pron. see- 
euhr deuh bwah; Ger. SHolzsiiger — pron. 
hollts-zay-gerr. “ Sawpit,” the enclosed 
space or excavation made to aid the work 
of sawing heavy balks or logs or beams of 
wood into planks by manual labour. Blocks 
or battens of wood are thrown transversely 
across the upper part of pit, on which the 
balk to be cut up rests. The workman who 
directs or guides the saw along the line 
drawn or marked out on the upper face of 
the balk or log stands upon the log, and is 
hence called the “top sawyer ”—a phrase 
which is used often as a synonym for a 
skilled or clever man in any branch of work 3; 
as he is of greater importance in the work 
than the other or lower workman, who, 
standing on the floor of the pit below, has 
chiefly the labour of working or pulling the 
saw up anddown. Syn. Fr. Fosse du scieur 
—pron. foss duuh see-euhr; Ger. Sdgegrube 
—literally “the saw pit”—pron. zay-geh- 
groo-beh. The “pit saw” is the form of 
saw used in the ordinary sawpit. It is con- 
nected vertically with two cross or trans- 
verse handles, which are grasped one by 
the top sawyer, the other by the workman 
who stands in the pit below the balk to be 
cut up lengthways; the saw being worked 
vertically up and down by being pulled up 
and pushed down by the top sawyer, and 
pulled down and pushed up by the sawyer 
in the pit. Syn. Fr. Chevalet—pron. sheu- 
vah-lay; also Triquet—pron, treek - eh. 
In the “two-handed saw” the blade is 
connected with two handles, one at each 
end, or which stand vertically or at right 
angles to the length of the saw. In working 
the saw two men are employed, one sitting 
or standing at one side, the other at the 


131 


Sa 


opposite side, of the tree bole or log to be 
divided ; and an alternate side-to-side motion 
is given by the workmen alternately pulling 
and pushing. Syn. Fr. Arpoint—pron. ahr- 
pwahn; Ger. Zweihindige Sdge — pron. 
tsvy-hen-dig-eh zay-geh. Syn. Fr. for 
“ saw blade,” the steel part serrated or pro- 
vided with the cutting teeth, Mewille de scie 
—pron. feuhil deh see; Ger. Sdgeblatt. 
“ Saw cut,’’ a term used in construction to 
indicate the groove or track made in wood 
by the cutting edges of a saw where it is 
not deep enough to separate the piece into 
two parts. A synonym used often to indi- 
cate this is “saw draught.” Syn. Fr. Trait 
de scie—pron. tray dehsee ; Ger. Sdgeschnitt 
(shnitt). “Sawdust,” the particles of wood 
fibre detached from the body of the wood 
by the action of the saw. The “dust” 
varies in fineness according to the fineness 
of the teeth of saw. Syn. Fr. Poudre de 
scie—pron. pooh-derr deh see ; also Poussiere 
de scie (poohss-yairr) ; Ger. Sdgemehl— 
literally “saw meal”—pron. zay-geh-mail ; 
or Sdgespdne. “Saw file,” a file having 
three sides, and therefore three sharp edges, 
used to “ set” or sharpen the teeth, and give 
each its proper angle or edge. Syn. Fr. 
Lime (leem) pour les dents de scie, or more 
simply Carrelette a scie—pron. carr-let— 
which means a fine file; Ger. Sdgefeile— 
pron. zay-geh-fy-leh. 

Saxon Style, in Architecture. According 
to some writers the first of the five classes 
of Gothic architecture (which see) ; but it is 
now pretty generally treated, not so much 
as a separate style, quite distinct in its 
characteristics from the Gothic as generally 
received, but as, in fact, having no true 
pretensions to be considered as forming in 
itself a distinct style—it being in reality 
merely a variety, and a debased variety, of 
the Romanesque (which see). It is a very 
old style of building, many of the examples 
dating from the tenth and the ninth cen- 
turies, and even much earlier. 

Scaffold, in Construction, An arrange- 
ment of timbers, framing, or framework, 
by which working surfaces or floors are 
obtained for the workmen at different 
heights above the ground. The simplest 
form of scaffold is that used by the brick- 
layer, which consists of vertical poles or tall 
branches of trees, which are fixed in the 
ground at some short distance from the face 
of the wall being raised. These are termed 
“ledgers,” and to them at various points of 
their height transverse poles are lashed or 
- tied with ropes, their inner ends resting upon 
the brickwork. . These transverse parts are 
called “putlogs” (which see), and their 
office is to carry the planks or boards on 
which the building materials are placed, and 
on which the bricklayers stand and move 
about. In other and large and important 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


sc 


structures, where heavy weights are dealt 
with, the scaffolding is of a more elaborate 
and costly kind, being erected with strong, 
large-sectioned balks or beams. Those 
placed vertically are termed posts; on them | 
rest the horizontal beams, and these are 
strengthened and the whole bound together 
by angularly disposed struts or braces. Syn. 
Fr. for “scaffold,” Echafaud—pron. eh-shah- 
foh ; Ger. Schaffot, Geriiste—pron. shahff-ott, 
geh-ruess-teh. Syn. Fr. for “ scaffolding,” 
signifying the extent to which the scaffolds 
are erected, or an assemblage of scaffolds— 
the completed set of scaffolds considered 
singly, Echafaudage — pron. eh-shah-foh- 
dah}; Ger. Baugeriiste—literally “a build- 
ing staging” — pron. bough-geh-ruess-teh. 
Syn. Fr. for “ bricklayers’ scaffolding,” 
Echafaud déchasses et boulins (see Putlogs, 
Ledgers) — pron. ay-shah-foh day-shass eh 
boo-laihn ; Ger. Stangenger tiste—pron. stang- 
enn-geh-ruess-teh. 

Scales, in Building or Architectural 
Drawing. The lines drawn either upon the 
paper on which the plans, etc., are set out, 
or upon flat rules of boxwood or ivory, and 
to which latter the term is applied in the 
general way. The lines are of varying 
length, but are in all cases long enough, 
to have several divisions marked or set off 
along them. These divisions are of two 
kinds—the large or long, and small or 
short. The long divisions in what is termed 
a scale of feet and inches are conventional 
representations of feet, the smaller or short 
ones of inches. The large divisions have 
some definite relation to the measure of 
length employed ; thus, in a scale of feet a 
certain length, such as half an inch or 
three-quarters of an inch or an inch, is 
taken, and laid off along the line which 
forms the base line of the “scale” to be 
constructed. If the extent of this mea- 
surement is half an inch, the scale is said 
to be a scale of “half-inch to the foot”; if 
one inch, a scale of “inch to the foot.” As 
there are twelve inches to the foot, the first 
division, to the extreme left of the scale 
which is being constructed, is divided into 
twelve equal parts, and one of these is the 
measure of an inch as given on the scale. In 
some cases the place of the third, the sixth 
and the ninth inch is alone indicated, and 
this chiefly where the scale is small. The 
divisions thus marked or set off on the line 
are then numbered. The large ones indi- 
cating feet are marked 1, 2, 3, etc, the 1 
being the third division or line, 0 being the 
mark on the second line. The left-hand 
space between the first and second divisions 
being marked out with twelve divisions 
representing inches, these are figured, be- 
ginning with 0 to the right hand, and succes- 
sively numbered 2, 3, 4, up to 12, which is 
the end of the scale to the right. Where 


132 


sc 


this division has only three-inch spaces 
marked out, the first of the divisions from 
the right-hand point towards the left, 
or 0,is numbered 38, the sixth inch 6, and 
‘the ninth 9. Scales are named according 
to the extent of the large divisions. 
Thus a scale of 4 inch to the foot has 
the large divisions 4 inch long, } inch 
to the foot } inch long, and so on. Syno- 
nyms used for such expressions are: 7, 
scale—that is, j of the full size or dimen- 
sions, as there are 48 quarter-inches in the 
foot. A 4 inch to the foot is a ¥, scale; 
1 inch to the foot is a 7, scale; 1$ inch to 
the foot is a $ scale; 2 inches to the foot 
is a 1 scale; 3 inches to the foot is a 4 
scale. The last-named scales are used for 
“ detail drawings.” Syn. Fr. Echelle—pron. 
aye-shell; Ger. Maszstab—ie. a measuring 
stick ; also Brettmaszstab—pron. bret-mahss- 
stahb, a board or flat measuring stick or rod. 
Der, From the Latin scale or scala—possibly 
also from the Anglo-Saxon scaln, the scales 
of a fish, the regular order in which the 
divisions of these are given suggesting the 
equal divisions of the scale for measuring 
distances; or it may be from the French 
échelle, this being corrupted in the curious 
way of which we have given an example in 
the Dissertation preceding the terms of the 
Dictionary. 

Scantle, in Slating. A gauge used by 
slaters to regulate the proper length of 
slates. 

Scantling, in Construction. A term used 
in timber-work to indicate the measurement 
across or the breadth of timbers. Syn. Fr. 
Echantillon, a sample or pattern, and this 
from the word chantel, a side or a piece, 
also a corner—pron. eh-shahng-till-ong ; also 
Equarrissage—pron. ache-au-reece-ahj ; Ger, 
Maszstab fiir Bauholz—pron. bough-hollts. 
The term also is used sometimes to denote 
the dimensions of a stone ; and in the case of 
timber in comparing one piece with another, 
as one piece is of “smaller scantling”’ than 
another. 

Scarf Joint, in Carpentry. A method of 
joining short timbers in order to make one 
longer piece. The joint varies in form ac- 
cording to circumstances, and it may be 
generally described as an indented joint, 
the projecting part of one end of the beam 
going into the indented or hollow portions 
of the other. The simplest form of the 
scarf joint is the “half-lap” (which see), 
In place of the piece cut out having a flat 
surface—which technically is called the 
“table” of the joint—parallel to the face of 
the beam, the table is oblique in the direction 
of its length to the line of beam. In some 
cases the table is cut into smaller tables at 
varying angles. The pieces thus joined by 
a scarf joint are secured together by bolts 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


sc 


and nuts or iron straps passing round the 
two ; and in the more complicated kinds of 
scarf joints the tables are kept from moving 
upon one another by the insertion of wood 
keys driven up into rectangular apertures, 
formed by cutting slots in the face of each 
table, each slot being in depth half the 
depth of the key. Der. From the Anglo- 
Saxon scearf, or the Old German scherfforn, 
signifying a piece cut off, a part of a larger © 
body, a strip cut off. Syn. Fr. for “to 
scarf a beam,” Assembler une poutre a mibois, 
also moitié bois—literally “ half wood,” as in 
all scarfs the half depth of each end of beam 
is cut to form the scarf—pron. ah-sahm- 
blay ah mee-bwah or mwah-teeay bwah; 
Ger. Balken spleissen—literally “to splice a 
beam,” in the sense of cutting the end of the 
beam to form the scarf in two parts, and 
tying or securing them together — pron. 
bahl-kenn spli-senn. Syn. Fr. for “a scarf,” 
Echarpe—pron. eh-sharp ; Ger. die Schdrpe 
—pron. shairr-peh. Syn. Fr. for the “scarf,” 
known as the half-lap or the rebated joint 
(see Rebate), Mibois—pron. mee-bwah ; also 
Patte—pron. pahtt; also Joint en mibois— 
pron. jwoyn-tahn mee-bwah ; Ger. Linfacher 
Balken—pron, ine-fah-cherr.bahl-kenn, Syn. 
Fr. for a “scarf joint,’ Lcart—pron. eh- 
karr (from écarter— pron. eh-karr-tay, to 
separate) ; Ger. Verbindung von Balken. 
Syn. Fr. for a “scarf with flat-surfaced table, 
but with oblique faces,’ Kcart double moitié 
par moitié—pron, eh-karr dooh-bel mwah- 
teeay parr mwah-teeay; Ger. Schrager 
Splissenbalken (from schrdg, oblique) — 
pron, shray-gerr. Syn. Fr. for a scarf joint 
with indented and oblique faces or tables 
(known in France as the joint or trait @ 
Jupiter, from a fancied resemblance of the 
line of joint to a streak of lightning) 
Assemblage a trait de Jupiter —pron. ah- 
sahm-blahj ah tray deh jueh-pee-tairr; Ger. 
Doppeltes franzisisches Balkenblatt —i.e. a 
double French beam, leaf or table—pron. 
dop-pell-tes fran-tsoe-zish-es bahl-kenn- 
blaht. Syn. Fr. for a “scarf joint with 
key,” Trait a joints droits et a clef—pron. 
tray ah jwoin drwah ek ah klay; Ger. 
Balkensplissen mit dem Keil— pron. bahl- 
kenn-spliss-enn mit dame kile, Syn. Fr. for 
“ scarfing chisel,” Ecartoir—pron. eh-karrt- 
wahr; also Ecatoir—pron. eh-kah-twahr ; 
Ger. Fiigemeissel — pron. fueh-geh-mice-ell 
(from fiigen, to join). 

Searp, in Foundation Work and Masonry. 
A term used to indicate that the earth or 
soil of a steep or sloping ground is laid out 
in planes at different levels like the steps 
of a stair, the foundation courses of the 
wall, such as a retaining wall, forming the 
planes. Der, Our word is obviously from 
the French escarpe, which see below. Syn. 
Fr. Mur en talus—i.e.a sloping wall—pron. 
moohr ahn tah-looh; also Lscarpe—pron, 


133 


sc ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. SC 


ess-carrp ; Ger. Béschmauer—pron. boehsh- 
mow-err (from ddschen, to slope). 

Schedule of Prices, in Construction. A 
list containing the prices to be charged by 
the contractor for the different materials 
used in the erection of a building. B 
taking this in connection with the Bill of 
Quantities or Schedule of Measurements 
(which see), an approximatively accurate 
estimate of the cost of the structure will 
be obtained. Der. From the Latin schedula, 
and this from, or a diminutive of, scheda, 
signifying a strip or narrow piece of papyrus 
or paper, and this from the Greek schedé. 
Syn. Fr. Cédule des prix; also Inventaire 
des priz—pron. say-doohl day pree, aihn- 
vahn-tare day pree; Ger. Preisliste; also 
Preiszettel (Zettel, a ticket, a billet)—pron. 
price-list-eh, tsett-ell. 

Scheme, in Architectural Drawing and 
Design. A termsometimes used as synony- 
mous with a sketch, sketch plan, or original 
conception put on paper of the design of the 
building. Der. From the Latin schema, a 
plan or outline, and the Greek schema, and 
this from scheo, to have, hold, or retain. 
Syn. Fr. Lsquisse—pron. ess-keece ; also 
Canevas—pron. kah-na-vah ; Ger. Vorbild— 
pron. fore-billd. 

Scheme Arch, in Bricklaying. An arch 
of which the section of the soffit or under 
curve is less than a semicircle. It is other- 
wise sometimes called a segmental arch. 
Syn. Fr. Are bombé—pron. ark bomm-bay ; 
Ger, Stichbogen—pron. stich-boh-gen. 

School, in Building. The structure in 
which the education of children, etc., is 
carried on. Der, Curiously enough, from the 
Latin schola, and this from the Greek scholé, 
signifying the time or leisure time devoted 
to the acquiring of knowledge; and this 
being done in many instances, by numbers 
assembled at one time, gave rise to the 
name of the meeting, and of the place of 
meeting also. Syn. Fr. Hcole—pron. eh- 
kchl; Ger. Schule — pron. shoo-leh. The 
more precise term is schoolhouse, the Syn. 
Fr. for which is Bdtiment de lVécole—pron. 
bah-tee-mahn deh lay-kohl ; Ger. Schulhaus 
pron. shool-howse. 

Scolloped, in Upholstery and Interior 
Decorative Work, A term employed to 
indicate the way in which the edge of a 
piece of tapestry or of wood is cut with 
round-edged indentations, like the edge of 
a shell or clam shell, for example. Syn. Fr. 
(derived from this idea) Ecuillé—that is, 
shelled edge — pron. ake - ahl - yeh; Ger. 
Schuppenformig (from Schuppe,a scale, as 
the scales of a fish; it may also come from 
Schappen, a shovel, a round-nosed one, a 
number of which placed edge to edge would 
give a good conception of a scolloped edge, 
as do also the scales of fishes)—pron. shoop- 
pen-foehr-mich. 


Sconce, in the Lighting of an Apartment, 
A metal shield placed behind a lamp or 
candle, so as to protect it from side draughts 
or currents of air, but chiefly to reflect or 
throw out the light into the apartment. 
Der. From the Danish or Icelandic schans 
or skans, Which signifies a fortification or a 
helmet, a military protection, and sconce 
means also a protection foralight. Syn. Fr. 
Bobeche—pron. boh-baysh ; also Lamperon—— 
pron. lahm-peh-rong; Ger, Lichtknecht—i.e. 
a light server or stand—pron. licht-knaicht 
(gh and ch guttural, see Dissertation) ; also 
Lichtdille—t.e, a light socket—pron. licht- 
dil-leh. 

Scoop out, in Foundation and other Work. 
Where water has collected in trenches, etc., 
it is sometimes lifted out by the flat blade 
of a shovel or spade, and is said to be 
scooped out, Der. From the Danish shuffe, 
or from the Greek skuphe, and this from 
skuphein, to dig or hollow out. Syn. Fr. for 
“to scoop,” Baqueter—pron. hah-keh-tay ; 
Ger. Schaufeln—pron. shough-feln (ough as 
in plough); also Ausschépfen — pron. owss- 
shoep-fenn. Syn. Fr. for a “scoop shovel,” 
Ecoupe—pron. eh-koop; Ger. Schipfschaufel 
—pron, shoepf-shough-fell. 

Scoring, in Plastering. The scratching 
with deep scratches or indentations the 
surface of the first coat of plaster, to give 
a key or hold to the plaster put on for a 
succeeding coat, is so called. The scores or 
scratches are made in opposite directions 
obliquely to the line of floor, so that dia- 
mond or lozenge-shaped compartments are 
formed, Der. The word comes almost with- 
out change from the Old English scor, a 
scratch, a notch, and this from sceran, to 
cut or divide; and this latter, by the way, 
gives us our term shear and shearing, Syn. 
Fr. for “to score,” Faire une entaille (from 
entailler, to nick, to notch)—pron. fare uehn 
ahn-tahil; Ger. inshneiden — pron. ine- 
shnide-enn, 

Serape, in Construction. To take off with 
a tool the matter adhering to the surface of 
a stone, as green moss, weather stains, and 
thus to restore the original appearance and 
tone of the block. Der. From the Old 
English screpan, to grate, or make a noise 
like that done by scraping a surface. Syn. 
Fr. for “to scrape” generally, Ratuwrer— 
pron. rah-tueh-ray; Ger. Adschaben (from 
schaben, to shave, to scrape, to grate—pron- 
shah-benn). Syn. Fr. for “to scrape in 
joinery,” Racler — pron. rah-klay; Ger. 
Abziehen—pron. app-tsee-enn. Syn. Fr. for 
“to scrape off paper or other decorative 
work from walls,” Refendre—pron. ray-fahng- 
derr; Ger. eine Wand or Mauer abkratzen. 
Syn. Fr. for “to scrape the roads,” Hbouer 
(to take off the clay)—pron. ay-booh-eh ; 
Ger. Fegen—pron. fay-gen. Syn. Fr. for 
“scraper” generally, Grattoir—pron. graht- 


134 


i tt in ie el a 


ee ee 


ee 


se 


twahr; also Rdcle — pron. rah-kel; Ger. 
Kratzeisen — pron. krahtts-i-zen. Syn. Fr. 
for “door scraper,” Décrottoir (from crotte, 
mud on street or road mud)—pron. day-crott- 
wahr; also Burette—pron. beuhr-ett; Ger. 
Kothkratzer, or Schlammkratzer, or Schuh- 
kratzer,sometimes Moder- (boot mud) kratzer. 
Syn. Fr. for “scraping,” Gratter, Racler, 
eagieei-nion. gratt-eh, rah-clay, ay-kahl- 
yea; Ger. Kratzen or Abkratzen. 

Screed, in Plastering. Wooden rules or 
straight-edges for running mouldings. The 
term is also used to indicate the grain in 
plaster formed on the margin of the surface 
of the work to be done, as walls and ceilings. 
Syn. Fr. Jfoulwre—pron.moo-luehrr; Ger. Ad- 
theilungen veim putzen der Mauern—pron. ahb- 
tile-oong-enn fon pootts-enn dare mow-errn. 

Screen, in Masonry and Plastering. 
An appliance used to screen gravel, etc., 
separating large pieces from the small. It 
consists of a frame of wood, the bottom of 
which is made of iron rods placed longi- 
tudinally, and at short distances from, and 
parallel to, each other; the distance between 
the rods regulating the size of the gravel, 
etc., passed through. The screen is placed 
on the ground at an angle more or less 
oblique to its surface, and the material to be 
screened is thrown up by the spade or shovel 
against the outer surface of iron- rods, 
the small material passing through and 
being deposited in a heap under the screen, 
the large pieces rolling down the outer 
surface of rods and being deposited at foot 
of the screen. Syn. Fr. Passe-partout a la 
claie pour le gravier ow morticre (claie, a 
hurdle—that is, having parallel bars)—pron. 
pahss-pahr-tooht ah lah klay poohr leuh grah- 
vee-ay 00 mohr-tee-air ; Ger. Durchrddern or 
Durchsieben (Rader a riddle, or Sied, a sieve,) 
Jiir den Kies (gravel) oder den Mértel—pron. 
doorch-rayd-errn fuer den keese oh-derr derr 
moehr-tell or Kiesrolle. Syn. Fr. for “ screen,” 
as a shelter to screen off the wind, Paravent 
—pron. pahr-ah-vahn ; Ger. Schirm — pron. 
sheerrm. Syn. Fr. for “fire-screen,” Serre- 
feu—pron. sairr-feuh; Ger. Ofenschirm— 
pron. oh-fenn-sheerrm. Syn. Fr. for “screen 
wall,” Mur de protection—pron. muehr deh 
proh-tex-yong; Ger. Schirmmauer — pron. 
sheerrm-mow-err. Syn. Fr. for “folding 
screen,” Paravent a feuilles—i.e. in leaves 
—pron. pahr-ah-vahng a fueh-eels; Ger. 
Windschirm—pron. vind-sheerrm. Our word 
screen, as an object which gives shelter to 
another, is derived from Schirm. 

Screen Door, in Domestic Architecture. 
An interior door designed to cut off or 
screen off one part of a house from another 
—as the door between a vestibule and the 
hall, or between the lobby and the kitchen 
or working part of the house. Syn. Fr. 
Serre-porte (from serrer [serr-eh], to close, 
to shut up or off)—pron. sairr-porrt ; Ger. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


sc 
Schirmthiir—pron. sheerrm-tuchr, A syno- 
nym for screen door is “glass door.” Syn. 


Fr. Porte vitrée—pron. pohrt vee-tray ; Ger. 
Glasthiir—pron. glas-tuehr. 

Screw Bolt, in Carpentry. An appliance 
used to connect securely together two beams, 
as scarfed beams (which see), or one part of 
a framing or truss with another, as the foot 
of a king-bolt with the tie-beam. The bolt 
is made with a long shank of wrought 
iron circular in section, the outer end being 
screwed for a certain part of its length; 
the other end is finished off with a flat 
head square in form, and of such a size that 
it projects some distance over the tail or 
screwed part or bolt proper. This flat head 
rests on its under surface on the face of one 
of the parts to be connected together, and 
affords a bearing surface which distributes 
the strain on the wood which is created by 
screwing up the bolt. The screw bolt is 
not complete—cannot, indeed, be used—with- 
out the ‘“‘nut”; so that the proper term to 
employ is “screw bolt and nut.” The “ nut” 
is a flat piece of iron, square (but in superior 
work hexagonal) in form, having the dimen- 
sions or about the dimensions of the “ head” 
of the “bolt.” A hole is made through the 
thickness of the nut, which is “ tapped” or 
screwed, the screw thread being of the same 
“ nitch ” as the screw thread of the “ bolt.” 
A hole being bored with the auger (which 
see) through the two pieces to be secured 
together, the bolt is passed through—the 
length of which is such that a length of 
the screwed end projects below or beyond 
the surface of the beam or part opposite to 
that on which the “head” of the bolt 
presses. The “nut” is then entered and 
turned round with the “screw key” or 
“spanner ” tillthe requisite degree of strain 
is brought upon the bolt, and consequently 
upon the pieces of wood which are being 
screwed together. To prevent the nut from 
entering into or pressing upon the wood 
surface unduly, an iron washer or plate is 
placed nearest the surface of the wood, thus 
distributing the pressure upon it and giving 
the “nut” a hard, unyielding surface to 
press upon. Syn. Fr. for “screw bolt,” 
Cheville & écrow — pron. sheu-veel ah eh- 
kroo; Ger. Schraubenbolzen—pron. shrow- 
ben-bollts-en. Syn. Fr. for (screw) “nut,” 
Vis @ rappel—pron. veeze ah rah-pell; Ger. 
Nuszschraube—pron. noos-shrow-beh. Syn. 
Fr. and Ger. for screw key or spanner— 
see “ Screwdriver.” In the “thumb screw,” 
or “punching screw,” as it is sometimes 
called, the nut proper or central part is made 
cylindrical, and two flat parts or wings 
project from two sides at opposite ends of 
its diameter. These wings or leaves are 
taken hold of by the forefinger and thumb 
—hence the name—and turned round on 
the screwed end of the bolt till the requisite 


135 


sc ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. sc 


degree of pressure is brought to bear upon 
the bolt and the parts which it secures 
together. The thumb screw is obviously 
designed to be used when the parts are of 
small dimensions, where a small amount of 
pressure only is put upon the screw bolt. 
Syn. Fr. for “thumb screw,” Vis ailée—te. “a 
winged screw”—pron. veeze ayl-aye ; Ger. 
Handschraube or Bluttschraube (Blatt, a 
leaf) ; also Fliigelschraube (Fliigel, a wing). 
Der. The word screw is derived, with little 
change of form, from the Old English scruwe, 
which means a cylinder with a long narrow 
strip of paper wrapped continuously round 
a cylinder—which is the method of develop- 
ing ascrew. Syn. Fr. for “ to screw,” Visser 
—pron. veece-ay; also Serrer—pron. sairr- 
ay ; also Serrer @ vis or Fermer a vis—pron. 
sairr-ay or fairm-ay ah vee. Syn. Fr. for 
“to screw down,” Se visser—pron. suh veece- 
ay ; Ger. Zuschrauben—pron, tsoo-shrow-ben. 
Syn. Fr. for “to screw up,” Fermer a vis, or 
Visser—pron. veece-ay ; Ger, eine Schraube 
anziehen. Syn. Fr. for “screwing,” Vissage 
—pron. veece-ajh; Ger. Schrauben—pron. 
shrow-ben. Syn. Fr. for “ wooden screw,” 
as used in the carpenter and joiner’s bench 
to hold pieces of wood while being worked, 
Vis de bois or Verrine—pron. vee deuh bwah 
or verr-een ; Ger. Holzschraube. 

Screwdriver, in Joinery and Cabinet- 
making. 'The tool used to drive or screw 
home screw nails (which see). It consists 
of a long, flat blade tapering from a broad 
part near the handle to the end, which is 
ground to a blunt edge, narrow enough to 
go into the slot or groove in the head of the 
screw nail (which see). The handle is often 
made circular, but a better grip is obtained 
of it if it be flattened at the sides ; and this 
also enables the tool to lie at rest on an 
inclined bench or board. Syn. Fr. Tourne- 
vis—pron. toorrn-vee; also Clef a@ vis, or 
écrou—pron. clay ah vee, ay-kroo; Ger. 
Schraubenschliissel — pron. shrow - benn - 
shluess-ell. 

Serew Nail, in Joinery and Cabinet 
Making. The appliance used to connect one 
piece of wood with another. It consists of 
a shank or tail which is screwed the greatest 
part of its length, beginning at the point, 
and left plain or cylindrical for a short 
portion of its length near the head. The 
head consists of a circular disc, with the 
under surface conical and with the upper 
or outer made with a slot or groove 
stretching across its diameter. The edge 
of the screwdriver (see above) is placed 
in this slot or groove in order to get a 
grip of the screw nail, which is then 
turned round and the nail screwed home 
till the under conical part of the head 
sinks into the wood, and the upper surface 
is flush with the surface of wood. A hole 
is first bored in the wood to enable the 


screw nail to enter. A form of screw nail 
has been recently introduced which, having 
its point formed like a helical screw with a 
fine point, can be entered at once without 
the necessity to bore a hole as with the 
ordinary form of screw nail. 
screw nail, Vis a bois—pron. veeze ah bwah ; 
Ger. Holzschraube— pron. hollts-shrow-beh. 

Scribing, in Joinery. The adjustment of 
the edge of a board or plank, so that it will 
unite or lie upon another surface properly. 
Syn. Fr. for “scriber”—that is, a sharp- 
pointed tool used to draw or describe a line 
upon the surface of a piece of wood, etc.— 
Traceret—pron. trah-sir-ay ; also Pointe @ 
tracer—pron. pwahnt ah trah-say; Ger. 
Reisspitze, a sketch point—pron. rice-spit- 
seh. Der. The word scribe is from the 
Latin scriba, and this from scribere, to write. 

Seroll Work, in Building Decoration, 
The finest and best known example of a 
scroll, and that which most clearly illustrates 
the characteristics of this part of building, is 
the volute of the Ionic order. Scrolls may 
be generally described as combinations of 
circular or curved lines, although in some 
straight lines are met with. Curved lines 
of contrary flexure are a feature of good 
scrolls; and in all cases where the scroll is 
perfect, all changes in the direction of the 
lines of contrary flexure flow into each 
other naturally and gracefully, and have no 
abruptness at what may be called the point 
of junction. The “Florentine scroll” is a 
fine example of a good design in scroll work. 
Der, From the Old French or Norman French 
word for a roll of parchment, escrouelle, and 
this from escrou,a roll. Syn. Fr. for “scroll,” 
Courbure—pron. koor-buehrr ; also Courbe— 
pron. koohrb; Ger. Kurve—pron. koor-veh ; 
also Schnecke ; also Beuge—pron. booh-geh. 
Syn. Fr. for “Ionic scroll or volute,” Corne 
de belier—i.e. a scroll like that of the horns 
of a ram—pron. korrn deuh bail-yeh ; also 
Volute de chapiteau Ionique—pron. voll-ueht 
deh shaw-pee-toh ee-ohn-eek ; Ger. Jonische 
Schnecke — pron. ee-oh-nish-eh shnekk-eh. 
Syn. Fr. for the “scroll of the handrail of a 
staircase,” being the flat volute scroll with 
which the handrail sometimes terminates at 
bottom of a staircase, Volute de garde-corps 
dun escalier — pron. voh-luht deh garrd- 
korr duhn ace-kahl-yea; Ger. Schnecke eines 
Treppengeldinders—pron, shnek-keh ine-ness 
trep-pen-geh-lain-derrs. 

Scullery, in Domestic Architecture. A 
small apartment attached to, or more or less 
directly connected with, and entering from, 
the kitchen, in which the more dirty. work 
of the latter is done, such as washing up of 
dishes, the object being to keep the kitchen 
tidy, and its interior more free for cooking, 
etc. Der, Curiously enough, from the Old 
French or Norman French esculier, and this 
from escuelle, a dish or a drinking vessel, the 


136 


Syn. Fr. for. 


a ue 


sc 


lace in which the dishes were used being 

own by the first of the above terms. The 
change from esculier to scullery is another 
example of the curious ways in which words 
in one language are corrupted so as to form 
new terms in another, and on which we 
have given a remark or two in the Disserta- 
tion preceding our list of technical terms. 
Syn. Fr. Lavoir (from laver, to wash)— 
pron. lah-vwahr; also Buanderte—though 
this is more specially applied to a wash- 
house, where clothes, not articles connected 
with the cuisine, are washed up—pron. bue- 
ahn-de-ree ; Ger. Waschkammer der Kuiche, 
“ wash-up chamber of the kitchen.” 

Sculpture, in Building. A term used to 
signify decorative or ornamental work in 
stone or wood cut by the chisel. Syn. Fr, 
Sculpture—pron. skuelp-tuehr ; Ger. Schnitz- 
werk (from schnitzeln, to carve) — pron. 
shnitts-vairrk ; also Bildhauerarbeit—pron. 
bild-how-err-ahr-bite (Bild, an image or 
figure). Syn. Fr. for a “sculptor,” Sculp- 
teuwr-—pron. skuelp-teuhr ; Ger. Bildschnitzer 
Syn. Fr. for “ sculpturing,” Mannequinage— 
pron. mah-neh-keh-nahj; Ger. Bildwerk. 
Der, Our word is from the Latin sculptura, 
and this from sculpere, to carve. 

Scutcheon or Escutcheon, in Architec- 
ture. A part generally projecting, more or 
less completely, from the face of a building, 
and generally in the form of a shield, and 
ou which the armorial bearings of the 
owner of the house are cut. In Building 
the term is also employed to denote the 
plate to which the door knocker is secured, 
as also in door furniture in the interior of 
the house, to indicate the part moving ona 
nail or pin at top, which covers the key- 
hole. Syn. Fr. Kceusson, a shield — pron. 
eh-kueh-song ; Ger. Wappen, a shield—pron. 
vap-pen; also Schild—pron. shilld. Syn. 
Fr. for “door or lock scutcheon,” Hcusson 
@une porte; Ger. Thiirschild or Schliissel- 
schild. 

Scuttle, Coal, in Ironmongery Fouse 
Fittings. The receptacle or box in which 
coals or fuel are kept for use in chambers 
or rooms of a house. Der. From the Old 
English scutte/, or from the Latin scutula, 
both signifying a broad open vessel or dish 
or a shallow basket, which was probably 
the first form the scuttle took, and which 
may be seen still in some parts of France 
where wood billets or blocks are used for 
fuel. Syn. Fr. Panier, a little basket (see 
aboveJ—pron. pah-niay ; also Lcoutille — 
pron. eh-koo-teel; also Boite a charbon— 
that is, charcoal box, charcoal being much 
used on the Continent for fuel; also Boite 
&@ charbon de terre—that is, coals—literally 
“charcoal of the earth,” mineral charcoal— 
pron. bwaht ah shahr-bon deh tare ; Ger. 
_ Kohlenkorb —i.e., coal basket (see remark 
above* 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, 


se 


Sealing, in Bricklaying and Masonry. 
The fixing by means of mortar pieces of 
timber in walls, so that they will be capable 
of supporting or carrying doors or gates 
with hinges, staples, etc. Der. Our word 
seal is taken from the German Siegel, and 
this from the Latin sigillum, a diminutive of 
signum, a mark or a sign. 

Seasoning Timber, in Materials. The 
art of preparing timber so that its moisture 
evaporates and leaves the fibres in a con- 
dition fitted to resist the weather influences, 
the “rot,” etc. There are a great number 
of modes adopted to season timber, all of 
which may be classed under one of two 
divisions—natural and artificial. Of the 
latter class there are a great number in use. 
Syn. Fr. for “ to season timber,” Assaisonner 
le bois—pron. ah-say-zon-nay leh bwah ; 
also Dessécher le bois—pron. day-saych-ay ; 
also Faire sécher le bois ; Ger. Holz auswittern 
—pron. hollts owss-vit-terrn. 

Seat, in Joinery, etc. A term usually 
applied to a bench seat, or the seats of a 
church, or of a garden. A seat differs from 
a chair inasmuch as, while a chair is made 
to seat or hold one person only, a seat is 
capable of accommodating, or sitting as the 
term goes, two or more persons according to 
its length. Syn. Fr. Siége—pron. see-aihj ; 
Ger. Sitz—pron. zits. 

Seat-hole of a Water-closet, in Joinery. 
Syn. Fr. Lunette de cabinet d'aisance; Ger. 
Abtrittsloch—pron. ahp-tritts-loch. 

Second Coat, in Plastering. The finishing 
coat or outer surface on which the painting 
or papering is placed in rendered-and-set 
work. It isalso called the “ floating’ when 
roughed-in, floated and finally set for paper 
or painting. 

Section, in Architectural Drawing and 
Design. A drawing which is prepared on 
the assumption that the structure or part 
of a structure is cut in two, so that the 
internal arrangement or construction is 
seen. Sections are almost always taken 
vertically and in coincidence with certain 
lines marked on the plan. The plan itself is, 
indeed, a “ horizontal section,” assuming the 
building to be cut by a line parallel to the 
ground-level on which the structure is 
erected, thus showing the different positions 
which the various rooms assume one to 
another, and the thickness of the walls and 
partitions by which they are surrounded, 
position of door and window openings in the 
same, fireplaces, stairs, cupboards, etc. Der. 
From the Latin secare, to cut, sectum, cut. 
Syn. Fr. for “section,’’ Section—pron. sekk- 
see-onn ; also Coupe—pron. coop ; also Profil 
—pron. proh-feel ; also Orthographie interne 
— pron. or-toh-grah-fee ahn-tairrn; Ger. 
Durchschnittriss—pron. doorch-shnitt-riss— 
i.e. ‘a through-cut sketch”; also Aufriss— 
pron. owf-riss; also Abriss—pron. abp-riss. 


137 


se 


Syn. Fr. for “longitudinal section,” Coupe 
longitudinale—pron. coop lohn-gee-tueh-dee- 
nahl; also Profil longitudinale, and Section 
longitudinale; Ger. Lingendurchschnitt ; also 
Lingenprofil. Syn. Fr. for “transverse or 
cross-section,” Coupe transversale; also Profil 
en travers—pron. proh-feel ahn trah-vairrs, 
Syn. Fr. for “section of an arch,” Section 
dun arc; Ger. Durchschnitt eines Bogens. 
Secure, To make, in Building. Der. From 
the Latin securus (from se, itself, and cura, 
care—that is, free from care or danger, or, 
as we say, safe, or the present word secure). 
Syn. Fr. Maintenty—pron. maihn-ten-neerr ; 
also Asswjettir—pron, ah-sueh-jett-eer ; also 
Assurer—pron. ah-suehr-ay ; also Affermir— 
pron. ahf-fairr-meerr; Ger. Festhalien ; also 


Festmachen — pron. fesst-mach-en; also 
Befestigen—prou. beh-fesst-ig-en. Syn. Fr. 


for “to make a wall secure by propping up,” 
Assurer un mur— pron. ah-sueh-ray uehn 
muehr; Ger. ene Mauer festmachen. 
Segmental Arch, in Building. An arch 
the soffit or profile of the curve of which is 
less than a semicircle, or part of a circle. 
Der, From the Latin segmentum—that is, a 
part or one of the parts into which any 
body, as a circle or cylinder, is divided, and 
this from the Latin secare, sectum, to cut, or 
cut. Syn. Fr. Segment d’un arc—pron. saig- 
mahn duehn arrk ; Ger. Begenschnitt—pron. 
boh-gen-shnitt. Syn. Fr. for “a segment 
of a saw”—that is, one of the parts of 
which a circular saw is made, the different 
segments making up the complete saw being 
bolted or screwed to the disc or central plate 
hung on the shaft—Scie @ segments; Ger. 
Bogenschnittsige. Syn. Fr. for “segment of 
a sphere,” Segment de la sphére (sphare) ; 
Ger. Kugelsegment or Kugelabschnitt—pron. 
koo-gel-seg-mennt, ahp-shnitt. 
Semicircular, in Construction. A term 
applied to a body or a form the outline of 
which is half a circle. Der. From the Latin 
semi, half, and circulus, acircle. Syn. Fr. for 
“semicircle,” Demicercle — pron. deh-mee- 
sairr-kel; Ger. Halbkreiss. Syn. Fr. for 
“half cylindrical,” Demi-cylindrique—pron. 
deh-mee see-laihn-dreek ; Ger. Halbcylin- 
drisch—pron. hahlp-see-linn-drish. Syn. Fr. 
for a “ half-partition,” Demi-clotson—pron. 
deh-mee-klwah-zonn; Ger. Halbscheidewand 
—pron. hahlp-shy-deh-vand. 
Semi-Norman Style, 
Those who look upon this asa distinct style 
in Gothic architecture give it the name of 
the “Transition,” as it occupies a place 
between the earlier and pure Norman, with 
its rounded arches, and the earlier Gothic, 
in which the pointed arch is the feature. 
Others consider the style so called only a 
debased Norman, in which, while its peculiar 
characteristics are generally retained, the 
pointed arch is combined with them. 
Separate, in Construction. To divide or 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


in Architecture. 


part asunder bodies which are in contact. 
Der. From the Latin separare, separatum, 
and this from se, itself, and parare, to put 
in order, to make ready. Syn. Fr. Séparer 


— pron, say-pah-ray; Ger. Trennen; also - 


Absondern, Syn. Fr. for “to separate stones 
by means of wedges,” Faire parter la pierre; 
Ger. Stein absprengen. Syn. Fr. for to 
“ separate by wedges,”’ Fendre (to cleave or 
split)—pron. fahn-derr; also Séparer avec 
un coin—pron. say-pah-ray ah-veck uehn 
kwahn, Syn. Fr. for “separating,” Séparant 
—pron, say-parr-ahn ; Ger. Trennend, Syn. 
Fr. for a “separating or dividing sieve,” 
Appareil de grenage—pron. ah-parr-ayl deh 
gray-nahj; also Grenoir—pron. gray-nwahr; 
Ger. Schildsieb—pron. shilld-zeeb. 

Sesspool. A synonym for Cesspool 
(which see). 

Set, a term used frequently in Building, 
such as “to set back ”—that is, to raise a 
course of brick or stone, for example, a 
certain distance within the line of the course 
or courses below. Syn. Fr. for “set back,” 
Faire retraite—pron. fairr reh-trate (the 
act of being set back is Htre en retraite) ; 
Ger. Zuriickweichen—pron. tzoo-ruek vy- 
chen, Syn. Fr. for “to set well in cement 
or in mortar”—a phrase used to indicate 
that the stones or bricks are to be carefully 
built or “set” with mortar or cement— 
Prendre—pron. prahn-derr; Ger. mit Ciment 
oder Mértel fassen—pron. mit see-ment oh- 
derr moehr-tel fahs-sen. Syn. Fr. for “to 
set straight or right,” Racheter—pron. rah- 
sheh-tay; Ger. Reguliren—pron. ray-guhl- 
eer-enn. Syn. Fr. for “to set (a stone) 
vertical or plumb,” Poser une pierre debout— 
pron. poh-zay uehnn (often as une) pee-airr 
deh-booh; Ger. einen Stein aufrichten— 
pron. ine-en stine ouff-rich-tenn. Syn. Fr. 
for a “set of tools,’ ELquipage—pron. eh- 
kee-pahj ; also Assortiment d’outils—pron, ah- 
sorr-tee-mahn dooh-teel; also Paquet d'outils 
—pron. pah-kay dooh-teel; Ger. Zubehér— 
pron, tsoo-beh-hoehr ; also Handwerkzeug— 
pron. hant-vairrk-tsoig. Syn. Fr. for “ to 
set fair,” a term used in building synony- 
mous with placing the parts correctly in 
relation to other parts, and accurately per se, 
as to set a stone plumb, Beau jixer—pron, 
boh feex-eh; Ger. zweiter Anwurf— pron, 
tzvi-ter ahn-voorrf. Syn. Fr. for “to set the 
teeth of a saw,” Donner la voie d’une scie— 
pron. don-nay lah vwah duehnn see; Ger. 
die Zihne einer Sige aussetzen—pron, dee 
tsay-nay ine-err zay-geh owss-zett-sen. Syn. 
Fr. for ‘‘setting up of (ashlar work) blocks 
of stone,” Posage des pierres—pron. poh- 
sahj day pee-airr ; also Pierres mises a place 
—pron. pee-airr meeze ah plahss; Ger. 
Steine versetzen—pron., stine-eh ferr-zett-sen. 
Syn. Fr. for to “set out work by a line or 
cord, as in bricklaying, masonry, etc., 
Dressage en cordeau—pron. dress-ahj ahn 


138 


se 


OO ———— ———— — - eo a 


% 
* 


se 


kerr-doh; Ger. nach der Seite richten — 
pron. der zite-eh rich-ten. 

Set Fair, in Plastering. The operation 
after roughing-in and floating, or when the 
work is pricked-up and floated. 

Set-off, in Architecture. Also used fre- 
quently in the inverted form of “ off-set.” 
The term set-off indicates specially the 
points in a Gothic buttress where the end 
table or sloping part is divided from the next 
by oblique or sloping mouldings.. The term 
generally indicates in Building a part which 
projects from the general structure, and 
specially the part at which a wall is suddenly 
reduced in thickness, as the gradually re- 

duced walls to the different stories of a 
building, as where the ground-floor has a 
wall three bricks (lengths) thick, and the 
upper or attic story finishes with a nine-inch 
or one-brick wall. Syn. Fr. Assise saillante 
—pron. ah-seeze sahl-yahn; also (in the 
case of foundation work, where the courses 
gradually lessen in width), Empdtement d’un 
Jondement — pron. ahm-paht-mahn duehnn 
fohnd-mahn; Ger. Vorsprung einer Wand— 
pron. fore-sproong ine-err vant. Der. The 
word “set” is from the Old English settan, 
to set, or it may come from the Latin sedere, 
sessum, to sit. 

Setstone, in Tools and Appliances. <A 
synonym for whetstone—that is, a stone 
on which cutting tools, as chisels, are set or 
have a fine cutting edge given to them. The 
kinds of stone used to set or whet cutting 
blades are numerous, the best being the 
“'Turkey ” and “ Arkansas.” The “Turkey” 
whetstone or setstone is very fine in the 
grain, closely resembling in this respect, 
and also in colour, lithographic stones. The 
* Arkansas” is of a greyish-white or steel 
colour, exceedingly close in the grain, which 
takes a remarkable grip of the knife, etc., 
being “set,” and causes it to take a keen, 
sharp cutting edge in a much quicker time 
than any setstone we have used. Syn. Fr. 
for “to whet or set” a cutting implement 
or tool, Repasser sur la pierre—pron. reh- 
pass-eh suehr Jah pee-airr; Ger. mit einem 
Stein wetzen—pron. mit ine-em stine wett- 
senn. Syn. Fr. for “setting,” “ whetting,” or 
“sharpening” on a stone, Repassage—pron. 
reh-pah-sahj}; Ger. Abschdrfen. Syn. Fr. 
for a “setstone,” Pierre & repasser; Ger. 
Wetzstein, or for finer knives, etc., Oehlstein. 

Setting, in Plastering. “Stuff” plaster, 
so called, made so as to harden quickly. 

_Setting Coat, in Plastering. A composi- 
tion of plaster which, for the best class of 
work, is made of pure stucco; for second- 
class work, of what is called “fine stuff” 
(which see), 

Settlement, in Building. A term used to 
indicate the final position which a body, as 
a large block of stone or a wall, assumes 
when the sinking or “settling down” is 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


sh 


completed, in cases where the foundation 
has given way slightly. It is used also to 
indicate the final position which the courses 
in a wall assume after the mortar has set. 
The term is also used in a general sense as 
indicating what its final position will be 
when the work is completed. Syn. Fr. for 
“to settle” (down, to sink), Se tasser—pron, 
seh tass-eh; Ger. Sich senken—pron. zich 
zennk-en. Syn. Fr. for “settling,” Tasse- 
ment—pron. tahss-mahn; Ger. die Senkung 
—pron. dee zennk-oong. 

Sewage, in Sanitary Building. The liquid 
or semi-liquid refuse which, passing from 
houses, is taken up and is carried on through 
and by the large sewers of a district to its 
place of final deposit. The liquid refuse of 
a house is sometimes named sewage, though 
the term house drainage is the more accu- 
rate term—this passing through the drains of 
ahouse and being delivered to the larger-sized 
drains, which are called sewers, and which 
receive, as above stated, the sewage proper. 
Syn. Fr. Kaux Vannes—pron. oh vahnn— 
literally ‘‘the water of the water-gates ” ; 
the term sewage has been of late adopted 
by the French, who have also borrowed our 
sanitary system known under that name; 
also Canals des rues publiques—i.e. “channels 
or drains of the public streets” ; Ger. schmu- 
ziges Wasser—i.e, dirty water—pron. shmoot- 
sigg-es Vass-elr. 

Sewers, in Sanitary Building. The large- 
sized drains or covered channels by which 


‘the house drainage matters are taken up 


and carried away and taken to the place of 
final deposit. Der. The term “sewer” is 
from the Norman-French sewwire or sewire, 
and this from the French swivre, to follow, 
or from the Old French issir, to flow, or 
essuyer, to wipe or dry up. Syn. Fr. Egout 
—pron. ay-gooh; Ger. Schleusse fiir das 
schmuzige Wasser —pron. shloy-seh ; also 
Abzug—pron. ahp-tsoog. 

Shaded, in Architectural and Building 
Drawing. A term generally applied to 
indicate that the drawings are coloured. 
More correctly it denotes that parts which 
are round or cylindrical are coloured in 
graduated tones in order to give the rounded 
appearance ; also that the shadows thrown 
by certain parts are put in. Syn. Fr. for 
the general term of “shade” or ‘“‘shading,”’ 
*Teinte—pron. taihnt; Ger. Tinte— pron. 
tin-teh. Syn. Fr. for “shadowing,” where 
the parts are shown as rounded or with 
shadows projected, Gradation de couleurs— 
pron. grah-dah-seeon day kool-euhr; Ger. 
Schattirung—pron, shah-teer-oong. ; 

Shade Lines, or Shaded Lines, i 
Architectural and Building Drawing. Lines 
given to outline drawings to indicate the 
parts which project before other parts. 
They are placed at the right hand and the 
lower sides or lines of projecting objects ; 


139 


sh 


the light being supposed to come from the 
upper side and the left hand. In French 
drawings the shade lines are placed at the 
left hand and at the bottom sides. Shade 
lines are indicated by being much thicker 
or broader than the other lines of the 
drawing. (Hence) Syn. Fr. Traits de force, 
or strong lines—pron. tray deh forrss ; also 
Gros traits, heavy lines—pron. groh tray(t)s ; 
Ger. Kraftlinien—pron. krafft-leen-yen. 

Shaft, in Architecture. That part of the 
column of an “ order” which is between the 
base and the capital in Classical styles. In 
Gothic architecture the shaft is considered 
by some as merely an ornamental, not a 
constructive, feature, by which the work 
of supporting the heavy superincumbent 
mass, as the entablature, etc., of a Classical 
arch, is done. A more correct view of the 
office of the shaft in Gothic architecture is 
that which assigns to it a constructive as 
well as a decorative part, though that last 
is perhaps its chief characteristic. Syn. Fr. 
for “shaft of a column,” Tige de colonne— 
pron. teej deh koll-onn ; Ger. Sdulenschaft 
— pron. zoy-len-shaffi. Syn. Fr. for the 
“shaft of a chimney,” Tuyau de cheminée— 
ze. a chimney tube — pron. twee-oh deh 
sheu-mee-nay ; Ger. /ewerkasten—pron. foy- 
err-kahss-ten. Syn. Fr. for a “ hammer 
shaft” or handle, Manche de marteau, or 
simply Manche—pron. mahnsh, or mahnsh 
deh mahr-toe; Ger. Hammerhelm, or simply 
Helm, Der, The term shaft is from the Old 
‘English sceaft, or the German Schaft, both 
meaning a long cylindrical body. 

Shaken Stuff, in Materials. Timber split 
at the fall or felling of the tree, or by the 
action of the sun, etc. Syn. Fr. Fendille— 
pron. fahn-deel-yea; also Cadrané—pron. 
kah-drah-nay; Ger. Holzspriinge — pron. 
holits-spruehng-eh. Syn. Fr. for “a shake, 
a chink, a fissure in wood,” Cadran—pron. 
kah-drahn ; also Cadranure—pron. kah-drah- 
nuehr. 

Shakiness, in Building. A term used to 
indicate insecurity in the structure. It is 
more frequently applied to timber as indi- 
cating the existence of shakes (see above) 
or having a tendency to split. Syn. Fr. 
Roulure — pron. rool-uehr; Ger, Holzkrdf- 
tigkett—pron. hollts-kreff-tich-kite. Syn. Fr. 
for “ shaking,” as in an unsteady structure, 
Agitation — pron. ah-jee-tah-see-on; Ger. 
RLdtteln—pron, rett-eln (our word rattling 
comes from this). Syn. Fr. for “to shake 
or vibrate,” Brouter—pron. brooh-tay ; Ger. 
Schnarren—pron. shnarr-en, Der. Our word 
is from the Old English scacen, to tremble. 

Sham, in Building. A term applied toa 
part which simulates or imitates the real 
object, as a sham window or sham door, 
there being no real or practicable entrance 
or void. The synonym “false” is also used. 
Syn. Fr. for “false” or “sham,” Jmitée, fauz, 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


or simulé—pron. eem-ee-tay, foh, see-mu-lay ; 
Ger. Blind, Falsch— pron. blinnd, fahlsh. 
Syn. Fr. for “false or sham door,” Porte 
imitée, fausse or simulée—pron. pohrrt eem- 
ee-tay, fohss, see-mu-lay ; Ger. falsche Thiire, 
Syn. Fr. for “ false or sham window,” Fausse 
Jenétre; Ger. falsches Fenster. 

Shank, in Tools. The part which connects 
the working or cutting part of a tool, such 


as the cutting part of an auger or gimlet,with — 


the handle, which is fixed or secured to the 
upper part of the shank in various ways. 
Syn. Fr. for “shank,” Quewe—i.e. a tail—pron. 
keuh ; also Attache—pron.ah-tahsh ; also Tige 
dun outil—pron. teej duhn ooh-teel; Ger. 
Stangenarm; also das Ohr—te. the ear. 
Syn. Fr. for the “shank of an auger,” Tige 
—pron. tee]; Ger. die Stange—pron. die 
stang-eh (our word “stang” comes from 
this, meaning the shank of a tool, as a file, 
or end which passes into the handle). Syn. 
Fr. for “shank of a gimlet,” /wt—pron. 
fuuh; Ger. die Angel. Syn. Fr. for the 
“shank of a chisel,” Tranchet de ciseau— 
pron. trahn-shay deh seez-oh; Ger. Stiel 
eines Meissels—pron. steel ine-ess mice-ells, 
Syn. Fr. for the “shank of a key,” Tige de 
clef—pron. tee} deh clay; Ger. Schliissel- 
schaft— pron. shluess-ell-shafft. Der. Our 
word shank is from the Old English scane, 
the long bone which goes from the knee to 
the foot. 

Shears or Sheers, in Building Appliances. 
An arrangement of long timbers, as poles or 
small logs, frequently placed in the form of 
a triangle, from the upper part of which is 
suspended the pulley sheave, and by which 
blocks of stone, etc., are raised. Another 
form of shears is made of two poles, etc., 
inclined to each other, separated for a con- 
siderable width at foot, and meeting at top, 
at which point the pulley sheave is secured. 
The poles are inclined forward, so that the 
head and pulley sheave are considerably in 
advance of the lower part or feet of the 
poles on which they rest, and so that the 
pulley sheave hangs over the place where 
the body lies to be lifted. The two poles 
thus inclined are prevented from falling— 
and a resistance is at the same time offered 
to the strain put upon the pulley by the act 
of raising the weight—by ropes and chains 
secured to the head and to posts or other 
securely fixed parts placed at a consider- 
able distance behind the shears. These 
ropes, thus placed at a considerable angle, 
are termed technically “ guys” or “ guy 
ropes.” This arrangement is much used in 
shipbuilding ; hence one of the German 
synonyms. Syn. Fr. for “shears,” Cubestan 
(our word capstan comes from or is a cor- 
ruption of this)—pron. kueh-bes-tahn ; also 
Chévre a haubans—pron. shay-verr ah hoh- 
bahn—that is, a lifting crab for ships’ 
shrouds; if for masts, Chévre a mdt ; Ger. 


140 


sh 


sh 
Krann (our word crane comes from this) ; 
also Mastenkrann—i.e. a mast crane. 

Sheave of a Pulley, in Tools and Ap- 
_ pliances. That part, generally made of wood 
provided with a slot, on which the pulley 
runs, and through which the rope is passed, 
keeping it in its place in the groove of the 
pulley. ‘The word seems to be a corruption 
of “sheath”—it means at all events the 
same thing—although it is otherwise pre- 
sumed to be derived from the German 
scheibe, a disc, or the Danish schijve, a slice 
of a body. Der. The term “sheath” is from 
the Old English scaedh, to cover or protect. 
Syn. Fr. for sheave of a pulley, Lowe de 
courroie—pron. rooh deh koor-wah; Ger. 
Riemscheibe — pron. reem-shibe-eh. The 
“sheave” is often used as a pulley, or in 
place of it, the rope passing through the 
slot and over a rounded or semicylindrical 
and smooth surface. 

Shed, in Building. A rough structure 
generally made of wood run up for a tem- 
porary purpose, such as sheltering masons, 
etc., while working. It is also used as a 
permanent structure in cases where economy 
is studied, as in workshops and farmyards 
and the like. Sheds are usually constructed 
against a wall, which thus forms the back, 
and the roof slopes from the wall to the 
front of shed—hence called a shed-roof or 
pent-house roof. Where the form of roof 
known as the “span” (see Roof) is used for 
sheds, they are usually isolated structures 
independent of existing walls, and are more 
elaborately constructed. In the case of 
railway sheds, the materials are generally 
more costly than those of ordinary sheds, 
and are frequently provided with iron roofs 
of a more or less elaborate character. Syn. 
Fr. for “shed,” Hangar—pron. hahng-ahr ; 
Ger. Schuppen—pron. shoop-pen. Syn. Fr. 
for “ pent-house roof,” Appentis—pron. ah- 
pahn-tee ; Ger. Schuppendach. Syn. Fr. for 
“ carriage shed,” Chapuis—pron. shapp-wee ; 
Ger. Wagenschuppen—pron. vah-gen-shoop- 

en. 

Sheet, in Materials. Syn. Fr. for “sheet 
of paper” (for drawing, etc.), Fewille de 
papier—feuyll deh pah-pee-ay ; Ger. Papier- 
bogen—pron. pah-peerr-boh-gen. Syn. Fr. 
for ‘‘sheet of glass,” Table de verre—pron. 
tah-bell deh vairr; also Lagre—pron. lah- 
gerr; Ger. Glastafel—pron. glahss-tah-fell ; 
also Glaslager (lah-gerr). Syn. Fr. for 
“sheet iron,’ Fer en tole—pron. fairr ahn 
tole; Ger. Hisenplatte—pron. i-zenn-plaht- 
teh. Syn. Fr. for “sheet iron corrugated,” 
Tole ondulée (undulated plate)—pron. tole 
ohn-dueh-lay ; Ger. gewellte LHisenplatte — 
pron. geh-vell-teh i-zenn-plaht-teh. Syn. 
Fr. for “sheet iron galvanised,” Tole gal- 
vanisée—pron. gall-van-nee-zay ; Ger. gal- 
vanisirte Eisenplatte — pron. gahl-vahn-ee- 
zeerr-teh. The term “zinced” is often used on 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


platte—pron. bly-plaht-teh. 


sh 


the Continent, as in Fr. Tole zinguée—pron. 
zaihn-kay ; and Ger. verzinkte Eisenplatte— 
pron. ferr-tsink-teh. Syn. Fr. for “sheet 
lead,” Feuille de plomd (plohm) ; Ger. Blei- 
Syn. Fr. for 
“sheet copper,” Cuivre en planches—pron. 
kwee-verr ahn plahnch; Ger. Kupferplatte 
—pron. koop-ferr. Syn. Fr. for “ sheet 
zine,” Zine en feuille — pron. zaihnk ahn 
fweel; Ger. Zinkplatte—pron. tsink. 

Sheet Piling, in Foundation Work. Small 
piles driven between the larger piles in a 
cofferdam, or a space enclosed with small 
piles. Sheet piles are driven in very closely 
together, so as to prevent the water from 
getting into the space enclosed by them. 
The term is also used as indicating the 
covering of the face of piles with planks, 
hence the Syn. Fr. Planches de remplissage ; 
for “sheet piling,” Palplanche—pron. pahl- 
plahnsh ; Ger. Spundpfahlung—pron. spoond- 
pfayl-oong ; also Spundwand—pron. spoond- 
vant, a hole wall—i.e. a wall to stop up 
holes ; also Vorpfaihlung—pron. fore-pfay- 
loong. 

Shelf, in Joinery. <A flat piece of board, 
of varying width and thickness, projecting 
from the surface of a wall, and at a con- 
venient height from the floor, making a 
surface or resting-place for various house- 
hold objects, as crockery, provisions, etc. 
There is no contrivance so simple as this, or 
more valued by the careful, well-managing 
housewife than the shelf, and many a corner 
which is otherwise unoccupied and con- 
veniently placed might be utilised by shelves, 
which are otherwise lost, to the great incon- 
venience of the housekeeper. All closets, 
larders, etc., should be well supplied with 
shelves, erring rather on the side of too 
many than too few. In the indifference 
with which too many builders regard this 
department of household conveniences, the 
household maxim is forgotten—“everything 
in its place,” for this is not possible unless 
there be provided a “place for everything.” 
The houses of the working classes are 
notorious examples of this forgetfulness. 
Shelves are supported by the walls, being 
let in when the walls are being finished; but 
when they are of great length, or have heavy 
weights to bear, they should have in addition 
brackets placed under them, at distances 
best suited to resist the pressure of the 
shelf and the articles it carries. Der. Our 
word shelf is from the Old English scelfe, or 
the Danish schelf, a board or plank raised 
above the level of the floor, on which to 
place drinking vessels, etc. Syn: Fr. 
Tablette— pron. tah-blett; also Rayon — 
pron. ray-on; Ger. Regal—-pron. reh-gahl ; 
also Gestell—pron. geh-stell. 

Shell Marl, in Materials. A species of 
marl in which shells or the remains of shells 
—shelly stuff—are more or less abundant, 


141 


sh 


Syn. Fr. Falun — pron. fah-leuhn ; Ger. 
Muschelerde—i.e. mussel earth—pron. moo- 
shell-airr-deh. 

Shell Work, in Architecture and Building. 
A species of ornamental work in which 
shells form the principal feature. In some 
districts near the sea it is applied to that 
kind of wall-work in which shells are 
imbedded in the mortar of exterior surface, 
in disposition more or less ornamental. Syn. 
Fr. Coupe—pron. koop ; Ger. schales Wand- 
werk. 

Shelter Shed, in Farm Architecture. A 
shed erected in the fields, or some place 
outlying from the central or farmyard build- 
ings, in which cattle can take shelter from 
the rain, snow, wind, etc. The shelter shed 
ought to form a feature of farm structures 
more frequently met with in farm practice 
than it is. The more clearly the principles 
of cattle feeding and rearing are understood, 
the more certainly will the shelter shed 
form a part of every farm on which stock is 
kept. Syn. Fr. Hangar ; also Hangar pour 
Vabri de mauvais temps—liiterally “shed for 
shelter from bad times” (mauvais temps the 
synonym for bad weather); Ger. Schirm- 
haus—i.e. shade house, shelter from the sun 
—pron. sheerrm-house ; also Schauerhaus— 
4.e. a shower house, shelter from the rain— 
pron. show-err-house ; also Schutzhaus. 

Shelving Ridge, in Building. A term 
sometimes used to denote a ridge piece or 
ridge capping, which slopes or shelves, 
Syn. Fr. Dos ddne—literally “back of an 
ass ’—pron. doh dahn; Ger. Lselsriicken— 
pron. ay-zells-rueck-en. 

Shield. See Escutcheon, or Scutcheon. 

Shingle, in Building. Flat pieces of 
wood, rectangular in form, cut’into some- 
thing like the shape of, and used to effect 
the same object as, a slate in covering roofs. 
They are very largely used in the United 
States, where timber is plentiful, and where 
they are quite in keeping with the material 
of which the body of the house is made, as 
in the log hut and the more pretentious 
frame (wood) or framed house. Syn. Fr. 
Bardeaux—pron. bahr-doh; also Lehandole 
—pron, ay-shahn-dohl; Ger. Schindel — 
pron. shin-dell ; also Dachschindel—i.e. roof 
shingle. Syn. Fr. for “shingling” (a roof), 
Couverture en bardeaux—pron. kooh-vairr- 
tuehr ahn bahr-doh; Ger. Schindeldach, 
shingle roof—pron. shin-dell-dach. 

Shivers, Stone, in Masonry. The pieces 
or chips taken off or struck off from stones 
in the dressing and preparing them for 
setting in walls. They are largely used for 
filling in or packing the spaces or interstices 
left in the heart or central space of walls 
between the large stones, being well grouted 
_ in with mortar in a thin condition. It is 
only in poor or defective work that shivers 
are so largely used in this way, as they give 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


a wall apparently, not actually, solid. Syn, 
Fr. Garnis pour un mur en pierre taillée, 
dressing for an ashlar wall—pron. gahr-nee 
poohr uhnn muehr ahn pee-air tahl-yeh, or 
simply Garnis, or Garnis pour un mur; 
Ger. Fallsteine — pron. fahl-stine-eh. Der. 
Our word shiver is from the German schiefen, 
to splinter—pron. shee-fen. 

Shoar, in Building. A timber prop placed 
in an oblique position, or at an angle more 
or less acute to the ground-level line, and 
used to prop up or secure a wall during 
alterations. When the prop is placed ver- 
tically it is called a “ dead shoar.” Syn. Fr. 
for “to prop or shoar up,” Ltayer—pron. 
eh-tah-yeh ; also Butter — pron. bueh-tay ; 
also Jtanconner -—— pron. ay-tahn-sonn-ay ; 
Ger. Unterstiitzen — pron. oohn-terr-stuet- 
zen; also mit einer Steife stiitzen — pron. 
mit ine-err stife-eh stuet-sen. Syn. Fr. for 
a “prop,” Htai—pron. ay-tay ; also Soutien 
—pron. sooh-tian; also Jtrésillon— pron. 
eh-tray-seel-yon ; Ger. Stez/e—pron. stife- 
eh; also Wandspreize-—pron. vant-spry-zeh. 

Shoe of a Pile, in Foundation Work. The 
pointed sheath or shield of wrought or cast 
iron with which the foot ofa pile is armed, 
in order to enable it to enter the ground 
more easily and to pass through and resist 
obstacles. The shoe thus acts asa protector 


‘and also as a penetrator. Syn. Fr. Sabot d’un 


pieu or pilotis—pron. sah-boh duhn pee-eu, 
or pee-loh-tee; Ger. Schuh vom Pfahl — 
pron. shooh fomm pfahl. The cast-iron box 
built into or resting upon a wall to receive 
the end of a beam or girder or rafter is 
called a shoe. Syn. Fr. for the “shoe for a 
beam,” Sabot dun poutre—pron. saw-boh 
duehn pooh-terr; Ger. Schuh_von Balken, 
Syn. Fr. for to “shoe a pile” Saboter un 
pieu—pron. sah-boh-tay euhn pee-euh; also 
Ferrer un bout d’un pilotis—t.e. to iron the 
end of a pile. . 

Shoot, Coal, in Building. ‘The inclined 
way down which the coals are shot or sent 
to the cellar below the ground level. The 
shoot is frequently a simple aperture in the 
roof of the coal cellar, which roof forms the 
pavement of the street, the hole being 
covered by an iron plate or grid—a fruitful 
source of accidents in towns. Where pos- 
sible, the place by which coal is delivered 
to a cellar below the ground level should 
be at the back of the house. Syn. Fr. 
Decharge—pron. day-sharjh, or Liew (place) 
de decharge—pron. lieuh day-sharjh; Ger. 
Schuttloch—pyron. shoot-loch. Der. Our word 
“shoot” is from the Old English sceotan, 
to send with force. 

Shop, in Street Architecture. A structure 
so arranged in the interior as to afford space 
for the storing up and the display of goods 
for sale of various kinds. Shop architecture 
affords good opportunities to the architect 
or builder for the display of skill in arrange- 


142 


sh 


ee eee 


sh 


ment and taste in designing the ornamental 
features of the structure. Syn. Fr. for 
“shop,” Boutique — pron. booh-teek; also 
Magasin—pron. mah-gah-zaihn. The latter 
term is applied to shops of large accommo- 
dation and of great extent, the term boutique 
being confined to the smaller buildings. Syn. 
Ger. der Laden or das Magazin—pron. derr 
lah-denn, dass mah-gah-tseen. 

Shore, in Building. See Shoar. 

Shoulder, in Carpentry and Joinery. That 
part of a beam or a piece of timber which is 
cut to afford a butting or resting-place for 
the end of another, when parts are at 
different levels, as the face or ‘table ” (see 
Scarf) of a rebate and the general surface 
of the beam or wood, the vertical end joining 
them is called shoulders. The flat face or 
faces at the side of a tenon—that is, those 
on which the piece rests when the tenon is 
driven home into the mortise from the 
shoulder of the tenon. Der. From the Old 
- English shulder, or the German Schulter, 
both being derived, as some philologists 
have surmised, from Icelandic shyla, to 
cover, to shield, The Old English word 
above given means the joint connecting the 
arm with the trunk of the human body. 
Syn. Fr. for “shoulder” in carpentry, Arase- 
ment—pron. ah-rass-mahn ; also Epaulement 
—pron. eh-pole-mahn (épaule, the shoulder) ; 
Ger, Holzscharnierschulter, “a wood joint 
shoulder,’ or Balkenschulter, “beam shoul- 
der,” or simply Schulter—pron. shooll-terr ; 
also Balkenbrust, “a beam breast ”—pron., 
bahl-kenn-broo-est. 

Shovel, in Tools and Appliances. Asalime 
shovel. A species of spade, but generally of 
greater width, and with the blade more or 
less turned up at the edges, in order to 
retain the material lifted in greater quantity 
than a flat-surfaced and narrower-bladed 
spade would do. Masons’ and bricklayers’ 
shovels are generally heart-shaped in form, 
with blade more or less pointed. Syn. Fr. for 
“shovel” generally, Pelle—pron. pell ; Ger. 
Schaufel—pron. shough- (as in plough) fell. 
Syn. Fr. for “mortar shovel,” Pelle pour 
mortier; Ger. Mértelschaufel, 

Shrinkage, in Timber Work. A term used 
to indicate the loosening of joints by the 
contraction of the fibres of the wood through 
the drying of the timber, or the opening of 
the joints in pieces put together in the 
direction of their length. Shrinkage is also 
applied to the general lessening in bulk 
through the drying up of the moisture 
contained in the timber. Shrinkage in 
timber work is generally allowed for -by 
driving joints home as tight as possible ; 
but in all cases undue shrinkage is pro- 
vided against by using well and thoroughly 
seasoned timber. The shrinkage in the 
woodwork of domestic buildings, such as 
in floors, window casings, door panels, and 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


sh 


the like, is caused chiefly by the employ- 
ment of unseasoned and therefore slightly 
cheaper wood. Wer. The word “shrink ” 
is from the Old English srincan, to wrinkle 
or become shrivelled up. Syn. Fr. for “to 
shrink,” Se. gripper—pron. seh greep-peh ; 
also Jétrécir — pron. ray-tray-seer; Ger, 
Linschrumpfen—pron. ine-shroomp-fen ; also 
Schwinden—pron. shveen-den. Syn. Fr. for 
“shrinkage” in timber or wood—Retraite 
de bois—pron. reh-trate deh bwah; Ger, 
Holzschwinden—pron. holts-shvin-den, Syn. 
Fr. for “shrinkage,” Contraction — pron. 
kon-trahk-see-on ; Ger, Linschwinden or 
Einschrumpfen. 

Shutter, in Joinery. <A part of timber or 
wood construction generally applied to 
windows. In its simplest form it is a flat 
board, or if of considerable width of several 
boards jointed together—hung to one side 
of the window frame in the case of an 
inside shutter—to the wall or to the reveal 
of the window opening in that of an outer, 
so that it can be closed in upon the window 
and secured to the opposite side of the casing 
or reveal, Generally shutters are fixtures— 
that is, hung at one side, so as to fold back 
against the wall or into what are called 
“shutter boxes” (which see), thus opening 
the shutter and admitting the light through 
the glass; but in the case of shops, ete., 
shutters are movable, and capable of being 
taken down and removed till again used, or 
if fixtures are of the class known as revolving 
shutters (see below). Der. The word “shut” 
is from the Old English scittan, to close up, 
toshut. Syn, Fr. for “shutter,” Volet—pron. 
voh-lay; Ger. Fensterladen — pron. fenn- 
sterr-lah-den. 

Shutter Bolt, in Ironmongery, The iron 
bolt fitted to a shutter, either outside to 
secure it from being driven to and fro by 
the wind, or inside to prevent those outside 
the house opening the shutter. In the first 
of these two cases the bolt enters an iron 
ring or staple, leaded into the wall; in the 
second it enters a hole sunk in the reveal 
or side of the window. Syn. Fr. Targette 
(de fenétre)—pron. tahr-gett; also Verrou— 
pron. ver-rooh; Ger. Schubriegel — pron. 
shoohb-ree-gell. 

Shutter Boxings, in Joinery. The recep- 
tacles placed at the sides of windows in the 
interior of apartments, into which the 
shutters fold back to be concealed or placed 
out of the way when not in use. Shutter 
boxings are rarely used on the Continent— 
the casement window there so generally 
used not admitting of the arrangement. 
Inside shutters are, therefore, seldom used— 
windows there being almost universally 
shut up, or the light partially excluded, by 
outside shutters or jalousies, made in two 
leaves or pieces, meeting when closed in the 
centre of the window, one being hinged to 


143 


sh 


the outside wall at one side of it, the other 
to the opposite side. These outside shutters 
are not solid—wholly excluding the light, 
but partially admit it by having the central 
space of the frame of the shutter filled up 
with laths or narrow pieces placed at an 
angle, so as to form a series of what we 
call louvre or luffer boarding. When these 
shutters are opened and fold against the 
wall, they are prevented from being driven 
to and fro by the wind, or from being closed, 
by catches which are let into the wall. 
Folded back and open, these shutters form 
a distinguishing feature of the house and 
street architecture of the Continent. There 
are, from what we have said, no French or 
German synonyms for the term shutter 
boxings; the nearest approach in French is 
Boite des volets de la fenétre (box of the 
shutters or wings of the window), or 
Réceptacle des volets de la fenétre — pron. 
ray-sepp-tah-kel ; Ger. Fensterladenkasten or 
-biichse, window-shutter chest, or box—pron, 
kass-ten or buek-say. 

Shutter Latch, in Jronmongery. The 
appliance attached to outside folding 
shutters or jalousies, so that when they are 
thrown open and back against the wall the 
latch catches and retains them in position 
till they are released by hand, when it is 
desired to close them. Syn. Fr. Loquet 
du volet—pron. loh-kay du voh-lay; Ger. 
Fensterladenlinke—pron. fenn-sterr-lah-denn- 
lin-keh. 

Shutter, Revolving. <A form of shutter 
generally used to close and protect shop 
windows. The shutter is made of iron 
plates horizontally disposed, and so jointed 
together that they form a flexible sheet, so 
to call it, capable of being passed round 
rollers, and so hung and adjusted that, by 
simple and easily-acted-upon mechanism, 
they can be pulled down to cover the window 
opening or shoved up to open it; the lats 
or horizontal pieces having some resem- 
blance to the bars in a jalousie or open 
latticed shutter (see Shutter). Syn. Fr. 
Volet jalousie— pron. voh-lay jah-loo-see ; 
the more correct term would be Volet 
tournant—pron. voh-lay toohr-nahn; Ger. 
Gitterfensterladen—i.e. a lattice-like or cross- 
bar window shutter—pron. git-terr-fenn- 
sterr-lah-den. 

Sideboard, in Cabinet Making. <A piece 
of furniture generally placed against the 
side wall of a dining-room, frequently in a 
recess specially designed and constructed 
for it—hence part of its name. Its purpose 
is to afford on its upper surface a species of 
table or board—hence the second part of 
the name—on which to place various articles 
required for the service of dinner. In some 
forms the supports at each end are so formed 
that they afford space for small cupboards, 
which, variously shelved and provided with 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


Si 


drawers, afford space for the storing away 
of the various household articles. Syn. Fr. 
Buffet—pron. buef-fay ; also Dressoir—pron, 
dress-wahr; Ger. Anrichtetisch—pron. ahn- 
rich-teh-tish (from anrichten, to prepare to 
dress or dish up, and Tisch, a table)—so that 
literally the synonym means a table on which 
dishes dressed up are placed to be ready for 
service at table; also Schenktisch—Schenk, 
a cup-bearer (from schenken, to give or pour 
forth—thus Wein einschenken, to pour wine 
into a goblet or cup). Der. Our word 
“side” is from the Old English side, or the 
German Seite, the border or outer edge of a 
body, the side or sloping part of a hill or 
rising ground. ; 

Side Aisle, in Architecture. (See Aisle.) 
Syn. Fr. for side, little, or low nave, Nef 
latérale; also Petite nef—pron. neff lah- 
tare-ahl, pet-eat neff ; Ger. Seitenschiff, side 
nave—pron, zite-en-shif ; also Nebenschiff— 
pron. nay-ben-shiff, 

Side Cutting, in Roadmaking. The 
excavating work done at the side of a 
cutting or part hollowed out of a rising 
ground or knoll. Syn. Fr. Tranchée latérale 
—pron. trahn-shay lah-tare-ahl; Ger. Setten- 
schnitt vom Wege—pron. zite-en-shnit fom 
vay-geh. 

Side Culvert, in Roadmaking. The drain, 
of dimensions larger than the transverse 
drains, laid along a road to carry off the 
water from the road or from side cuttings, 
etc. Syn. Fr. Agueduc latérale—pron. ah- 
keu-duuk lah-tay-rahl; also Conduit d’eau 
latérale—pron. kon-dwee doh; Ger. Seiten- 
wasserzug — pron. zite -en- vass - err-shoog, 
or Seitenwasserleitung (lite-oong); alse 
Seitenaquaduct — pron. site-en - ah - quah - 
doohkt. 

Side Gutter, in Roadmaking. The open 
channel running along the length of road 
between the curb, kerb, or curbstone (which 
see), and the footpath. Syn. Fr. Rigole 
laterale or longitudinale—pron. ree-goal lon- 
jhee-tue-dee-nahl; also Canal d'un pavé— 
pron. kah-nall doohn pah-vay ; Ger. Seiten- 
rinne—pron. zite-en-rin-neh. 

Side Posts, in Carpentry. Vertical pieces 
of timber placed in a roof-truss, as a queen- 
post truss, and placed at each side of and 
equidistant from the central point of the 
truss. Syn. Fr. Montant d’un comble (roof) 
—pron. mon-tahn duhn cohm-bel, or Mon- 
tant d’un chassis (framework)—pron. shah- 
see ; Ger. Seztenstiick—pron. zite-enn-stuek ; 
also Rahmenseitenstuck—pron. rah-merr-zy- 
ten-stuek. 

Side View, in Architectural and Building 
Drawing. Sometimes called a profile. The 
side view may either be in perspective or 
in plane projection, in which case it is more 
generally and accurately termed a side 
elevation. Another synonym with us is 
“end view,” or “ west” or “ east elevation.” 


144 


si 


Syn. Fr. for these terms: Vue de cété— 
pron. vue deh koh-tay; Hlévation de cété— 
ron, ay-lave-ah-seeon; also Elévation 
atérale; Ger. Seitenansicht—pron. zite-enn- 
zicht. 

Side Wall, in Masonry and Bricksetting. 
A wall which runs at an angle to the front 
wall. Syn. Fr. A/ur de cété or Mur latérale 
—pron. muehr lah-tare-ahl; Ger. Setten- 
mauer—pron. zite-en-mow-err. 

Siding, in Building. Although this term 
is generally employed to indicate the part 
set aside in railway stations, etc., to admit 
of the trains being moved—shunted—from 
the main lines, still it is sometimes used by 
builders to point out some part of the yard 
or of the site of a house set “aside” for 
certain materials, as a siding for bricks, 
etc. Syn. Fr. Changement ; also Cété pour 
matériaux—pron. shahnj -mahn, koh - tay 
poohr mah-tare-ee-oh ; Ger. Baumaterialien- 
stelle—i.e. “ building material stand ’’—pron. 
bough-mah-tair-ee-ah-lee-enn-stell-eh. 

Sieve, in Building. An appliance by 
which mortar and sand can be sifted, and 
stones and other extraneous substances 
separated from that which is required in 
purity. It consists of a circular hoop or 
ring of hard wood, with one of its sides 
filled in with the sifting or screening (see 
Screen) wires, which, being crossed and 
reticulated, form openings through which 
the material to be sifted is passed, while 
the substances desired to be retained are 
kept from passing through, and being col- 
lected at one side of the sieve are thrown 
aside. While one man works the sieve, 
shaking it to and fro and occasionally tilt- 
ing and throwing up its contents, another 
man fills it with the unsifted materials. 
Sieves are made with their wirework open- 
ings of various degrees of fineness of “ mesh,” 
the interstices being so called. Syn. Fr. 
Tamis—pron. tah-mee; also Cridble—pron. 
kree-bel; Ger. Sieb—pron. zeeb. Syn. Fr. 
for “sieving screen,” Passire—pron. pah- 
seer ; also Egrappoir—pron. eh-grapp-wahr ; 
Ger. Sieb—pron. zeeb. 

Sill, in Building. Sometimes spelt “ cill.” 
The lower part of a window, usually made 
of stone even in brickwork, which terminates 
the window and on which the frame rests. 
It projects some distance before the face 
of outer wall, the upper face from line of 
window-frame to outer edge being made 
sloping outwards, so as to carry off the 
rain falling on it. To prevent the water 
from finding its way from the edge or 
face of the sill to the wall behind, thus 
causing the latter to be damp, a groove is 
run along the under side of the projecting 
part of sill near the edge. This groove 
stops the water from flowing from sill to 
wall, as it cannot cross the groove, but 
drops from its outer edge to the ground, 


145 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


si 


This grooving is termed “ weathering.” Syn. 
Fr, for “sill,” Seuil de fenétre—literally “the 
threshold of a window ’’’—pron. seueel deh 
feh-nay-terr; Ger. Fenstersohle — literally 
“the sole of the window ”—pron. fenn-sterr- 
zoh-leh. Door sill, indicating a wood batten, 
which sometimes rests upon the doorstep, 
and which terminates the door proper, pre- 
venting the wet from being blown into the 
house from the top of step, but offering an 
awkward impediment to entrance and exit, 
and is but rarely used. With some the sill of 
a door is synonymous with the step. Syn. 
Fr. Seuil de porte; Ger. Thiirsohle. Syn. Fr. 
for “sill of timberwork,” as of a partition, 
Sabliére—pron. sah-blee-airr ; Ger. Grund- 
balken — pron. groond-bahl-ken. Syn. Fr. 
for “sill” in architecture, Tablette d’ appui— 
pron. tah-blett dahp-pwee ; Ger, Sohlenband 
—pron. zoh-len-bant. Der, The word sill is 
from the Old English sy/, a foundation, or 
to lay a foundation, or from the Latin solum, 
a foundation. 

Single Hung, in Joinery. A term used 
to indicate that in a window one only of the 
sashes, the lower or upper, is “hung” or 
suspended by ropes or cords, pulleys and 
weights, so that it can be raised or lowered 
as desired, 

Single Measure, in Joinery, means that 
a door is flat-surfaced or “square,” as it is 
termed, on both sides—that is, it is not 
moulded or panelled. “ Double hung” means 
that the door is moulded on both sides. 
When the work is square on one side and 
moulded on the other, it is termed “ measure- 
and-half.” 

Sink, in Domestic Architecture. An open 
receptacle of some eight or nine inches in 
depth, and of varying length and breadth 
according to circumstances, placed in kitchen 
or scullery, in which to throw refuse water, 
which is led off to the drain by a pipe, this 
latter being “trapped” to prevent the bad 
odour from passing from the drain to the 
house. The “sink” is much more largely 
used in Scotland than in England, in which 
latter part of the kingdom its place is taken 
by the “slopstone” —a contrivance much 
more likely to minister to habits of cleanli- 
ness, being of large area and shallow, whereas 
the sink is of small area and of considerable 
depth, and is thus more difficult to clean out, 
and is apt to hide away filthy matter more 
readily, than the open exposed slopstone. 
Syn. Fr. for “sink,” Couloir—pron. koohl- 
wahr; also Passoire—pron. pass-wahr ; also 
Egout — pron. eh-goo; Ger. Gosse— pron. 
gos-seh, 

Sink, in Building. To fall, to subside or 
drop from gravitation. In the more strictly 
technical sense in building it means to dig, 
as to dig a foundation, to dig, sink a well. 
Der. The word sink is from the Old English 
sincan, or from the German sinken, to sink 


10 


si ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


Syn. Fr. for “to sink,’ in the sense of 
“digging,” Creuser—pron. kreuh-zay; Ger. 
Sinken. Syn. Fr. for “to sink a foundation,” 
Creuser une fondation — pron. fohnn-dah- 
seeon; Ger. Grund sinken. Syn. Fr. for “ to 
sink a well,” Creuser wn puits—pron. pwee ; 
Ger. einen Brunnen senken—pron. in-enn 
broon-nenn zenken. 

Sinking, in Building. A term used 
to indicate the subsidence of a structure 
through the giving way of the foundation. 
Syn. Fr. Affaisement (from affaiser [ah-faze- 
eh], to sink, to press down)—pron. ah-faze- 
mahn ; also Enfoncement (from enfoncer, to 
sink, to bear down)—pron. ahn-fonss-mahn ; 
Ger. Sinken—pron. zin-ken. 

Site, in Building. The spot or piece of 
ground on which the house is actually built 
—the term “ground” or “ grounds” refer- 
ring to the plot of land surrounding the 
house, as the approach, garden, lawn, site 
for stabling and outhouses, etc, or the 
extent of land belonging to or connected 
with the house, considered as a whole. 
The choice of a good “site” involves many 
considerations, such as aspect—its relation 
to the sun, locality—its relation to the sur- 
rounding neighbourhood, on which some 
nuisance may exist, or some piece of water, 
etc., unhealthy in its influence; and further, 
the nature of the soil itself, whether likely 
to be damp, etc., or whether, if in the neigh- 
bourhood of towns or in streets, the soil be 
natural, or what is called “made ’”—than 
which latter nothing is more likely to be 
prejudicial to health. Der. From the Latin 
situs, a fixed place (from sedere, to sit, set, 
or lay down). Our technical term in 
mechanics generally, in situ, is derived from 
this, and means that a certain part of con- 
struction is in its proper place—as a beam 
or girder is said to be in situ when in the 
place it is designed to occupy. Syn. Fr. for 
“site of a building,’ Emplacement dun bdati- 
ment—pron. ahm-plahss-mahn duhn bah-tee- 
mahn; “of a house,” d’une maison—pron, 
deuhn may-zon, or Locale d’une maison ; Ger. 
Hausstelle— pron. house-stell-eh, Syn. Fr. 
for “site of a bridge,” Emplacement dun 
pont—pron. pohng; Ger. Briickenstelle — 
pron. bruek-en-stel-leh. 

Sitting-room, in Domestic Architecture. 
An apartment in which the family meet on 
ordinary occasions, or receive visitors en 
famille or without ceremony. A synonym 
often used is “ parlour.” In dwellings for 
the working-classes and third-class houses 
it is the best room of the cottage or house, 
corresponding to the dining-room and draw- 
ing-room of better-class houses, and serving 
the purposes of both. Syn. Fr. Chambre 
ordinaire—pron. shahm-berr orr-dee-nairr ; 
also Appartement ordinaire—pron. ah-parr-te- 
mahn, or the synonym Parloir—pron. parr- 
lwahr ; Ger. Empfangzimmer—i.e, “ a recep- 


sk 


tion chamber,” which term, however, is not 
definite enough as it applies equally to the 
drawing-room of the house. The term 
Wohnzimmer—ie. dwelling or living cham- 
ber or room—is more precise, and gewdhn- 
liches Zimmer still more so, as it is equivalent 
to the French ordinary room; also Sprech- 
zimmer, a talking or “speak-a-word” or 
consultation chamber. , 

Size, in Construction, refers to bulk or 
dimensions, as large size, small, greater or 
less size. Syn. Fr. Volume—pron. voh- 
luehm ; also Grandeur—pron. grahn-deuhr ; 
Ger. Grésse—pron. groehs-seh. f 

Size, in Painting. A mixture of a water 
colour with melted glue, the effect of which 
is to fix the colour or whitewash on the wall 
or surface to be painted. Without the size 
the colouring material would rub off, Syn. 
Fr. Détrampe — pron. day-trahmp; Ger, 
Leimfarbe—pron. lime-fahr-beh—i.e, “lime 
glue colour.” Syn. Fr. for “sizing,” Apprét— 
pron. ah-pray ; Ger. Leim—pron. lime. Der. 
From the Old English syth, glue, starch. 
A probable derivation is that it is simply a 
corruption of “seize ”—that is, it enables the 
colour to seize or take hold of the surface 
on which it is put, so that it cannot be 
rubbed off. 

Size, Full, in Architectural Drawing. A 
term applied to parts or details of a build- 
ing which are delineated of the actual 
dimensions, or the real and natural size of 
the parts themselves when they will be 
made. They are then said to be “ full-size 
drawings.” Syn. Fr. Grandeur dexécution 
naturelle —pron. grahn-deuhr daix-eh-kue- 
seeon nah-tuuh-rell; Ger. Wirkliche Grésse 
—i.e. “ work like,” real, actual, or like the 
work itself—pron. veerk-lich-e groehs-seh ; 
also Natiirliche Grdésse-—pron. nah-tuehr- 
lich-eh groes-seh. Syn. Fr. for “ half-size,” 
Demi (dem-ee) grandeur—i.e. six inches to 
the foot; Ger. Halbe Grésse—pron. hahl-beh 
groess-eh, 

Sketch, Rough, i Architectural and 
Building Drawing and Design. The first or 
original conception of the object or structure 
put on paper; the first rude, unfinished 
outline. Der. Remotely from the Latin 
schedium, verses thrown off at random with- 
out study, or the Greek skedios, anything 
made suddenly. From these come the 
German Skizze, which is the direct deriva- 
tion or origin of our word. Syn. Fr. for 
“yough sketch, original outline or plan,” 
Esquisse—pron, ess-keece; also Croguis — 
pron. kroh-kee; also Linéature—pron. lee- 
nay-ah-tuehr, or Premiére linéature ; also 
Ebauche— pron. eh-boash; Ger. Shkizze— 
pron. skit-seh, or erste Skizze—ie. “ first 
sketch ”—pron, airr-steh skit-seh ; also 
Schema—pron. skay-mah; also Aisz—pron. 
riss, or Abriss—pron. ahp-riss. Syn. Fr. for 
“to make a sketch,” Faire une ebauche (or 


146 


sk 


croquis, etc., see above)—pron. fairr uehnn 
ay-boash ; Ger. Skizziren—pron. skit-sear-en. 
' Skew, in Construction. A synonym for 
or a corruption of the word askew—that is, 
a line or a body which lies off the straight 
or at an angle to another line or body, asa 
bridge which crosses a road, not at right 
angles to, but at some angle more or less 
acute, is said to be a “skew bridge.” Any- 
thing off the general or regular line of an 
object is said to be “on the skew,” for which 
a synonym is “oblique.” Syn. Frgfor the 
general term “skew” or askew, Odlique— 
pron, oh-bleek ; also En baudrier—pron. boh- 
dree-yea (a term having a curious derivation, 
meaning literally a shoulder-belt, which goes 
across the back and front obliquely to the 
vertical line of the body, and so gives a good 
idea of what a “skew” is); also En biais— 
pron. ahn bee-yea, a slope or incline; Ger. 
Queriiber—literally “cross over”—that is, 
placed across—pron. quare ueh-berr. 

Skew Back, in Bricklaying and Masonry. 
The butment for an arch which is oblique 
to the vertical line of pier or side of opening, 
which butment is said to “rake.” Syn. Fr. 
ftedan—pron, ray-dahn ; Ger. Widerlager— 
pron. vee-derr-lah-gerr, 

Skifling, in Quarrying or in Masonry. 
Knocking off with the hammer the rough 
parts or projections of hard rock stone at 
the quarry, to give them an approach toa 
regular or uniform surface. From these 
projections being often knoblike, the term 
“knobbling” is a synonym for skiffling. 
An equivalont in French for the operation 
is Briser les pommes de pierre—knobs being 
called apples of stone, just as the cones of 
the fir are called pommes du pin, apples of 
the pine—-pron. breeze-ch lay pomm deh 
pee-alrr; also Briser les houpes (knobs)— 
pron. hoop; also Briser les bosses —pron. 
boss ; Ger, Steinknorren brechen—pron. stine- 
knorr-enn brech-en. Syn. Fr. for “ knobbed 
stone,” Pierre qui a des bosses—pron. pee- 
airr kee ah day boss ; also Pierre a pommes ; 
Ger. Stein mit Knorren besetzt—i.e. “ stone 
with knobs beset ”—pron. stine mit norr- 
enn beh-zetst. Syn. Fr. for “stone which 
has been knobbed or knobbled,” Pierre 
raboteux—pron, rah-boh-teuh (from raboter 
[rah-boh-tay], to plane or polish or make 
smooth). 

Skirting Board, in Joinery. The board 
which goes round the walls of a room next 
‘to and for a certain height above the floor, 
and which separates the horizontal floor 
from the vertical wall surface, is so called. 
Der, From the word “skirt,” which comes 
from Old English seyrtan, to shorten, indi- 
cating the lower edge or part of a garment. 
Skirting boards are often, in buildings 
of a low class, made quite plain, being 
simply a flat, thin board to conceal the 
opening of the line of junction of the wall 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


sl 


plaster with the flooring boards. In some 
buildings, such as cottages, it is altogether 
absent. In the better classes of houses the 
skirting board is decorated with mouldings 
more or less ornate and numerous. They 
are in all cases nailed or secured to blocks 
of wood called “grounds,” built in at 
certain intervals along the line of wall at 
or about the level of floor line Syn. Fr. 
Antebois—pron. ahn-teh-bwah ; Ger. Wand- 
leiste—pron. vant-lice-teh —that is, ‘‘ wall 
band” ; also Fussbodenleiste — pron, fooce- 
boh-den—that is, “ floor band.” 

Slab or Slab-board, in Timber. The 
outside board, or that which is first sawn 
from a balk or beam. It is of poor quality, 
often veined with blue parts which are 
difficult to work. Syn. Fr. for “ slab-board,” 
Planche flacheuse—pron. plahnsh flah-sheuz; 
also Dosse—pron. doss; for “slab timber,” 
Bois faux gabarit—pron. bwah foh gah-bah- 
ree ; Ger. Schalbrett (from Schale [shah-leh], 
a shell, or husk, or outside scale); also 
Schwarzbrett — that is, “black (or dirty) 
board.” 

Slab of Stone, in Masonry. A flat block 
of which the length and breadth greatly 
exceed the thickness. Syn. Fr. Table de 
pierre —pron. tah-bell deh pee-airr; also 
Pierre plate—pron. plahtt; also Dalle— 
pron. dahll; Ger. Steintafel—literally “a 
stone table” ; also Stetnplatte—pron. plaht- 
teh. Syn. Fr. for “marble slab,’ Table de 
marbre— pron, mahr-berr; Ger. JMJarmor- 
tafel or -platte—pron. mahr-morr-plaht-teh, 
Syn. Fr. for “slate slab,” Table d’ardoise— 
pron. ahr-dwahze ; Ger. Schieferplatte-—pron. 
shee-ferr. 

Slack, To, in Building. A common 
synonym for which is to “slake,” as to slack 
or slake lime. Der. The term “slack” is 
from the Old English sleac, to make loose or 
easy—which gives a good idea of what the 
lime “slacked” is, for on applying the water, 
with which burnt or calcined limestone is 
treated in the operation of slacking, the 
hard lumps disintegrate or crumble away, 
forming a loose or pulverised condition of 
the lime. The word “slake” is derived from 
the Icelandic slocken (hence the Scottish 
term, which is identical, to “slocken” one’s 
thirst by the drinking of water, etc.), which 
means to extinguish with water. Syn. Fr. 
for “to slack lime,” Eteindre la chaux—pron. 
eh-taihn-derr lah show; Ger. Kalk léschen 
(to quench) — pron. kalk loesh-enn ; also 
Leim lischen—pron. lime. 

Slack Coal, in Materials. Synonyms for 
which are culm, dross. Syn. Fr. Ménaille— 
pron. menn-ahyle ; also Poussiére de charbon 
de terre—pron. poos-yare deh sharr-bon deh 
tairr, or simply Poussier ; Ger. Kleine Kohlen 
(from kleine, little or small)—pron. kline-eh 
koh-len, 

Slanting, in Building. Sloping or inclined.’ 


147 


sl 


A rafter is slanted in relation to the tie- 
beam ; a roof surface is slanted. Der. From 
the Swedish slinta, sliding or sloping. Syn. 
Fr. for “slant,” Obliquité— pron. oh-blee- 
quee-tay ; also Biais—pron. bee-ay; Ger. 
Schrige — pron. shray-geh. Syn. Fr. for 
“slanting,” de Biais; also en Echarpe—pron. 
ahn eh-sharrp ; also Obliquement—pron. oh- 
bleek-mahn ; Ger. Schradg—pron. shrayg ; 
also die Quere (quer, across) —pron. dee 
quair-eh. Syn. Fr, for “ to slant,” to “‘make 
slant,” Ecolleter—pron. eh-koll-ett-eh ; Ger. 
Schweifen—pron. shvife-en. 

Slap-boarding, in Joinery. A name given 
sometimes to “feather - edged boarding” 
(which see). Generally slap-boarding im- 
plies any kind of boarding in irregular 
widths put on quickly to cover a space, as 
the sides of a shed or hut. 

Slapdash, in Plastering. A term some- 
times used as synonymous with “rough 
casting.” Syn. Fr. Ravalement—pron. rah- 
vahl-mahn ; Ger. Rauhes Wandwerk—pron. 
row- (like now) ess vand-vairrk. 

Slate, in Materials. An argillaceous 
mineral, which is found in a laminated state 
—that is, capable of being split up into thin 
plates, to which the name of slates is given, 
and which is chiefly used in this country as 
the covering for roofs. The colour varies 
from a deep to a lightish blue or grey, the 
blue having often a shade of purple. Slates 
are known to the trade by various names, 
as “ Countess ” and “ Duchess,” which indi- 
cate certain dimensions. Syn. Fr. for “slate,” 
Ardoise—pron,. ahr-dwahze ; Ger. Schiefer- 
stein, or simply Schiefer—pron. shee-ferr. 
Syn. Fr. for “slate roof or covering,’ Cou- 
verture en ardoise—pron. kooh-vairr-tuehr 
ahn ahr-dwahze; Ger. Schieferdach—pron. 
Shee - ferr-dach. Syn. Fr. for “slated,” 
Ardoisé — pron. ahr-dwahze-eh; Ger. 
Beschiefert—pron. beh-shee-ferrt. Syn. Fr. 
for “slate quarry,” Carriere d’ardoise—pron. 
karr-ee-airr dahr-dwahze ; also Ardoisi¢re— 
pron. ahr-dwahze-ee-airr. Ger. Schiefer- 
bruch. Syn. Fr. for “slater’s hammer,” 
Hache douvrage en ardoise — pron. hahsh 
doov-rahj] abn ahrdwahze; also, referring 
to its two sharp points, Lame a deux 
éranchants—pron. lahm ah deuh trahn-shahn ; 
Ger. Schieferhammer. Syn. Fr. for “slaty,” 
Ardoiseux — pron. ahrdwahze-euh ;_ Ger. 
Schieferig—pron. shee-ferr-ig. 

Slater. The workman who works in slates 
and puts them up on roofs, etc. Syn. Fr. 
Couvreur en ardoise, or simply Couvreur— 
pron,-kooh - vreuhr; Ger, Schieferdecker— 
pron. shee-ferr-deck-err. 

Slaughter-house, in Building. (See 
Abattoir.) Syn. Fr. also Boucherie—pron. 
boosh -e - ree; Ger. Schlachthaus — pron, 
slahght-house. 

_Sleeper, in Carpentry. The piece of 
timber of varying dimensions which rests 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


sl 


upon and runs along the length of a “ sleeper 
wall,” carried up to support the ends of the 
joists of the ground-floor of a house. The 
term is also applied to the timber laid at top 
of wall, forming a species of wall-plate, 
against which the lower ends of the common 
rafters of the roof butt. Sleepers are used 
in various positions and for several purposes. 
Der, Our word sleep is from the Old English 
slaepen, to take rest, and sleeper is the part 
which rests upon one body and supports 
another, Syn. Fr. Chapeau—pron. shah- 
poh; also Longrin—pron. long-rahn; also 
@un Grillage ; also Poitrail—pron. pwah- 
trahl; Ger. JLangschwelle — pron. lang- 
shvell-eh ; also Helm. Syn. Fr. for “sleeper 
of the basement or ground-floor,” Dormant 
—pron. dohr-mahn; also Sole-—both of which 
terms may be used to indicate ‘‘sleeper” 
generally, especially the former of the two, 
as it is almost a literal rendering of our own 
term, meaning “sleeping,” ours being the 
substantive (sleeper) ; Ger. Unterbalken—i.e. 
under beam; also Trdger (from tragen, to 
bear, which a sleeper does, as it always 
supports another body)—pron. trah-gen. 

Slit, in Construction. 'To cut or divide or 
wrench asunder a piece of timber, as a lath. 
It is often used assynonymous with “split.” 
The term is sometimes used as a substantive, 
indicating a long, narrow, rectangularly- 
shaped aperture in an object, as the loop- 
holes in a tower ; these are often rounded at 
the ends. Der. From the Old English slitan, 
to tear or divide asunder longitudinally, 
Syn. Fr. Coupure — pron. koop-uehr ; also 
Entaille — pron. ang-tahel; also Taillade— 
pron. tahel-yahd; also Rainure—pron. ray- 
nuehr; Ger. Schnitt — pron. shnitt; also 
Scheere—pron. share-eh (from scheren, to 
shear, to cut, our word “shear” coming 
from this) ; also Hinschnitt—pron. ine-shnitt. 
Syn, Fr. for “slitting,” Fendillage — pron. 
fahn-dil-yahj; also Fendage — pron. fahn- 
dajh; Ger. Ritzen — pron. ritt-sen; also 
Spalten—pron. spall-ten, 

Slit Deal, in Joinery. Inch-thick plank 
cut into two leaves longitudinally. Syn. 
Fr. Planches d’un pouce (an inch) de gros 
(or épais—eh-pay) coupée en deux feuilles— 
pron. plahnsh duhn pooce deh gro koo-pay 
ahn deuh feu-ill; Ger. Diele in zwei Blitter 
geschnitten—pron. deal-eh in tzvy blet-terr~ 
gesh-nitt-en. 

Slope, in Building. A term used to indi- 
cate that a part of a structure is on the 
incline—as a roof is said to slope, or be 
inclined at certain degrees of obliquity to 
the vertical walls. A synonym is “slant” 
(which see). Another sometimes used is 
“ shelving,” as a shelving bank of a river. 
Yet another synonym is “batter,” but 
this term is more correctly applied to a 
tall vertical object, such as a chimney-shaft, 
which stands at right angles to the ground 


148 


sl 


line, and which is wider at the base than at 
the top. The angle which the difference 
between the dimensions of top and bottom 
give is said to be its “batter,” or amount of 
batter. The term batter also applies to a 
retaining wall which slopes inwards from 
the base, and which cannot, therefore, be 
said to be vertical or at right angles to the 
ground level. Der. Our word “slope” is 
from the Old English slopen, a sliding or 
slipping away, as a body will from the spot 
on which it rests on an incline when it is 
free to move or is pushed down. The term 
slope is also applied to the outer faces of 
embankments of reservoirs, water-collecting 
ponds, the sides of raised ground or banks 
in gardens and ornamental grounds. Syn. 
Fr. for slope generally, Ados —pron. ah-doh ; 
also Pente—pron. pahnt; also JIJnclinaison 
—pron. ang-klee-nay-zong; also Talus — 
pron. tah-lueh; also Penchant d'un plan— 
pron. pahn-shahn duhn plahn; Ger. Bo- 
schung—pron. boe-shoong; also Hang or 
Abhang or Gefille—pron. geh-fell-leh, and 
Gehdinge—pron. geh-heng-eh. Syn. Fr. for 
“slope of a roof,” Croupe a comble—pron. 
kroop ah kohm- bell; also Chute; Ger. 
Walmdach—pron. vallm-dach; also Abhang. 
Syn. Fr. for the “slope or inclination of 
a bank or embankment,” Pente; also Talus 
or Inclinaison; also Pendage—pron. pahn- 
dahj ; Ger. Neigung—pron. ny-goong; also 
Gefille; also Bergabhang (Berg, a moun- 
tain or hill) —pron. berg - abb - hang. 
Syn. Fr. for “to give a slope to a 
body,” Damer — pron. dah - may; Ger. 
Abschiissig — pron. abb-shues-sig. Syn. Fr. 
for “slope”—in the sense of “batter,” as 
explained above—of a wall,” Pente dun mur 
—pron. pahnt duuhn muehr ; Ger. Boschung 
einer Mauer —pron. boeh-shoong eye-ner 
mow-err. Syn. Fr. for “sloping,” Escarpé 
— pron. eh-scarr-pay; also Penchant or 
Rampant — pron. rahm-pahn, or Jncliné — 
pron. aihn-klee-nay; also en Pente, or 
en Talus; Ger. Abhdngig—pron. abb-heng- 
ich. Syn. Fr. for “battering,” Gauchisse- 
ment—pron. go-sheess-mahn ; Ger. Auslothen 
-—pron. owss-lo-tenn, Syn. Fr. for “sloped ” 
or “sloping wall,” Mur en talus— pron. 
muehr ahn tah-lueh, or Mur taluté—pron. 
muehr tah-lueh-tay ; also Mur escarpé; 
Ger. Bdschmauer — pron. boesh-mow-err. 
Syn. Fr. for “sloping post,” in carpentry, 
Poincon rampant—pron. pwahn-son rahm- 
pahn; also Poincon en pente; Ger. ab- 
hdngige Pfosten—pron. abb-heng-iche pfoss- 
tenn. Syn. Fr. for the “sloping wall of a 
reservoir,’ Embarcadére dun reservoir — 
pron. ahm-barr-kah-dairr duuhn reh-zairr- 
vwahr. 

Sluice, in Carpentry. The wooden gate 
or boarding used to dam up or arrest the 
course of water in irrigation and other 
water works, Der. (with little change save 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


Sma 


in the spelling) from the German Schleuse. 
Syn. Fr. £cluse — pron, ay-kluez; Ger. 
Schleuse — pron. shloy-zeh. Syn. Fr. for 
“sluice gate,’ Porte d’écluse—pron. porrt 
day - kluez ; also Vanteau—pron. vahn-toh ; 
Ger. Schleusenthor — pron. shloyss - enn - 
tohrr. Syn. Fr. for “sluice board or 
hatch,” the appliance used for small streams 
or courses of water, as in irrigation works— 
the term “hatch” is the most frequently 
used with us — Hmpellement — pron. ahm- 
pell-mahn ; also Bonde d’écluse—pron. bohnd 
day-kluhz. Syn. Fr. for “sluice chamber,” 
Chambre d’écluse— pron. shahm - berr day- 
kluez; Ger. Schleusenzimmer or Syn. Fr. 
for the “beam” or “cross-beam of a 
sluice gate,’ Poutre (or Poutre a traverse) 
pour un vanteau—pron, pooh-terr poor uuhn 
vahn-toh ; also Porte d’écluse ; Ger, Schleu- 
senbalken ; also Fangbalken. 

Small Coal. See under Slack. Syn. Fr. 
also MWenu—pron. meh-nueh; Ger, Grus— 
pron. grooss. 

Small Timber, in J/aterials. Syn. Fr. 
Petit bois—pron. peh-tee bwah; also Bois 
mince—pron. bwah maihnss; Ger. Kleines 
Holz—pron. kline-ess hollts. 

Smith. A synonym for blacksmith. Syn. 
Fr. Forgeron — pron. forr-jerr-on; Ger. 
Schmied—pron. shmeed. Der. Our word is 
from the German word just named. 

Smith’s Shop, in Construction. For 
“fettling” or repairing and sharpening 
tools, as masons’ chisels, and doing general 
smithy or ironwork. A synonym generally 
used by workmen is “smithy,” which is also 
the popular or rural name. Syn. Fr. Atelier 
de forgeron—pron. ah-tell-yea deh forr-jerr- 
on ; also Forge—pron. forr}; Ger. Schmiede 
pron. shmee-deh. 

Smith’s Work — Blacksmith’s Work. 
Syn, Fr. Ouvrage de forge—pron. oov-rabj 
deh forrj ; also Ferronerie—pron. ferr-onn- 
ree; Ger. Schmiedearbeit—pron. shmeed-eh- 
arr-bite. Syn. Fr. for “tongs of the smithy,” 
Pince de Sires peort paihnss deh forr]; 
also Tenaille de forge—pron. ten-ahill ; for 
“little tongs,” Pincettes—pron. paihn-cett ; 
Ger. Schmiedezange—pron. shmee-deh-tsann- 
geh. Syn. Fr. for “smith’s” or “smithy 
coals,” Charbon de terre de forge—pron. 
shahr-bon deh tairr deh forrj ; also Charbon 
de terre menu; also Houille (pit coal) de 
maréchale (farrier)—pron. hoo-ill deh mah- 
ray-shahl; Ger. Schmiedekohle. 

Smoke House. A structure built for the 
curing of meat, fish, etc., by means of wood 
smoke. Syn. Fr. Soneterie—pron. son-ett- 
ree; also Chambre pour la fumée du bois— 
pron. fueh-may du bwah; Ger. Rauchkammer. 

Smoke Pipe of a Stove. Syn. Fr. Tuyau 
de poéle — pron. twee-oh, poh-ahll; Ger. 
Rauchrohr—pron. rowch-roar. 

Smoking-room, in Domestic Architecture. 
In large houses an apartment set apart for 


149 


sm 


smokers. If there be a prospect tower to 
the house it is often placed there, to afford 
the added luxury of a good prospect (Belle- 
vue), and to avoid giving what may be to 
others in the house the nuisance of the 
smell of cigars. For this and other reasons 
special attention should be paid to the 
ventilation of the smoking-room. Syn. 
Fr, for “smoking-room,” Chambre pour les 
fumeurs—pron. shahm-berr poorr lay fuehm- 
ewr ; also Coulissoire—pron. koohl-iss-wabr 
(this word has a curious derivation —1t 
comes from coulisse, a sliding door, also 
behind the scenes, as if smoking were to be 
done in secret or apart); also /wmoir—pron. 
fueh -mwahrr; Ger. Rauchzimmer (from 
rauchen, to smoke)—pron. rowch-tzim- 
merr. Der. The word smoke comes from 
the Old English smocca, the vapour which 
rises from a substance in a state of com- 
bustion. 

Smooth, in Construction. The condition 
of surface of stone, wood, and other building 
materials in which all protuberances and 
roughnesses are absent. A synonym some- 
times used is “polished,” although this 
involves another condition—that generally 
of shining—which smooth does not. Syn. 
Fr. for “smooth,” Zisse—pron. leece ; also 
Uni—pron. ueh-nee; also Moellewx-—pron. 
moh-ell-euh (from moelle, marrow—whence 
our word mellow) ; Ger. Glatt. Syn. Fr. for 
“to smooth by the plane” (in joinery), 
Planir; also Replanir—pron. reh-plah-neerr ; 
Ger. Holz feinen—pron. hollts fy-nen ; also 
Holz glatt machen—pron. hollts glahtt mach- 
en, Syn. Fr. for “smoothing chisel,” Ciseau 
jin—pron. see-zoh faihn ; Ger. Schlichtmeissel 
—pron. shlicht-mice-ell, Syn. Fr. for 
“smoothing plane,” Rabot plat—pron. rah- 
boh plah; also Varlope a recaler—pron. vahr- 
lopp ah reh-kall-eh; also Recaloir—pron. 
reh-kall-wahr; Ger. Schlichthobel — pron. 
shlicht-hoh-bell, or Glatthobel (from hobeln, 
to plane). Syn. Fr. for “smoothing,” Lisswre 
—pron. lee-suuhr; Ger. Gldtten — pron. 
glatt-tenn. Syn. Fr. for “smoothing and 
scraping,” as in masonry, Ripage d’un pierre 
—pron. ree-pahj duehn pee-airr; Ger. Ad- 
kratzen eines Steines—pron. ahb-kratt-sen 
In-ess stin-ess. Syn. Fr. for “smoothing 
and polishing,” as in joinery or cabinet- 
making, Adoucissage— pron. ah-doo-cease- 
ahj; also Lissage de bois; Ger. Poliren— 
pron. poll-eer-enn, Syn. Fr. for “smoothing ” 
or “ polishing paper,” a synonym for which 
is Glass-paper (which see), Papier & polir— 
pron. pah-pee-ay ah poh-leer; Ger. Glatt- 
paprer— pron. glahtt-pah-peerr. 

Socket, in Construction and Tools. The 
hollow part of one body, into which the 
end or projecting part of another body goes 
or is driven, is so called. In one respect 
it may be a synonym for mortise. It is, 
however, perhaps more applicable to tools 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


so 


and appliances. Der. A diminutive of sock 
—which gives to socket a curious deriva- 
tion, coming as it does from the Latin word 
soccus, a species of shoe worn frequently by 
actors on the stage; hence the term in the 
well-known phrase “sock and buskin.” Or 
it may be from the Old English soec, a short 
stocking—our word sock. Both words give 
a good idea of what a socket is in con- 
struction—a hollow body which receives 
and holds fast.another body. The nearest 
approach to the above is the French term 
soc, which is the part of a: plough which has 
a hollow part to receive the end of the sole, 
and for which in German the term is nearly 
the same—namely, Sech. Syn. Fr. for 
“ socket,’ Dowille—pron. dooh-eel—whence, 
although in an inverted way, our word 
Dowel (see ADDENDA); also Crapaudine 
—-pron. krapp -oh-deen; Ger. Dille—pron. 
deel-leh ; also Réhre—pron. roeh-ray ; also 
Schuh—pron. shoe, which the word means ; 
also Hiilse—pron. huehll-zeh. Syn. Fr. for 
“socket of a tool,” Douille d’un outil; Ger. 
Rohr—pron. rorr. Syn. Fr. for “socket of 
a tube,” as of a drain tube, Tuyau & emboite- 
ment—pron. twee-oh ah ahm-bwaht-mahn ; 
Ger. Fugréhre—pron. foog-roeh-reh, Syn. 
Fr. for “socket and spigot joint of pipes 
or tubes” (here socket is synonymous with 
“faucet”), Tuyau a emboitement et cordon— 
pron. kohr-dong; Ger. Réhre mit Verzapfung 
—pron. ferr-tsap-foong. 

Soffit, in Architecture and Building. The 
under side or curved surface of an arch or 
semicircle, or segmental opening or recess. 
The term is also applied to the under side 
of the top of a deeply recessed window in 
the interior of a room. Syn. Fr. Soffite— 
pron. sof-feet ; Ger. Unterseite eines Bogens 
—literally “ the under side of an arch,” 
which gives a good idea of what the term 
means. Syn. Fr. for the “soffit of a 
cornice,” Plafond d’un corniche — pron. 
plah-fohn duuhn kohr-neesh; Ger. Unter- 
seite eines Karniess—pron. kahr-neece. 

Soft, in Materials (as “soft wood,” “soft 
stone”). A: condition opposite to that which 
is known as hard and firm—in wood, for 
example, as “frowsy ” and open in fibre; in 
stone, crumbling and friable, with grains 
more or less coarse and open, and both 
materials more or less easily yielding to 
pressure, which latter is the meaning of the 
Old English word safte, from which our word 
is derived, and which is found almost pre- 
cisely identical in the Lowland Scottish of 
the present day in “saft.” Syn. Fr, for 
“soft,” Mou—pron. mooh ; also Tendre— 
pron, tahn-derr ; also Dowx—pron. dooh, or 
with feminine words Douce—pron. dooce; 
Ger. Weich—pron. vych (ch guttural, see 
Dissertation). Syn. Fr. for “softness of 
materials,” Mollesse de matériaux — pron. 
moll-ess deh mah-tare-ee-oh; also Douceur 


150 


+, teen ougi ere a ag Pe 


so 


—pron. dooh-seurr; Ger. Weichlich von 
Materialen—pron. vych-lich fon mah-terr- 
ee-ahl-enn. Syn. Fr. for “soft wood,” Bois 
mou—pron. bwah mooh ; also Bois tendre, or 
Bois doux; Ger. weiches Holz—pron. vych- 
ess hollts. Syn. Fr. for “soft stone,” Pierre 


. molle—pron. pee-airr moll, or Pierre mou 


(see above for “ soft”); Ger. weicher Stein. 
Syn. Fr. for the ‘‘soft part of a stone” 
which may not be hard throughout, Moye 
—pron. moy; Ger. Loschicht—pron. loh- 
shicht. 

Soil, in Building. The ground or earth 
in which and on which the foundations of 
a structure are made and rest. Syn. Fr. 
for soil generally, Sol or Terrain—pron. 
terr-aihn ; also Zerroir—pron. terr-wahr ; 
Ger. Grund—pron. groond; also Boden— 
pron. boh-denn, “ Made soil” is the material 
carted from a distance to fill up a hollow 
part of the site or locale of the housg, or to 
raise the actual site above the level of the 
surrounding ground, to enable terraces to be 
made surrounding or at one or more sides 
of the house. Although made soils are 
more or less objectionable on account of 
their liability to give way in parts, and 
thus cause unequal and often dangerous 
settlement in the walls, some are tohorughly 
objectionable not only in this respect, but 
as giving rise to the gravest sanitary defects 
in consequence of the rubbish and the filthy 
decaying substances which are sometimes 
used to form them. Syn. Fr. Sol or Terrain 
artificiel — pron. ahr-tee-feece-ee-ell; also 
Sol or Terrain factice—pron. fack-teece ; 
Ger. gemachter Grund—pron. geh-macht-err 
groond; also kiinstlicher Grund — pron. 
kuenst-lich-err groond. Syn. Fr. for “ soft 
soil,” Sol mou; Ger. weicher Grund. Syn. Fr. 
for “unsettled or shifting soil,’ Sol (ou 
terrain) changeant—pron. shahn-jahn; also 
Terrain or Sol mobile — pron. moh-beel; 
Ger. beweglicher Grund — pron. beh-vehg- 
lich-err groohnd. Syn. Fr. for the first 
operation in making foundations, “to take 
off the surface of soil,” Edosser le sol ou 
terrain—pron. eh-doss-eh leh sohl ooh ter- 
raing ; Ger. Grund abfahren—pron. groohnd 
ahb-fahr-enn. 

Soil Pipe, in Plumbing. The pipe which 
leads the liquid refuse of a household from 
the sink, slopstone, or water-closet, etc., to 
the drain. Syn. Fr. Tuyau d’égout—pron. 
twee-oh day-gooh; also Tuyau de chiite— 
pron. day shuet; Ger. Adbtrittsréhre—pron. 
ahb-tritts-roeh-reh. 

Solder, in Plumbing. A soft metal used 
to join other pieoes of metal, as sheets of 
tin, together, so as to be air-tight and 
water-tight, as in the case of vessels made 
of this material. The edges of the material 
being previously well cleaned, generally by 
scraping, so as to be free from grease, are 
placed in contact, and powdered; flux, as 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


so 


resin—“fiddler’s rosin ” (Scottice)—is spread 
over the edges. A portion of the solder 
metal, as tin, is then taken up by the heated 
solder bolt, and this is run with the flux 
along the joint ora part of it. When this 
cools, which it does at once, the junction 
between the two edges iscomplete. Syn. Fr. 
for “solder,? Soudure— pron. sooh-duehr ; 
Ger. Loth, or Lithmittel—pron. lote. Syn. Fr, 
for “to solder,’ Souder — pron. soob-day ; 
Ger. Léthen—pron. lote-enn. Syn. Fr. for 
“soldering,” Sowdage—pron. sooh-dahj; Ger. 
Léthung — pron. lote-oong. The “solder 
bolt,” for soldering tin, lead, etc., is a tool 
made of a piece of a square copper bar, 
fastened to an iron handle, and this pro- 
vided with a wooden handle at the end, 
The copper piece is pointed at the end, to 
facilitate the application of the melted flux 
and solder. The bolt is heated in the fire 
to a proper temperature, which is generally 
ascertained by the workman holding it near 
to his cheek, and who cleans it from soot 
or ashes by wiping it on his leather or thick 
woollen apron. Syn. Fr. for *‘ solder bolt,” 
Sudoir —pron. sueh-dwahrr; also Fer @ 
soudre—pron. fairr ah sooh-derr; also Outil 
pour le soudage—pron. ooh-teel poor leh sooh- 
dahj ; Ger. Lothkolben—pron. lote-koll-ben. 

Sole, in Carpentry. The synonym for 
which is “sill,” though this is more fre- 
quently, if not altogether exclusively, used 
in masonry and joinery. The sole is the 
bearing part of a beam or girder, or that 
which rests on the “Sole plate ” (which see). 
Der. From—in fact identically the same in 
sound, spelling, and meaning as—the Old 
English word sole, the under part of an 
object, as of the foot. Syn. Fr. for “sole,” 
as the bearing part of a beam, Sows-surface 
dun poutre—pron. sooh-suehr-fass duuhn 
pooh-terr ; also Point d’appui—pron. pwoin 
dah-pweeh; also Surface inferieure d'un 
poutre; Ger. Unterseite eines Balkens—pron. 
oohn-terr-zy-teh eye-ness bahl-kens; also 
Balkenstiitzpunkt — pron. bahl-kenn-stuetts- 
poonkt. Syn. Fr. for “sole,” Semelle—pron. 
seh-mell; Ger. Sohle—pron. zo-leh ; also 
Sitz—pron. zits. 

Sole Plate, in Carpentry. A beam or 
batten, rectangular in section and of small 
dimensions, which is built into or rests on 
the wall or upon an Offset (which see) or 
projecting part of the same, and on which 
as a bearing part (see above) the ends of 
beams or posts of a partition rest, and 
by which, while they are supported, the 
pressure is distributed over the wall bear- 
ing. Syn. Fr. Sablicre—pron. sah-blee- 
airr; also Semelle d’assemblage — pron. 
seh-mell dah-sahm-blah]; also for “sole 
plate of a partition,” Sablicre en semelle 
du cloison— pron. duuh klwah-zon ; Ger. 
Balkensohle ; also Balkenschwelle — pron. 
bahl-kenn-shvel-leh, 


151 


so 


Solid, in Construction. In the sense of 
firm, sound, or sure, as a solid foundation, 
a solid bearing for a stone or beam. Der. 
Directly from the Latin solidus, solid. Syn. 
Fr. for “ solid,’”’ Solide—pron. soh-leed ; also 
Massif — pron. mah-seef; or Plein — pron. 
plaing—which is a synonym not often used 
for the definite terms first given, signifying 
properly full, Fort, strong—pron. forr, being 
used in the same way; Ger. Solid — pron. 
soh-leed ; also Massiv—pron. mahs-seaf. In 
the same way as fort is used as a French 
synonym the word in German stark, strong 
—pron. starrk, is employed. Syn. Fr. for “a 
solid wall,” wn Mur solide ou massif—pron. 
uuhn muehr soh-leed ooh mahs-seaf; Ger. 
eine massive Mauer — pron. i-neh mah-seaf 
mow-err. Syn. Fr. for “solid walls and 
spaces” combined, as window and door 
openings in a wall, les Murs et les Vides— 
pron. lay muehr eh lay veed; Ger.- die 
massiven Mauern und Réiwme—pr on. dee mah- 
seaf mow-ern oond roy-meh. 

Sommering, in Masonry. The radiated 
joints of an arch are so called, 

Sound, in_ Materials. A term often used 
to indicate the good qualities, the strength 
of materials, as wood, stone, brick—as, for 
example, “good sound brick” is a phrase 
frequently used in specifications of work to 
be done. Der. From the Old English sund, 
or from the German gesund—both meaning 
free from imperfection or fault. Syn. Fr. 
Sain—pron. saihn; also Hn bon état—pron. 
ahn bonn eh-tah, or Bien conditionne—pron. 
bee-an con-dee-seeon-nay ; also Droit—that 
is, right—pron. drwah; also Fort; Ger. 
Gesund—pron. gay-zoond; also Stark or 
Recht, right—pron. recht (ch guttural, see 
Dissertation) ; also Fest, fast or sure—pron. 
fesst. Syn. Fr. for “ soundness,” Sante— 
pron. sahn-tay, or Bon état—pron. bonn eh- 
tah ; also Solidité; Ger. Gesundhett—pron. 
gay-zoohnd-hite ; also Richtigkeit — pron. 
rich-tich-kite : also Festigkeit—pron. fesst- 
ich-kite. Syn. Fr. for “sound material,” 
Sain materiel—pron. saihn mah-tare-ee-ell ; 
Ger. gesunde Materialien—pron. gay-zoohn- 
deh mah-tare-ee-ahl-ee-en. 

Sound Boarding, in Carpentry. Narrow 
and short boards placed transversely bet ween 
the flooring joists of a room above another. 
They are supported by narrow and thin 
fillets nailed longitudinally to the inside of 
the joists, at a depth sufficient to support a 
layer of pugging—or a mixture of mortar 
and hair—some space below the flooring 
boards when these are put down. The 
arrangement is to prevent the passage of 
sound from the upper to the lower room. 
Syn. Fr. laches—pron. flahsh ; Ger. Unter- 
lage des Fussbodens—pron, oohn-terr-lah-geh 
des foos-boh-dence. 

Sounding Board, in Church Fittings. A 
flat, under-surfaced board or canopy placed 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


sp 


over a pulpit to reflect the sound of the 
preacher’s voice into the body of the church. 
Syn. Fr. Résonance—pron. ray-son-nahnce ; 
Ger. Resonanzdecke — pron, res-son-nants- 
dek-eh. 

Sound Timber, To. A phrase used in 
Joinery, Cabinet Making, etc., to indicate the 
striking of a piece of wood to test or ascer- 
tain its soundness (which see) with a hard 
body, as a hammer or a piece of metal or 
hard wood; or in small pieces with the 
knuckles. Der. From the Old English sown, 
to make an impression in the ear by making 
a noise, or from the Latin sonus, a sound ; 
sonare, to sound. Our word sonorous comes 
from this. Syn. Fr. for “to sound timber,” 
Sonder le bois avec un marteau—pron. sohn- 
day luh bwah ah-veck uhn mahr-toh; also 
Frapper (pron, frapp-eh),"etc., to strike the 
timber to cause it to emit the sound which 
to a practised ear denotes soundness or the 
reverse; Ger. Holz mit: einem Hammer 
sondiren—pron. hollts meet ine-em hah-merr 
zonn-deer-en. Syn. Fr. for “to sound soil 
or the ground,” to strike the soil with a 
rammer with a view to test its solidity or 
hollowness or unsoundness by the peculiar 
sound it emits, with a view to foundation 
work, Sol sonder—pron. soll song-day; 
Ger. den Grund sondiren or die Erde sondiren 
—pron. groond- (or err-de) zonn-deer-en. 

Sorting, in Slaters’ Work. Determining 
the length of slates by the scantle, or gauge, 
so called. 

Space—Spacing, in Construction. Terms 
used to indicate the free part or void 
between any two or more bodies or objects, 
or what is enclosed by walls or contained 
within a vessel; or to give the idea of exclu- 
sion generally without reference to any 
specially placed objects—as, for example, 
large, small, free, or confined spaces. . Der. 
From the French espace, and this from the 
Latin spatium, space, if not from spatiar?, 
to walk about, as space must be had to 
admit of this being done. From the latter 
word the German spatziren, to walk, is 
derived. Syn. Fr. for “space” generally, 
Espace —pron. ess-pahss; Ger. der Raum. 
Syn. Fr. for “space (or interval) between 
the joists or beams of a floor,” Lntrevous— 
pron. ang-terr-vooh, or Lspace des poutres 
dun plancher—pron. ess-pahss day pooh-terr 
duuhn plahn-shay ; also Espace des poutres ; 
Ger. Balkenraum; also Raum zwischen den 
Fussboden Balken—pron. rowm tsvish-en dane 
fooss-boh-den bahl-ken. Syn. Fr. for “space 
between the rafters (of a roof),” Solement— 
pron. sohl-mahn ; also Espace des chevrons 
(common rafters) or Maitres-chevrons (prin- 
cipal rafters)—pron. ess-pahss day shey-ron, 
may-terr-shey-ron ; Ger. Raum zwischen den 
Deckenbalken—pron. rowm tsvish-enn dane 
dekk-en bahl-kenn. Syn. Fr. for “ hearth- 
stone space” (in front of a fireplace), 


152 


sp 


Trémie—pron. tray-mee; Ger. Heerd- (hearth) 
raum—pron. hairrd-rowm. Syn. Fr, for an 
“open space,” as before a building, Espace 
ouvert — pron. ess-pahss ooh-vairr ; Ger. 
freier Raum—i.e. free space—pron, fry-err 
rowm ; also offener Raum—i.e. open space — 
ron. of-fenn-err rowm; also Lichtweite— 
iterally “light width,” a width or space to 
give free light—pron. licht-vy-teh. Syn. Fr. 
for “spacing out”—that is, marking out 
the distances between bodies or parts of a 
structure, as those laid at definite or regular 
intervals or positions, Hspacer—pron. ess- 
pahss-eh; Ger. Rdumen— pron. roy-menn. 
Syn. Fr. for “spaciousness,”’ Ampleur—pron. 
ahm-pleurr ; Ger. Gerdumigkeit—pron. gay- 
roy-mich-kite. 

Spade, in Tools. A hand implement or 
tool by which materials such as lime, sand, 
mortar, etc., are lifted, moved, and mixed, 
or soil is dug, as in trenches for founda- 
tions. A synonym sometimes used is shovel 
(from the German Schaufel), but a shovel is 
distinguished from a spade in having its 
edges, and its end opposite the mouth or 
where the handle is fixed, more or less 
rounded or turned up, so as to enclose a 
space from which materials lying in it do 
not so easily slip off the blade; whereas a 
spade has its blade quite free and sharp at 
the edges. Thus a shovel can lift materials 
lying loosely, but cannot penetrate the soil, 
for example, as a spade could do. A shovel 
can lift and carry, but cannot easily dig; a 
spade can dig, lift, and carry. ‘The spade 
consists of two parts: the blade, the cutting 
or lifting part, fitted with a socket at the 
upper or outer end ; and the handle, made of 
a cylindrical piece of wood quite smooth on 
the surface, an inch and a half in diameter, 
and three feet or so long. The handle is 
fitted with a swelled-out part curved at the 
sides, and provided with an aperture into 
which the hand of the workman using the 
spade goes to aid in turning over the blade 
and in working it. In some cases the handle 
is a mere crosspiece some three or four 
inches long. The blades of spades are of 
various shapes, chiefly rectangular, slightly 
narrower at cutting edge than at handle, 
such as in the spade for digging soil; some 
are perfectly flat, or nearly so, some curved 
or concave on the greater part, but all are 
more or less curved or concave near the 
handle end. Syn. Fr. for “spade,” Béche— 
pron. baysh; also Pelle carrée, a square 
shovel—pron. pell kahr-ray ; Ger. Spaten— 
pron. spah-ten ; also Grabscheit. Syn. Fr. for 
“a little spade,” Bechette—pron. bai-shett; 
also Béchot—pron. baish-oh; Ger. kleiner 
Spaten—pron. kline-er spah-ten. 

Span, in Architecture and Construction. 
The greatest horizontal width, as between 
the piers of an arch or between the opposite 
walls of a building. Der. Our word is from 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


sp 


the Old English spanner, to span, which was 
to measure a distance by extending fully 
the whole fingers of the hand, the distance 
between the outside of thumb and of little 
finger being termed a span. Syn. Fr. for 
“span,” Espace du pouce (thumb) aw petit 
doigt (little finger) écarté (écart, stepping 
or setting aside, écarter, to widen)—pron. 
ess-pahss duuh pooce oh pett-ee dwaht eh- 
karr-tay ; also Brague—pron. brahg; Ger. 
die Spanne—pron, dee span-neh. Syn. Fr. 
for “span of an arch,” Portée—pron. pohr- 
tay, or Vide—pron. veed; also Owverture 
(opening) — pron. ooh-vairr-tuuhr, or Baie 
(our word bay, a compartment or division 
of a definite width or span, comes from this) 
—pron, bay; also Corde d’un are — pron. 
kohrrd duuhn arrk; Ger. Oeffnwng—pron. 
oh-eff-noong, or Spannung — pron. spahn- 
noong; also, in the case of an arch, Bogen- 
spanne, or Bogenlichtoffnung — pron. oeft- 
noong. Syn. Fr. for “a beam which spans 
an opening,” Porter—pron. pohr-tay; Ger. 
Spannenbalken; also Tragebalken — pron. 
trahcht-bahl-kenn. Syn. Fr. for “span roof,” 
the simplest form of roof with two inclined 
sides, Toit en bati¢re—pron. twaht ahn bah- 
tee-airr; also Toit & deux croupes —pron. 
twaht ah deuh kroop, or Toit a deux égouts 
(eaves) — pron. eh-goo; Ger. Satteldach — 
literally “a saddle roof” —»pron. zat-tell- 
dach ; also zweihdngiges Dach—i.e. “a two- 
hanging roof” with two overhanging eaves, 
a penthouse or shed roof having only one 
eave—pron. tsvy-heng-ich-es dach. Syn. Fr, 
for “span of a vault,” Jour d’un voite—pron. 
joohr duuhn voot; Ger. Gewdlbespanne — 
pron. geh-voell-beh-span-neh. Syn. Fr. for 
“wide span,” Large d'un enpan—pron. lahrjh 
duuhn ahn-pann; Ger. grosse Spanne—pron, 
gross-eh span-neh. 

Spandrils, in Architecture. Where the 
space above an arched opening is filled in 
with solid brick or stonework surmounted 
with mouldings and at sides marked off 
vertical members corresponding in line 
the pieces, triangular spaces are formed of 
which the inner and lower sides have the 
curve of the arch, and to these spaces the 
name of spandrilsis given. These triangular 
or three-sided spaces, one of which is always 
a curve, are generally filled in with orna- 
ments, such as the trefoil, quatrefoil, or 
other device, as a scutcheon or shield. Syn. 
Fr. Naissance— pron. nays-sahnce; Ger. 
Bogenhintermauer — pron. boh-genn - hinn- 
terr-mow-err. 

Spanner, in Tools. The appliance with 
which nuts are screwed up or loosened from 
the screwbolt. In its simplest form it isa 
cylindrical piece of iron, of varying length 
according to the size. This forms the handle, 
the end of which is widened out and made 
flat on its upper and lower surface—a part 
of this at the end of same depth measured 


153 


sp 


from the edge, and of width a little larger 
than that of the nut. This is passed into the 
opening of the spanner, by which the latter 
gets a good hold or grip of the nut, and by 
turning the handle one way or another the 
nut is screwed or unscrewed. Spanners are 
sometimes called “keys,” but this term 
applies, we believe, almost exclusively to 
Scotland. It, however, is the form which the 
term assumes both in French and German 
technical terms (see below). Spanners re- 
quire to be of different sizes to suit different 
widths of nuts, but there are forms called 
“ shifting spanners.’”’ The forms of this kind 
of spanner are numerous, several of them 
being patented ; but the chief feature in all 
is that one part or claw is movable by 
means of a screw, while the other is fixed, 
so that the distance between the two can be 
adjusted to meet different widths of bolts 
within a pretty wide range. Syn. Fr. for 
“spanner,” Clef a bouton—ie, “a nut-key”’ 
(see above)—pron. klay ah or klaiff ah 
booh-tong ; Ger. Bolzenshliissel—pron, bohl- 
tzenn-shloo-ess-ell. 

Spars, in Carpentry. 
given to the timbers, especially the small 
timbers, of a roof. Der. Our word spar is 
from the German Sparren, a long piece of 
timber. Syn. Fr. for “spar of a roof,” 
Chevron de comble—pron. chev-ron deh cohm- 
bell; Ger. Dachsparren. Syn. Fr. for the 
“spars of a span roof,” Yraverses—pron. 
trah-vairrce ; Ger. Querbalken—pron. quairr- 
bahl-ken. 

Specification, in Architecture and Build- 
ang. The document which accompanies the 
set of drawings prepared for the artificers 
who are to build the structure. To guide 
them in all points which have to be observed, 
to name or specify—hence the term—all the 
leading features of the structure, the nature 
of the materials to be employed, how they 
are to be used, their dimensions, etc., and to 
furnish practical information on a variety 
of details requisite to be known by the 
artificers and to be insisted upon by the 
architect in the interests of his client, the 
proprietor of the property, is the object of 
the important document known as the speci- 
fication. “Great care is required in drawing 
up its various clauses, so that no point shall 
be left unprovided for or ueglected; and 
once finally decided upon, it must not be 
set aside without incurring certain penalties 
or responsibilities either on one side or the 
other. It constitutes, in fact, the legal bond 
or contract to which reference must be made 
in all disputed points, and to the terms of 
which both parties mutually agree and 
testify by signatures duly witnessed. The 
Specification is in all cases taken along with 
the working drawings, both forming, in 
point of fact, one single document; but 
where in the department of dimensions any 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


The name often. 


sp 


discrepancy should arise, those named in 
the specification are to be taken in pre- 
ference to those marked or given in the 
drawing. The specification is generally 
accompanied or preceded by what are called 
‘conditions,’ being a statement of the 
terms to which the respective parties agree 
and bind themselves to fulfil—for example, 
the rates and periods at which payment to 
contractors is made, The estimate or con- 
tract to execute the work for a certain sum 
may be said to be the final and binding 
document passed between the parties con- 
cerned, and completes the series. So long 
as all the terms of agreement are main- 
tained in their original integrity, no room 
for the making of “ extra ”’ charges is made; 
but so soon as the contract or agreement ig 
broken, though even in the slightest way— 
by the owner, for example, wishing to have 
some changes made in certain parts which 
will involve higher prices—then the specifi- 
cation is, so to say, set aside so far as 
“extras” are concerned, and a loophole too 
often availed of is left for unscrupulous 
contractors making the cost much greater 
than originally estimated Hence the neces- 
sity to have the contract as a whole 
rigidly maintained, for it is those “extras” 
which are so remunerative to contractors, 
Der. The word specify is from the Latin 
specificus, something particular, of a special 
order or kind, definite, precise, fixed, and 
this from species, and facere, to make. Syn. 
Fr. for “to specify,” Spécifier—pron. spay- 
sea-fee-ay ; Ger. Namentlich auffiihren—pron. 
nah-mennt-lich owf-fiih-ren, or Spezifiziren 
—pron. spay-see-fee-tsee-ren. Syn. Fr. for 
“specification,” Spécification—pron. spay- 
see-fee-kah-see-on, or Lstimation — pron, 
ayss-tee-mah-see-on ; also Devis—pron. day- 
vee, or Detail estimatif— pron. day-taeel 
ayss-tee-mah-teef ; also Apercu des frais— 
pron. ah-perr-suuh day fray; Ger. Abschiit- 
zung—pron. abb-shet-soong; also Aosten- 
anschlag—pron. koss-ten-ann-shlahg, 

Spiget, in Construction. 'The small or 
tapering end of a tube or pipe, as a drain- 
tube, which goes into the wider end—called 
the faucet—of another tube, and is there 
secured by clay luting or by cement or 
lead. The joint thus completed is called 
the “spigot and faucet.” Syn. Fr. for 
“spigot,” Broche—pron. brosh ; Ger. Zapfen 
—pron. tsapp-fenn. Syn. Fr. for ,“spigot 
and faucet joint,” Joint a& douille — pron. 
jwahnt ah dooeel; Ger. Nuthe und Feder 
Verbindung—nuu-teh oont fay-derr ferr-bin- 
doohng. 

Spherical Bracketing, in Joinery and 
Plastering. The brackets to support lath 
and plaster, which are so formed that their 
outer surfaces are spherical. Der, The word 
spherical—being that which is connected 
with or belonging to a sphere—comes from 


154 


5 


—_— 


sp - 


the Latin sphera, and this from the Greek 
sphaira, a body every point in the surface 
and every part of which is equidistant from 
a point in the centre. The synonym is 
“ slobe ”"—“ globular” being the synonym 
for spherical. Syn. Fr. for “sphere,” Sphere 
—pron. sphair; Ger. Sphdre—pron. sphair- 
eh; also Kugel—pron. kooh-gell. Syn. Fr. 
for the “spherical end of a bracket,” Boule 
de console — pron. boohl deh kohn-sohl; 
also Boule de tasseau—pron.. tass-oh; Ger. 
Sphirisches Endstiick der Console — pron. 
sphair-eesh-ess ent-stuek derr kon-sole-eh ; 
also Knagge—pron. knag-geh; also Trdger 
—pron, tray-gerr. 

Spike, in Construction. A large iron nail, 
or an iron bolt pointed and with a nail-like 
head. The name is also often used as a 
synonym for trenail or wooden pin. Der. 

rom the German Speiche, a nail, or from 
the Icelandic spikari, a spike, or from the 
Latin spica, an ear of corn, the shape of 
which suggests that of an iron or wcoden 
spike. Syn. Fr. for “spike,” Goujon en fer 
or en bois—pron. gooh-jong ahng fairr, ahng 
bwah; Ger. Dorn. Syn. Fr. for “to spike” 
—that is, to point a bar or rod of iron, ora 
piece of wood, Hpointer—pron. eh-pwahng- 
tay; also Emousser— pron. eh-moosse-eh ; 
Ger. Abspitzen—pron. ahb-spits-een. Syn. Fr. 
for “the iron spikes of a gate or wall,” etc., 
to prevent people climbing over them, 
Chardon—pron. sharr-don; also ELpi—pron. 
eh-pee; Ger. Mauerdorn — pron, mow-err- 
dorn; also LHisenspitzen (pointed iron) von 
Gatter or Pforte—pron. izen-speetz-enn fon 
gat-ter, forr-teh. 

Spiral, in Architecture. The twisted 
scroll the synonym for which is the 
“volute”; also a “scroll,” though a scroll 
is not always a spiral or part of a spiral. 
A corkscrew is a spiral, for which another 
term is helical (from helix). Der. The word 
spiral is from the Latin spira, a coil. A 
spiral line is formed by twisting a cord or 
wire round a cylinder, the wire rising as the 
twist round is made. Syn. Fr. for “ spiral,” 
Spiral—pron. spee-rahl; also en Spirale— 
pron. ahn spee-rahl; also Boudin — pron. 
booh-dan ; Ger. Spiralférmig—pron. spee- 
rahl-foerr-migh ; also Schnecke — pron. 
shnekk-eh. Syn. Fr. for “a spiral scroll,” 
Poste—pron. post; Ger. Schneckenzug—pron. 
shekk-enn-tsoog. Syn. Fr. for “spiral line,” 
Ligne spirale—pron. leeng spee-rahl; also 
Helice—pron. hay-leece ; Ger. Spiralleine— 
pron. spee-rahl-line-eh. Syn. Fr. for “spiral 
spring,” used for self-closing doors, etc., 
Ressort spiral—pron. ress-orr spee-rahl ; Ger. 
Spiralfeder—pron. fay-derr. 

Spire, in Architecture. The pointed ter- 
mination to a church steeple or tower. Der. 
Our word is from the Icelandic spira, a 

innacle, not from the Latin spira, a coil. 

yn, Fr, for “church spire,” Aiguille d'église 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


sp 


—pron, eh-gweel daig-gleeze; also Pointe 
@église or fléche (arrow )—pron. flaysh ; Ger. 
Kirchenspitze—pron. keer-chenn-speet-seh ; 
also Kirchthurmspitze (Thurm, a tower) — 
pron. keerch-toorrm-speet-seh ; also Thurm- 
spitze (tower point), or, inverted, pointed 
tower, Spitzthurm. 

Spirit Level, in Building Tools and 
Appliances. The small instrument or ap- 
pliance by which the level of parts of 
structures, etc., and a true level in making 
surveys, or in “levelling,” is obtained. It 
consists of a short glass tube hermetically 
sealed at the ends, containing rectified 
spirits of wine or distilled water, but not so 
full but what a bubble of air remains in the 
tube. This bubble is so mobile that on the 
least change of level or position of the tube 
the bubble changes its position. If the tube 
slants the bubble rises to the higher end, 
and only when the tube is held or placed 
precisely level—that is, parallel to the line 
of the horizon—does the bubble remain 
exactly in the centre of the tube. For con- 
venience of use, the glass tube is fixed ina 
recess made in the centre of a piece of 
mahogany, rectangular in section, some two 
inches broad or an inch and half, and an 
inch or so deep, and with sides and edges 
parallel to each other. The wood frame is 
covered with a brass plate, to secure the 
tube from shifting and breakage—an aper- 
ture being made in the plate to show the 
tube and its bubble below the plate. Syn. 
Fr, Niveau d’air — pron. neeve-oh dairr ; 
also Abulle d’air—pron, ah-bull dairr; Ger, 
Réihrenniveau (tube level)—pron. roehr-en- 
neey-oh; also Wasserwage — literally “a 
water balance,’ that is, when water is 
balanced, so to call it, or has no tendency to 
run either way, it is level—pron. vass-err- 
vah-geh, 

Splay, in Construction. That part of a 
body which presents a surface oblique to 
the other surfaces —as, for example, a 
“splayed” brick, which is simply that 
form where one or both or all of the courses 
is cut vertically off, thus exposing a face— 
technically the “splay” — oblique to the 
other surfaces or faces. A synonym for 
splay is “bevil.” Syn. Fr. Lvasemeni— 
pron. eh-vahze-mahn ; Ger. eine Winkelfldche 
schiefen—literally “an angle-area sloped ”— 
pron. vin-kell-flay-cheh shee-fenn. Syn. Fr. 
for “to splay,’ or give or make the slope, 
Evaser—pron. eh-vahze-eh; also Lbouter— 
pron. eh-booh-teh; Ger. Winkelschief 
machen or Behauen—pron. vin-kell-sheef 
mach-enn. Syn. Fr, for “ splaying,” Lbrase- 
ment—pron. eh-brahze-mahn; also Lvase- 
ment or Eboutement ; Ger. Winkelschiefung 
or Auswinkelschiefung. 

Splice, in Carpentry and Joinery. The 
term is borrowed from the sailors’ or rope- 
makers’ art of joining the ends of two ropes 


155 


sp 


so as to make them into one, by first undoing 
or unravelling the strands for some length 
at the ends, and then retwisting the respec- 
tive strands together. When well done a 
rope thus treated is said to be stronger at 
the spliced part than at any other. Der. 
The word is from the German Splissung, a 
splice, or perhaps from spleissen, to split or 
tear asunder—the separation of the two 
parts being involved in the work of splicing. 
In carpentry and joinery a synonym fora 
splice joint is the “half-lap” (which see) ; 
also “Scarf.” Syn. Fr. Hpissure—pron. eh- 
pee-suere ; also Mausse-coupe — pron. fohss- 
koop. Syn. Fr. for “to splice,” Lmbraver 
—pron. awhm-braw-vay; also Joindre a 
anglet—pron. jwahn-derr ah ahn-glay ; Ger. 
Einsplissung—pron. ine-spleese-oong; also 
Einfalzen—pron. ine-fahl-tzenn. Syn. Fr. 
for “spliced,” Lmbravé — pron. ahm-brah- 
vay. 

Splinter, in Materials. As in timber, a 
part taken or split off from a larger piece of 
wood. Der. Our word is from the German 
splittern, to splinter, or Splitter, a splinter ; 
or perhaps from Splint, a peg—parts being 
split off to make pegs of. Syn. Fr. Coupeau 
—pron. koop-oh ;. also Hclat—pron, eh-klah, 
or Copeau—pron. koh-poh; Ger. Splint— 
pron. spleint ; also Kei/—pron. kyle. Syn. 
Fr. for “to splinter,’ Hcouper—pron. eh- 
koop-eh; also /clater — pron. eh-klatt-eh ; 
Ger. Zersplittern — pron. ferr - split - terrn. 
Syn. Fr. tor “splintery or splintered wood ” 
—that is, wood full of splinters (a term or 
synonym for which is met with in “shaky 
wood,” or wood having fissures) — Bovs 
esquilleux—pron. bwah ess-keel-yuh ; Ger. 
Splinterig—pron. splin-terr-ig. 

Split, in Materials. A term used to 
indicate that a body, as a block of stone or 
a piece of wood, has parted asunder. The 
one part may not be wholly, but only par- 
tially split. Generally when a split com- 
mences, and is at the first and for some time 
thereafter only partial, it extends or is apt 
to extend. In some cases a “chink” or 
‘crack’ or “fissure”? is synonymous with 
split. To split is to divide a body into one 
or more parts; “‘to cleave” is synonymous 
with this. Der. Our word is from the 
German spleissen, to split, to cleave, or from 
splittern, to splinter, to shiver, to split. 
Syn. Fr. for “to split,” Féler—pron. fay- 
lay; Ger. Spleissen or Splittern — pron. 
splice-enn or split-tern. Syn. Fr. for “ split, 
chink, or fissure in wood,” Bois fendu— 
pron. bwah fahn-dueh; Ger. Reissen—pron. 
rice-enn; also Awfreissen —pron, owft- 
rice-enn, Syn. Fr. -for “split in two,” 
fendre de part en part—pron. fahn-derr deh 
pahr ahn pahr; Ger. Entzwei spleissen— 
pron. ent-sviey splys-senn. Syn. Fr. for 
“split up,” S’écailler—pron. say-kaill-yeh ; 
Ger. Sich aufschiefern—pron. zich owft- 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


sp 


shee-ferrn. Syn. 'r. for a “split or splinter 
in joinery work,” Sreswre—pron. breh-suuhr; 
Ger. Bruch—pron. brook. Syn. Fr. for a 
“split or splint of wood,” Fente du bois— 
pron. fahnt duuh bwah; Ger. Holzsplint or 
Holzreissen—pron. holts-spleent or -rice-enn, 
Syn. Fr. for “splitting,” Hcorchure—pron, 
eh-korr-shuur; Ger. Spleissung. Syn. Fr. 
for “splitter,” Kendoir—pron. fang-dwah ; 
Ger. Spleisser—pron. splice-err, 

Spokeshave, in Tools. A hand tool used 
to shave or slice off small parts, shavings or 
parings from a piece of wood. It consists 
of two parts—the cutting blade and the 
handle. The cutter is a blade some three 
inches or so in length, thick at one edge or 
back, and brought to a fine cutting edge at 
front—the slope or bevel being at the upper 
surface, so that the lower which is next to 
the handle is flat. At each end the blade is 
hammered out to form two small and short 
rods, and these are turned down at right 
angles at end to the lower face. These rods 
or “fangs” pass into two holes made at 
corresponding parts of the handle, and are 
made longer than its thickness, so that when 
the cutting blade or cutter is in working 
position they project some distance beyond 
the back of the handle. The rods of the 
cutter fit very tightly in the holes of the 
handle. The “ spokeshave”’ is set so that it 
can take a thicker or thinner and finer cut 
by simply striking the projecting ends of 
rods at the back of the handle, so as to 
make a wider space between the edge of 
cutter and face or front of handle. This, 
which is about eight inches in length or so, 
is finished at the ends so as to be easily 
grasped by the two hands ; and the piece of 
wood to be wrought being secured firmly, 
the spokeshave is worked to and fro, the 
cutting edge taking off shavings or cuttings 
of such thickness as may be required. Hach 
shaving as it is taken off passes out at the 
back of the cutter between its lower and 
flat face and the upper surface of handles. 
Syn. Fr. Kacloire—pron. rah-klwahr ; also 
Bastringue vracloir — pron. bah-strang or 
Wastringle — pron. vass-traihn-gel ; Ger. 
Bandhobel or Speichenhodel—pron. bant-hoh- 
bell or spych-enn-hoh-bell. 

Spout, in Construction, as the rain-water 
spout. A tube or an open channel made in 
a part through which water is passed or 
projected or flows. Der. Our word is from 
the Latin spuere, to spue out, or sputare, to 
spit or sputter. Syn. Fr. for “spout of a 
gutter,” Gargouille—pron. garr-gooeell ; also 
Tuyau de décharge de Veau—pron. twee-oh 
deh day-sharrjh deh loh, or Dégorgeoir— 
pron. day-gorjh-wahr ; also Tuyau de gouttiére 
—pron. twee-oh deh goo-tyairr ; Ger. Dach- 
rinnenrohre—literally “roof gutter tube” 
—pron, dach-rin-nen-roeh-reh; also Dach- 
wasserspeier — literally “the roof - water 


156 


sp 


spitter” or “vomiter” (from speien, to spit) 
—pron. dach-vass-err-spy-err. 

Spouting, in Carpentry. The range of 
spouts or open channels placed almost 
horizontally or on a slight slope at the 
eaves of a roof, and pipes or tubes placed 
vertically at certain points to lead the 
rain-water to the drain, or the rain-water 
cistern in the case of a house. Syn. Fr, 
Tuyeaux des dégorgements—pron. twee-yoh 
day day-gorrj-mahn; also Twuyeauxr de 
déchargement d’un toit— pron. day-shahrj- 
mahn duuhn twah; Ger. die WSpeirdhre 
vom Dach— pron. dee spy-roehr-eh fom 
dahk ; also Speidrachen—the terminating of 
the pipe being generally a dragon’s head. 

Spread, in Masonry and Bricklaying. To 
extend over a surface a material capable of 
being easily worked, such as mortar—to 
widen out. Der. From the Old English 
spraeden, which has this meaning—extension 
so as to give greater surface, greater length 
and width. Syn. Fr. for “to spread” 
generally, Etendre—pron. eh-tahn-derr; also 
Répandre—pron. ray-pahn-derr, or Déployer 
—pron. day-plwah-yeas Ger. Ausbreiten— 
pron. ows-bri-tenn ; also Bedecken—pron. beh- 
deck-enn, or Ausdehnen—pron. owss-dayn-en, 
Syn. Fr. for “spread out” or “over,” as lime, 
Régaler le chauax—pron. ray-gah-lay, show ; 
Ger. Kalk ausbreiten—pron. kahllk owss- 
brite-enn, or mit Kalk bedecken. Syn. Fr. 
for “spreading,” Emploi en remblai—pron. 
ahm-plwahahn rahm-blay ; Ger, Ausstreckung 
—pron. owss-strekk-oong. 

Sprig, in Materials. <A little nail without 
a head for nailing small objects to larger 
ones. A French equivalent is Un petit clou 
sans téte—pron. uuhn pet-tee kloo sahn 
tayte ; Ger. kleiner Nagel ohne Kopf—pron. 
kline-err nah-gell oh-neh koppf. 

Spring, in Architecture and Building. 
The term used to indicate the start or com- 
mencement of a part, as the spring of an 
arch. Der. Our word comes from the Old 
English springan, or from the German 
springen, to leap out, to bound from one 
place to another. Syn. Fr. for “to spring ”’ 
generally, Sauter — pron. soh-teh; Ger. 
Springen—pron. spring-enn. Syn. Fr. for 
“to spring an arch,” Vouwter un arc—pron. 
vooh-teh uehn arrk; Ger. einen Bogen 
springen—pron. boh-genn spring-enn. 

Spring, in Construction. An appliance 
made generally of steel, which is so elastic 
‘that when compressed by some force it 
assumes a new position; but when the 
force is withdrawn or the pressure released, 
it goes back to its original position. (For 
derivation see last term.) Syn. Fr. for 
“ (elastic) spring,” Ressort—pron. res-sore ; 
Ger. Feder. Syn. Fr. for “spring catch or 
latch of a door or a window,” Ressort d’une 
porte ou dune fenétre—pron. res-sore duehn 
porrt oo duehn fenn-nay-terr, or Loquet a 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


sq 


ressort—pron. loh-kay; Ger. Thiirschnapp- 
Seder, or Fensterschnappfeder—pron. tuehr- or 
fen-stershnap-fay-derr. Syn. }'r. for “helical 
spring,” Boudon — pron. booh-dahn ; Ger, 
Drahtfeder—pron. draht-fay-derr. Syn. Fr 
for “spiral spring,” Spirale—pron. spee-rahl; 
also Spiral a boudin; Ger. Spiral/eder. Syn. 
Fr. for “secret spring,” as of a cabinet or 
desk drawer, essort secret—pron. res-sore 
say-cray ; Ger. geheime Feder—pron. geh- 
hime-eh fay-derr. Syn. Fr. for “spring lock,” 
Serrure-ressort — pron. serr-nehr-res-sore ; 
also Serrure & houssette—pron. serr-uehr ah 
hoo-sett; Ger. Schnappschloss—pron. shnapp- 
shloss. Syn. Fr. for “spring bolt,” Verrou 
@ ressort—prou. ver-rooh ah res-sore; Ger. 
Federriegel—pron. fed-derr-ree-gell. 

Springing Course, in Masonry. The 
stones upon which the first stones of an 
arch rest. Syn. Fr. Assise des sommiers— 
pron. ah-seeze day sohm-ee-ay ; Ger. Stein- 
schicht der Widerlager — pron. stine-shicht 
dare vee-derr-lah-gerr. 

Springing of an Arch, in Masonry. 
The term used to indicate the point where 
an arch begins. Syn. Fr. Natssance d'un are 
ou de voute—pron. nay-sahnce duuhn are ooh 
day voot; also Abattwe—pron. ah-batt-uuh, 
or Retombée—ray-tom-bay ; Ger. Kampfer- 
linie—pron. kamm - pferr-leen-yeh; also 
Anlauf eines Gewélbes—pron. ann-louf ine- 
ess gay-voell-bes. 

Springing Stone of an Arch, in Masonry. 
The synonym for which is “skew back,” 
and also “impost.” Syn. Fr. Coussinet-— 
pron. koo-see-nay ; also /mposte—pron. aihm- 
posst; Ger. Kampfer; also Kampferschicht. 
Syn. Fr. for “springing wall”—the synonym 
for which is projecting wall ”—Mur retombée 
—pron. muuhr ray-tom-bay, or Mur a 
retombe—pron. muuhr ah ray-tombb ; also 
Mur en abattwe—pron. muuhr ahn ah-bah- 
tuuh. 

Spruce Timber, in Materials. A building 
wood obtained chiefly from the north of 
Europe—hence the synonyms below. Syn. 
Fr. for “spruce deals,” Planche du Nord— 
pron. plahnsh duuh nore; Ger. nordische 
Dielen—pron. norr-dish-eh deel-enn. 

Square, in Building Construction and 
Design. 'The term used to indicate that the 
lines or bounding lines of an object or body 
are at right angles to and equal to each 
other. Der. Our word comes from the Old 
French esquerre, or from the Latin guadratus, 
a square. Syn. Fr. for “square” generally, 
Carré — pron, kah-ray; also Carrément — 
pron, kah-ray-mahn; Ger. Quadrat—pron. 
kwah-draht ; also Winkelrecht—pron. vink- 
ell-recht. Syn. Fr. for “to set square” 
or “to square,’ HMquerrer—pron, eh-kerr- 
eh; Ger. in Winkel bringen—pron. vink- 
ell bring-enn. Syn. Fr. for “square or 
squared timber,” Bois a equerrer—pron. 
bwah ah eh-kerr-eh; Ger. viereckiges 


157 


Sq 


Holz. Syn. Fr. for “set square,” used in 
building drawing, Triangle viseuwr — pron. 
tree-ahn-gel vee-zeuhr; also Régle—pron. 
ray-g’ll; Ger. Winkelweiser — pron, vink- 
ell-vy-zerr. Syn. Fr. for “carpenter’s and 
joiner’s square,” @ Faces—pron. ah fass-ees ; 
also Piéce carrée— pron. pee-ace kah-ray ; 
Ger. Balkenkantig —- pron, bahl-kenn-kann- 
tig. Syn. Fr. for “by the square,” or 
“square set,’ & UEquerre — pron. ah lake- 
kairr; Ger. Winkelrecht — pron. vink-ell- 
recht. Syn. Fr. for “out of the square” 
or “off the square,” Fausse équerre—pron, 
fohss eh-kairr; Ger. Schiefwinkelig—pron. 
sheef-vink-ell-ig. Syn. Fr. for “not cut 
square,” as in the case of the face of a 
piece of timber, when one side or edge is 
not at right angles to the other, Jn- 
équarri—pron. aihn-eh-kairr-ee ; Ger. Nicht 
winkelrecht behauwen—pron. nicht vink-ell- 
reecht beh-how-enn. Syn. Fr. for “square 
bar-iron,” Fer carré—pron. fairr karr-eh ; 
also Fer en barres avec section carré—pron, 
fairr ahn barr ah-veck seck-see-on karr-eh ; 
Ger. vierechkiges Eisen —pron. feer-ekk-ich-es 
ize-enn. Syn. Fr. for “squared timber,” 
Poutres—pron. pooh-terr ; also Bois équarri 
—pron. bwah eh-karr-ee, or Bois en carré— 
pron. bwah ahn karr-eh; Ger. winkelrechtes 
Holz; also viereckiges Holz. Syn. Fr. for 
“ squaring,” Hquarrissement—pron. eh-karr- 
eece-mahn; also Ecarrissement—pron. eh- 
karr-eece-mahn ; Ger. Viereckig behauen. 
Syn. Fr. for “squared,” Refait—pron. reh- 
fay ; Ger. Winkelrecht behauen. Syn. Fr. 
for “squareness,” Equarrissage—pron. eh- 
karr-eece-ahj ; Ger. Winkelrecht gestalten— 
pron. vink-ell-recht geh-stahlt-en. Syn. Fr. 
for “square foot,” wn Pied carré—pron. pee- 
ay karr-eh; Ger. Kreuzfuss—literally “a 
cross foot ”’—that is, a foot measured across 
both ways—pron. kroyts-fooss. 

Square, A, of slater’s work, is one hundred 
feet superficial. The term is also applied 
to, other work. Syn. Fr. for “a square,” 
Aire, or Aire-ardoise; Ger. Schieferfeld. 

Squaring, in Slater’s Work. Cutting the 
sides and bottom of a slate true. 

Squaring, in Joinery. Trying work by 
the “square.” In Handrailing for stairs 
the term is applied to the work of cutting a 
plank or piece of stuff to the form of hand- 
rail required, so that all the vertical sections 
of it shall be at right angles, Syn. Fr. 
Equarrissage—pron, eh-karr-eece-ahj ; Ger. 
Vierecke behauen—pron. feer-eck-eh bay- 
how-enn. 

Stable, in Farm Architecture. The build- 
ing or one of the apartments in a farmery 
in which horses are kept or stabled. Der. 
Somewhat obscure—some suppose that it 
comes from the Danish staven, to fix, to 
secure; others that it is from the French 
étable, which is from établir, to establish, 
to give stability, or that it may be a mere 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


st 


acceptation of the term stable, in the sense 
of being secured—which again is from 
the Latin stabilis, firm, secure. Syn. Fr, 
Etable — pron, eh-tah~-bell; Ger. Stall; 
also Viehstall—that is, “cow stall” or 
stalling. Syn. Fr. for “stabling” or 
“stables,” Stabulation—pron. stah-bueh-lah- 
see-on ; also Htableries—pron. eh-tah-blaihr- 
ee; also Ecwrie—pron. eh-kuuhr-ee. Syn, 
Fr. for “ stall,” Htal—pron, eh-taahl; Ger. 
Stand—pron. stand. Syn. Fr. for “stable 
fittings,” or “finishings” Arrangement (ah- 
rahnj-mahn) d’un étable ; also Meubles (meu- 
bell)—+.e. furniture—d’un étable; Ger. Feste 
Gegenstéinde im Stall—pron. fess-teh gay- 
genn-stenn-day fom stall, 

Stability, in Construction. The term used 
to convey the idea of security or firmness in 
a structure or part of a structure. (For 
derivation of the word see Stable.) Syn. 
Fr. Stabilité—pron. stah-bee-lee-tay ; Ger. 
Stabilitdt, or Standfestigkeit — pron. stah- 
beel-ce-tate, stant-fess-tich-kite, 

Stack, in Construction. A term used to 
indicate a cluster or collection of objects, as 
a stack of chimneys or a stack of (cut) 
wood, Syn. Fr. Meuwle—pron. meuhl ; Ger. 
Fehm—pron. fame; also, Getreideschober—- 
pron. gay-tride-eh-sho-berr ; also Diemen. 
Syn. Fr. for “stack of chimneys,” Corps 
de cheminée—pron. korr day shee-mee-nay ; 
also Souche—pron. soosh; Ger. Schornstein 
—pron. shorn-stine, Syn. Fr. for “stack 
of wood” (7.e. timber cut into planks, 
or round timber or square battens piled 
up one upon another), Pile de bois—pron, 
peel day bwah; Ger. Holzstoss—pron. hollts- 
stohss. 

Stage, in Construction. That part of a 
scaffolding on which the men stand while 
at work—the flooring planks of a scaffold. 
It is often used as synonymous with scaf- 
fold. Der. Our word is from the Old 
English stigan, to ascend, mount, or go up; 
or it is the same word as the Danish stage, 
a ladder, or it may come from the French 
étage, a floor or story, or the German stezgen, 
to mount, to ascend. Syn. Fr. Echafaud— 
pron, eh-shah-foh ; Ger. Gestell—pron. gess- 
tell. Syn. Fr. for ‘‘ the resting-place or work- 
ing floor of a scaffold,” Repos dun échafaud 
—pron. ray-poh duuhn eh-shah-foh, 

Stained Wood or Glass—that is, having 
colour applied to those materials. In the 
case of wood, the process of staining is 
allied to the dying of textile fabrics, such as 
wool, cotton, and the like—the colours being 
applied in a more or less liquid form, and, 
being absorbed or taken up by the fibres of 
the wood, become a part of it, and are 
permanent. In the case of glass the colours’ 
are applied as a paint, and are burnt in or 
made permanent by processes more or less 
elaborate. Der. Our word may come from 
the Old English ystain, spread out, from the, 


158 


st 


German teinen, to extend or stretch out, 
from the French teindre, to dye, to stain, 
or from the Latin tingere, to dye. Syn. Fr. 
for “stained wood,” Bois en teinture—pron. 
bwah ahn taihn-tuuhr; Ger. gefarbies Holz 
—pron. geh-ferrb-tes hollts. Syn. Fr. for 
“stained glass,” Peintre sur verre—pron. 
paihn-terr suuhr vaihr—or teinture; Ger. 
Glasmalerei—pron. glahce-mahl-err-ee. Syn. 
Fr.for “stained wood,” Bois & couleur—pron. 
bwah ah cool-euhr; Ger. Holzfarbe. Syn. 
Fr. for “stained glass,” Verre de couleur 
t pigment (peeg-mahn) for “ stained paper,” 
Papier de couleur; Ger. Farbepapier—pron. 
fahr-bey-pah-pee-err. Syn. Fr. for “ paper 
stainer,” equivalent to wall-paper maker, 
Teinturier (stainer) du papier—pron. taihnt- 
euhr-yea duuh pah-pee-eh ; Ger. Papierfarber 
—pron. ferr-berr, . 
Stairs, in Construction. Der. Our word is 
from the Old English staeger, and this from 
stigan, to rise or ascend. An arrangement 
or construction of stone, iron, but generally 
of wood, in house building, by which access 
is gained from a low to a high level, from 
one floor or storey of a building to the other. 
Each stair, or as it is sometimes part of a 
staircase (which see), is made up of a series 
of “steps” (which see). The stair acts on 
the principle of the inclined plane, by which 
access can be had toa place situated above 
the level of another in a much more con- 
venient way than by climbing, as by a 
ladder, which was doubtless the original 
mode of getting from the low to the high 
part of a house, and which is still used in 
some structures, as stables, huts, etc., where 
there is not space sufficient to place the 
inclined plane of stairs. To facilitate going 
up and down the inclined plane, its surface 
is provided with projecting footholds, which 
are called steps (which see). Stairs are of 
different kinds—as common or straight stairs 
are made up of what is called a “ flight of 
steps” going directly or straight up, but 
in an inclined position from one floor to 
another. Stairs with landings.are those in 
which there is more than one flight of steps 
—a flat stage or resting-place being placed 
between the respective flights. In this form 
of stair the direction of the flight may be, 
and is generally, changed—that is, the first 
flight may go straight up parallel to a wall, 
and the next flight may go to the left or the 
right hand, in a direction at right angles to 
the wall. A geometrical or winding stair- 
case is one in which the steps are perpetually 
turning or changing in direction, winding 
round spiral fashion ; hence it is often called 
a spiral staircase. Syn. Fr. for “stairs” 
generally, Escalier—pron. ess-kall-yea ; Ger. 
Treppe—pron. trepp-eh; also Stiege—pron. 
stee-geh. Syn. Fr. for “common or straight 
stairs,” Escalier droit (drwah); also Escalier 
commun (kom-muhn) ; also Lscalier & rampe 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


st 


(ah rahmp) ; Ger, gerade Treppe—pron. gerr- 
ah-day trepp-eh; also einsdulige Treppe— 
pron. ine-zoy-lig-eh trepp-eh; also Gemein- 
treppe—pron. gemm-ine-trepp-eh. Syn. Fr. 
for “stairs with landing-places,” Escalier & 
repos, or & paliers—pron. ah pall-yea (palier, 
a landing or resting-place) ; Ger. Landungs- 
platztreppe—pron. lant-oohngs-platts-trepp- 
eh; also Flachplatz- (flat space) treppe— 
pron. flach-platts-trepp-eh. Syn. Fr. for 
“ ceometrical stairs,” Lscalier suspendu dit 
vis & jour—that is, stairs suspended (without 
resting on the walls), called or known as 
open to the daylight—pron, ess-kall-yea 
suuhs-pahn-duuh dee veeze ah jhoor; Ger, 
Wendeltreppe—i.e. turning (our term wind- 
ing comes from this) — pron. ven - dell- 
trepp-eh. Syn. Fr. for “grand stairs”—that 
is, those stairs in halls or mansions, disposed 
in some conspicuous place, wide and spacious, 
generally highly decorated in newels and 
handrail and balustrade (some of the grand 
stairs of ancient houses are magnificent in 
design, and simply first-class in construction, 
and form most striking features in the 
interior of the mansion)—Lscalier d'honneur 
(don-neuhr) ; also Grand escalier — pron. 
grahng-daice-kahl-ee-eh; Ger. grosse Treppe— 
pron, gross-eh trepp-eh ; also Haupttreppe— 
2.e. head or high stairs—pron. howpt-trepp- 
eh. Syn. Fr. for “servants’ stairs,” Hscalier 
des domestiques (deh doh-mess-teek) ; Ger, 
Dienertreppe—pron. dee-nerr-trepp-eh. Syn. 
Fr. for “ private stairs” or “ secret stairs,” 
Escalier dérobé (day-roh-bay); Ger. Geheim- 
treppe—pron. gay-hime-trepp-eh. (See Back 
Stairs.) Syn. Fr. for “turret stairs ””—that 
is, winding stairs in a circular well-hole, 
Escalier hors d’euvre (hoar deuh-verr); Ger. 
Thiirmchentreppe—pron. tuehrm-chen-trepp- 
eh, Syn. Fr. for “ stairhead,” Téte d’escalier 
—pron. tate dess-kall-yea; also Haut de 
Vescalier—pron. hoh duh less-kall-yea; Ger. 
Treppenhaupt; also Treppenkopf. Syn. Fr. 
for “foot of stairs,” Premiére marche d’un 
escalier—pron. prem - yairr marrsh duuhn 
ess-kall-yea. 

Staircase, in Construction. The part of 
the building in which the stairs or flight of 
steps are placed. A synonym often used is 
“well hole” of stairs, but this term is con- 
fined to construction in which the stairs 
are enclosed by walls; also to the aperture 
in the floor above, through which the stairs 
are seen and daylight admitted to them. 
The Syn. Fr. for “ staircase” generally is 
the same as for stairs, Escalier. The German 
gives a more definite idea, as that of a special 
part in which the stairs are placed—thus 
Treppenhaus—literally “ stairhouse ’’—pron. 
trep-pen-house, There is, however, another 
Syn. Fr. which embodies this idea—namely, 
Cage d’escalier, the enclosing cage—pron. 
kahj dess-kall-yea. Many of the terms 
employed, as in the last paragraph, stairs, are 


159 


st 


applicable to this—such as winding or geo- 
metrical staircase, private staircase, and the 
like—stairs and staircase being often used 
as synonymous, and with many indiscrimi- 
nately. 

Stake Out, To, in Building. The opera- 
tion of laying down the lines on the ground 
or site of the house which give the outline 
of the ground plan. This is done by driving 
in stakes at the angles or points where lines 
meet ; and if the distance between these be 
great, stakes may be placed along the line 
at intervals, Syn. Fr. Tracer le plan d’un 
bdtiment—pron. trah-say leh plahn duuhn 
bah-tee-mahn ; also Jalonner—pron. jah-lon- 
nay; Ger. ein Haus ausstecken—pron. ine 
house owss-stek-ken, Syn. Fr. for “a 
stake,” a long piece of wood pointed so that 
it can be driven into the ground, Montant— 
pron. mohn-tahn; also Hstache—-pron. ess- 
tahsh ; Ger. Staket—pron. stah-keht. Der. 
Our word comes from the Old English staca, 
and this from sticca, a staff; staca is a 
pointed stick, 

Stalk, Chimmey, in Construction. A term 
sometimes used as synonymous with stack, 
-which is the more correct of the two (see 
Stack). 

Stanchions 3 also Standels or Stanchels, 
in Building. The iron bars which run ver- 
tically up between the mullions of a Gothic 
or other window. In church architecture 
they are terminated at upper end by a 
spearlike head, with scroll-like ends, some- 
thing in disposition like the trefoil orna- 
ment. The term is sometimes used in place 
of standard posts of timber, as the upright 
poles used in scaffolding, and also applied 
to the vertical iron bars which fill in 
windows which are guarded from ingress 
or egress, as in prisons. Der. Our word is 
from the French stancher, to stop or stanch, 
and this from the Latin stagnare, to stop. 
Syn. Fr. for “iron bar stanchions,” Treillis 
de fer—pron. trayl-yee deh fairr; also Fer 
de lance, referring to the lance-shaped ter- 
mination to the bar (see above)—pron. fairr 
deh lahnss; Ger. Fenstereisengitter — pron. 
fenn-sterr-i-zen-git-terr. Syn. Fr. for 
“ stanchion,’ considered as a timber post, 
Epontille—pron. eh-pohn-teel; Ger. Sttitze— 
pron. stueht-tseh. 

Standard, in Construction. A term 
applied to a vertical upright or pillar, as of 
stone or of timber. Der. The term is taken 
from the Old English words standan, to 
stand or remain still or in one position, 
and -ard, a sort of, a kind of, Syn. Fr. for 
“standard,” as a post in carpentry, Montant 
—pron. mohn-tahn ; also Montant de cloison 
—pron. deh clwah-zon ; also Hpars montant 
—pron. eh-parr; Ger. Pfosten—pron. pfoss- 
tenn ; also Stdnder—pron. stenn-derr ; also 
Wandsdéule—i.e. “wall pillar ’’—pron. vant- 
zoy-leh. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


st 


Standard Measure—Standard Gauge. 
The term standar‘d is also applied to indi- 
cate that certain sizes or dimensions 
once decided upon are to be retained for 
permanent reference and comparison as 
“Standard Measures,” such as the inch, the 
foot, etc. Syn. Fr. for “standard measure.” 
Potence—pron. poh-tahnss ; Ger. Maszstock. 
Syn. Fr. for “standard gauge,” talon 
pron. eh-tahl-on ; also LEchantillon— pron. 
eh-shahn-teel-yon ; also Jauge—pron. jojh; 
Ger. Kichmasz—pron. eych-mahss (from 
eichen, to gauge), or Richtmass—pron. richt- 
mahss; also MJeistereiche—pron. mice-sterr- 
eych-eh, or Normaleiche. 

Standing, in. Building. A term sometimes 
used as synonymous with “site” (which see). 
Syn. Fr. for “a standing prop or post,” 
Pointal—pron. pwahn-tahl ; Ger. Stellungs- 
or Standungspfosten— pron. stell-oongs- or 
stand-oongs-pfosst-en. Syn. Fr. for “stand- 
ing wall,” Mur dun jfilon — pron. muehr 
duuhn fee-lon ; also Mur emplacement—pron. 
muehr ahm-plahss-mahn; Ger. Wandstellung 
—pron. vant-stell-oong ; also Stelimauer. 

Staple, in Jronmongery. The part of a 
padlock arrangement which is driven into 
the fixed post of a gate or the side of a wall, 
over which is passed the hasp secured to the 
gate or door, and through which the hook 
of the padlock is passed before locking it. 
The staple is bent, giving two legs which 
are pointed so that it can be driven into the 
post or wall, leaving a hoop or loop or eye 
projecting. The staple is also used for a 
door, etc., secured by a bolt, the bolt passing 
into the eye of the staple. Wer. Our word 
is from the Old Saxon stepel, a post, a prop 
—something fixed. Some hold that it is a 
corruption of the first part of the Latin 
word stabilis, fixed, steady, secure. Syn. Fr. 
for the “staple of a door,” locking or securing 
arrangement, Fermoir—pron. fairr-mwahr ; 
also. Nappe—pron, napp; also Crampon— 
pron. krahm-pon, or Yargette—pron. tahr- 
gett; Ger. Haspen; also Schlusshaken, or 
Schliesseisen, or Hakenbolzen—pron. hahss- 
penn, shloss-hah-kenn, shleece-eye-zenn, hah- 
kenn-bollt-senn. 

Start, in Building. Syonnymous with to 
commence, as to start the building, the 
works, or some definite part of the work— 
as to start the staking out or the foundation 
excavations. Der. Our word is from the 
Old English sterte, to move immediately or 
suddenly, to begin to move at once, as one 
does when one is starting. Syn. Fr. for “te 
start a building,” Commencer un bdtiment— 
pron. com-mahn-say uuhn bah-tee-mahn ; 
another phrase or equivalent is Jettre en 
marche—pron. mett-err ahn marrsh; Ger. 
einen Bau anfangen—pron. bough-ahn-fang- 
enn; also erstes Werk einer neuen Arbeit, 
the first work of a new undertaking—pron. 
airr-stes vairrk ine-err noy-enn ahr-bite. 


160 


Wl EES The ees LI a 
i eye aie Oe 
FS cool yy ! 


prot ~S-—- 


. Lc ' 
¥] as ee pS 
= a an omen an oe 


Rough Curriages 
Si x3 -~ Pa Séring Board 


: 
i] 
} 
| Se 


Fig. 5. 
Plate XVII.—Terms in Joinery :—Chiefly Staircasing ; in Carpentry: Trussed Beams. 


wall 


Felieteris 


a a tay 


Fig. 6 


Plate XVIII.—Terms in Joinery:—Stairs ; in Carpentry :—Covering of Domes. 


A ite | 
inne 
(teh 
7 


- 


st ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. st 


Statement of Work Done, in Building. 
A ‘statement of materials delivered” to be 
used or which have been used in the erection 
of a building. The “statement of work 
done ” is the document on which the archi- 
tect authorises the amount of money to be 
advanced at certain intervals—the architect 
checking off its details after examination of 
the work. In the statement of materials 
delivered all the items are checked off by 
the clerk of works or other authorised 
party, and when signed by him it assumes 
the form of a receipt, to which reference can 
be made by the contractor to prove that the 
materials were delivered. Der. Our word 
comes from the Latin status (from stare, to 
stand), signifying a document which stands 
and is not liable to be changed. Syn. Fr. 
for “statement of work done,” Cédule d’ état 
des travaux—pron. say-doohl dait-ah day 
trah-voh ; Ger, Ausstand iiber geleistete Arbeit 
—pron. owse-stant ooh-eeb-err gay-lice-tay- 
teh ahr-bite ; also Kostenanschlag. Syn. Fr. 
for “statement of materials delivered,” 
Cédule @état des matériaux emplacés, or en 
emplacement — pron. mah-teer-ee-oh ahm- 
plass-eh, or ahng ahm-plahss - mang; also 
Cédule d'état des approvisionnements—pron. 
ah-proh-veeze-ee-ohng-mahng, 

Statuary, in Architecture. The carved 
or chiselled figures, generally in stone or 
marble, of the human figure and of animals 
used to decorate buildings, etc. Der. Our 
word is from the Latin statwaria, and this 
from statua, a statue, an image or simu- 
lacrum of a human beingoran animal, Syn. 
Fr. Statuaire — pron. stah-tueh-airr; also 
Sculpture—pron. skuelp-tuuhr; Ger. Bild- 
haueres—tliterally “image hewing”—pron. 
bild-how-err-ei; also Bildhauerkunst — i.e. 
‘image hewing art’—pron. bild-how-err- 


- koohnst, or Plastik—pron. plahs-teek. Syn. 


Fr. for a “statue,” Statwe—pron. stah-tuuh ; 
Ger. Standbild, a standing image — pron. 
stant-billd ; also Denkmal, or Statue. Syn. 
Fr. for a “marble statue,” Statue en marbre 
—pron, stah-tuuh ahn marr-berr; Ger. 
marmornes Standbild — pron, mahr- moh - 
ness stant-billd. 

Stave, in Materials. A kind or class of 
timber used for various works. They are 
longish pieces, thin and narrow, and some- 
times used to line cesspools, ete., and as 
clapboards for covering the outside of small 
sheds (see Clapboard). Der. Our word is 
from the Old English staff, or the German 
Stab, or the Danish stav, which is almost 
our word. Syn. Fr. Dowve—pron. doohv ; 
Ger. Daube—pron. dow- (as now) beh ; also 
Stab—pron, stahb. Syn. Fr. for a “ little 
or small stave,” Douwvelle or Douelle—pron. 
dooh-vell or dooh-ell; Ger, kleine Daube— 
pron. kline-eh-dow-beh. 


is from the Swedish sta, to remain in place 
or to hold back, as in the case of a stay 
acting as a brace or prop, to prevent from 
giving Meg to support; or it may be 
from the Latin stare, to stand. Syn. Fr. 
for a “stay, a prop,” Cowlombe—pron. kooh- 
lohmb; also £ntretoise — pron. ahn-terr- 
twahze, or Poteau—pron. poh-toh; Ger. 
Stdénder—pron. stenn-derr; also P/fosten— 
pron. pfoss-tenn, or Tragepfosten — pron. 
trah-geh-pfoss-tenn ; also Bandsdéule—pron. 
bahnt-zoy-leh. Syn. Fr. for a “diagonal 
stay”’—that is, an inclined strut or brace, 
Poteau diagonal—pron. poh-toh dee-ah-goh- 
nahl; also Bande diagonale—pron. bahnd@ 
dee-ah-goh-nahl, or Bande inclinée—pron. 
bahnd aihn-klee-nay ; Ger. diagonaler Sperr- 
pfosten— pron. dee-ah-goh-nal-err — sperr- 
pfoss-tenn (from sperren,to stop). Syn. Fr. 
for “ staying ”—that is, propping up or shor 
ing up, Ltayement—pron. eh-tay-mahn ; also 
les Etais posés a prévenir les ébaulements d'un 
mur—pron. laize eh-tay poh-zay ah pray- 
veh-neer laize eh-bohl-mahn duuhn muuhr ; 
Ger. Stiitzen—pron. stuet-senn. 

Steady, in Construction. A term some- 
times used to indicate that a structure or 
part of it is firm, secure. Der. The word is 
from the Old English stede, a place—that: 
is, steady means to keep in one place. 
Syn. Fr. Stable—pron. stah-bell; also Fixe 
—pron. feeks, or Asswré—pron. ah-suehr-ay 3. 
also Ferme—pron. ferrm, or Constant—pron. 
kohn-stahn ; Ger. Bestiéindig — pron. beh- 
stend-ich; also Befestigt—pron. beh-fesst- 
icht, or Standhaft—pron. stahnt-hafft. 

Steel, in Materials. The metal the base 
of which is iron with a small percentage 
of carbon. This is a general definition only, 
as there is no precise definition of what steel 
is which is accepted by all practical men. 
There are different definitions, each of which 
has its supporters, as per contra they have 
those who deny their accuracy. Thus, though 
the term “Bessemer steel,’ indicating the 
metal made by the converter, and otherwise 
known as the acid process of making steel 
so called, is so widely used and accepted, 
still there are numerous practical authorities 
who deny that it is a steel at all, being, as 
they say, only a very superior quality of 
wrought iron. Der. Our word is from the 
Old English ste/, or the German stah/—that 
is, a metal combined with a small percentage- 
of carbon. Syn. Fr. for “steel” generally, 
d’ Acier—pron. dass-yea; Ger. Stahl. Syn. 
Fr. for “crucible (or cast) steel,” Acier de 
creuset—pron. ass-yea deh kreugh-zay ; Ger. 
Tiegelguszstahl — pron. tee-gell-gooss-stahl, 
Syn. Fr. for “ tempered steel,” Acier & trempe 
—pron. ass-yea ah trahmp; Ger. gehdrteter 
Stahl—pron. geh-hairr-tet-err stahl. Syn. 
Fr. for “to temper steel,’ Tremper lacier 


Stay, in Construction. A synonym for —pron. trahm-pay lass-yea; Ger. Stahl 


Brace or Strut (which see). Der, Our word 


abhdrten—pron. stahl ahp-hairr-ten. Syn, 


161 UW 


st 


Fr. for “the tempering of steel,’ Trempe de 
Pacier—pron. trahmp day lass-yea; Ger. 
Stahlhdrtung—pron, stahl-hairr-toong. Syn. 
Fr, for “untempered steel,” Acier non trempé 
— pron. ass-yea non trahm-pay; Ger. 
ungehdrteter Stahl — pron. oohn-geh-hairr- 
teh-terr stahl. Syn. Fr. for “steel wire,” 
Corde d’acier—pron, korrd dass-yea; also 
Acier rond tiré—pron. ass-yea rawhn tee-ray ; 
Ger. Stahldraht—pron. stahl-draht. 
Steining, in Construction. The brick or 
stone lining of a well, a cesspool, an exca- 
vated hole or shaft for retaining water or 
liquid, is so called. Generally the stones or 
bricks are laid dry, but in the best work 
they are laid in hydrauliccement. Syn. Fr. 
Mur dun puit (well)—pron. muuhr duuhn 
pwee or pweeh; also Mur dune fosse 
d@aisance (cesspool) — pron. muuhr duuhn 
foss day-zahnss; Ger. Brunnenmauer—pron. 
broon-nenn-mow-err; also Abtrittsgruben- 
mauer—pron, app-tritts-grooh-ben-mow-err. 
Stench Trap, in Drainage Work. A con- 
trivance, so called, which traps, catches, or 
arrests, aud keeps from entering the house, 
the sewer and drainage gases which flow 
through and are present in the interior of 
the drains and sewers. Many traps are but 
so in name, sometimes not acting at all, al- 
ways more or less defectively. The principle 
on which a stench trap acts is simple, and 
may be described as a water seal. Part of 
the liquid, as water from the sink or slop- 
stone in the scullery, or water from the bath, 
flowing down the pipe or tube to the drain, 
is prevented from flowing away by a bend 
or siphon-shaped part of the tube or like 
arrangement, so that a portion of the liquid 
always remains in it, which admits of any 
liquid passing from the house to the drain, 
but prevents any foul air or gases ascending 
or passing to the house through the drain 
tube, as they cannot pass through the liquid. 
Syn. Fr. for “stench trap,” Soupape de 
degagement, or Soupape d’un tuyau d’égout— 
pron. sooh-pahp deh day-gahj-mahn, or duuhn 
twee-oh day-gooh; Ger. Schliessklappe der 
Siele—pron. shleess-klap-peh derr seel-eh. 
Stencilling, in Decoration of Walls, etc. 
A cheap method of producing decorative 
designs on flat surfaces, by the employment 
of what are called “stencil plates.” These 
consist of thin plates of brass—thickish 
paper or thin pasteboard is sometimes used 
—on which in the first instance the design, 
scrollwork or otherwise, is drawn in outline. 
The parts enclosed by the lines, or the 
boundary lines being followed, are then ac- 
curately cut out by appropriate tools, leaving 
sharp, well-defined edges. The stencil plate 
is then ready for use. It is laid flat upon 
the surface to be decorated with the special 
design, and held fast there with one hand, 
while with the other the surface is gone 
over firmly with a brush charged with the 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


st 


special colour desired ; the paint or colour is 
thus forced between the lines of the cut-out 
spaces in the plate and deposited on the 
wall. By having the design drawn as a 
“repeat,” any length of wall surface can be 
decorated. When carefully done, stencilling 
work looks as well as devices put in by 
hand, and is very much cheaper and much 
more quickly done. Syn. Fr. Patronage— 
pron. pah-troh-nahj; Ger. JJustern—pron. 
mooss-terrn; also Malereit mit Patrone—i.e. 
painting with stencil plates—pron. mahl-err- 
eye mit pah-troh-neh. Syn. Fr. for “ sten- 
cilling,” Patron — pron. pah-trong; Ger. 
Patrone—pron. pah-troh-neh ; also Schablone 
—pron. shah-bloh-neh; also JMJuster—pron. 
moohss-terr, Syn. Fr. for “to stencil,” 
Peindre au patron — pron. paihn-derr oh 
pah-tron ; Ger. Schabloniren — pron. shah- 
blow-neer-enn ; also Patroniren—pron. pah- 
troh-neer-enn. 

Steps, in Staircasing. The parts of a 
stair on which the feet are placed in ascend- 
ing or descending stairs (see Stairs). Hach 
step is composed of two parts—first, the hori- 
zontal, which gives the flat bearing surface 
on which the feet rest, this being called the 
“tread”; and second, the vertical part 
which supports the outer edge of the 
“tread.” As the height of this vertical 
part defines the height of the step proper, 
making it either a high or a low step, it is 
called the “riser.” A very convenient and 
easily taken height for the “riser,” which 
properly includes the thickness of the 
“tread,” is seven inches. A convenient 
breadth for the “tread” is nine inches, 
Steps, or rather the “treads” of the steps, 
are most convenient in stairs when they are 
of uniform width throughout their length. 
In this case they are termed “flyer steps,” 
or more generally “flyers” only. But in 
some cases, as in small houses and in badly 
planned staircases, it is not always easy 
to get the necessary number of flyers, or 
parallel-edged steps, within the height given. 
Triangular-shaped steps are, therefore, used ; 
and these being much narrower at one end 
than at the other are very inconvenient, 
and often dangerous in use, as the narrow 
parts give little and in some forms prac- 
tically no foothold. Such steps are called 
‘‘ winders,” as the steps wind rounda central 
point — the newel — and to which all the 
narrow ends of the winding steps point. 
Der. The word “step” comes from the Old 
English steppan, to tread, to take one step 
or make one advance of the foot at a time. 
Syn. Fr. Marche—pron. marrsh, or Degré— 
pron, deh-gray; also Montée—-pron. monn- 
tay, or Gradin—pron. grah-daihn; Ger. 
Treppentritt — pron. trepp-enn-tritt ; also 
Stufe—pron. stoo-feh, or Stufentritt—pron. 
stoo-fenn-tritt. Syn. Fi for “ winder steps” 
or a “winder,” Marche dansante — pron. 


162 


st 
marrsh dahn-sahnt; also Gironnée— pron. 
jheer-onn-nay, or Marche triangulaire — 
pron. marrsh tree-ahn-gueh-lairr ; Ger. 
Wendelstufe—pron. venn-del-stooh-feh. Syn. 
Fr. for the “ first or lowest step in a stair,” 
Marche paliére—pron. marrsh pah-lee-airr ; 
Ger. erster Treppentritt — pron. airrs - terr 
trep-pen-tritt ; also Treppenarm or Anfangs- 
stufe—pron. ann-fangs-stooh-feh. Syn. Fr. 
for the “last or highest step of a stair,’ 
Marche-pied Wun escalier—pron. marrsh- 
peeay duuhn ess-kahl-yea ; also La dernicre 
lah dairr-nee-airr) marche d’un escalier ; 
er. oberster (oh-berr-sterr) Treppentritt or 
Stufentritt. Syn. Fr. for a “ moulded step ” 
—that is, where the front edge of the step, 
which is technically called the “nosing,” in 
place of being flush with the face of tread, 
projects over it, and is finished with a 
moulding, frequently an ogee moulding— 
Marche moulée — pron. marrsh moohl-eh ; 
Ger. gesimster Treppentritt—pron. geh-zimm- 
sterr trep-pen-tritt. A “step ladder ” is one 
provided with flat-faced steps in place of 
the cylindrical bars or round “rungs” of 
ordinary ladders. Step ladders are usually 
finished at top with a small platform, on 
which the workman—as painter, plasterer, 
etc, —can stand. The step ladder has a 
hinged frame at the back, which can be 
extended so as to give a broad, steady base, 
on which the ladder stands. This and the 
ladder part are kept apart while the step 
ladder is in use by an iron stay-bar, which 
is jointed at one end to the back hinged 
frame, and goes into a staple or catch in the 
side of the ladder part. Syn. Fr. for “step 
ladder,” Echelle de meunier—pron. eh-shell 
deh meuhn-yea; also Echelle avec marches’; 
Ger. Leiter mit Treppentritt or Stufe—pron. 
lite-err, trep-pen-tritt; also Stufenleiter, 
Leitertreppe, or Treppenleiter—that is, a 
“stepped ladder.” Syn. Fr. for “step- 
stone ”—used in the same way as we say 
hearthstone—that is, the first step of the 
house, or the threshold, otherwise the “ front 
door step ”"—Marche de porte—pron. marrsh 
deh porrt; Ger. Thirtreppentritt or Thiir- 
stufe—pron. tuehrr-trep-pen-trit or -stoo-feh ; 
also Thiirsteinstufe — that is, ‘doorstone 
step ’—pron. tuehrr-stine-stoo-feh. 
Stereography, in Building Construction 
Drawing. The art of drawing or projecting 
solid objects on plane surfaces: problems 
connected with solids useful in the projection 
of working drawings, as in the development 
of surfaces of solids, such as spheres or 
cylinders, to find the form of boards or 
planks, etc., to construct parts of the same 
form, as domes, and of the voussoirs or arch 
stones of arches, vaults, etc. Der. Our word 
is from the Greek stereos, solid, and graphein, 
to write or draw. Syn. Fr. Stéréographie 
—pron, stay-ray-oh-grah-fee; Ger. Stereo- 
graphie — pron, sterr-ay-oh-grah-fee 3 also 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


st 


Darstellung der Kérper auf einer Ebene—i.e, 
the representation of (solid) bodies upon a 
level (or plane surface)—pron. dahr-stell- 
oohng dairr koerr-perr owff ine-err aye- 
benn-eh, A synonym sometimes used for 
stereography is stereometry ; but this more 
correctly is the art of measuring solids, 
though, doubtless, stereometry involves a 
knowledge of stereography, as bodies must 
be formed before they can be measured in 
their ultimate or final state. Syn. Fr. for 
“stereometry,” Stéréometrie—pron. stay-ray- 
oh-may-tree; Ger, Stereometrie—pron, ster- 
eh-oh-may-tree. Another word in which 
“stereo” is the leading feature is Stereotomy, 
which is the art of cutting stones, or more 
precisely the art of drawing the forms of 
stones preparatory to cutting the blocks of 
stone into the same form as desired. A 
knowledge of it is essential to the mason in 
the formation of his blocks for arch stones, 
stones of vaults, niches, and the like work, 
in which the cylinder and the sphere are the 
primary solids which give the forms. Syn. 
Fr. for “stereotomy,” Stéréotomie — pron. 
stay-ray-oh-toe-mee ; also Coupe des pierres 
—pron. koop day pee-airr; Ger. Stereo- 
tomie — pron. stay-ray-oh-toh-mee; also 
Darstellung eines Steindurchschnitts — i.e. 
“stone. through cutting” (section) repre- 
sentation. 

Stiffmess, in Materials and in Construction. 
A term used to denote rigidity, stability, or 
capability to resist pressure, especially across. 
In this latter sense it is synonymous with 
the phrase transverse strains, or a capability 
to resist such. Der. Our word comes from 
the Old English sti/—that is, not bent with 
ease, inflexible. Syn. Fr. for “ stiff,’ Raide— 
pron. rade; also /nflexible—pron, aihn-flake- 
see-bell ; Ger. Steif/—pron. stife. Syn. Fr. 
for “stiffness,” Raidewr—pron. rade-euhr ; 
also Inflewibiliteg—pron. aihn-flake-see-beel- 
ee-tay ; Ger. Steifheit—pron. stife-hite. Syn. 
Fr. for “to stiffen,” as by putting in stays 
or braces or props, Raidir—pron. rade-eer 3 
also Rendre inflexible—pron. rahn-derr aihn- 
flake-see-bell; Ger. Au/steifen—pron. owf- 
stife-enn. 

Stile, in Joinery (sometimes spelt Style). 
The vertical parts of the framing of a door 
at the outside edges, respectively called the 
“hanging” and “lock” stiles. The “hang- 
ing stile” is that by which the door is “hung” 
to the sideposts of the door framing, which is 
secured to the ground or wood bricks. The 
“lock style” is that to which the lock of 
the door is secured. The other vertical 
pieces in a door framing, as panelled doors, 
are termed “muntins” (which see), Der. 
The word style is from the Latin stylus, 
and this from the Greek stulos, a pillar, also 
a writing implement. From this derivation 
the mode of spelling the word adopted by 
some writers, as style, is more correct than 


163 


st 


stile—which, however, is the more common 
of the two modes ; hence our adoption of it. 
Syn. Fr. for “stile of a door framing,” 
Montant d'une porte encadrée (encadre, a 
framing or framework, encadrée is framed) 
—pron. mohn-tahn duuhn porrt ahn-kah- 
dray ; also Fausse-piéce—pron. fohss-peeaiss ; 
Ger. Thiirseitenstiick—i.e. a door sidepiece— 
pron. tuehr-zite-enn-stuek. The vertical 
piece at the centre side of a French case- 
ment window is also termed a stile. Syn. 
Fr. for the stile of a casement window, 
Poteau de la coté d’une croisée or Montant de 
croisée—pron. poh-toh deh lah koh-tay duuhn 
krwah-zay, or mohn-tahn deh krwabh-zay ; 
also Fausse-piéce d’une croisée’a battants — 
pron. fohss-peeaiss duuhn krwah-zay ah bah- 
tahn ; Ger. Seitenstiich des Fensterfutters— 
pron. zite-enn-stuek dess fenn-sterr-foot- 
terrs. 

Stilts, in Foundation Work. The small 
piles driven at short intervals into the 
bottom soil of the site of a foundation in 
water, or in soft, yielding, marshy soil, and 
surrounding the central piles which are 
driven closely together. Between the stilts 
the spaces are filled up with stones—the 
whole together forming a place upon which 
to raise a foundation. This gives the deri- 
vation of the term—coming from stilt, a 
piece of wood used to raise the body or leg 
a foot from the ground, the Old English or 
Danish word for this being stelt. A French 
equivalent is Petit pilotis— pron. pet-tee 
pee-loh-tee ; Ger. kleiner Pfahi—pron. kline- 
airr pfahl. 

Stock Brick, in Bricklaying. A superior 
kind of brick. Syn. Fr. Brique rouge—pron. 
breek roohj ; Ger. Rothe Ziegel—pron. ro-teh 
tsee-gell. 

Stone, in Materials. A mineral composed 
of concreted earthy matter of different 
kinds, as sand, etc. Der. Our word is from 
the Old English stan, or the German Stein. 
Its principal use is for building. It is also 
largely used for road-making, etc, Syn. Fr. 
for “stone” generally, Pierre—pron. pee- 
airr ; Ger. Stein—pron. stine. Syn. Fr. for 
“building stone,” Pierre a batir—pron. pee- 
airr ah bah-teer ; Ger. Baustein—pron. bow- 
(as in now) stine. Syn. Fr. for “ hard stone,” 
Pierre dure—pron. pee-airr duehrr; Ger. 
harter Stein. Syn. Fr. for “soft stone,” 
Pierre tendre—pron. pee-airr tahn-derr ; Ger. 
weicher Stein—pron. vy-cher-stine. Syn. Fr. 
for “hewn stone,” Pierre taillée—pron. pee- 
airr tah-eel-yea; Ger. behauener Stein — 
pron. bay-how-enn-err stine. Syn. Fr. for 
“‘rough-hewn stone,” Pierre velue — pron. 
pee-airr vell-uuh ; Ger. Rauh behauener Stein 
—pron. row-eh bay-how-enn-err stine. Syn. 
Fr. for “stone laid in its quarry bed ”—that 
is, with the grain in the same direction as 
the stone lay in its original or natural bed— 
Pierre posé en lit—pron. pee-airr poh-zay 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


st 


ahn lee; also Pierre de plat—pron. pee-airr 
deh plah, or Moellon en lit—pron. moh-ell-on 
ahn lee; Ger. lagerecht gelegter Stein—that 
is, stone laid in its right situation. Syn. Fr. 
for “stone laid in a direction opposite to 
that of the quarry bed,” Pierre en débié 
(abn day-bee); also Prerre posé en debit 
or Moellon en débit; Ger. nicht lagerecht 
gelegter Stein. Syn. Fr. for “stone shivers ” 
or ‘“chippings of stone,” Lcailles des 
pierres—i.e, stone shells—pron. eh-kahil 
day pee-airr; also Recoupes des pierres, or 
simply ecoupes— pron. reh-koop; also 
Décombres des pierres, or simply Décombres 
—pron. day-kohm-berr; Ger, Steinbrocken. 
Syn. Fr. for “road metal”—that is, stone 
broken into pieces, generally of a size suffi. 
cient to pass through a ring two inches in 
diameter, and used to cover the surfaces 
of macadamised roads — Empierrement de 
chaussée—pron. ahm-pee-airr-mahn deh 
show-say; also Pierre rompue pour les 
routes—pron. pee-airr rohm-pueh poor lay 
root; Ger. Bruchstein fiir die Strasse oder 
Raide—pron. brooch-stine fuehr dee strah- 
seh oh-derr rade-eh; also Grundlagenstein 
—pron. groohnd-lah-genn stine. Syn. Fr. 
for “hearthstone,” Pazllasse— pron. pahl- 
yass; Ger. Heerdstein—pron. hairrd-stine. 
Syn. Fr, for “ stone lintel,” Linteau de pierre 
—pron. laihn-toh deh pee-airr; Ger. Sturz- 
stein — pron. stoortz-stine. Syn. Fr. for 
“stone step of a stair,” Marche or Degreé de 
pierre ; Ger. Steintreppentritt, Syn. Fr. for 
“stone stair,” scalier en pierre; Ger. 
Steintrittstufe. 

Stone Cutter. This term in one sense is 
accurate enough, as masons are or ought to 
be acquainted with the art of cutting out 
stones from the block, so as to make them 
of the form required, as well as with the art 
of setting them when cut; but in another 
sense it is not an accurate synonym—at 
least not precise enough, inasmuch as stone 
cutting is frequently considered as synony- 
mous with stone carving or stone sculpture 
work. Stone cutting properly is the art 
of “setting out” by various geometrical 
problems (see Stereography) the forms of 
stones required for various structures, and 
thereafter cutting them out of the blocks 
and dressing them to the exact outlines of 
form required. This is the highest part of 
the work of the stone mason, and demands 
special study and experience. Hence it 
comes that, as so many working masons are 
content to be but mere mechanical setters 
of stone—that is, literally building them up, 
in the lower sense mere “hewers of stone,” 
and have no ambition to compass the higher 
walks of their art—the ability to “set out 
work” or design form is possessed by but 
few, so that to them, as distinguishing them 
from the majority, the term stone cutter 
may be applied with accuracy; so that one 


164 


st 


may be a stone mason as well as a stone 
cutter, though the converse may not be 
correct—stone cutting involving a higher 
and scientific knowledge and wider ex- 
erience than mere stone setting or building. 
yn. Fr. for “stone cutter,” Tatlleur des 
prerres—pron, tahl-yeuhr day pee-airr; Ger. 
Steinhauer—pron. stine-how-err. 

Stone Mason. The workman engaged in 
the erection of buildings in which stone is 
employed, although he often combines a 
thorough knowledge of this art with the 
sister art of brick setting. This is more 
especially true in Scotland, where stone 
construction is the rule, that of brick the 
exception, and where brick laying or brick 
setting is a trade but seldom specially 
carried on. The term mason is more fre- 
quently applied than stone mason, there 
being a general tendency to abbreviate 
technical terms—often, indeed, to the extent 
of rendering them obscure, always less 
definite and precise. Der. The term mason 
is from the French macon, mason, and this 
an abbreviation of maconnerie, masonry. 
Syn. Fr. for “stone mason,” Macgon—pron. 
mah-sonn; also Macon en pierres de taille— 
z.e. mason in cut stones, although a mason 
erects rough, unhewn stone, or rubble and 
drystone wall work, as well as ashlar work, 
in which latter the stones are cut; Ger. 
Steinmaurer, or Steinhauer; also Quader- 
steinmaurer, or Haussteinmaurer — that is, 
house stone builder—the first of these terms 
being the more accurate, as it includes stone 
work generally—pron. stine-mow-rerr, stine- 
how-err, quah-derr-stine-mow-rerr, hauss- 
stine-mow-rerr. Syn. Fr. for “master mason,” 
Entrepreneur de maconnerie—pron. ahn-terr- 
pren-euhr deh mah-son-neh-ree ; Ger. Stein- 
metz; also the above terms for mason. 
Another term, which is sometimes used 
indifferently with that of stone mason or 
mason, is builder. When working in brick 
is involved, the term bricklayer or brick- 
setter is used. 

Stone Packing, in Masonry. Pieces of 
stone used to fill up the spaces or interstices 
between the stones left in the centre or 
heart of wall; also employed to give a level 
or steady bed to stones the lower surfaces 
of which are uneven, or which lie upon 
stones with uneven upper surfaces, The 
packing stones introduced prevent the rock- 
ing—that is, give the appearance of a solid, 
level bed. Both practices are up toacertain 
point legitimate, but they are too often so 
dealt with that deceptive and therefore 
unsound work is the result. The packing 
in the heart or centre of the wall not being 
seen affords a temptation to masons so to 
use it in excess, that a wall which externally 
looks -solid is really so only so far as the 
outside walls are concerned, the interior or 
heart being but a mere honeycombed work 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, 


st 


of small stones and mortar. The evil would 
not be so great if mortar of the highest 
quality was used, as by the old masons ; if so, 
a concreted mass would be obtained of not 
much less strength than a wall of solid 
stone throughout. Syn. Fr. for “ stone 
packing,” Moellons concassés— pron. moh- 
ell-on kohn-kass-aye; Ger. Bruchsteine fiir 
Mauern—pron. brooch-stine-eh fuer mow- 
errn, 

Stone Pavement. The side walks of 
streets, etc., which have a covering or foot- 
way of flat stones, laid level and close 
together, but with open joints not cemented 
or dowelled together. Syn. Fr. Pavé de 
pierres—pron. pah-vay deh pee-airr; Ger. 
Steinpflaster—pron, stine-pflass-terr. 

Stone Quarry. The place from which 
stones are taken or dug out. Syn. Fr. Carriére 
—pron. karr-ee-airr, or Perriére (a corrup- 
tion of Pierréaire)—pyron. perr-ee-air ; also, 
as more precise, Carriére des pierres ; Ger. 
Steingrube; also Steinbruch. A quarry is 
often formed on the side or face of a hill, 
so that little or no excavation or digging is 
required. Generally the stone is dug out from 
the earth, forming a large hole. In this sense 
the German Steingrube is a correct definition 
of a synonym sometimes used by us— 
namely, “stone pit,” the Syn. Fr. for which 
is Pierre fosse, or Pierre creux (hollow)— 
pron. pee-airr foss or pee-air kreuh, 

Stone Ward, in Masonry. The place of 
business so called, in which a master mason 
keeps his stock of stones and building 
materials and appliances, and workmen 
engaged in stone cutting and dressing. Syn. 
Fr. Chantier de pierres—pron. shahn-tee-eh 
deh pee-airr; Ger. Baugrund, or Bauhiitte, 
or Bauhof—pron. bow-groond, bow-huet-teh, 
bow-hofe. 

Stool, in Cabinet Making. A low seat. 
Stools with us are generally used in houses, 
as footstools or piano-stools, or low seats 
for children. Syn. Fr. for “ footstool,” 
Tabouret—pron. tah-boohr-eh, although this 
indicates a stool of any kind—stools, how- 
ever, being chiefly used in France as foot- 
stools; Ger. Stwhl—pron. like our word ; 
also for “ footstool,” Fuszstuhl. 

Stop, in Construction. A term often used, 
chiefly in conjunction with other terms, 
such as “stop-chamfer ” and the like. Der. 
The word is from the German stopfen or 
the Icelandic stoppa, to close, to cease from 
moving. Syn. Fr. for “to stop” generally, 
Arréter—pron. ah-rett-eh; also Retarder 
—though this means more accurately to 
lessen speed than to stop all progress 
—pron. reh-tahr-day ; also Boucher—pron. 
booh-shay—literally “to end a thing ” (from 
bout, end ; Ger. Stopfen—pron. stopp-fenn ; 
also Aufhalten — pron, ouff-hahl-tenn, or 
Verzégern—pron. ferr-tsoeh-gerrn. Syn. Fr. 
for “stop suddenly,” Arréter—pron, ah-rett- 


165 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


eh, or Halter — pron. hahlt-eh; Ger. Halt ; 
also Zaupf—pron. zowpft. 

Stere Room—Store Closet, in Domestic 
Architecture. The apartment set aside for 
the keeping—storing up—of articles useful 
in a house, such as groceries and the like 
—the term “room” or “closet” being 
applied according as the apartment is large 
or small. Der. Our term is from the Old 
English stor, large, extensive, vast—a place 
from which supplies can be had. The 
nearest equivalent in French is Chambre 
(room)—pron. shahm-berr, or Cabinet (closet) 
—pron. kah-bee-nay—pour les articles domes- 
tigues—pron. poohr laze ahr-teek-el doh- 
mess-teek ; Ger. Kammer (chamber) or Cabinet 
(closet) fiir Hausmaterialien—pron. kah-merr 
or kah-bee-nett fuer house-mah-tairr-ee-ah- 
lee-en. Syn. Fr. for “storehouse,” Magazin 
—pron. mah-gah-zaihn; Ger. Laden—pron. 
Jah-denn. 

Storey or Siory, in Building, A term 
used to indicate the different stages or floors 
placed vertically one above the other ina high 
building. The synonymous term in Scottish 
architecture is “ flat ”—so called as the floor 
of the story is necessarily flat. In England 
the term “ floor” is itself synonymous with 
story, as “first floor,’ “second floor,” etc. 
Syn. Fr. for “story,” Ltage—pron. eh-tahj ; 
Ger. Geschoss—pron. geh-shoss, story of a 
house ; also Stockwerk—pron. stokk-vairrk. 
Syn. Fr. for “ ground floor,” [ez de chaussée 
—literally “on a level (ez) with or of the 
road ”—pron. ray deh shoh-say ; also Par- 
terre—pron. parr-tairr ; Ger. Untergeschoss— 
pron. oon-ter-geh-shoss ; also Bodengeschoss 
—literally “ floor story ’”’—pron. boh-denn- 
geh-shoss.- Syn. Fr. for ‘basement story 
or floor,’ Bas ¢tage—i.e. low floor or story 
—pron. bahz eh-tahj; also Bas étage euvre 
—that is, the floor or story where work is 
done, or a kitchen floor. The “cellar” in 
French is Cave. Syn. Fr. for “second 
story,” Seconde étage—pron. seh-kohnd eh- 
tahj, or simply aw Second or au Deuxieme— 
pron. oh zay-kohnd or oh deuz-yame; Ger. 
zweiter Stock—pron. tzvite-err stokk. Syn. 
Fr. for “third story,” Troisieme étage — 
pron. trwahz-yame, or simply au Troisieme ; 
Ger. drittes Geschoss—pron. drit-tes geh- 
shoss. Syn. Fr. for “ upper or highest story,” 
Haui étage—-pron. hote eh-tahj ; Ger. Obver- 
stock—pron. oh-berr-stokk. 

Story Rod, in Joinery or Carpentry. A 
marked or graduated rod used to set or 
mark off the heights of the several steps of 
a stair, Syn. Fr. Perche d’etage — pron, 
pairrsh dayt-ahj; Ger. Treppenmass — 2. 
step measure, or Treppentrittmass. 

Stove, in Ironmongery. A closed recep- 
tacle of cast iron in which fuel is burned to 
warm a room in place of an open grate. 
The burning fuel is wholly surrounded by 
or enclosed within the iron case, which 


st 


may be of varied form and more or less . 
ornamented, and lies upon a grating at the 
lower part through which the air passes to 
maintain the combustion. The case is con- 
tinued below this to admit of a space for a 
sliding iron drawer, which acts as a cinder 
and ashpan, and which can be removed at 
pleasure. The smoke and other products 
of combustion are led off by a tube or pipe 
opening into the interior of the case at or 
near its upper part, and thence conducted to 
the interior of the ordinary chimney of the 
room if there be one, or otherwise led off to 
the open air by a hole made in the wall. 
The fuel is supplied to the case or stove by 
an aperture made at one side, and closed or 
opened by a hinged and latched door. Der. 
Our word is from the Old English stofa, or 
from the Latin stuba, an enclosed space for 
burning fuel. Syn. Fr. Poéle—pron. poh- 
ail; Ger. Ofen (our oven comes from this) 
or Stubenofen—literally “a room- (Stube) or 
chamber-stove ”—pron. stooh-benn-oh-fenn. 
A “stove-grate” is a combination of the 
closed stove and ordinary open grate, so as 
to secure the economy of fuel consumption 
of the stove with the open cheerfulness of 
the fire-grate. A French equivalent is Poéle 
@ grille—pron, poh-ail ah greel (more gene- 
rally gree, the 1 being dropped) ; grille is a 
grate, also a gridiron, both being provided 
with parallel bars or grating. Our word 
grill (cooking) comes from this. A German 
equivalent is Ofenfeuerrost or Ofenrost ; also 
Stubenofenrost. Syn. Fr. for a German or 
Russian stove—that is, one the ironwork 
of which is covered with glazed tiles—Poéle 
en poterve—pron. poh-ail ahn poh-te-ree ; 
also Poéle de fayence—pron. fay-ahnce. 
Straight, in Construction. A term used 
to indicate that one part is in its right 
relation to another, or placed at the right 
angle. It is used sometimes as synonymous 
with “square,” or with another technical 
phrase “ set fair,” or set properly, in a work- 
manlike manner. Der. Our word is from the 
Old English streht, and this from streccan, 
to stretch or to give extension to. In the 
ordinary acceptation of the word it means 
direct, or the shortest distance between two 
points, as between two walls, and in the 
sense of its synonym square we have referred 
to, a piece straight—that is, square to the 
line of walls or straight across—will be 
shorter than if set at an angle oblique to 
them. Syn. Fr. for “straight,” Droit—pron. 
drwah; Ger. Gerade—pron, geh-rah-deh; 
also Enge—pron. eng-eh; also gleich— 
pron. glych. Syn. Fr. for “to straighten,” 
Decomber—i.e. to unbend or uncurve. This 
is a restricted meaning of the term. In a 
technical sense a piece may not be curved 
or bent, and yet may not be straight or 
square or direct. Another term is more 
technically correct, Rendre droit — pron. 


166 


st 


rahn-derr drwah; also Serrer—pron. serr- 
eh; also Géner—pron. jhay-nay ; Ger. Gerade 
machen—pron. geh-rah-deh mach-en, Syn. 
Fr. for “straightness,” Ktroit (narrow) — 
pron. eh-trwah—i.e, the distance between 
the two ends or supporting points of a 
piece of timber set straight will be, so to 
say, narrower than when the piece is not 
set straight or square; also Serré—pron. 
serr-eh, or 1’ Etat d’une piece qui est droite— 
pron. lay-tah duehn pee-ace key eh drwaht ; 
also Droiture—pron. drwah-tuuhr; Ger. 
Geradheit—pron. geh-rahd-hite ; also Engheit. 
Syn. Fr. for “straightening,” I¢éserrer— 
pron. ray-serr-eh; also édresser — pron. 
ray-dress-eh ; also Régéner—pron. ray-jhay- 
neh; Ger. Geradeschlagen—pron. geh-rah- 
deh - shlah - genn — i.e. to put straight 
by strokes or blows, as in the case of 
straightening a piece or rod of iron which 
has got bent or curved (schlagen) ; also 
Geradestellen or Geradelegen (legen, to lay 
down or place) — pron. geh - rah - deh - lay- 
genn; also Geradesetzen (to seat or give 
a place to)—pron. geh-rah-deh-zett-senn. 
Syn. Fr. for “set (straight) in line,” 
Aligné — pron. ah-leen-eh, or Aligné avec 
Vequerre (straight-edge, which see); also 
Aligné au cordeau (corde, cord line, string) 
—pron. korr-doh ; Ger. Gerade Linie—pron. 
geh-rah-deh leen-yeh. To test the straight- 
ness of a piece or part of construction, as a 
beam or wall, by looking along it—test of 
the eye, which by long practice gives most 
accurate indications. Syn. Fr. Bornoyer—i.e. 
to look with one eye, as one generally does 
in the operation of testing the straightness 
of a piece, or whether two points (which may 
be indicated by stakes stuck in the ground) 
are inaline, Bornoyer lValignement (lining) 
— pron. bohr-nwy - yea lal-leeng-mahn ; 
also lEpreuve (proof or test) de droiture— 
pron, lay-preuve deh drwah-tuuhr; Ger. die 
Geradheit mit einem Auge (an or one eye) 
probiren (to test or prove)—pron. dee geh- 
rahd-hite proh-beer-enn; also Adbsehen or 
Priifen—pron. ahb-see-henn, pruef-enn. 
Straight-edge, in Construction. A long 
and narrow piece of thin wood with its 
surfaces perfectly flat, its edges square to 
these, and its sides parallel to one another. 
It is used for a wide variety of purposes : to 
draw straight lines connecting two points, 
to ascertain if the surfaces of pieces, such as 
stones in a wall, etc., are in a line with each 
other, or flush; or if a part, such as a wall 
or a beam, be level by laying one edge of 
the straight-edge along the wall or beam, 
and placing the “ spirit level” (which see) at 
or about the centre of the edge. Syn. Fr 
Equerre—pron. ehk-kwairr; also Calibr.— 
pron. kah-lee-berr; Ger. Streichholz; also 
Richtscheitholz—pron. richt-shite-hollts. 
Strain, in Materials, The term which 
indicates the pressure, burden, or stress laid 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


st 


upon building materials, as stone, timber, 
and iron, which tests their strength. Der, 
Our word comes from the French étreindre, 
or from the Latin stringere, to draw or 
stretch out with force—to subject a body to 
the highest degree of force tending to 
rupture or break it. A term often used as 
synonymous is “stress.’ Syn. Fr. for 
“strain,” synonymous with “stress,” Effort 
—pron. eff-forr, or Fatigue — pron. fah- 
teeg; also le Poids (weight or pressure)— 
pron. leu pwah, or Effort violent—pron. eff- 
fohr vee-oh-lahn ; also Tension—pron. tahn- 
see-on; Ger. Aus- or Anstrengung — pron. 
owss- or ann-streng-oong; also der Stamm 
or die Gewalt — pron. geh-vallt; also der 
Zug — pron. tsoog — te, drawing out, or 
draught, or pull. Syn. Fr. for proof of 
strain or working stress of materials, 
U'Eprouvement des matériaux — pron. lay- 
proove-mahn day mah-tair-ee-oh ; Ger. Poe 
von Materialien; also Anstrebung — pron, 
ann-stray-boong (from streben, to strive, 
to struggle against, to resist)—the proof 
of resistance. For “compressile or com- 
pressive strain or a crushing force,” or the 
weight, pressure, strain, or stress which 
tends to squeeze or crush the constituent 
particles or fibres of a material, and b 

excess of crushing, tending to distort the 
body or break up or rupture its parts: Syn. 
Fr. Force tendante & compresser (compress) et 
écraser (to crush) les parts des matériaux— 
pron. forss tahn-dahn ah kohm-press-eh eh 
eh-krah-zeh lay pahr; Ger. der Druck der 
Materialien Theile—i.e. pressure of the parts 
of materials (from driicken, to press or 
squeeze)—pron. druek-enn. Syn. Fr, for 
“tensile strain” or force tending to pull 
asunder by elongating the fibres of materials 
—also called “tension” or tearing strain, 
Force tendante a allonger (to lengthen or 
extend) et déchirer les fibres des matériaux— 
pron. forss tahn-dahn ah all-onn-jay eh day- 
shee-ray lay feeb-err day mah-tair-ee-oh ; 
Ger. die Fiber von Materialien verlingern 
und reissen — pron. dee fee-berr fon mah- 
tair-ree-ah-le-en ferr-leng-ern oond rise-senn, 
“Transverse” or “cross strain,” generally 
called the “breaking strain,’ is when the 
strain tends to bend or deflect and break the 
material, When a beam, for example, is laid 
across an opening and supported at both 
ends, and is subjected to a weight or mass, 
either resting on its centre or spread over 
the whole surface, the tendency of the 
weight is to bend the beam downwards, and, 
if great enough, to tear asunder the fibres or 
break the beam. In this case the lower side 
fibres are in a state of tension, or are sub- 
mitted to a tensile force ; the upper ones to 
a compressile strain, or force of compression. 
Syn. Fr. Force tendante a fléchir une poutre 
et & le rompre, a pressure tending to bend a 
beam and to break it—pron. forss tang-dangt 


167 


st 


ah flay-sheer oohn pooh-terr eh ah leuh 
rohm-perr ; Ger. Biegungskraft pflegend einen 
Balken zu zerbrechen— te. bending force 
(from biegen, to bend, to curve down- 
wards, to deflect), tendency of a beam to 
break. 

Straining Cill or Sill, in Carpentry. A 
piece of timber of rectangular section, placed 
horizontally on the upper side or surface of 
the tie-beam in a queen-post truss or roof, 
and butting at each end against the inner 
faces of feet of queen posts. Its office is to 
resist the side or lateral strain or pressure 
exerted by the queen posts. Syn. Fr. 
Entrait Cune toiture or dun tirant—pron. 
-ahn-tray duehn twah-tuuhr, teer-ahn ; also 
_Poutre transversale d'une toiture; Ger. Spann- 
balken ; also Dachspannbalken, 

Strap, in Carpentry. A piece of flat iron 
bar bent so as to embrace a beam at a jointed 
or scarfed part, to secure the two together. 

he strap may be made in one piece, and 
having an internal form to fit the outside of 
beam when passed over tightly; or it may 
be made open at one of the narrowest ends, 
each end being furnished with small ears or 
snugs provided with bolt-holes. The strap 
is then made to embrace the beam end 
tightly by screwing the ends hard up by a 
screw-bolt passing through the bolt-holes in 
the ears. Straps are also made flat and of 
‘different forms, so aS when laid flat on the 
outer face of parts of a framing, such as a 
kking-post end or the end of a strut or brace, 
it will unite the two when bolts are passed 
through the strap and the king post and 
strut, and this screwed hard up by a nut at 
back. Der. The word strap comes from the 
Old English stropp, a long, narrow, flat piece 
of leather. Syn. Fr. for “iron strap,’ in 
carpentry, Estrope en fer en charpente—pron, 
ess-trope ahn fairr ahn sharr-pahnt; Ger. 
Eiserne Strippe fiir Zimmerwerk—pron. 1ze- 
err-neh strop-peh fuer tsim-merr-vairrk. 

Straw Barn, in Farm Architecture. The 
‘partment in which straw is kept or stored 
up. In the Scotch system of farming 
arrangement the straw barn is in close 
connection with the threshing machine 
room or barn proper, the straw being passed 
at once from the threshing machine, which 
is a fixture in the barn, to the straw barn. 
Syn. Fr. Paillier—pron. pah-eel-yea; Ger. 
Strohschuppen—i.e. straw shed. Our word 
shippon comes from Schuppen. 

Strength, in Materials. A phrase used to 
indicate their “behaviour,” to use another 
technical phrase, under pressure or strains 
thrown or put on them when under experi- 
ment or when in situ in structures. The 
phrase otherwise means the ability of 
materials to resist those strains or pressures, 
and by consequence the relative constructive 
value of different materials for different 
classes of work, or the comparative value 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


st 


of different forms of bodies of the same 
materials, The term is therefore synony- 
mous with value of materials from a con- 
structive point of view; as also, to use 
another phrase, their powers of resistance to 
destructive strains. Der. The word strength 
is from the Old English strengdh, and this 
from strenge, strong. Syn. Fr. Résistance des 
materiauz—pron. ray-zees-tahnce day mah- 
tare-ee-oh ; Ger. Widerstand (resistance) der 
Materialen—pron. vee-derr-stant dare mah- 
terr-ee-ahl-en. Syn. Fr. for “resistance to 
compression,” or “strength to resist com- 
pression”? or “compressile strains,” Résist- 
ance & compression—pron. ray-zees-tahnce 
ah comm-press-yon ; also Pouvoir a resister 
la force compressile — pron. pooh-vwahr ah 
ray-zeess-tay lah forss com-press-eel; Ger, 
Widerstand gegen den Druck—pron. vee-derr- 
stant gay-gen dane droohk; also Stdrke der 
Kraft dem Druck zu widerstehen—pron. stairr- 
keh dare krahft fonn droohk tsoo vee-derr- 
stay-enn. Syn. Fr. for “resistance to a 
force of tension,” Résistance a force de tension 
—pron, ray-zees-tahnce ah forrce deh tahn- 
see-onn; for “resistance to extension,” 
Résistance de traction—pron. ray-zees-tahnce 
deh trahk-see-on; Ger. Widerstand gegen Zug- 
festigkeit—pron. vee-derr-stant fonn tsoog- 
fess-tich-kite. Syn. Fr. for “resistance to 
a bending strain, deflection, or flexion,” an 
equivalent expression for “resistance to 
cross or transverse strain” (see Strains), 
Résistance de flecion—pron. ray-zees-tahnce 
day flek-see-on ; also Résistance de force 
tendante a fléchir et a rompre ; Ger. Wider- 
stand gegen Biegung (binding)—pron. vee- 
derr-stahnd gay-gen bee-goong. Syn. Fr. 
for “absolute resistance of materials,” Ré- 
sistance absolue des matériaux—pron, ray- 
zees-tahnce ahbb-so-lue day mah-tare-ee-oh ; 
Ger. der absolute Widerstand der Materialen 
—pron. dare ahb-so-looh-teh vee-derr-stant 
fonn mah-tair-ee-ahl-enn. 

Strengthen, in Construction. ~A term 
frequently used, indicating different work 
done to make parts stronger which have 
been originally put up too weak to resist 
pressures or strains, or which have become 
weak through decay or accident. Syn. Fr. 
for “to strengthen,” Renforcer—pron, rahn- 
forss-eh; also Affermir or Fortifier — pron. 
ah-ferr-meer, forr-tee-fee-eh ; Ger. Stdrken ; 
also Befestigen, Syn. Fr. for “to strengthen 
a building or wall,” Enforcir un bdtiment ou 
un mur—pron. ang-forrce-eer Oohn bah-tee- 
mahn ooh oohn muuhr; Ger, eine Mauer, 
ein Gebdéude stirken (or bauen)—pron. i-neh 
mow-err, ine geh-boy-deh stairr-kenxor bow- 
enn. Syn. Fr. for “strengthening of a 
floor,” Charge de plancher—pron. shahrj deh 
plahn-shay; Ger. Verstdérkung (Festigung) 
des Fussbodens—pron. ferr-stairr-koong (fess- 
tig-oong) dess fooce-boh-denns. Syn. Fr, 
for “strengthening piece,” Aenfort—pron. 


168 


st 


rahn-forr; Ger. Verstdrkungsstiick — pron. 
ferr-stairr-koongs-stuek. 

Stress. See Strain. 

Stretcher, in Bricklaying and Masonry. 
Bricks and stones which are laid longitu- 
dinally, or in the direction of their length, 
along the line of wall, or at right angles to 
its breadth or thickness, as also to the bricks 
or stones which are placed transversely to 
the walls, and which are called “ headers” 
(which see). Der. Our word “stretch” 
comes from the Old English streccan, to 
extend or pull out. Syn. Fr. for “stretcher 
brick, stone,” Brique, pierre & traversi¢re— 
pron. breek, pee-air ah trah-vairrs-yairr ; 
Ger. Streckziegel or -stein—pron. strekk-tsee- 
gell (stine) ; also Spannenziegel or -stein. 
Syn. Fr. for “stretching course,” Assise de 
parpaing—pron. ah-seeze deh pahr-paeng ; 
Ger. Ldngestrecken-pron. leng-eh-strekk-en ; 
or Streckenliinge—pron. leng-eh-strekk-en, 

Strike, in Construction. A term often 
used to indicate the taking down of certain 
parts, such as striking—taking down—the 
centres of an arch, or the timber framework 
so called, erected to support the arch stones 
or bricks when being placed in situ. Der. 
From the Old English striccan, to give a 
touch or blow with some force. Syn. Fr. 
for “to strike,” Frapper—pron. frahp-pay ; 
Ger. Streichen—pron. strych-enn. Syn. Fr. 
for “ striking,” /rappant—pron. frah-pahn ; 
Ger. Streichen. 

Striking the Centres, in Carpentry. For 
this see above. Syn. Fr. Décintrement — 
pron. day-saihn-terr-mahn ; also Décintrage 
—pron. day-saihnt-trahj; Ger. Wegnehmen 
der Bogenstiitzung — pron. vaig-nay-menn 
derr boh-genn stuetts-oong; also des Bogen- 
geriistes—pron. gay-ruess-tess, 

Striker, in Building Tools and Appliances. 
A synonym for “straight-edge” (which 
see). This name is given to it as being 
derived from the phrase “ striking a line,” 
commonly used by some in place’ of “draw- 
ing a line”; and in technical phraseology 
the term struck 4s sometimes employed to 
indicate that a piece of work is finished, and 
a line struck or distance measured off is 
synonymous with one drawn and set out. 
The term is sometimes used to indicate a 
small straight-edged piece of wood or steel 
used to scrape or strake off superfluous 
material from a surface to level it or make 
it flush with the surface of a framing or 
receptacle, as one strikes a bushel of grain 
to level its top and make it exactly full; or 
as a moulder of metal articles strikes off the 
superfluous sand, making it level with the 
edges of the moulding-box. Der. From the 
above it would appear as if the term striker 
were a corruption of streaker, which is 
derived from the Old English stricce, a line 
or stroke, or more correctly a streak, which 
is a line generally of a different colour or 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


st 


material from the general surface on which 
it is seen; and this from strican, to go. 
Syn. Fr. for “ striker,” as synonymous with 
“straight-edge” (Which also see), Régle— 
pron. ray-gell; Ger. Adbstreichlineal—pron, 
ahp-strych-lee-nay-ahl, Syn. Fr. for 
“striker,” in the sense of an appliance to 
scrape or streak off, synonymous with what 
is called a strickle, Racloire— pron. rah- 
klwahr ; a strickler, Racleur or Racloir— 
pron, rah-kleuhr, rah-klwahr, both words 
meaning a scraper; also Ltegle a raser— 
pron, ray-gel ah rah-zay (ze. a rule to 
shave off); Ger. ichtscheit—pron. richt- 
shite. 

String-board, in Joinery. The board or 
boarding which is placed at the side of the 
well-hole of a staircase, terminating the 
ends or housings of the steps, treads, and 
risers. The upper edge is moulded. The 
string-board has the same relation to the 
steps of a stair as the skirting-board of a 
room has to the floor. A more accurate 
term for this part is string-piece or notch- 
board, the ends of the steps being notched 
into its face. The term is also applied to 
the panelled boarding in the inside or open 
or exposed part of a staircase, the ends 
of the steps being finished off by pieces 
of flat wood curved at the edges, and the 
boarding being laid out in panels chiefly 
triangular and rhomboidal in form. The 
term string-board is more strictly applicable 
to the arrangement here described than to 
the notch-board or string-piece as above 
alluded to, Syn. Fr. for “string-board” or 
“notch-board,” Limon—pron. lee-mohn; Ger, 
Treppentrdger (“step bearer,’ more applic- 
able to the notch-board or string-piece above 
noted)—pron. trepp-enn-tray-gerr. For a 
string-board in the last sense eacrited the 
synonym is 7’reppenbrett, “step board.” A 
“curved string-board” is that part of the 
board which sweeps from the lower set or 
flight of steps to meet the second or upper 
flight, which run in a reverse direction; and 
as the string-board sweeps round in a curve 
to change its direction, it also rises to meet 
the difference in level of the two flights, 
Syn. Fr. Limon courbé rampant—pron. lee- 
mon koohr-bay rahm-pahn; Ger. Treppen- 
brettkriimmung (Kriimmung, a curve), or 
Treppenbrettwendung (wendung, turning, 
winding round)—pron. trep - penn - brett- 
kruehm-oong or -vend-oong ; also Treppen- 
brettkriimmung or -wendung iiberhand or 
tiberstissig—that is, step-board curved and 
rampant, rising or sloping as it curves or 
winds—pron. ueh-ber-hant, ueh-berr-stess-ig, 

String-course, in Masonry and Brickwork. 
A horizontal member in a wall, consisting 
of a single course or band of stone of greater 
or less depth, either plain or moulded on 
face. It projects slightly from face of wall, 
and is generally placed at heights corre- 


169 


st 


sponding with the height of floors, thus 
marking off or indicating the position of 
floors or the stages of rise in the height 
of walls. In brick-built houses the string- 
courses are formed either of a single course 
of bricks projecting from the face of wall, 
or of two or more courses, each course 
projecting before the one below it. But in 
houses of a better class built of brick, the 
string-courses, as also the window and door 
dressings and the base course, are of stone. 
Syn. Fr. for “string-course of stone or brick,” 
Cordon de pierre or de brique—pron. kore-don 
deh pec-airr, deh breek ; Ger. Steinkranzleiste 
— pron. stine-krants-lice-teh ; also Stein- 
bandschicht—pron. stine-bant-sheecht, 
String-piece, in Carpentry. The hori- 
zontal piece of timber which connects 
together the heads of piles, or of timbers 
placed vertically. The synonym for the 
term is “capping.” Syn. Fr. for the “ string- 
piece of piling work,” Longrine d'un grillage 
—pron, long-reen deuhn gree-yahj; for 
capping generally, Longueron —pron. lonn- 
guer-on; also Poutrelle—pron. pooh-trell, or 
Sommier—pron, somm-ee-eh ; also Porteur 
de la voie—pron. porr-tuuhr deh lah vwah ; 
Ger. Langbalken vom Pfahlwerk—pron, lang- 
bahll-kenn fom pfahl-vairrk ; for capping or 
string-piece generally, Hauptschwelle — i.e, 
head sill; also Langhauptschwelle or Lang- 
hauptbalken—pron. lang-howpt-shwell-eh or 
ehowpt-bahl-kenn, Our word string is iden- 
tical with the Old English word, denoting a 
small or thin cord or band. 
Stringers, in Joinery or Carpentry. 
synonym for string-board (which see). 
Strip, in Architecture and Construction. 
A narrow member, as a fillet, running along 
longitudinally or placed vertically. In con- 
struction, as in joinery, the term is applied 
to narrow and thin pieces of wood used for 
various purposes, also to narrow bands of 
paint or paper, etc. Der. Our word is from the 
German streifen, or from the Dutch or Low 
German strupen, a long, narrow, and thin 
piece of any body or substance. Syn. Fr. 
for strip generally, Bande—pron. bahnd ; 
Ger. Streifen—pron. strife-enn. Syn. Fr. 
for “strip as an architectural member,” 
Lisiére—pron. leeze-ee-yairr; also Jambette 
—pron. jahm-bett; Ger. Tragband — pron. 
trahg-bant ; also Stvitzband—pron. stuets- 
bant. Syn. Fr. for “strip of wood,” Bande 
de bois—pron. bahnd deh bwah; Ger. Holz- 
band—pron.hollts-bahnd. Syn. Fr. for “strip 
of paint,” Bande de couleur—pron. bahnd deh 
koohl-euhr ; also Peintre—pron. paihn-terr ; 
or lard — pron. fahrd; Ger. Farbeband — 
pron. fahr-beh-bant. Syn. Fr. for “ covering 
strip ” to conceal joints, Bande couverture— 
pron. bahnd kooh-vairr-tuehr; Ger. Band- 
bedeckung—pron. bahnd-beh-dekk-oong. 
Stripe, in Construction. A term in some 
departments of work synonymous with 


A 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


fort — pron. muuhr forrt; 


st 


strip. But in others it has a precise and 
definite application, as to “stripe off” the 
plaster, the paper, the boarding, although 
the term strip off is used indifferently with 
stripe—which last is more in keeping with 
the derivation of the word, which involves a 
violent or a sudden action of some force, 
and is hence the more correct term for such 
operations as are here named. Der, The 
term strip comes from the Old English 
sirypan, to pull off or tear off violently, or 
to take suddenly from. Syn. Fr. for “to 
stripe,” Rayer—pron. ray-yea; also Marquer 
dun coup—pron, marr-kay deuhn koo ; Gers 
Streifig machen—pron. strife-ich mah-chen ; 
also Schlagen—pron. shlah-genn., Syn. Fr, 
for “stripped,” Rayé— pron. ray-eh; Ger. 
Gestreifi—pron. geh-strihft, Syn. Fr. for 
hard wood, or “home” or “round” timber 
stripped of its bark, Démusclé—pron. day- 
mooss-klay, or Dépélé—pron. day-pale-eh ; 
also Bois pelard—pron. bwah peh-lahr ; Ger. 
gestreiftes Rundholz— pron. geh-strihft-ess 
rond-hollts, 

Strong, in Construction. A term used 
chiefly in combination with other words, as 
“strong room” of a bank, strong wall, etc, 
Der. Our word comes from the Old English 
sirang, or the German streng, denoting great 
material or physical powers of resistance, 
Syn. Fr. for strong, Yort—pron. fohr; Ger. 
Stark, Syn. Fr. for “strong room” in which 
valuables are kept, Chambre & cabinet fort— 
pron. shahm-berr ah kah-bee-nay fohr ; Ger. 
Starkzimmer or -kammer—pron. tsim-merr, 
kah-merr. Syn. Fr. for “strong wall,” Mur 
Ger. starke 
Mauer. Syn. Fr. for “strong framing or 
framework,” Chassis fort — pron. shah-see 
fohr ; Ger. starkes Gestell—pron. geh-stell, 

Structure. A term used to indicate any 
piece of construction of separate parts 
framed or built or put or joined together. 
Der. From the Latin § structura, from 
structum, and this from strwere, to join, to 
lay together. A very common synonym is 
building ; another is erection, though the 
latter term is more used in connection with 
mechanical or engineering work. Syn. Fr. 
Structure—pron. strook-tuuhr; Ger. Structur 
—pron. strook-toor, or Bauw—pron. bough 
(ou asin “now”); also Bawart—pron. bough- 
errt, or Ordnung—pron. orrdd-noong. Syn, 
Fr. for “ wood structure,” Structure en bois 
—pron. ahn bwah; Ger. Holzstructur. Syn. 
Fr. for “stone structure,” Structure en 
pierres; Ger. Steinstructur. Syn. Fr. for 
“brick structure,’ Structure en briques— 
pron. breek; Ger. Ziegelsteinstructur—pron. 
tsee-gell-stine. Syn. Fr. for “iron struc- 
ture,” Structure de fer—pron. deh fairr ; 
Ger. Eisenstructur—pron. ize-enn. Syn. Fr. 
for “structure in wood framing,” Struc- 
ture assemblage des bois —pron. ahs-sahm- 
blahj day bwah; Ger. Holzzahnverband 


170 


st 


Structur — pron. hollts-tsahn-ferr-bahnd. 
Syn. Fr. for a “framed and jointed struc- 
ture,” Structure assemblée et jointée—pron. 
strook-tuehr ah-samm-blay eh jwahn-tay ; 
Ger. Gestell und Gewindestructur—pron. geh- 
veenn-deh. 

Struts, in Carpentry. Inclined pieces of 
timber, as in a roof, which are placed to 
‘support, strengthen, stay, or brace up other 
parts. In a roof their office is to support 
the rafters at a point near the centre of 
their length, butting upon the under side of 
these at their upper end, and themselves 
butting at their lower end on the sides of 
the vertical pieces called the king or queen 
posts. A synonym for strut is brace ; some- 
times “stay” is used, though this is em- 
ployed chiefly in connection with framings 
other than those of roofs. Der. The word 
is nearly identical with the Danish strutte, 
from which it directly comes: to strut, 
to walk with head vainly erect. Syn. Fr. 
for “strut of a rafter,” Jambe de force — 
pron. jahmb deh forrss; Ger. Kniestiich— 
pron. knee-stuek. Syn. Fr. for “strut or 
brace,” Poteau or Poutre incliné—pron. poh- 
toe, pooh-terr ahn-klee-nay; also Lien en 
contrefiche, or Lambourde—pron. lee-ain ahn 
con-terr-feesh, lahm-boord; also Potntal, or 
Etancon — pron. pwahn-tal, eh-tahn-son ; 
Ger. Strebeband — pron. stray-beh-bahnd, 
or Streckbalken; also Dachtragepfosten, or 
Querband—pron. daach-trah-geh-pfoss-tenn, 
quairr-bant; also Spannband, or Spring- 
strebe. Syn. Fr. for strut acting as a shore 
or stay, keeping up or inclined to a verti- 
cal wall, Souillard—pron. soohl-yarr; also 
Contrefiche, or Etancgon; Ger. Fussband— 
pron. fooce-bant; also Stiitzbalken — pron, 
stuetts-bahl-kenn. 

Stucco, in Plastering. <A finer kind of 
plaster or a plaster of Paris or gypsum used 
for finishing off the work with; also used 
to form mouldings and to cast ornaments 
from. Syn. Fr, Stue—pron. stuek; also 
Enduit, coat of plastering (from enduire — 
pron. ahn-dweerr, to lay over with a sub- 
stance, to spread over), or Enduit du platre— 
pron. ahn-dwee duuh plah-terr; also Marbre 
factice—i.e. factitious or imitation marble— 
pron. mahr-berr fack-teece; Ger. Stuck — 
pron. stook, or Gypsstuck—pron. gipps-stook 
—i.e. gypsum (pron, jipsum) plaster; also 
Gypsmortel — pron. moerr-tel —i.e. gypsum 
mortar, or Gypsmarmor—pron. mahr-mohr 
—i.e. gypsum marble. Der. Our word gyp- 
sum is borrowed directly from the Latin 
gypsum, and this from the Greek gupsos, 
a mineral composed of 79 parts of sul- 
phate of lime and 21 of water or moisture. 
Plaster of Paris is the calcined gypsum 
found so abundantly in the quarries and 
catacombs cr subterranean excavations of 
that city. Syn. Fr. for “to stucco,” Couvrir 
avec platre—pron. koohve-reer ah-veck plah- 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


st 


terr, or simply Couvrir; also Enduit en 
platre ; Ger, mit Gypsstuck bekleiden, to clothe 
with plaster—pron. beh-klide-en. Syn. Fr. 
for “ stucco work,” Ouvrage en pldtre or en 
stuc—pron. oov-rahj ahn plah-terr, stuek ; 
Ger. Gypsstuckaturarbeit — pron. -ah-toohr- 
ahr-bite ; also Gypsstuckwerk. Syn. Fr. for 
“stucco ornaments,” Pldtres — pron. plah- 
terr, or Patte—pron. patt; Ger. Gypsstuck- 
zierde or -verzierung—pron, tseer-deh, ferr- 
tseer-oong. 

Stuck on, in Joinery. When the mould- 
ings in panel work are worked on the style 
of the door, and not on the panel, they are 
said to be stuck on. The term is clearly a 
corruption of “struck on.” 

Studs, in Carpentry. Pieces of timber, 
rectangular in section, set vertically in 
framing. A synonym is “uprights” or 
“posts,” or more precisely “ quarters.” 
Stud work is what is otherwise and more 
frequently called bricknogging, and is used 
to form partitions of rooms. The studs or 
quarters are placed vertically at intervals 
of about three feet apart, and are framed 
into the “head” timber at upper end, and 
into the cill or sill at foot. Between the 
studs, placed at two-feet intervals, pieces of 
wood of the same breadth as the depth of the 
studs are secured, to lie horizontally. These 
horizontal pieces or ties are called “ nogging 
pieces,’ and form, with the vertical studs or 
quarters, a series of compartments about 
three feet long and two feet dcep, which 
are filled up with bricks laid as stretchers, 
which thus makes the depth of stud or 
width of the nogging pieces, on which the 
first course of bricks in each compartment 
lie, equal to the breadth of a brick, or 
44 inches. Syn. Fr. for “stud work,” 
Colombage en briques—pron. koll-aum-bahj 
— literally “pigeon-hole brickwork,” the 
compartments having a resemblance to 
pigeon-holes (colonne a pigeon, or layette, or 
serre-c-papier) ; also Pose de briques entre les 
panneaux (panels), or Compartiments d’un 
mur—pron. poze day breek ahn-terr lay pann- 
oh, or komm-pahr-tee-mahn duehn muuhr ; 
Ger. Ziegelmauer mit Ftichern (Fach, a com- 
partment)—pron.tsee-gell-mow-err mit fech- 
ern; also Ziegelmauer zwischen Stdndern 
(studs) und Riegeln (rails or horizontal 
pieces )—.e, a brick wall between studs and 
horizontal pieces—pron. tsee-gell-mow-err 
tsvish-enn sten-derr oont ree-geln, 

’ Stuff, an Joinery. The planks, boards, 
and battens are so called. Der. Our word 
comes from the Latin stuppa, oakum, or the 
refuse fibres of hemp or flax, It is now 
come to be a designation of any substance 
or material used or capable of being manus 
factured. Syn. Fr. £toffe—pron. eh-toff ; 
Ger. Stoff. 

Style, in Architecture. A term used to 
indicate the different classes or kinds of 


171 


st 


architecture, according to the country or 
district in which they originated—as the 
Egyptian, Etruscan, Roman, and Grecian 
styles or classes. The term is also used to 
indicate different sub-classes, so to call 
them, of one great division or class. Thus 
the Grecian style is subdivided into the 
Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian styles—to 
which, however, the term “order” is 
applied generally. Der. Our word is from 
the Latin stylus, and this from the Greek 
stulos, a pillar (also a pen or a sharp-pointed 
implement used as such to form the letters 
on a wax-covered surface). Hence the ap- 
plication of the word architecturally, the 
pillar or column being the chief feature of 
Grecian architecture — all other features 
being subordinated to this. Syn. Fr. for 
style, Style—pron, steel; Ger. Styl—pron. 
steel, Syn. Fr. for “ purity of style,” 
Pureté de style—pron. puerr-tay deh steel ; 
Ger. Stylreinheit-—pron. steel-rine-hite ; also 
Keuschheit des Styls—pron. koysh-hite dess 
steelss, or Reinheit des Styles. 

Style, in Joinery. See Stile. 

Stylobate, in Architecture. The lowest 
member in a Grecian building—the blocks 
of stone forming the flat surface on which 
the pillars or columns rested. Syn. Fr. The 
same word as ours in spelling—pron. steel- 
oh-baht; also Soubassement —pron. sooh- 
bahss-mahn ; Ger. Stylobat—pron. steel-oh- 
batt; also Sdulenstuhl, “pillar or column 
stool”’—pron. zoy-lenn-stool, or Sdulenfuss- 
gestellstein—i.e. “ pillar foot carriage stone.” 

Summer, in Carpentry. An old term 
now pretty generally superseded by the 
term Brestsummer—a beam, as a lintel beam, 
thrown across a large void or open space in 
a wall—and the office of which is to support 
the mass of brickwork or masonry above. 
Syn. Fr. Plateband—pron. plaht-band; also 
Linteau or Manteau—pron. laihn-toh, mahn- 
toh; also Entretoise or Traverse supérieure 
—pron. ahn-terr-twahze, trah-vairss sue- 
pairr-ee-euhr; Ger. queriiber Balken—pron. 
quairr-ueb-err bahl-kenn,. For the “summer 
plates or sleepers ’”’—that is, the small pieces 
of wood placed on the wall on which the 
ends of the summer beam rest, the plates or 
sleepers tending to equalise the pressure on 
the walls and afford a steady bearing: 
Syn. Fr. Sommier (sohm-yea) de linteau, 
Wentretoise, etc.; also Sous-poutre, “under 
beam ”—pron. sooh pooh-terr ; Ger. queriiber 
Balkentrdger—pron. -tray-gerr ; also quer- 
tiber Balkenstiitze—pron. -stuett-seh. 

Summer-tree, in Carpentry. A beam 
which carries the ends of the joists in a 
double-framed floor, and to which the girder 
is framed. The summer-tree is provided 
with a series of mortise-holes in its inner 
side, corresponding in position and distance 
with the joists of the floor. 

. Sunk, in Carpentry and Joinery, A term 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


su 
used to indicate that a part may become 
depressed or lowered, or may give way, in 
consequence of the part which supports 
itself giving way or sinking. In this sense 
a part is said to be “sunk” when its proper 
level is lowered, for which the French: 
equivalent, in the case of carpentry work, 
is Affaisé—pron. ah-faze-eh ; Ger. Gesunken 
—pron. geh-zoon-ken. The term “sunk” is. 
also used to indicate that one part is pur- 
posely made to be below the level of the 
surface of parts surrounding it, such as a 
sunk panel, a sunk groove, or, say, “ sunk 
shelves,” which are shelves used in kitchens 
or sculleries for holding plates, and which 
are provided with grooves running parallel 
to and at a short distance from the outer 
edge of the shelf. This groove prevents 
the plates from slipping off the shelves 
when they are reared up flat or on edge, 
and vertically on the shelves. The term 
“sunk ” is sometimes used as equivalent to 
being forced or driven into a sunk place, 
as a mortise-hole. The Syn. Fr. for this is 
Enfoncée—pron. ahn-fonn-say ; Ger. Unter- 
schalt—pron. oohn-terr-shalt. 

Superficial Measure, in Construction. 
The measurement of surfaces — that is, 
having two dimensions only, namely, length 
and breadth, as distinguished from cubic 
measure, which is that of solids, having 
three dimensions of length, breadth, and 
thickness. Der. The term superficial is 
from the Latin superficies—compounded of 
super, above, and facies, figure, form, or 
make—the surface. Syn. Fr. for “ super- 
ficial measure,” Mesure de superficie—pron. 
may-zuehr deh sooh-pairr-fee-see; Ger. 
Fldachenmass — pron. flech-en-mahss (flach, 
flat, plain, level). 

Superstructure, in Construction. That 
part of a building or erection placed and 
seen above the foundation level; the upper 
part of any construction. Syn. Fr. The 
Same word as ours—pron, sueh-pairr-struek- 
tuehr; also Swrélévation— pron. suehr-eh- 
lay-vah-see-on; Ger. Oberbau — pron. oh- 
berr-bow, or Ueberbau—pron. ueh-berr-bow. 

Support, in Construction. A part which 
bears up, carries or props up another part 
of a structure, as a post, a pillar, a shoring 
or inclined beam. Der. The word is from 
the Latin supportare, to sustain, to bear up 
(from sub, under, and portare, to carry). 
Syn. Fr. for “to support,” Supporter — 
pron. sueh-porr-tay; also Soutenir—literally 
“to hold under”—pron, sooh-ten-neerr, or 
Entretenir—pron. ahn-treu-ten-neerr; Ger. 
Stutzen — pron. stuett-sen; also Unter- 
stiitzen or Unterhalten — pron. oohn -terr- 
stuett-sen, oohn-terr-hall-tenn. Syn. Fr. 
for “a support,” that which bears up 
or sustains, Soutien — pron. sooh-tee-ahn ; 
also Appui — pron. ah-pwee; Ger. Unter- 
stiitzung — pron, oohn -terr - stuett -soong. 


172 


su 


Syn. Fr. for “to support a wall” by shoring 
it up with inclined stays or struts, Contre- 
bouter—pron. cohn-terr booh-tay. Syn. Fr. 
for “supporters,’ an architectural term 
synonymous with Caryatides, supporting 
columns in the form of female figures, 
Caryatides — pron. karr-ee-ah-teed; Ger. 
Karyatiden—pron. karr-i-ah-tee-denn. Syn. 
Fr. for ‘‘ supporting beam,’’ Poutre or Solive 
passante—pron. pooh-terr or soh-leeve pahs- 
sahnt; Ger. 7ragebalken—pron. tray-gerr- 
bahl-kenn. 

Surbase, in Joinery. A synonymous 
term for the “dado” of a room, also for 
the “skirting board.” Syn. Fr. Corniche 
dantebois—pron. kohr-neesh dahn-te-bwah ; 
Ger. Karniess der Wandtafel—pron. kahr- 
neece dare vant-tah-fell. Syn. Fr. for 
“ surbased,” Antebois cornichée—pron. kohr- 
neesh-eh ; also Surbaissé or Surbaisé—pron. 
suehr-bah-eece-eh, suehr-bah-say. 

Surface Bearing, in Construction. A 
term in frequent use to indicate the part of 
one body which carries another, and which 
forms the “ seat’ or resting-place of another 
part, such as that part of a wall on which 
the end of a beam rests, and by which it is 
supported or carried. To get a good bearing 
surface and one which distributes or spreads 
the pressure of the carried part, as the 
beam, over as wide a surface as possible of 
the part which carries, as the wall, is an 
important point in sound construction. Syn. 
Fr. for “ bearing surface,” Surface or Super- 
ficie de fatigue—pron. suehr-fahss or sueh- 
pairr-fee-see deh fah-teeg ; also Surface or 
Superficie & usure—pron. ah uez-uuhr; Ger. 
Tragefliche—pron. trahg-eh-flech-eh. 

Surveyor, in Building. The expert who 
takes out the “quantities” or makes a 
schedule of measurements of the various 
parts of a building is so called; sometimes 
a building surveyor, to distinguish him from 
a land surveyor. Syn. Fr. for a “builder’s 
surveyor,” Arpenteur—pron. arr-pahn-teurr ; 
also Mesureuwr—pron. mezz-uuhr-euhrr ; Ger. 
Abmesser or Baumesser. 

Swallowtail Joint, in Joinery. 
Synonymous with dovetail joint, in which 
projecting pieces of the form of a dove or 
swallow tail, cut out on the edge of one 
piece, go into correspondingly shaped holes 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


sy 


sunk in the face of the other piece. Syn. 
Fr. Crampon—pron. krahm-pon ; also Em- 
brasure— pron. ahm-brah-zuuhr; Ger. 
Balkenband. Syn. Fr. for “ swallow-tail 
mortise, or hole to suit the swallow-tail,” 
Gueule—pron. geuhl ; Ger. Scherloch—pron. 
sherr-loch. Syn. Fr. for “ swallow - tail 
joint” Joint yueue d’hirondelle — pron. 
jwahnt keuh deer-on-dell; Ger. Schwalben- 
schwanzgelenk—pron. shwall-benn-shvants- 
gay-lenk. 

Sweep, in Joinery. A term used to indi- 
cate where two parts on different levels are 
joined by a curved part, as in the hand- 
railing of a staircase. Syn. Fr. Rampe— 
pron. rahmp ; Ger. Kreis—pron. krice. Syn. 
Fr. for “sweeping saw” (this again being 
the synonym for bow saw for cutting 
curves), Scie a chantourner—pron. see ah 
shahn-toorr-nay; also Scie & vider or Scie 
a échancrer—pron. vee-day, eh-shahn-kray ; 
Ger. Rundsdge (a round saw)—pron, roohnd- 
zay-geh. 

Swell or Swelling, in Architecture. A 
synonym for entasis—that is, the curved 
outline given to the shaft of a column in 
Grecian architecture, the Grecian column 
not being tapered in a straight line from 
base to capital. Syn. Fr. Renflement—pron. 
rahn-fel-mahn; also Tranche d’une colonne— 
pron. trahnsh duehn kohl-onn ; Ger. Antasis 
—pron. ann-tah-seese; also Saiilenschwel- 
lung—pron. zoy-len-shvell-oong. In build- 
ing construction the term swell is synony- 
mous with “ bulge,” the Syn. Fr. for which 
is Bouffetage—pron. booh-fet-ahj] or boohf- 
tahj; Ger. Ausbauschung—pron. owss-bow- 
shoong. Syn. Fr. for “ bulged,” Renfle — 
pron, rahn-flay; Ger. Ausgebauscht — pron. 
owss-geh-bowsht. Syn. Fr. for “ bulging,” 
Bombage—pron. bomm-bahj; Ger. Bauchung 
—pron. bowch-oong. Der, Our word swell 
is from the Old English swedlan, to grow big, 
to increase. 

Sycamore, in Timbers. One of our hard- 
wood home-grown trees. Syn. Fr. Sycomore 
—pron. seek-oh-more; also Montagnard— 
pron. maun-tahg-nyarr, or LKrable blane 

white maple) — pron. eh-rah-bell blahn ; 

er, Bergahorn (Ahorn, maple) — pron. 
bearrg-ah-horrn ; also Weissahorn (white 
maple)—pron, vice-ah-horn. 


+ 


T-Iron, in Roof Construction. The bars 
of iron the cross-section of which is in the 
form of the letter “‘T”—hence the name— 
which are used in iron roofs to form the 
parts corresponding to the “rafters” of a 
timber roof. Syn. Fr. Fer en T—pron. ferr 
ahn tay; Ger. T-eisen — pron. tay-ize-enn. 
T-iron bars are sometimes used double— 
that is, the flat parts back to back, the 
tails projecting equally on both sides—to 


form struts or braces. Syn. Fr. Fer en 
T double, or dos a dos—pron. ferr ahn tee 
dooh-bell, doze ah doh; Ger. Doppel T-eisen 
—pron. dop-pell tay-ize-enn. This, however, 
is also a synonym for H-iron, or double- 
channel iron—as if two bars of T-iron were 
welded together at the ends of their tails. 
T-square or Tee-square, in Building 
Drawing. The drawing implement or ap- 
pliance by which lines are drawn at right 


173 


ta 


angles to the sides and ends of a drawing 
board, and lines parallel to these. The 
T-square consists of two parts—the “ stock” 
or “ head,” which is at right angles to, and 
secured by dovetail or other form of joint 
to the second part, the “blade” or “stem,” 
which is a flat ruler or straight-edge. The 
“blade” is fixed either at one side of the 
stock or head, or inserted into a slot made 
in the centre of the thickness of this. In 
either method of fixing the blade or stem 
to the stock or head, a rebate or recessed 
part is formed between the face of blade 
and face of head, so that the T-square can 
be moved or caused to slide along the edge 
of the drawing board without changing the 
position of the blade on the surface of the 
board. Syn. Fr. Equerre en T —pron. eh- 
kairr ahn tay; also Hquerre double—pyron. 
dooh-bell; Ger. T-winkel—pron. tay-vink-ell. 

Table, in Architecture. The upper 
surface of a part projecting from and built 
into the wall, and which supports or carries 
another part, as a “corbel” part, of a “ham- 
mer beam,” etc. The term is generally used 
‘in conjunction with the object which it 
supports—as, for example, “corbel table.” 
Der. The word is from the Latin tabula. 
Syn. Fr. for “ table,” Table—pron. tah-bell ; 
Ger. Tafel—pron. tah-fell; also Tisch — 
pron. tish. Syn. Fr. for “a little table,” or 
table as an architectural feature, Zablette 
—pron. tah-blett; Ger. Tifelchen — pron. 
tah-fell-chen. Syn. Fr. for “to table,” in 
carpentry—that is, to put down plates, as 
wall-plates,” Empdter—pron. ahm-pah-tay ; 
also Emboiter—pron. ahm-bwah-tay ; Ger. 
Verkammen—pron. ferr-kahm-menn. Syn. 
Fr. for “tabling,” as of a beam, Empdte- 
ment—pron, ahm-paht-mahn ; also Emboite- 
ment—pron. ahm-bwaht-mahn. 

Tablet, in Architecture. A small, flat- 
surfaced stone, generally rectangular in 
form, with the corners cut off by straight 
or curved lines, on which to carve or cut an 
inscription, as a date, a monogram, or coat 
of arms. Syn. Fr. Table d’attente—pron. 
tah-bell dah-tahnt ; Ger. Thiirtafel, “door 
table,” as the tablet is often placed above a 
door—pron. tuerr-tah-fell, If the tablet be 
not flush with the wall into which it is 
built, but projects from the surface of this, 
the tablet is called a “ raised tablet.” Syn. Fr. 
Table d’attente en saillie—pron. sahl-yee ;Ger. 
erhabene Thiirtafel—pron. err-hah-benn-eh. 

Tack, in Materials, A small nail witha 
flat head, used chiefly by cabinet makers in 
upholstery work. Der. Our word comes 
from the Danish tak, a sharp pointed little 
nail, Syn. Fr. Pointe — pron. pwahnt, or 
Broquette—pron. bro-kett ; Ger. Zwecknagel 
—pron. tsvekk-nah-gell, or Zwecke—pron 
tsvekk-eh, 

Tackle, in Tools and Appliances, The 
ropes and pulleys connected with lifting 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ta 


guys, shears, cranes, or hoisting gear are 
so called. Der. The word comes from the 
Danish takel, meaning the above. Syn. Fr. 
Palan—pron. pah-lahn ; Ger. Kloben—pron. 
kloh-benn. 

Tail, in Joinery. The projecting part or 
end of a beam or joint is so called. The 
tail of a tenon is the part projecting beyond 
the shoulder. Der. Our word is from the 
French tail, a cutting (from tailler, to cut). 
Syn. Fr. Quewe—pron. keuh ; Ger. Schweif. 

Tail Trimmers, in Carpentry. Trimmer 
beams placed next a wall to receive and 
carry the ends of the joists of floor. Syn. 
Fr. Blochet prés d'un mur — pron. bloh-shay 
pray duehn muehr; Ger. Stickbalken nahe bet 
einer Mauer—pron. stick-bahl-kenn nah-eh 
by ine-err mow-err. Syn. Fr. for “ tailing” 
—that is, the hold which the inner end of 
a brick, which is left projecting from the 
end face of a wall, takes of the wall or the 
part built, Scellé dans le mur—pron. sell-eh 
dahn laymuehr. “Tailings” are left at end 
walls at points at which additions to the 
length of wall may be made at some future 
time, as in continuing a line of houses. 
The lower end of a slate is also called “ tail.” 

Taking Down, in Construction. A 
synonym for “pulling down” an old build- 
ing or structure to make way for a new one 
or to clear a site, or “ breaking down ” 
timber work, etc. Syn. Fr.. Déposer—pron. 
day-poh-zay ; Ger. Abnehmen or Abtragen, 
or Abbrechen—pron. ahp-nay-men, ahp- 
trah-gen, ahb-brech-en. Syn. Fr. for 
“to take down,” Déposer—pron, day-poh- 
zay; “to take down a wall,’ Abatire un 
mur—pron, ah-batt-err uehn. muehr; Ger. 
eine Mauer einreissen—pron. ine-eh mow-err 
ine-rice-enn. Syn. Fr. for “to take off the 
edge or arris,” in joinery, Rebattre—pron. 
reh-batt-err; Ger. Abschdrfen— pron. ‘ahp- 
sherr-fen ; also Abecken—pron. ahp-ekk-en. 
Syn. Fr. for “to take off a shaving,” 
Detacher un bardeau— pron. day-tahsh-eh 
uuhn bahrr-doh; Ger. einen Span abneh- 
men — pron. ine-en spahn ahp-nay-men. 
Syn. Fr. for “to take to pieces,” Déconstruire 
—pron. day-con-strweerr ; also Demonter or 
Dejoindre—pron. day-mon-teh, day-jhwahn- 
derr; Ger. Auseinandernehmen—pron. OWss- 
ine-ahn-derr-nay-menn, or -/egen—pron. lay- 
genn. Syn. Fr. for “to take a sketch or 
plan of a building,” Lever une esquisse, or un 
plan—pron. leyv-eh uehn ess-keece, uuhn 
plahn; Ger. einen Risz nehmen—pron. ine-en 
riss nay-menn, 

Talon, in Mouldings. A synonym for 
the cymatium or cyma reversa or ogee. 
Syn. Fr. Talon—pron. tah-lon ; also Cymaise 
renversée—pron. see-maize rahn-vairr-say 3 
Ger. Kehlstoss—pron. kail-stoass, 

Tamp or Tamping Bar, in Tools. A 
long iron bar, terminated at its lower end 
with a chisel-shaped steel edge. The tool 


174 


used to bore a hole in a block of stone 
while in its bed in the quarry, or a rock in 
foundation work, in which to place the 
charge of gunpowder or nitro-glycerine 
which is to blast, blow up, and shatter the 
stone for displacement. While one man 
holds the tamping bar and turns it round 
occasionally, or gives ita twist, another man 
strikes the head of the bar with a heavy 
hammer. Syn. Fr. Bourroir—pron. boorr- 
wahrr; Ger. Stampfe—pron. stahmp-feh. Syn. 
Fr. for “ tamping ”—that is, boring the hole 
with the tamp—Bourrage de trou de pétard 
dans une roche ou pierre—pron. booh-rajh 
deh trooh deh pay-tarr dahnz uehn rosh ooh 
ee-airr; Ger. Lin Loch in einen Stein 
ohren. 

Tank, Rain-water, in Domestic Archi- 
tecture. An excavation made in the soil, 
lined with brick set in hydraulic cement, or 
with brick covered with Roman or terra 
cement; hence in some districts called a 
“terra cistern,” or tank, in which rain-water 
is collected and stored up. Syn. Fr. for 
“ tank,” Recevoir—pron. reh-seh-ywahrr, or 
Réservoir — pron. ray-zairr-vwahrr ; also 
Receveur, or Citerne—pron. see-tairrn ; also 

ardoir—pron. garrd-wahr; Ger. Wasser- 
behadlter—pron. vass-err-beh-hell-terr. 

Tap, in Plumbers’ and Gasfitters’ Work. 
A synonym for “stopcock” or “cock” or 
“ screw-tap.” The appliance by which the 
flow of a liquid or gas through, and the 
exit from, a pipe or jet is stopped or 
arrested or lessened as desired, and per 
contra. Der. Our word is from the Old 
English tappare, to pierce a vessel so as to 
allow liquid in it to escape or flow out. Syn. 
Fr. Robinet — pron. roh- bee-nay; Ger. 
Schliesshahn — pron. shleece - hahn ; also 
Spund—pron. spoohnd. 

Tape, Measuring, in Tools and Appil- 
ances. A tape specially prepared so as to 
be waterproof, and in some cases by having 
wire woven in it prevented from stretching, 
and with distances of feet and inches marked 
on it and numbered or figured, by which 
lengths or measurements are taken. The 
measuring tape is generally wound up into 
the interior of a metal or leather case by 
means of an outside handle, and by this 
means preserved from injury, and made at 
‘the same time to occupy little space in the 
pocket; or when pulled out by hand and 
released therefrom, the tape is drawn in 
again or wound up by a spring. This last 
arrangement saves the use of and the 
trouble of working the old-fashioned handle 
appliance. Der. Our word tape comes from 
the Old English tappe, a narrow fillet of 
woven material. Syn. Fr. for “ measuring 
tape,” Mesure en ruban—pron. meh-zuehr 
ahn rueh-bahn ; also Cordeau—pron. korr- 
doh ; Ger. Messband—pron. mess-bannt, or, 
inverted, Bandmass—pron. bannt-mahss, 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ta 


Taper, in Construction. A term used to 
indicate that a gradually decreasing size or 
diameter is given to a body. The deriva- 
tion of this word is very doubtful. The 
probability is that it comes from “tap-root,” 
which has a form gradually diminishing— 
“it tapers gradually off.” The word can 
scarcely come from “taper,” which is the 
precise form of the Old English word fora 
small light or candle. Syn. Fr. for “ taper,” 
Termine en pointe—pron. terr-mee-nay ahn 
pwahnt; Ger. Spitzig — pron. spit-sig, 
also Verschmdlernd — pron. ferr-shmay - 
lairrnt. Syn. Fr. for “to taper,” Terminer 
en pointe—pron. tairr-mee-nay ahn pwahnt; 
also Faire le céne—i.e, to make the cone— 
pron, fairr leh cohnn, or Tailler le céne—i.e. 
to cut conelike—pron., tahl-yea; also Chan- 
freiner —pron. shahn-frain-eh; Ger, Spitz 
machen — pron. spits mah-chenn; also 
Abschirfen (from schdrfen, to sharpen, to 
point)—pron. ahp-shairr-fenn :or Zuspitzen 
—pron. tsoo-spit-tsen ; also Abschragen — 
pron. ahp-shray-gen, or Conisch machen—i.e. 
to make like a cone—pron. kohn-ish mah- 
chenn. Syn. Fr. for “tapering,” Pointe 
terminée—pron. pwahnt tairr-mee-nay ; also 
Recoupement—i.e. “ crtting again” (that is, 
if a piece has been cut once to cut it again: 
the part thus re-cut must be made smaller, 
and if it be re-cut at one end only it must 
become pointed or tapered off)—pron. rehe 
koop-mahn; Ger. Spitzig werden—pron. speet- 
sig-vairr-den. By the term “tapering off 
to nothing” is meant that the conical or 
tapering end is so cut or formed that it 
terminates in the finest point possible. 

Tapestry, in Upholstery and Cabinet 
Making. Der. Our word comes from the 
Latin tapis, and this from the Greek tapez, 
a woven carpet, or from the French tapisser, 
to carpet, which has also the above root. 
Tapestry is a carpet-like, woven or hand- 
worked material, used to hang vertically 
in place of being put on horizontal surfaces 
like floor carpeting, and is ornamented 
with figures of men and animals—pictures, 
in point of fact—but wrought into the 
material with coloured threads by hand or 
loom. The ladies of the Middle Ages were 
famous for their works in tapestry, the best 
work of which was afterwards reproduced 
by the celebrated tapestry factory near 
Paris, and which, known as the Gobelin 
tapestry, is so highly esteemed. Syn. Fr. 
for “tapestry hangings,” Tapisserie—pron. 
tah-pea-ser-ree ; Ger. Wand (wall) -teppich 
(carpet)—pron. vant-tepp-ich. 

Task Work, iw Working. A term 
synonymous with “piece work”—that is, 
work paid for according to the job or piece 
of work actually done, as distinguished 
from work paid for by a fixed daily or 
weekly wage. Der. Our word “ task ” comes 
from the Latin taxare, to impose a burden, 


175 


te 


to tax, or more directly from the Old French 
tesche, a job or burden of work imposed on 
one. Syn. Fr. for “task work,” Travail a 
la tache—pron. trah-vahil ah lah tahsh; 
Ger. stiickweises Werk—pron, stuek-vize-ess 
vairrk, 

Teak, in Timber. One of the hardest, 
densest, and most lasting of the woods used 
in construction —chiefly for shipbuilding, 
or for steps of staircases in public buildings 
which are much used. It is of tropical 
growth. Syn Fr. Bois des Indes, “ wood of 
the Indies”—pron. bwah days aihnd; also 
Chéne de ’ Inde—that is, “oak of India”— 
pron. shain deh laihnd; or Tech — pron. 
tesh; Ger. Tekholz, teak wood—pron. tekk- 
hollts; also Tekbaumholz, teak building 
wood—pron. tekk-bowm-hollts. Der. Our 
word comes from the word used in the 
Malabar tongue — this being one of the 
chief places of the growth of the tree— 
tekka, as the name of the timber. The tree 
is of the genus Zectona, from which also 
our word may be said to come. 

Tear and Wear, in Tools and Materials. 
A term used as synonymous with deteriora- 
tion through use. Der. Our word “tear” is 
from the Old English teran, to separate or 
divide generally a woven or paper material 
violently or suddenly. The word ‘“ wear ” 
has also an Old English derivation, the word 
werian denoting the deterioration of arms, 
garments, etc., by continued or long use, or 
simply long usage, the natural result of 
which is deterioration in value. Syn. Fr, 
for “to tear,” Déchirer—pron. day-sheer- 
ay ; also Lacérer—pron. lah-sairr-ay ; Ger. 
Reissen—pron. rice-enn ; also Rasen—pron. 
rah-zenn. Syn. Fr. for “ tear,” Dechirure— 
pron. day-sheer-uehr ; Ger. Aiss—pron. riss. 
Syn. Fr. for “to wear out,” User—pron. 
ueh-zay ; also Hpuiser—pron. eh-pweeze-ay ; 
Ger. Abdtragen—pron. ahp-trah-gen; also 
Abnutzen or Erschépfen— pron. ahp-noot- 
sen, err-shoep-fenn. Syn. Fr. for “wear,” 
User—pron. ueh-zay; Ger. Tragen—pron. 
trah-gen; also die Tracht—pron. dee traacht. 
Syn. Fr. for “tear and wear of materials,” 
Deégdt des matériauzw — pron. day-gah day 
mah-tairr-ee-oh ; also Détérioration— pron. 
day-tare-yoh-rah-seeon ; Ger. Abnutzung von 
Materialen—pron. ahp-noots-oong fon mah- 
ter-ee-ahl-en. 

Tease Tenon, in Carpentry. A tenon 
placed at the upper end of a post to receive 
the mortise of a piece carried by it at right 
angles to its length. Syn. Fr. Un tenon a la 
téte d’un poteau de bois—pron. tenn-on ah 
lah tait duhn poh-toh deh bwah; also 
Espéce de tenon—pron. ess-pace deh tenn-on ; 
Ger. ein Hauptpfostenzapfen — pron. ine 
howpt-pfoss-tenn-tsapp-fen; also ein Art- 
zapfen—pron. ine-eh ahrt-tsapp-fen. 

Temper, in Construction. A term used 
to indicate the treatment of certain materials 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 


te 


in order to change their condition, as tems 
pering of clay—that is, so working or 
manipulating it that it becomes homogene- 
ous and solid. To temper steel is to harden 
it by heat to enable it to take a keen cutting 
edge. Der. Our word comes from the Latin 
temperare, and this from tempus, time: to 
mix, to treat materials or substances so as 
to change or modify their condition,—and 
this is a work of time. A ‘more curious 
derivation is the German temerein, which 
gave the original meaning of the word, and 
which indicated a piece or a part cut off, as 
in tempering clay, which cuts off or gets rid 
of water and extraneous substances, Syn. 
Fr. for “to temper” generally, Tempérer— 
prom tahm-pair-eh ; Ger. J/dssigen—pron. 
mace-ig-enn, Syn. Fr. for “to temper 
clay” (a synonym for “to puddle”), 
Melanger—pron. may-lahn-jhay; also Com- 
biner—pron. com-bee-nay, or Adoucir—pron. 
ah-dooce-eer ; Ger. Mischen—pron. mi- 
shenn. ~Syn. Fr. for “ to temper mortar,” 
Détremper le mortier—pron. day-trahm-pay 
leh mohr-te-ay ; also Corroyer—pron. korr- 
roy-ay ; Ger. Mértel mischen—pron. moerr- 
tell mish-en. Syn. Fr. for “to temper steel,” 
Tremper—pron. trahm-pay ; also Attremper 
—pron. ah-trahm-pay; Ger. Nachlassen— 
pron. nach-lahs-sen. Syn. Fr. for “ temper- 
ing” or mixing of earths, clays, mortar, and 
the like, Gachage—pron. gah-shahj; Ger. 
Anriihren—pron., ann-rueh-ren, Syn. Fr. 
for “tempering steel,” Tempe de l'acier— 
pron. trahmp deh lass-ee-eh; Ger. Stahl- 
hdértung—pron. stahl-hairr-toong. 
Template or Templet, in Carpentry. 
What may be called a cushion-piece laid 
on the wall on which the end of a girder or 
large beam rests to distribute its weight 
over a large part of the wall. Syn. Fr. 
Echantillon—pron ay-shahn-teel-yon ; Ger. 
Drehbret—i.e. ‘turn board” (from drehen, to 
turn, to twist, a templet being turned round 
in working, or it may be a curved and 
twisted form, as templates often are)—pron. 
dray-brait ; also Schablone—i.e. a pattern 
or mould or model—pron. shah-blon-neh. 
Syn. Fr. for “template ””—that is, synony- 
mous with “ template for a beam ” (which is 
a timber-plate, a piece of wood, or a block 
of stone laid under it as a bearing surface 
on a wall), Cherche—pron. shairsh ; also 
Calibre — pron. kah-lee-berr; Ger. Unter- 
lagebalken (from Lager, a couch or bed, or 
Lage, a position)—pron. oohn-terr-lah-geh- 
bahl-ken, Syn. Fr. for “ template in joinery,” 
Modéele—pron. moh-dail; Ger. Model; also 
gemauertes Feld (a panel)—pron. gay-mow- 
err-tes felt. Syn. Fr. for “template in 
masonry,” Calibre; also Panneau de macon- 
nerie—pron. pah-noh deh mah-sonn-e-ree ; 
Ger. Lehrbrett—i.e. pattern or model board. 
Syn. Fr. for “template for a moulding,” 
Echantillon de la moulure—pron. ay-shahn- 


176 


te 


teel-yon deh la mool-uehr ; Ger. Simsmodel 
(Sims, a moulding)—pron, zims-moh-dell ; 
also Simsschablone — pron. shah-bloh-neh. 
For a “template used in architectural 
drawing,” to draw in intricate curved lines 
with, or eccentric lines not capable of being 
described by arcs of circles from centres, 
synonymous with “ curved sets” or “ draw- 
ing curves’: Syn. Fr. Pistolet—pron. pis- 
toh-lay ; Ger. Lineal—pron. leen-eh-ahl ; or 
Linienschablone—that is,a curved ruler model 
or pattern, or a line model—pron. leen-ee- 
enn-shah-bloh-neh. A more correct synonym 
is Curvenlinealschablone—that is, a curved 
ruler model—pron. koor-venn ; also Wellen- 
schablone (from Welle, a wave)—that is, a 
waved (outline) model—pron. vel-len. 

Tenacity, in Materials. The term used 
to denote the strength of the fibres of 
wood, or of metal, as iron or steel, to resist 
being pulled asunder or having its fibres torn 
asunder in the direction of its length, or 
broken across by pressure bearing or weight 
resting upon it. In some respects tenacity 
in material is synonymous with transverse 
or cross strain, but not strictly so; for, 
although a beam under cross strain (see 
Strains) has its fibres on its lower sides 
exposed to a strain opposed to that of 
tenacity, those of the upper part are ex- 
posed to a strain of compression. The term 
a strain of extension or a longitudinal strain 
is therefore a better synonym for tenacity 
than cross or transverse strain; for, in 
testing the tenacity of a material, the fibres 
are extended (see Tension). Der. Our word 
“tenacity ’ comes from the Latin tenaz, 
tenacis, and this from tenere, to hold or 
hold fast. Syn. Fr. Ténacité—pron. tain-ah- 
see-tay ; Ger. Zahheit—pron. tsay-hite ; also 
Zahigkeit—pron. tsay-ich-kite. Syn. Fr. 
for “tenacious,” ZYenace— pron. tenn-ass ; 
Ger. Festhaltend — pron. fesst - hall - tent. 
Certain substances such as glue are said to 
be tenacious. A French equivalent for 
tenaciousness, or the quality of tenacity in 
gum, glue, or the like, is Véscosité—pron. 
veece-koss-ee-tay ; Ger. Kleberigkeit (kleben, 
to stick, to cleave to anything)—pron. klay- 
bay-rich-kite, 

Tender, in Building. A document 
offering, or proposing to offer, to undertake 
the doing of certain work in connection 
with structures, their erection, repair, etc., 
at a certain price, or for a certain sum. 
Der, From the Latin tendere, to hold out, 
to stretch out, to offer, as one stretches out 
to reach one to whom the thing is offered. 
The word, however, comes more directly 
from the French tendre, to stretch out, to 
extend. Syn. Fr. Soumission (which is a 
synonym for our submitting—submitting 
an offer—a “placing or putting under” the 
hand)—pron. soo-meece-yon; Ger. Offerte, 
offer—pron, off-fair-teh; also Ausschreiben 


177 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


te 


—-i.e, writing out the prices—pron. owss- 
shribe-en. Syn. Fr. for “ to send in a tender,” 
Soumisstonner — pron. sooh-miss-ee-onn-ay; 
Ger. eine Offerte tibernehmen—pron. ine-eh of- 
ferr-teh ueh-berr-nay-men ; or einreichen. 
Syn. Fr. for “to tender” for materials or 
supply of materials, Entreprendre une pro- 
vision (or fourniture) des matériaux—pron. 
ahn-terr-prahn-derr uehn proh-viz-yon (or 
foohr-nee-tuehr) day mah-tairr-ee-oh; Ger. 
eine Offerte fiir Proviant (or Lieferung) der 
Materialen machen—pron. i-neh of-fairr-teh 
fuehr proh-vee-annt dare mah-ter-ee-ahl-en, 

Tenon, in Carpentry and Joinery. That 
part cut at the end of a piece of timber 
which goes or is forced into the aperture or 
hole (see Mortise) cut in the face of another 
piece by which the two pieces are secured 
or jointed (see Joint) together. The form 
of the tenon may be rectangular—that is, 
longer than broad or square, or it may be 
shaped like a fan (see Dovetail and Swallow- 
tail), narrower at the one end—this always 
the upper—than the other, the lower. The 
thickness or width of the tenon may be 
equal to the thickness or width of the piece 
of timber on which it is formed, or it may 
be less than the width of this, and placed in 
the centre of the end section of piece, so 
that flat spaces are left on each side; and 
if the breadth of tenon is less than the 
breadth of the piece, at each end also, —these 
flat places are called the “shoulders” of the 
tenon,—or the tenon may have its thickness 
or width less than that of the thickness of 
the piece, and yet be at one side of its end 
section; so that the shoulder shall be at 
one side only, the other or outside face of 
tenon being flush with the outside face of 
piece. A “double tenon” is that in which 
two single tenons are cut at the end of the 
piece, so that a space is left between them; 
with two spaces the tenon is a treble tenon, 
Der. Our word comes from the French 
tenir, and this from the Latin tenere, to 
hold, hold fast or securely. Syn. Fr. for 
“tenon” simply, ZYenon—pron. tenn-ohn ; 
also Menton—pron. mahn-ton; Ger. Zapfen 
—pron. tsapp-fenn ; also Vorstoss — pron. 
fohr-stoss. This latter term has a curious 
meaning in reference to the tenon joint ; itis 
literally “a before thrust or push ”"—that is, 
itis the part thrust forward in joining it with 
the piece which is mortised or pushed before, 
or driven into the mortise. Syn. Fr. for 
“ dovetailed tenon,” Tenon &% peigne (comb- 
shaped) — pron. tenn-on ah paing. ‘The 
more correct term is Tenon a queue de colomb 
—pron. keuh deh kol-ohmb, or Tenon & queue 
colombée— pron. kol-ohm-bay, or simply 
Tenon & queue, which is tail tenon; Ger. 
Kammzapfen, comblike. The more precise 
synonym is TYaubenschwanzzapfen — pron. 
tow- (as in cow) benn-shvantss-tsapp-fen. 
Syn. Fr. for a “square dovetail,” Zenon 


12 


te 


équerre ; Ger. Viereckiger Zapfen, four-edged 
tail— pron. feer-ekk -ee - gerr - tsapp-fen. 
Syn. Fr. for a “double tenon,” Zenon & 
double—pron. dooh-bell ;.Ger. Doppelzapfen 
—pron. dopp-ell. Syn. Fr. for a “ keyed 
tenon” (in this the tenon is further secured 
to the piece mortised by having a key 
driven in which takes hold of the face of 
the mortise hole and of the tenon), Tenon 
passant or Tenon avec un clef de bois—pron. 
tenn-on, pah-sahn, or ah-veck uuhn clay deh 
bwah; Ger. ein Zapfen mit einem Keil am 
Schliissel—pron. ine tsapp-fen mit ine-em 
kile am shlues-sell. 

Tension, in Materials, The condition in 
which materials are placed in which they 
are exposed to a longitudinal strain, or one 
in the direction of the length of their fibres, 
and by which their tenacity (which see) is 
proved. Der. From the Latin fensio, and 
this from tendere, tenswm, to* stretch or 
extend by lengthening. Syn. Fr. Tension— 
pron. tahn-see-on; Ger. Spannung—pron. 
spann-oong. The synonym for a strain or 
force of tension is “tensile strain.” The 
word tensile comes from the same root as 
that of tension. Syn. Fr. for .“‘ tensile 
strain,’ Force de tension—pron. forrss deh 
tahn-see-on ; Ger. Spannungskraft. 

Tension Rods, in Roof Construction. 
Iron rods used in what are called “com- 
bined roofs,” in which timber is partly— 
generally chiefly- used, and wrought iron 
partly. The iron rods are substituted for 
king and queen posts and tie-beams—those 
parts of a roof being in a state of tension, 
or, as the synonym puts it, subjected to a 
tensile strain. ‘The strength of iron to 
resist tension, as compared with a piece of 
timber of the same section, is so very much 
greater, that an iron rod of much less cross- 
section than that of the timber piece can be 
used, thus giving a much lighter truss. 
Syn. Fr. Tirants de fer forgé pour un toit, 
—pron. tee-rahn deh fairr forr-jhay pour 
euhn twah, or Comble a toiture—pron. cohm- 
bell ah twaht-uuhr; Ger. hammereiserne 
Zugstange fiir ein Dach, or Gedeck—~pron, 
ham-mer-ize-er-neh tsoog-stang-eh fuer ine 
dach, geh-dekk. 

Tenter-Hook, in Ironmongery and Joinery. 
A hook the tail or long and pointed end of 
which is driven into wood, as the edges of 
shelves, the front or projecting part being 
bent upwards in the form of a hook or 
curved point. The office of the tenter-hook 
is to carry articles of the kitchen, principally 
those having handles, such as jugs, the 
hooked part passing within the corner of 
the handle of, and thus supporting, the article 
which is thus suspended. Another form of 
tenter-hook, often called a clothes or brass 
hook, consists of a screwed tail which is 
screwed into the wood, the hook part being 
of brass, and formed by turning up the end, 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


te 


which is terminated byaknob The name 
is borrowed from the hooks of the apparatus 
used in the manufacture of cloth, known by 
the name of the “ tenter” or “ cloth tenter,” 
which is a frame provided at the end cross- 
bars with a row of hooks, which catch 
the cloth at one end and enable it to be 
stretched and fixed by the corresponding 
rows of hooks at the other. Der. The word 
tenter comes from the Latin tendere, tentum, 
to stretch, or from the French tendre, 
Another derivation suggested is that tenter- 
hooks are keeping hooks, and this from the 
old word tent, to keep, as in the phrase 
still widely used, more especially in the 
manufacturing districts, an “ engine tenter,” 
and tent itself in this form being a corrup- 
tion of tend, which means the same thing. 
Syn. Fr. for “tenter-hook,” Clow & crochet, 
a hooked nail—pron. kloo ah krosh-eh; also 
Clou a téte courbée—that is, a nail with the 
head or end (dout) curved—pron. kloo ah 
tate koorr-bay ; or Clou a queue piquée—that 
is, with a tail pricked or pointed—pron. 
kloo ah keu pee-kay ; also Clou a bec de 
canard or cane—that is, a nail with the end 
finished with a curve like ‘the neck of a 
drake or duck—pron. kloo ah bekk deh 
kahn-ahr, or kahn; Ger. Spannhaken—that 
is, bent hook—pron. spann-hah-kenn ; also 
Hakennagel—pron, hah-kenn-nah-gell, 

Terminal, in Architecture and Building. 
The upper part of an object, as the gablet of 
a buttress—the finial—which is a synonym 
for the term in Gothic architecture. A 
chimney cap or cope stone is a terminal. 
Der. From the Latin terminalis, the end or 
extremity of an object. Syn. Fr. for ter- 
minal, Couronnement, the crowning or top 
piece—pron. koohr-onn-mahn; also Téte 
terminée—pron. tate tairr-mee-nay, or Ter- 
minaison de la téte—pron. tairr-mee-nai-zon 
deu lah tate; Ger. Hnde—pron. enn-deh; 
also Hauptende or Kappe—pron, howpt-enn- 
deh, kap-peh. 

Terrace, in Architecture and Building. 
A part of a building site raised above the 
level of the surrounding ground, affording a 
flat or level space or platform, which may 
be a carriage drive approached by inclined 
ways, or an esplanade or -walk, or, on a less 
extended scale, a space for flower plots, 
or grags-covered slopes. The terrace is 
generally approached by steps or flights of 
stairs, and bounded by balustrades or rail- 
ings. In ordinary building sites, where the 
level is generally low and ground surface 
flat, the house may be raised upon a plat- 
form of made soil of sufficient area to leave 
a free space, termed a terrace, all round the 
house, or at one or more sides. The term 
in architecture is applied to a building, as a 
row of.houses built at a higher level than 
another, the higher level structures being 
approached by a walk or front, raised on 


178 


te 


arches and bounded on the outer side by 
balustrades or iron railings. When a row 
of buildings stands on a higher level than 
another row, or above a road passing in 
front, the higher site being formed by a 
natural rise of the ground, the higher row 
of houses is designated by the name of a 
terrace. The same term is also applied toa 
balcony or gallery. Der. Directly from the 
French terrasse, and this from the Latin 
terra, earth. Syn. Fr. Yerrasse—pron. terr- 
ass; Ger. die Terrasse—pron. terr-ass-eh ; 
also Erdwand, an earth wall—pron. airrd- 
vant, or Erddecke — pron. airrd-dekk-eh. 
Syn. Fr. for “as, or in the form of, a 
terrace,” En terrasse—pron. ahng terr-ass ; 
Ger. Erdwandférmig—pron. airrd-vant-foerr- 
mig; also Terrassenformig. Syn. Fr. for 
“terraced,” & Terrasses—pron. ah terr-ass; or 
Terrassé—pron. terr-ass-eh ; Ger. Terrassen- 
formig. Syn. Fr. for “terrace walk or 
promenade,” Promenade de terrasse—pron. 
proh-men-nahd deh terr-ass ; also Sentier 
(footpath) de terrasse — pron. sahn-teay ; 
Ger. Terrassenspaziergang, or Terrassenallee 
—pron. terr-ass-en-spahts-earr-gang, -all-eh ; 
also Terrassenweg, or Terrassengang—pron. 
vaig. Syn. Fr. for “terrace as a balcony or 
gallery,” Balcon — pron. bahl-kon; Ger. 
Altan—pron, ahll-tahn, also Séller—pron. 
zoel-lerr. 

Tesselated Pavement, in Building. 
Often used as synonymous with Mosaic 
or encaustic tile pavement. Properly de- 
fined, it means a pavement set with, or 
formed of, tiles in the form of little cubes, 
or tiles showing squares in surface. Der. The 
term comes from the Latin tessel/a, a little 
cube, the diminutive of tessera, signifying 
a square block or piece of stone, wood, etc., 
and this from the Greek ¢essares, four (sided). 
Syn. Fr. for tesselated pavement, Pavé a 
damier—i.e. pavement formed like a dranght- 
board—pron. pah-vay ah dahm-yea; also 
Mosaique — pron, moh-zah-eek, or Pavé @ 
contre-échiqueté — pron. pah-vay ah kohn- 
terr eh-sheek-eh-tay (échiqueté, checkered—~ 
from échiquier—pron. eh-sheek-yea), 

Test, To, Materials. To prove or try 
them in order to ascertain their value—that 
is, their strength to resist strains or pres- 
sures. Stones are tested to find their resist- 
ing power to compression or crushing strains 
chiefly, timbers to cross or transverse 
strains, iron (wrought) to tensile, and cast 
iron to compression. The results of various 
tests have been formulated, and constants 
or certain figures are tabulated by which the 
average “strengths”? of various materials 
can be tested. Der. Our word “ test” comes 
somewhat curiously from the Latin testis, 
a witness, or from testa, an earthen pot 
(a crucible or a cupel) in which metals 
were melted and tried — that is, as we 
say, tested for their purity or other- 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


th 
wise. Syn. Fr. for “to test materials,” 
Eprouver les matériaux—pron. eh-proo-vay 
lay mah-tairr-ee-oh; Ger. die Materialen 
probiren—pron. dee mah-tairr-ee-ahl-en 
proh-beer-en. Syn. Fr. for “ proof test by 
ultimate breaking of the material,” Preuve 
par petit cassé (breaking by weights 
gradually, or a pressure gently put on)— 
pron. preuhy parr pett-eech kah-say ; also 
par grand cassé, by sudden blows, or by 
pressure quickly put on (from casser, to 
break) ; Ger. schwache (gentle proof) Bruch- 
probe—pron. shvah-che brooch-proh-beh 3 
also starke Bruchprobe—pron. starr-keh. 

Tetrastyle, in Architecture. That 
arrangement of Grecian architecture in 
which four pillars formed the portico. Der. 
The word is from the Greek tetra, four, and 
stylos, a pillar. Syn. Fr. Same word as ours 
with the first e accented—pron. tay-trah- 
steel; Ger. Viersdulig—i.e. four-pillared— 
pron. fear-zoy-lich. 

Thatch, in Roofing, The straw covering 
used in rural and farm buildings in place of 
shingles, tiles, or slates. hatching is, 
however, sometimes done with materials 
other than straw, such as heather, bracken, 
or fern, and branches of trees—sometimes 
turfs. Der. Our word is from the Old 
English thac; the Lowland Scotch term is 
almost identical—thack or thakk, Syn. Fr. 
Toiture (or Comble) en paille—pron. twah- 
tuehr (kohm-bell) ahn pah-eel; Ger. Stroh- 
dach—pron. stro-dach. 

Thick Stuff, in Joinery and Materials 
Boards and planks, or, to use the general or 
popular word, wood, of the greatest thick- 
ness cut up from balks. WDer. Our term 
thick comes from the Old English thicce, 
opposed to thin, in the sense of being of 
greater depth than width. Syn. Fr. for 
“thick,” Epais—pron. eh-pay, or Compacte 
—pron. kohm-pakkt; also Gros — pron, 
groh ; Ger. Dick—pron. dick ; also Dicht— 
pron. dicht (ch as in the Irish och). Syn. 
Fr. for “to thicken,’ Zpaissir—pron. eh- 
paiss-eer; also Grossir — pron. groh-seer 
Ger. Verdicken — pron. ferr-dick-en ; also 
Verdichten — pron. ferr-dicht-enn, or Ver- 
mehren—pron. ferr-mairr-enn. Syn. Fr. for 
“thickness,” Lpaisseur—pron. eh-pace-eurr 5 
also Grosseur—pron. groh-seuhr ; Ger. Dicke 

*—pron. dick-eh; also Dichtheit—pron. dicht- 
hite. Syn. Fr. for “a piece of stuff (which 
see) thicker than it is broad,” Piece méplat 
— pron. pee-ace may-plah; Ger. ein 
dickeres Stiick—pron. ine dicker-ess stueck ; 
or Stiick dicker als breit, also ein Stick 
dichter als breit—pron. als brite. Syn. 
Fr. for “thickness of planks or boards in 
joinery,” Champ des planches—pron. shahm 
day plahnsh; Ger. die Dichtheit (or die 
Dicke) der Bretter. Syn. Fr. for “ thickness 
of layer,” as of clay in puddling, or layers 
of concrete in foundation work, Epaisseur 


179 


th 


des couches—pron. eh-pace-eurr day koosh ; 
also Epaisseur d'un filou—pron. fee-loo. 
Thin Stuff, in Jouery and Materials. 
Thin boards and planks as opposed to thick 
stuff (which see above). Der. Our word 
thin comes from the Old English thinne, 
having little thickness. Syn. Fr. for “ thin,” 
Mince—pron. mahnce; Ger. Diinn — pron. 
duehnn. Syn. Fr. for “to make thin,” 
Amincir—pron. ah-maihn-seer ; also Attenuer 
—pron. ah-ten-nue-eh; Ger. Verdiinnen— 
pron. ferr-duen-nen. Syn. Fr. for “ thin- 
ness,” Tenwité—pron. tay-nue-ee-tay; Ger. 
Diinnheit—pron. duenn-hite. Syn. Fr. for 
“to make a board thin,” Amaigrir une 
planche—pron. ah-may-greerr uehn plahnsh ; 
Ger. ein Brett diinner machen—pron. ine 
brett duehn-nerr mach-enn, Syn. Fr. for 
“to make a stone thinner,” Démaconner une 
pierre—pron, day-mah-sonn-eh uehn pee- 
airr ; Ger. einen Stein behauen—pron. ine-enn- 
stiné beh-how-enn. Syn. Fr. for “thinning 
of boards or planks in joinery,” Amincissement 
des planches—pron.ah-maihn-seece-mahn day 
plahnsh ; Ger. Diinnmachen der Bretter. 
Through Stones, or Throughs, tn 
Masonry. Sometimes called Thorough 
stones; also Perpends (which see), The 
large stones long enough to go “through” 
the thickness of the wall, and show their 
end sections at each face or side of it. 
Der. Our word “through” comes from 
“thorough,” and this from the Old English 
thuruh, going on or passing to the end— 
complete. This last sense of the word is 
seen in the French synonym, namely, Com- 
plet—pron. kohm-play ; also Entier—pron. 
ahn-teay; Ger. Durch — pron. doorch ; 
also Ganz— pron. gahntss, or Véllig — 
pron. foell-ig; also Durchgtngig — pron. 
doorch-geng-ig. Syn. Fr. for “through 
stone ” or “through,” Pierre passante—pron. 
pee-airr pah-sahnt; Ger. Durchgdngiger 
Stein—pyron. doorch-geng-ig-err stine. 
Thrashing Machine Room, in Farm 
Architecture, The apartment in farmeries 
or farm steadings in which the thrashing 
machine is placed. Der. Our word thrash 
is from the Old English threscan, to beat 
out the seed, grain, or ccrn from the ears 
of the stalks of wheat, barley, etc. Syn. 
Fr. for “ thrashing machine room,” Chambre 


pour le moulin (mill) ow machine & battre le ble’ 


(wheat, etc.) — pron. shahm-berr poor leh 
mooh-lain 00 mah-sheen ah baht-terr leh 
blay, or La machinepour battre le grain—pron. 
graihn ; also Egranoir—pron. eh-grahn-wahr; 
Ger. Dreschmiihle (machine mill) -kammer— 
pron. dresh-mueh-leh-kah-merr; or Dresch- 
tenne. 

Three-coat Work, in Plastering. Prick- 
ing up or roughing in, floating and finishing. 
Syn. Fr. Trois couches de platre—pron. trwah 
coosh deh plah-terr; Ger. Dreischichtpflaster- 
werk—pron. dry-shicht-pflass-terr-vairrk. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


th 


Threshold, in Building. The flat stone, 
cill or sill placed at the entrance door of 
a house. It is often called, and perhaps 
more frequently, the doorstep, as it is the 
first stone on which one places the foot on 
entering a house. It lies immediately under 
the door, the lower edge of which sweeps in 
the curve of its movement over or close to 
its surface. Der. The word comes from the 
Old English ¢hrescwald, and this from 
threscan, to beat or beat out, and wald, 
wood—the doorstep being in olden time 
most frequently of wood, as many of the 
houses or huts were. Syn. Fr. for “threshold 
or door sill,” Pas de porte—pron. pah deh 
porrt ; also Sewil—pron. seuyl; Ger. Thiir- 
schwelle—pron. tuehrr-shvell-leh ; also Holz- 
schwelle (wood sill) unter der Thiir—pron. 
hollts-shvell-leh oohn-terr der tuehrr. 

Throat Chimney, in Building. That 
part of a chimney flue (see Chimney) at 
which the wider part or opening of the fire- 
place (which see) narrows or “ gathers,” to 
use the technical phrase, into the lesser 
dimensions of the flue proper (see Flue). 
A synonym sometimes used is the “‘ gather- 
ing” of the chimney. Der. Our word throat 
is from the Old English throte, the inner or 
the interior part of the neck. Syn. Fr. for 
“throat of the chimney,” Pied de cheminée, 
the lowest part of the chimney flue, where it 
assumes its proper dimensions—pron. pee- 
ay deh sheum-ee-nay ; Ger. Schornsteinfuss 
—pron, shorrn-stine-fooce. 

Thrust, in Construction. A term used to 
indicate a pressure upon a structure or part 
of a structure, tending to push it out of its 
place or the true line of its strength or 
stability. Der. Our word comes from the 
Old English thrista, to fence, to push. The 
phrase “ thrust,” such as the “thrust of an 
arch,” may be taken as synonymous with 
the pressure or strain thrown upon it, and 
which is exercised in certain directions 
The line of thrust may thus be taken to 
indicate the line of pressure. Syn. Fr. for 
“thrust,” Coup—pron. kooh (which indi- 
cates rather a sudden blow or stroke than a 
push, which generally is slowly exerted, 
and is better understood in the syn. Poussée, 
from pousser, to push—pron, pooss-say) ; 
also Lffort—pron. eff-forr ; Ger. Stoss (from 
stossen, to push)—pron. stohss; also Stich 
(from sticheln, to thrust, to prick)—pron. 
stich, Syn. Fr. for “line of thrust,” Ligne 
de poussée—pron, leegn deh pooh-say ; Ger. 
Stochlinte—pron. stich-leen-yeh. Syn. Fr. 
for the synonym for the last phrase, “ line 
of pressure,” Ligne de pression—pron. leegn 
deh press-see-on; Ger. Drucklinie— pron. 
drook-lean-yeh ; also Pressenlinie. Syn. Fr. 
for “the thrust of a beam of an arch,” etc., 
Poussée ou effort d'une poutre, d’un arc, ow 
@une voute—pron. pooh-say ooh eff-forr 
duehn pooh-terr, duun ark, ooh duehn voot ; 


180 


ti 


Ger. Balkenstoss, or Gewdlbestoss—pron. geh- 
voell-beh-stohss. 

Tie, in Construction. A piece of timber, 
as a rod or bar of iron, placed in any posi- 
tion, but such that it is put so as to 
resist tensile strain (see Strain), and thus 
act as a chain or tie in preventing the parts, 
as walls, to which it is connected, from 
receding from each other or being pushed 
outwards, or to resist the thrust (which 
see). Der. Our word comes from the Old 
English tygan, to bind, to fasten with a 
band, a rope, or a cord. If the root is to 
be followed, “tye” is a more correct spell- 
ing than tie. Syn. Fr. for “tie or band,” 
Attache—pron. ah-tahsh; also Lien—pron. 
lee-an ; Ger. Band—pron. bant. Syn. Fr. 
for “ tie in carpentry,” Lien en charpentrie— 
pron. lee-an ahn shar-pahn-ter-ee, or Clef en 
charpentrie ; also Régipeau—pron, raijh-ee- 
poh; Ger. Mauerband, a wall tie or tie-beam 
—pron. mow-err-bant; also Verbindungs- 
stange der Mauer — pron, ferr-bin-doongs- 
stahn-geh dare mow-err. Syn. Fr. for a 
“tie-beam,” or the principal horizontal 
timber of a framing, as a roof, Maitre poutre 
—i.e, master beam—pron. may-terr pooh- 
terr; also Maitre entrait—pron. ahn-tray ; 
Ger. Bindebalken — pron. binn-derr-ball- 
kenn. Syn. Fr. for a “vertical tie,” such 
as a king post of timber or a rod of wrought 
iron, sometimes called also a hanging or 
suspending tie, Moise pendante d’un ferme, 
or d’une comble (a framing, a roof)—pron. 
mwahze pahn-dahn deuhn fairrm, duehn 
kom-bell ; Ger. Dachhdingeband—pron. dach- 
heng-eh-bant. Syn. Fr. for the term “ tie- 
piece of a floor,’ a synonym for “floor 
struts,’ Bloche—pron. blosh; also Rouleau 
—pron. rooh-loh, or Contrefiche—pron. kohn- 
terr-feesh ; also Guigneau—pron. geeng-yoh. 
Ger. Sprosse—pron. spros-seh, or Stichbrett 
—pron. stich-brett; also Stichbalken der 
Fussbodensparren — pron, stich-bahl-kenn 
der fooss-boh-den spahr-renn, 

Tighten up, in Carpentry and Joinery. 
A term used to indicate the operation of 
bringing parts together, as a wall-plate with 
a tie-beam, or boards together as in a braced 
door, or in tongued and plonghed planks, 
etc. Der. Our word “tight” comes from 
the Old English getiged, and this from tigan 
or tian, to tie or bind together, Syn. Fr. 
for “ tight,” Serré—pron. serr-eh, or Etroit 
— pron. eh-trwah ; also Raide—pron. raid, 
or Bien fermé—pron. bee-ahn-fairr-may ; Ger. 
Tiichtig—pron. tuech-tig, or Gespannt—pron. 
geh-spahnt ; also HLnge—pron. enng-eh, or 
Knapp—pron. knapp. Syn. Fr. for “ tight- 
ness,” Etat de ce qui est serré—pron. eh-tah 
deh se kee ai serr-eh ; Ger. Engigkeit—pron. 
enng-ig-kite ; also Knappheit—pron. knapp- 
hite ; also die Enge, Syn, Fr. for “ to tighten 
up,” Laidir pron. ray-deerr ; Ger. Knapp 
machen—pron, knapp-mah-chenn. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ti 


Tiles, Roof. Flat earthenware or brick- 
like material slabs used to cover the spaces 
between the common rafters of a roof in 
place of slates. When the tile is curved 
with a curve of contrary flexure it is called 
a Dutch tile, and is much more frequently 
used for roof covering than the flat tile. 
Der. Our word comes from the Old English 
tigel, or from the Latin tegula, and this from 
tegere, to cover. Syn. Fr. Tuile — pron, 
tweel, from which our word comes; Ger, 
Dachziegel — literally “roof brick ”—pron, 
dach-tsee-gell. Syn. Fr, for a ‘tiled roof,” 
Couverture dune comble en tuiles — pron. 
kooh- vairr-tuehr duehn kohm-bell ahn 
tweel ; Ger. Deckung mit Dachziegeln—pron. 
dekk-oong mit dach-tsee-gell, Syn. Fr. for 
“pan-tile,” Twile faitiére—pron. tweel fay- 
tee-airr; Ger. Krummziegel, crooked or curved 
tile; also Dachpfanne—pron. dach-pfann-eh, 
Syn. Fr. for ‘* gutter tile” (the synonym for 
which is Hip tile or Hip-roof tile, or Valley 
tile), same as last term. For “ hip-roof 
tile,” Tuile de toiture (or comble) en croupe— 
pron. tweel deh twah-tuehr (kohm-bell) ahn 
kroop; Ger. Walmdach, or Hohldachziegel— 
pron. valm-dach, hole-dach-tsee-gell. Syn. 
Fr. for “ flat tile,” a tile proper, which is a 
flat-surfaced, thin, rectangular-shaped body 
of burnt clay, Twile plat—pron. plah; also 
Tuile & crochet—pron. ah krosh-eh; Ger, 
Plattdachziegel—pron. platt-dach. Syn. Fr. 
for “to put on tiles,” Poser les tuwiles—pron. 
poh-zay lay tweel; Ger. Dachziegeln auflegen 
—pron. owff-lay-genn. Syn. Fr. for “ tile 
pin,” the wood pin by which the tiles are 
secured to or hung from the spars of the 
roof, which run at right angles to the 
rafters, Clow de bois pour les tuiles—pron. 
klooh deh bwah poohr lay tweel; Ger. 
Dachziegelholznagel — pron. dach-tsee-gell- 
holts-nah-gel, The term “tile” is used 
also in architecture, and denotes the flat 
and thin member which crowns the capital 
of an order. Its edge is sometimes square 
or flat—sometimes moulded with an ogee 
moulding. Syn. Fr. Moulure supérieure du 
chapiteau — pron, mooh-luehr sue-pairr-ee- 
eur due shah-pee-toh ; Ger. Kapitalobersims 
—pron. kah-pee-tahl-oh-berr-zimss. Syn. Fr. 
for “ tiler,” the workman who places tiles on 
roofs, etc., Cowvreur des tuiles—pron. koohv- 
reuhr day tweel; also Tuilewr—pron. tweel- 
euhr ; Ger. Dachziegeldecker—pron.-deck-err.. 

Timber, in Materials. The material for 
building purposes obtained from trees. The 
great bulk of the timber used for this 
purpose is obtained from trees grown in the 
vast forests of the north of Kurope (Sweden, 
Denmark, and Norway being the chief, if 
not practically the only, countries in which 
the trees are obtained which furnish our 
European supplies of timber), and in the 
still more vast and extensive tracts of land 
occupied by trees on the continent of 


181 


ti 


America. In addition to these sources come 
those of our Colonial possessions, such as 
India, which however yield timber of a more 
special, and in many instances of a rarer 
quality and higher value than the trees of 
the north of Europe in the Old, and of 
America in the New World, above named, 
which yield chiefly our supplies of pine 
wood, or what is more popularly called fir 
—these, however, being used in by far the 
largest proportion for building purposes. 
From the north of Europe come the best and 
most highly esteemed pine timbers, known 
as Memel, Dantzic, and Baltic, etc. ; from the 
United States the pine timbers known gene- 
rally as ‘‘ American.” The pine timbers may 
be classed under one or other of the three 
divisions—these indicating timbers in the 
scale of ascending value— white, yellow, 
and red. The timber from America comes 
to this country almost exclusively in the 
form of rough balks, so called, or large 
square-sectioned beams, which are here cut 
up into planks and boards of the dimensions 
used by the building trades. The timber 
from the north of Europe comes to us 
chiefly in the cut form of battens and 
planks, which are again cut up as desired. 
In addition to the pine timbers so almost 
exclusively used by builders in house and in 
other constructions, what are known as 
home-grown timbers afford other supplies 
useful in the building arts. ‘These are 
almost exclusively the product of hard- 
wood trees, such as oak, ash, beech, elm, 
and the like; while the softer and less 
valuable, such as larch and poplar, are also 
largely used. These timbers, the product 
of our own plantations—as we have no vast 
extents which truly deserve the name of 
forests—are supplied to the trades in the 
original form of boles or trunks and 
branches of trees, and are hence known 
otherwise as round timber, the synonymous 
term for home-grown timber. The terms 
“timber ” and “ wood,” generally considered, 
are indifferently used, as if they were syno- 
nymous. Strictly, however, they indicate 
two different things, or rather two forms 
of the same material. The term “timber” 
applies to the rough unfinished form in 
which the trades are supplied with the 
material, in the form of balks or beams, and 
trunks and large branches of trees; the 
term “wood” to this rough timber cut up 
into planks, boards, and battens ready to 
be used by the joiner and cabinet maker, 
etc. Der. Our word timber comes from the 
Old English timdor, meaning tree wood ; it 
may also be a transformation of the German 
Zimmer, which is the first part of the word 
for timber, namely Zimmerholz — that is, 
wood used in the erection of chambers or 
rooms, as if this were the use to which, par 
excellence, it was applied. Syn. Fr. for 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ta 


“timber for construction,” Bois d’équar- 
rissage, wood squared—that is, cut up into 
large square-sectioned balks or beams, ready 
to be cut up into smaller-sized pieces, timber 
in the original form of trees being called 
Arbre, felled and cut up trees Bois—pron. 
bwah dayk-ahrr-eece-ahj. Another French 
synonym is Bots d’ouwvrage—that is, wood 
for working—pron. bwah doohy-rahj ; also 
Bois de travail, meaning the same thing as 
last term—pron. bwah day trah-vahil ; Ger. 
Zimmerholz (see above)—pron, tsim-merr- 
hollts ; also Arbeitholz—pron, ahrr-bite, or 
Werkholz, both meaning work or working 
wood—pron. vairrk. Syn. Fr, for “round 
or home-grown timber,” Marchandise de 
fortts (foret, forest) — pron. marrsh-ahn- 
deeze deh forr-ay ; Ger. Forstholz or Wald- 
holz— pron. forrst- or vald-hollts; also 
Nuizschnittholz, “useful (Nutz) art wood”— 
that is, wood which can be used in the arts, 
as different from wood of forests or planta- 
tions— useful only for burning as fuel, 
which is called Brennholz (from brennen, to 
burn)—pron. noots-shneet-ten-hollts ; also 
Bauschnittholz, Syn. Fr. for “ standing 
timber,” in the trade of the round timber 
or home-grown timber merchant (trees or 
tree timber not cut down but still growing 
in the plantation or forest), Bois en état de 
la forét— pron. bwah en eh-tah deh lah forr- 
eh, or Bois en pied—i.e. wood on or in foot— 
pron. bwah ahn pee-ay ; also Bois en haute 
Jutaie (futaie [fueh-tay], plantation or 
forest of high trees, not low-growing trees 
or brushwood: haute futaie means high 
trees—that is, not cut down)—pron. bwah 
ahn hoht fueh-tay; Ger. stehendes Holz 
—pron. stay-end-ess hollts, or Standholz 
pron. stant; also  Stellholz — or 
hochstehendes Holz—pron. hoach-(ch soft); 
also Stammholz (i.e. trunk wood) or hoch- 
stimmiges Holz—pron. hoach-stem-mig-ess. 
Syn. Fr. for “tree felling” or “cutting 
down of forest trees,” Triage or Taille en 
forét-—pron. tree-ahj or tah-el ahn forr-eh ; 
Ger. Holzschlag (Schlag, stroke or blow [ot 
the axe] in cutting)—pron. hollts-shlahg ; 
also Holzfdllung. Syn. Fr. for “timber 
(round) with the bark on it,” Bots écorcé 
(écorce, bark; écorcer, to bark or strip off 
the bark)—pron. bwah eh-korce-eh; also 
Bois grume—i.e. uncleft wood—pron. bwah 
gruehm; Ger. Holz mit der Borke—pron. 
hollts mit dare bohrr-keh, or Holz mat der 
Baumrinde (tree rind)—pron. bowm-rin-day ; 
also berindetes Holzbaum—pron. beh-rin-deh- 
tess hollts-bowm. Syn. Fr. for “crooked, 
round, or home-grown timber,” Bois en haute 
Sutaie combé — pron. kohm- bay; Ger. 
Krummforstholz—pron. kroohm-forrst-hollts. 
Syn. Fr. for “sound timber,” Bois massif— 
pron. bwah mah-seef ; also Bots plein—pron. 
plein ; Ger. massives Holz—pron. mah-seeve- 
ess hollts, Syn. Fr. for ‘‘ weak or unsound 


— 


182 


ti 


timber,” Bois faible, or Bois en construction 
faible—pron. bwah en kohn-struek-see-on 
fay-bell; Ger. schwaches Holz—pron. shwach- 
ess hollts. Syn. Fr. for “straight timber” 
—that is, timber cut up into balks or 
battens, square in section, and not crooked 
or off the true line, in lengths ready for 
use by the carpenter, Bois de charpentier 
— pron. bwah deh sharr-pahn-tee-ay, or 
Bois charpente — pron. sharr-pahnt ; also 
Piéce de charpente—pron. pee-ace deh, or 
Poutre équarrée— pron, pooh-terr eh-karr- 
eh; also Bois carrée — pron. karr-eh, or 
Bois carrée en solive (beam or batten)—- 
pron. bwah karr-eh ahn soh-leeve, or Bois 
équarrissage—pron. eh-karr-eece-ahj. Syn. 
Fr. for “to work timber,” Charpenter— 
pron. sharr-pahn-teh; Ger. Holz behauen— 
pron. hollts-beh-how-enn; also bearbeiten 
—pron. beh-ahr-bite-enn. Syn. Fr. 
for “timber work,’  Charpenterie — 
pron, sharr-pahn-ter-ee, or Menuwiserie — 

ron, menn-wee-ze-ree ; also Construction en 
ois—pron. kohn-strooks-see-on ahn bwah ; 
Ger. Zimmerwerk—pron. tsim-merr-vairrk, 
or Holzwerk ; also Holzbau— pron. hollts- 
bow-enn. Syn. Fr. for “timber framing,” 
Solivure en bois — i.e. beam wood-work— 
pron. soh-leeve-uuhr ahn bwah, or Chassis 
—pron. shass-ee; also Carcasse de bois— 
pron. karr-kass deh bwah, or Boiserie—pron. 
bwah-ze-ree; Ger. Holzbalkenlage — pron. 
hollts-bahl-kenn-lah-geh; also Zimmer- 
balkenwerk — pron. tzim-merr-bahl-kenn- 
vairrk. Syn. Fr. for “a timber merchant,” 
Marchand de bois—pron. marrsh-ahn deuh 
bwah ; Ger. Bauholzhdindler—pron. bough- 
hollts-hend-lerr. Syn. Fr. for “timber work- 
shop,” Atelier de construction en bois—pron. 
ah-tell-yea deuh kohn-struek-tseeon; Ger. 
Bauholzwerkstelle—pron. bough-hollts-vairrk- 
stell-eh. Syn. Fr. for ‘‘ timber yard,” 
Chantier—pron. shahn-tee-ay ; Ger. Zimmer- 
holzplatz or -lager — pron. tsim-mer-hollts- 
plahts or -lah-gerr. 

Tint, in Painting. A term used to indicate 


a slight covering or touch of colour different - 


from, yet harmonising or “ being in keeping” 
with, the general colour of the surface, as 
a “slight tint.’ It is sometimes used as 
indicating the peculiar “ shade,” or as other- 
wise expressed its “tone,” of a colour used 
for mural decoration. Der. Our word comes 
from the French teint, a slight colour dis- 
tinct from the general colour used. This 
is derived from the Latin tingere, to dye or 
give colour to. Our word “ tinge” comes 
from this, which is also used as a synonym 
for tint. Syn. Fr. for “tint,” Teinte—pron. 
taihnt; Ger. Tinte — pron. tin-teh ; also 
farbe—pron. fahrr-beh, 

_ Tone, in Painting. A term used some- 
times as synonymous with tint, shade, or 
tinge, but having as its more special meaning 
the depth or fulness of a given colour which 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


to 


is being used, as a “lighter tone” or a 
“darker tone,” or a colour more or less 
“»ronounced”’—to borrow a term derived 
from the French, prononcée (proh-nohn-say), 
now frequently employed by us—that is, de- 
cided. Thus a lighter tone is equivalent to 
a lighter shade. Der. Our word “tone” is 
borrowed from the art of music, the term 
indicating the depth of a musical sound or 
the converse, or the particular sound of a 
certain instrument, as the tone of a flute, 
etc.; and it is derived from the Latin tonus, 
a sound, and this from the Greek tonos. 
Syn. Fr. for “tone,” Zon— pron. tohnn ; 
Ger. Ton—pron. tone. 

Tongue, in Joinery. A projecting part 
left on or cut out of a piece of wood, or fixed 
thereto, projecting from it, the purpose o 
which is to be inserted into a hollow part or 
indentation of corresponding form, so that 
the two pieces can be joined together. The 
one piece is said to be “ tongued,” the other 
“ srooved” or “ ploughed.” Der, Our word 
tongue is from the Old English tunge, the 
organ of speech in man. Syn. Fr. Languette 
—pron. lahn-gett; also Coulisse—pron. kooh- 
leece ; Ger. Zunge—pron. tzoohng-eh; also 
Spund — pron. shpoohnt. Syn. Fr. for 
“tongued,” Languetté—pron. lahn-gett-eh ; 
Ger. Geziingelt—pron. geh-tsuehng-ellt. Syn. 
Fr. for “to tongue” a piece, Languetter— 
pron. lahn-gett-eh ; also Faire une languette. 

Tools, used in Building Construction, are 
as numerous as they are varied in character, 
from the simplest form which a tool takes, 
such as a tamping bar or a spade, up to the 
most elaborate and complicated wood-cut- 
ting and working or stone-cutting machine, 
Tools are divided into two great classes— 
hand tools and machine tools, By far the 
greatest number range themselves under the 
first class, comparatively few being found 
under the second—a marked contrast to the 
condition of machine or mechanical con- 
struction, in which machine tools are met 
with in great numbers. Der, Our word tool 
is from the Old English tol, a hand imple- 
ment used in constructive work, and this 
from tawil or tawean, to form, prepare, or 
construct. Syn. Fr. for “tool,” Outil — 
pron. ooh-teel ; Ger. Werkzeug—pron. vairrk- 
tsoig, or Gerdth—pron. gerr-ate. Syn. Fr. 
for “stock of tools,” Outillage—pron. ooh- 
teel-ajh; Ger. Riistwerkzeug (from riisten, to 
prepare or arrange for)—pron. ruesst-vairrk- 
soig; also Ausstattung von Werkzeug (from 
ausstatten, to establish) — pron, ows-staht- 
toong, vairrk-tsoig. Syn. Fr. for “to supply 
with tools,” Outilier—pron. ooh-teel-yea; Ger. 
mit Werkzeug ausriisten, Syn. Fr. for “‘ tool 
chest,” Caisseton & outils—pron. kaiss-tohn ; 
Ger. Werkzeugkasten—pron, -kahss-tann. 

Tooth, in Construction and Architecture, 
A term used in construction to indicate a 
certain form or a particular kind of work, as 


183 


to 


the tooth ofa piece of timber; a synonym 
sometimes used for “tongue,” as to tooth 
stone. Der. Our word tooth is from the 
Old English todh, one of the small bones of 
the jaws. Syn. Fr. for tooth, Dent—pron. 
dahn; Ger. Zahn—pron. tsahn. Syn. Fr. 
for “toothed ornament” in architecture, or 
zigzag, or rather a saw-edged-like form of 
decorating parts, such as mouldings and 
the like, Ornement a dent de scie, saw-tooth 
ornament—pron. orr-ne-mahn ah dahn deh 
see; Ger. Spitzzahnzierde — i.e. pointed 
tooth ornament—pron. shpits-tsahn-tseer- 
deh. Syn. Fr. for “to tooth a stone ”—z2e, 
to pick or tool the surface to give it a 
toothed-like appearance, or a series of pro- 
jecting points, a species of rusticated work, 
Piquer une pierre—pron. pee-kay uuhn pee- 
air,or Greneler wne pierre—pron.grenn-eh-lay 
oohn pee-air, or Appareiller une pierre par la 
grenelle—pron. ah-pahrr-ale-yeh uuhn pee- 
air pahr lah grenn-ell; Ger. Stein mit dem 
Grinal bearbeiten. Syn. Fr. for “ toothing,” 
Pierre d’attente—pron. pee-airr daht-tahnt ; 
also Arrachement d’une pierre—pron. ah- 
rahsh-mahn duehn pee-airr, or simply Ar- 
rachement; Ger. Verzahnung—pron. ferr- 
tsahn-oong ; also Steinkrénung—pron. stine- 
kroeh-noong. 

Top Beam, in Carpentry. A synonym 
comparatively seldom used now, for “‘collar 
beam;” the horizontal bar connecting the 
rafters of a roof in place of a tie-beam (see 
Collar Beam). Syn. Fr. Faux-entrail—pron. 
foze-ahn-trahil; Ger. Hauptbalken, or 
Hahnbalken—i.e. “ cock beam ”—pron. hahn- 
bahl-ken; also Katzenbalken — i.e. “cat 
beam ”—pron. kaht-senn-bahl-ken. 

Top, in Construction. A term frequently 
used to indicate the upper part or crown of 
a body. Our word is identical in spelling 
and meaning with the Old English word. 
Syn. Fr. for “top” generally in a construc- 
tive sense, Cowronnement—pron. kooh-ronn- 
mahn ; also Chapeau—pron. shah-poh ; also 
faut or Sommet—pron. hoh, sohm-eh ; also 
Faite or Comble—pron. fate, cohm-bell ; Ger. 
Giebel—pron. gee-bel ; also Krone or Kappe 
or Gipfel—pron. kroh-neh, kahp-pay, gip- 
fell; also Deckel—pron. deck-ell. Syn. Fr. 
for “chimney top,” Chapeau de cheminée— 
pron. shah-poh deuh cheu-mee-nay; also 
Capote—pron. kah-pot, or Chapiteau d’une 
cheminée—pron. shah-pee-toh duuhn cheu- 
mee-nay, or simply Chapiteau ; Ger. Schorn- 
steinkappe—pron. shorrn - stine - kapp - peh. 
Syn. Fr. for “ roof top,’’ Sommet du comble— 
pron. somm-may duuh kohm-bell, or Toitwre 
—pron. twah-tuehrr; Ger. Dachgipfel — 
pron. dach-gip-fell, or Dachkrone — pron. 
-kroh-neh. Syn. Fr. for “top or cap 
of a gable,” Poincon — pwahn-sonn ; Ger. 
Giebelkrone—pron. gee-bell-kroh-neh, or 
Giebelspitze —- pron. -spit-seh. Syn. Fr. 
for ‘‘top of the stairs” (a synonym for 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


tr 


“stair head”) Trapan — pron. trah-pan; 
Ger. Treppenkopfende — pron. trepp-enn- 
kopff-enn-deh; also Treppenaustritt—pron. 
-owss-tritt. Syn. Fr. for “top of a wall,” 
Marzelle—pron. mahr-zell; also Cowronne- 
ment d’un mur, or Chapeau dun mur, or 
Téte dun mur—pron. tett deuhn muur ; Ger, 
Mauerhut — pron. mow-err-hoot. Syn. Fr, 
for “top stone,” Haut pierre—pron. hoh 
pee-airr ; for “ top stone of an arch or ofa 
vault,” Clef d’un are or de voite—pron. klay 
deuhn arrc, deh voot; Ger. Gewélbeschluss 
Stein (vault) — pron. geh-voell-beh-shlooss 
stine, or Bogenschluss Stein (arch) — pron. 
boh-genn. Syn. Fr. for “top rail,” the 
highest or uppermost rail or piece in a 
framing, Bois de faitage—pron. bwah deh 
fay-tah]; Ger. Hauptbalken—pron. howpt- 
bahl-kenn ; also Giebelbalken (gable beam)— 
pron. gee-bell. 

Torsel, in Carpentry. A piece of wood 
laid horizontally on a wall to afford a 
bearing surface for a, beam ; synonymous 
with Template, wall-plate (which see). 

Torus, in Mouldings. A moulding the 
profile of which is rounded, in some cases 
nearly round, in others precisely a semi- 
circle. It is, in fact, the half of a round 
bead. Syn. Fr. Tore—pron. torr ; also Demi- 
rond—pron. deuh-mee-rohnd; also Boudin 
moulure—iiterally “a pudding moulding,” 
referring to a rolled-up cylindrical-shaped 
pudding—pron. booh-daihn moo-luuhr ; Ger. 
Rtundgesims—pron. roohnd-geh-zimss. Syn. 
Fr. for “a large torus,’ Toron—pron. torr- 
on; Ger. grosses Gesims, 

Tower, in Domestic Architecture. That 
part of a building, either square or circular 
in plan or horizontal section, which rises 
above the general level of the structure. It 
is generally finished at top with a battle- 
mented or a pierced parapet, and may be 
used as a prospect tower, or inclose within 
it small rooms. Syn. Fr. for “tower” 
generally, Tour—pron. toohr; Ger. Thurm 
—pron. toohrm. Syn. Fr. for “a castellated 
tower,” Tour torelle—pron. toohr toh-rell ; 
Ger. Thurm mit Eckthiirmchen—pron. mit 
ekk-tuehrm-chen. 

Trace. A term used in Construction in 
connection with various work, as the tracing 
out of a plan, or marking out the position 
of a building on the site, or the like. Syn. 
Fr. for “to trace out a line on timber,” 
Tracer une ligne sur bois—pron. trah-sa 
uehn leeng suehr bwah; also Marcia 
bois avec une ligne — pron. marr-kay leh 
bwah ah-veck uehn leeng, or simply Marquer 
du bois ; Ger. eine Leine auf Holz markiren— 
pron. i-neh li-neh owff hollts marr-kee-ren. 
Syn. Fr. for “to trace out a plan on the 
site,” Tracer une plan en place —pron. trahsay 
uehn plahn ahn plahss ; Ger. einen Riss auf 
(or tber) die Lage (or Baugrund) markiren 
—pron. ine-enn riss owff dare lah-geh (bough- 


184 


tr 


groond) marr-keee-renn. “ To trace a draw- 
ing,” in architectural and building drawing, 
is to superpose and secure upon a drawing 
a sheet of “tracing paper” or “ tracing 
cloth,” and draw over with pencil or ink all 
the lines shown through the transparent 
paper or cloth, thus making a “copy,” or 
tracing as it is technically called, of the 
original drawing. Syn. Fr. Calquer un 
dessin—pron. kahl-kay euhn dess-aihn, or 
simply Calquer ; also Contre-tirer les lignes 
dun dessin — pron. kohn-terr-teer-eh lay 
leeng deuhn dess-aihn ; Ger. die Linien vom 
Riss durchbauschen—pron.dee leen-yenn fom 
» riss doorch-bough-shen. Syn. Fr.for “tracing 
paper,” Papier huilé (“oiled paper ”)—pron. 
pah-pee-eh weel-eh, or Papier ciré (“ waxed 
paper ”’)—pron. seer-eh ; also Papier & cal- 
quer—pron. ah kahl-kay ; Ger. Oelpapier— 
pron. oeil-pah-peerr; also Wachspapier — 
pron. vahx-pah-peerr. Tracing paper is 
made by treating what is called “tissue” 
or “silk”? paper—a paper of extreme 
thinness or fineness — with a variety of 
substances, of which the base is an oil of 
some kind or another. The French and 
German names indicate respectively oiled 
and waxed paper. As tracing papers of 
even the best quality are apt to be easily 
torn, and those of inferior to be both easily 
broken or cracked and split and torn; 
tracings designed to be frequently referred 
to and handled, such as those of working 
drawings, are made or taken upon sheets of 
linen of a very fine quality, specially pre- 
pared to make them transparent, and yet 
possessing a surface capable of taking on ink 
and colour without “running” or“ smearing.” 
Syn. Fr. for “tracing cloth,” Toile a calquer 
—pron. twahl ah kahl-kay ; Ger. Risséhllein- 
wand—pron. riss-oeil-line-vant; also Riss- 
wachsleinwand. Syn. Fr. for “ tracer,” Tire- 
ligne—pron. teer-leeng ; Ger. Vorzeichner— 
pron. forr-tsiche-nerr. Syn. Fr. for “ tracing 
of a drawing,” Dessin calqgue—pron. dess-aihn 
kahl-kay ; Ger. Durchzeichnung eines Misses 
—pron. doorsh-tziche-noong ine-ess riss-ess, 

Tracery, in Decorative Work. A term 
used to indicate designs or patterns of 
ornamental work composed of lines chiefly 
curved, or straight and curved in combina- 
tion. A term also in architecture, chiefly 
Gothic, to indicate the carved ornamental 
work, of which the stonework of the window 
heads — markedly those in the Decorated 
curvilineal—are fine examples. Der. Our 
word “ trace” comes from the French tracer, 
to draw a line of any kind, or to draw a 
design by drawing lines through points 
determined by the eye at will, or previously 
set down, and this from the Latin trahere, 
tractum, to draw. Syn. Fr. for “architectural 
(window) tracery,” Fenétre tracé — pron. 
fenn-ett-err trah-say ; also Découpure—pron. 
day-koop-uehr ; also Réseau—pron. ray-soh ; 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


tr 


Ger. Fensterschnirkelwerk—Schniérkel,ascroll 
(which see)—pron. fenn-sterr-shnoerr-kell- 
vairrk,. 

Trammel, in Tools and Appliances. A 
synonym for beam compasses. A long 
piecc or bar of wood provided with two 
points—one of which is fixed, the other 
movable—by which large circles or arcs of 
circles can be described, the fixed point 
serving as a centre or pivot round which 
the movable point is moved as desired. 
The distance between the two points defines ' 
the length of the radius of circle or arc 
described. A simple form of trammel is a 
thin, narrow bar of wood, of any length as 
desired, two sprig bits or awls passing 
through the bar and projecting beyond the 
under surface; one forms the centre, the 
other the describing or tracing point. Syn. 
Fr. Crémaillére — pron. kray-mahil-yairr ; 
also Entrave—pron.ahn-trahv ; Ger. Spannen- 
vorzeichner—pron. spann-enn- fore-tsiche- 
nerr. 

Transept, in Architecture. That part of 
a church which is cruciform in plan, which 
crosses the central part or “nave” at right 
angles—a cross aisle, passage. Der. From 
the Latin trans, and septum, an enclosure, 
an enclosed space transverse to another, 
Syn. Fr. Transept—pron. trahn-seppt ; also 
Nef transversale — pron. neff trahns-vairr- 
sahl ; also Bas cété (aisle lower side) croisée 
—pron. bah koh-tay krwah-zay, or simply 
Croisée; Ger. Kreuzschiff—pron. kroits-shift ; 
also Querseite, square side — pron. kwairr- 
zite-eh, 

Transom, in Masonry and Carpentry. A 
block or piece of stone of the same dimen- 
sions asthe mullion of a window, crossing 
it at right angles somewhere at a point one- 
third below the window top or head of its 
whole vertical height. The transom thus 
divides horizontally the window height into 
two parts or compartments. It is a marked 
feature in Gothic windows, and in domestic 
architecture in the windows of the Domestic 
Gothic, Tudor, Elizabethan, and Jacobin 
styles. The word is evidently an abbre- 
viation of trans-summer or sommer—that 
is,a cross beam. Syn. Fr. for “transom of 
a window,” Traverse d’une fenétre—pron. 
trah-verss duehn fen-nay-terr, or simply 
Travers; also Renard — pron. renn-ahr; 
Ger. Querbalken eines Fensters—pron. quairr- 
bahl-kenn i-ness fen-sterrs; also Fenster- 
stab, Syn. Fr. for “iron transom or cross- 
bar of a window,” Vitriére traverse en fer 
dune fenétre—pron. vee-tree-airr trah-verss 
ahn fairr duehn fen-nay-terr. Syn Fr. for 
a “transomed” or a “transom window,” 
Fenétre traversée—pron. fen-nay-terr trah- 
vairr-say, or Fenétre gisante (lying)—pron. 
jee-zahn ; Ger. Querfenster — pron. quairr- 
fenn-sterr. 


Trap, in Construction, A contrivance by 


185 


tr 


which fluids, as of water in a pipe, or gases 
or hot air in a tube, are arrested or stopped 
in their flow, or the passage of a person 
passing from one place to another through 
a passage is arrested. Our word is an 
abbreviation of the Old English trappe. 
Syn. Fr. for the “trap of a stove” (closed), 
synonymous with “damper,” Clef d’un tuyau 
dun poéle—pron. klay deuhn twee-oh deuhn 
poh-ell; Ger. Ofenklappe—pron. oh-fenn- 
klahp-peh. Syn. Fr. for “stench trap,” a 
contrivance in house sewage work for 
arresting the upward flow of sewage gases, 
and preventing them from passing from the 
drain or sewer into the house interior, 
Soupape de déegagement — pron. sooh-pahp 
deh day-gahj-mahn; Ger. Schliessklappe 
—pron. see-lenn-shleece-klahp-peh, 

Traveller, in Construction. The abbrevi- 
ated form of “travelling crane” used in lift- 
ing heavy blocks of stone and other building 
materials and transporting them from one 
position toanother in thestoneor timber-yard 
or wharf, or the vicinity of a building which 
is being erected. The crane crab or lifting 
gear is secured to a platform which spans a 
part of the yard or building, and is placed 
at a considerable height above the ground 
or building level, This platform is carried 
by wheels which run on rails fixed to the 
upper surface of beams which run along 
each side of the working space commanded 
by the travelling crane, the beams being 
supported by vertical posts or beams placed 
at intervals at each side of the working 
space. By an ingenious arrangement of 
mechanism, the platform, with its lifting 
crane, can be made to run or move along 
the rails on the beams ; while at the same 
time the crane or lifting gear can be made 
to run along its platform in a direction 
transversely or at right angles to the side 
rails. A command of the working space in 
two directions, across and along its length, is 
thus secured. In large works: the lifting 
and moving gear are worked by steam 
engine; in smaller manual labour is em- 
ployed. Syn. Fr. for “ traveller” or “ travel- 
ling crane,’’ Grue locomobile—pron. grooh 
loh-koh-moh-beel; or Grue roulante — 
pron. grooh rooh-lahnt; Ger. Rollkrahn — 
pron. roll-krahn (roll pron. like doll) ; also 
Walzenkrahn (Walze, a roller, walzen, rolling) 
—pron. vahltz-enn-krahn. 

Traverse, in Construction. A term some- 
times used to denote a piece of wood placed 
transversely or across, and thus synony- 
mous with “transom.” Syn. Fr. (in car- 
pentry and joinery) ZYraverse—pron. trah- 
verss ; also Potence—pron. poh-tahnce ; also 
Traverse en bois entre les murs—pron, trah- 
verss ahn bwah ahn-terr lay muehr; Ger. 
Schrankbalken (Schranke, a bar) — pron. 
shrenk-bahl-kenn; also TJragbalken, or 
simply Trdger (beam or carrier) — pron. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


tr 


trahg. In architecture the term is some- 
times employed to denote a way or passage 
across a space, as by a gallery. Syn. Fr. 
in this sense, Galerie — pron. gah-leh-ree ; 
Ger. Gallerie—pron. gahl-err-ee, ' 

Tread of a Stair, in Joinery. That part 
of a step upon which the foot is placed in 
ascending and descending the staircase. A 
breadth of nine inches is that commonly 
adopted, being found the most convenient, 
in conjunction with a “riser”? (which see) 
of seven inches in height. In common 
staircasing work, the outside edge of the 
tread is flush with its vertical face. In 
better-class work, the tread projects before 
the face of tread, and is rounded-off, or 
formed like a half-bead, or moulded with 
an ogee pattern. Der. Our word “tread” 
comes from the Old English tredan, to set 
the foot down, to walk upon. Syn. Fr. for 
“tread of a stair,” Marche—pron. marrsh; 
also Giron—pron. jee-rohn; also Montant 
@un_ escalier —pron. mohn-tahn duhn ess- 
kah-lee-eh ; Ger. Treppentritt—pron, trepp- 
enn-tritt, or TZ'reppenauftritt—pron. trepp- 
enn-owf-tritt, or Zreppenstufe (Stufe, step) 
—pron. trepp-enn-stooh-feh. 

Ereenails, in Carpentry. Cylindrical 
pieces of wood or pins used to connect 
timbers with each other, these being pre- 
viously bored with holes a little less than 
the diameter of the treenail, Serving asa 
nail, the derivation of the word is easily 
understood—simply a nail or pin made out 
of tree-wood. Syn. Fr. Cheville—pron. sheu- 
veel ; also Gouwgeon—pron. goohjaohn ; also 
Gowjon—pron. gooh-john; Ger. Débel—pron. 
doeb-ell ; also Dubel—pron., dooh-bell. Syn. 
Fr. for “to treenail,” fix or secure by wood 
pins, Cheviller — pron. sheh-veal-yea; also 
Cheviller ensemble — pron. ahn-sahm-bell ; 
Ger. mit Holznigeln befestigen—pron. mit 
hollts-nay-gelln beh-fess-tig-enn. 

Tree Timber, in JJaterials, A synonym 
for “round timber.” The term is with us 
practically applied only to the timber of 
trees grown in our country, and cut down 
for various purposes — hence the other 
synonym “home grown” timber. Der. The 
word “tree” comes from the Old English 
treow, denoting perennial plant, generally 
deciduous—that is, shedding its leaves every 
season, and increasing its size by annual 
deposits of woody matter termed technically 
“rings.” Our timber trees are chiefly hard- 
wood trees, such as oak, elm, beech, etc. 
Syn. Fr. for “ tree,” Arbre—pron. ahrr-berr ; 
Ger. Baum—pron. bowm. Syn. Fr. for 
“felled trees” or “round timber,” Arbres 
gisants — pron. ahr-berr gee-sahn; Ger. 
gefaliter Baum — pron. geh-fell-terr bowm, 
Syn. Fr. for “standing trees,’’ Arbres en 
étant—pron. ahrr-berrs ahn eh-tahn, or Bois 
en étant; Ger. stehender Bawum—pron. stay- 
en-derr-bowm. 


186 


tr 


Trefoil, in Architectural Design. An 
ornament so called from its resemblance to 
the trefoil or three-leaved clover. Der. From 
the Latin words tres, three, and foliuwm, a 
leaf; or it is a corruption of the French 
words trois, three, and feuille, leaf, just as 
tinfoil is a corruption of ¢tain (tin) feuille 
rT . Syn. Fr. 7réfle (clover)—pron, tray- 

el; also TZrilobe (three-lobed)—pron. tree- 
loab; Ger. Dreiblatt (three leaves)—pron. 
dry-blaht; also K/leeblatt—pron. kleh-blaht. 
Syn. Fr. for “trefoil arch,” the arch of three 
centres, each centre being at the point of 
an equilateral triangle, Are de trois cintres— 
pron. arrk deh trwah saihn-terrs ; also Arc 
en tréfle, or Arc treflé—pron. arrk ahn tray- 
fell, tref-lay; also Arc trilobé—pron. tree- 
loh-bay ; Ger. Bogen mit drei Centren—pron. 
boh-genn mit dry tsen-trenn; also J/ittel- 
punkten (middle point, centre)— pron, mit-tell- 
poonkt-enn ; also K leebattbogen. 

Trellis Work, in Construction. Fences, 
screens, light balustrades, or enclosures for 
garden structures, as kiosks, arbours, etc., 
made of thin, narrow, flat wooden bars or 
laths, or of flat iron bands or rods placed 
crossways or reticulated, so as to form a 
series of open parts or apertures between 
the solid bars, either diamond-shaped or 
lozenge-shaped or squares set diagonally. 
Der. From the French treillis, and this from 
the Latin trichila, a garden arbour, a bower 
or summer-house. Synonyms “lattice work” 
or “cross-bar work.” Syn. Fr. Treillis— 

ron. trail-ye; Ger. Gitter (cross-bar lattice). 

yn. Fr. for “trellis work,” 7reillage—pron. 
trail-yahj ; also Entrelaccée (from lacer, to 
lace)—pron. ahn-terr-lah-say; Ger. Gitter- 
werk—pron. git-terr-vairrk. Syn. Fr. for 
trellis door,” Porte en treillage; Ger. Gitter- 
werkthiir, Syn. Fr. for “trellis window,” 
Fenétre en treillage; Ger. Gitterwerkfenster. 
Syn. Fr. for “ trellis arch,” in garden work, 
Arc en treillage ; Ger. Bogengitterwerk, 

Trench, in Foundation Work, The cutting 
or excavation made in the soil or ground of 
the site of a house or other structure to 
receive the foundation courses of the walls. 
Trenches are generally rectangular in cross- 
section, bottom square to the sides; but the 
sides are sometimes made to slope inwards, 
as in drainage work, as the cutting proceeds. 
In large works and in certain soils or sites 
the sides of the trenches are scarped or cut 
in tables, or what may be called small 
terraces. Der. Our word comes from the 
French trancher, to cut or dig, or to cut in 
digging. Syn. Fi. for “trench,” Tranchée— 
pron. trahn-shay; also Fossé—pron. foss- 
eh; Ger. Durchschnitt—pron. doorsh-shnit ; 
also Graben—pron. grah-benn. Syn. Fr. for 
“foundation trench,” Zranchée or Fossé or 
Creuzx (creux, hollow, deep) pour le fondement 
—pron. kreugh poorr leh fohn-deh-mahn. 
Svn. Fr. for “trench for a drainpipe,” 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


tr 


Tranchée or Fossé pour une égouttoir—pron. 
trahn-shay or foss-eh poohr uuhn egg-ooht- 
wahr ; Ger. Abzugsgraben — pron. abbb- 
tsoogs-grah-benn. 

Trestle, in Construction (pron. tress-ell). 
A framework of timber, with outspreading 
supports or legs, used to support timber 
when being sawn up or otherwise worked. 
A large timber or wood rack to hold or 
retain planks and cut wood in place, these 
being made to slope inwards, their lower 
ends resting on the ground, their upper 
passing into the spaces between the rack 
bars,—an arrangement in timber yards to 
keep timber ready for sale, and to aid its 
natural seasoning. A synonym often used 
is “horse.” Syn. Fr. Chevalet (a diminutive 
of cheval, a horse)—pron. sheh-vahl-ay ; 
also 7réteau—pron. tray-toh ; also Baudet— 
pron. boh-day ; also Chévre — pron. shay- 
ver; Ger. Bock—pron. bok; also Gestell— 
pron. geh-stell; also Tischgestell -— pron. - 
tish-geh-stell. Syn. Fr. for “ carpenter’s 
trestle,” Chevalet de sciewr — pron. sheh- 
vahl-ay deh see-euhr, or Chevalet de sciage 
—pron. see-ahj; Ger. Holzbock or Holz- 
gestell; also Sdgegestell or Sdgebock; also 
Zimmermannsbock — pron, tsim-mer-manns- 
bok. 

Trim, To, in Construction. A term used 
synonymous with to dress or prepare or 
adjust a body, as a block of stone, a piece 
of timber, trim the garden walks, etc. Der. 
Our word comes from the Old English 
trymian, trimman, to set or put in order, to 
adjust. Syn. Fr. for “trim”—i.e. the con- 
dition of being in good order or well ad- 
justed, as a trim block of stone, a trim 
beam, or piece of wood—Ln bon état—pron. 
ahn bonn ate-ah; also Bien conditionné— 
pron. bee-an kohn-dee-see-on-eh, or Bien fait 
—pron. fay, or Bien mis— pron. mee, or 
Bien tourné—pron. toohr-nay ; also Paré 
—pron. parr-eh ; Ger. Hiibsch—pron. huebsh ; 
also Schén— pron. shoen; also Nett; also 
Geputzt — pron. geh-pootzt. Syn. Fr. for 
“to trim,” <Ajuster — pron. ah-joohss-tay ; 
also Yailler—pron. tahl-yea; also Garnir 
—pron. garr-neerr; also Mettre en bon état 
— pron. mett-err ahn bonn ate-ah; also 
Dresser — pron. dres-say; Ger. Schmiicken 
—pron. shmuek-ken; also Putzen—pron, 
pooht-senn ; also Besetzen—pron. beh-zetts- 
senn; also Auwsriisten— pron, Owss-ruece- 
tenn. Syn. Fr. for “trimming wood,” etc., 
Arrangement du bois—-pron. ah-ranjh-mahn 
duuh bwah, or Achévement—pron. ah-shave- 
mahn, or Ajustement—pron, ah-joohst-mahn, 
or Parement—pron. pahr-mahn ; Ger. Putzen 
des Holzes—pron. pootz-enn dess holltses, or 
Schmiickung—pron. shmuek-oong. Syn. Fr. 
for “trimmed wood,” etc. Bois achevé 
(bwahze ah-shevv-eh), or bien ajusté (bee-an 
ah-joohs-tay), or bien conditionné ; Ger. Ge- 
putztes, or hiibsch gemachtes Holz—pron, geh- 


187 


tr 


poots-tess, or huepsh geh-maehtes Hollts. A 
piece is said to be “trimmed” when it is 
cut or fitted between parts previously made. 

Trimmer Arch, in Bricklaying. The flat 
scheme arch, brick on edge deep, which fills 
in the void space left opposite a fireplace, 
formed by the “trimmer Joists”’ (which see) 
at the side, and the “ trimmer” or “ trimmer 
beam” (which see) at the front. The office 
of this arch is not only to carry the hearth- 
stone, but toavoid all chances of fire arising 
from an overheated hearthstone, as this 
under the arrangement does not come in 
contact with nor is placed upon wood, Syn. 
Fr. for “chimney trimmer arch,” Are d'une 
bande de trémie; Ger. Wechsel- (or Kraft-) 
balkenbogen. 

Trimmer, or Trimmer Beam, in Car- 
pentry. The term used to indicate a beam 
which carries other beams— these being 
tenoned into the trimmer and borne by it 
in place of the walls. Trimmer beams are 
used in cases where the run of other beams 
have to be stopped short of a wall which 
would otherwise be carried on to and be 
supported by the walls,—the object being to 
make a void space in the floor, as the space 
for the well-hole of a staircase, or that made 
before each fireplace. In the latter case, as 
it is dangerous to carry the joists of a floor 
up to, and resting upon or built into the 
walls behind the fireplace, a space is left in 
front of it, which is covered by the hearth- 
stone. This rests upon a brick arch called 
a trimmer arch (which see above). The 
space here left in the floor is made by 
tenoning a cross-beam at a point as distant 
from the wall at which the fireplace is made 
as is required for the hearthstone, into the 
two last complete flooring joists which are 
carried from wall to wall, and which bound 
the space or hearthstone on each side, and 
which side beams or joists are called trim- 
ming joists. The cross piece is called the 
“trimmer” or “trimmer beam,” and its 
length, corresponding to that of the hearth- 
stone, is such that the ordinary joists of the 
floor can be so spaced and tenoned or 
jointed into it, that the intervals between 
them will be the same as those between the 
other joists of the floor. Syn. Fr. for 
“trimmer beam” or “trimmer,” Lingoir— 
pron. lain-swahr; also Travon—pron. trah- 
vohn; also Zrémion—pron. tray-mee-on ; 
also Latéraire—pron. lah-tare-airr; also 
Poutre de force—pron, pooh-terr day forss ; 
Ger. Wechselbalken (from wechseln, to 
change—that is, the condition of the beams 
is changed as above described)—pron, vekk- 
sell-bahl-kenn ; also Kraftbalken, Trumm- 
balken, or Tragebalken—pron. trah-ge-bahl- 
kenn. Syn. Fr. for “chimney trimmer,” 
Poutre de force; also Lincoir d’une cheminée ; 
also Poutre or Bande detrémie—pron. bahnd- 
deh tray-mee ; Ger. Kaminwechselbalken. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, 


tr 


Trimming Joists, in Carpentry. The 
joists placed at the side of the open space 
or void made in a floor as described under 
last term. As these carry the interrupted 
joists which stop short at the beginning of 
the void, as well as the trimmer or trimmer 
beam (see above), they are made stronger 
than the ordinary or other joists in the 
floor, and this in proportion to the number 
of interrupted or short joists they have to 
carry or support. Syn. Fr. for “trimming 
joist,” Solive a poutre—pron. soh-leeve ah 
pooh-terr, or Solive enchevétrée — pron. ahn 
shevy-ate-tray, or simply Chevétre—pron. 
shevy-ate-err ; also Solive d’enchevétrure -— 
pron. ahn-shevy-ate-roohr ; Ger. Wechsel- 
holztragebalken — pron, vekk-sell-hollts-trah- 
ge-bahl-kenun ; also Stichbalkenwechselholz 
—pron. stich-bahl-kenn-vekk-sell-holtz. 

Trowel, in Tools and Appliances in 
Building Construction. A hand tool used by 
masons and bricklayers in lifting, laying, 
and working mortar in the setting or laying 
of bricks and stones. It consists of a thin, 
flat steel blade, heart-shaped, but with an 
extended point at one extremity, and at the 
other a double-kneed or bent-up tail or fang, 
sharp-pointed, which is passed into and 
secured to the wooden handle by which the 
trowel is held and manipulated by having 
the tail or fang bent upwards at the end of 
blade in order to meet the handle. This 
latter is raised a few inches above the level 
of the blade, and thus the operation of 
spreading out the mortar upon a flat surface 
is quickly and certainly done, which would 
not be the case if the handle were in a line 
with the surface of blade. Der. Our word 
comes from one of the French synonyms for 
the tool, Z7welle—pron. trooh-ell ; Ger. Kelle 
—pron. kell-eh ; or Mawerkelle—pron, mow- 
err-kell-eh. Syn. Fr. for “ plasterer’s 
trowel,” Platoner-—pron. plah-tonn-eh ; also 
Platronir—pron. plah-troh-neer; Ger. Kalk- 
gypskelle (or simply Gypskelle)—pron. kalk- 
gips-kell-eh. Syn. Fr. for “trowel for 
pointing the joints of masonry or brick- 
laying,” Rejointoyeur—pron. ray-] wahng-twa- 
yeuhr; Ger. Scharnierkelle — pron. sharr- 
neerr-kell-eh ; or Gewindekelle — pron. gay- 
veen-day-kell-eh. Syn. Fr. for ‘‘ plasterer’s 
trowel board,” Taloche—pron. tah-losh; Ger. 
Reibscheit—pron. ribe-shite. 

True—Trueing, in Construction. Terms 
used to indicate that pieces of work are 
executed, set or fixed up correctly, and the 
act of setting bodies correctly. Der. The 
word true comes from the Old English 
treowe, to be depended upon, to be faithful, 
to trust. If a body, as a beam, is “ worked 
true” or “truly worked,” or be “set truly,” 
and is of sufficient strength, it may be 
trusted in to do its duty or fulfil its func- 
tion, Syn. Fr. for “to set or make true,” 
Ajuster — pron, ah-jooss-tay ; Ger. Richtig 


188 


tr 


machen—i.e. to make right—pron. rich-tig 
mach-en. 

Truncated Roof, in Carpentry. A span 
or hip roof, the highest or angular part of 
which is cut off at a varying distance from 
the apex or ridge, so as to form a flat part 
or platform in the centre of the building 
which the roof covers; hence called also a 
“platform roof.” Syn. Fr. Toiture or Comble 
tronqué or coupé—pron, twah-tuehr or kohm- 
bell trong-kay or koo-pay; Ger. Dach or 
ein verstiimmeltes Dach— pron. fer-stuem-mel- 
tess dach. 

Truss, in Carpentry (see Roof). The trian- 
gular arrangement of the timbers of a roof— 
applicable also to other kinds of framing, as 
bridges and the like—designed to lessen or 
diminish the outward thrust upon the walls, 
resolving this lateral pressure or thrust, 
which the walls are least, into a vertical or 
downward pressure, which they are best 
calculated to resist. The simplest form of 
a truss for a roof is a collar-beam roof, in 
which the rafters or inclined pieces are tied 
together by a horizontal piece at or about 
a level equal to one-third or one-half of 
the height or rise of roof. The next in 
range of completeness, and which consti- 
tutes a true truss, is the “king-post roof,” in 
which the rafters butt at their lower ends, 
at the foot of the vertical post called the 
king-post, and in which they are jointed or 
secured on a horizontal beam, called the tie- 
beam, which rests on the walls or wall-plate 
built into the wall at each side. The vertical 
post, called the king-post, connects the head 
of rafters with the tie-beam, into which the 
foot of king-post is jointed or to which it is 
secured, The principle of the truss is the 
transforming of a rectangular framing, the 
four pieces of which are jointed or secured 
together into the ends, and which is the 
weakest form of framing, into the strongest 
form by making the rectangular space with 
the framing into two triangles by adding a 
fifth or a diagonal piece stretching from one 
corner to the other, or into a series of 
triangles by adding a sixth piece or a second 
diagonal crossing the first. The triangular 
form is the strongest possible arrangement 
of timber or of iron framing, and all well- 
designed framework resolves itself into a 
series of triangles. Der. Curiously enough, 
from the Latin trussa, or the French trousse, 
a bunch or mass of straw or hay bound 
together with a band, generally of the same 
material, which binds or ties the whole 
together, as a well-designed roof-trass binds 
the whole of its members together. Another 
derivation is given, tracing the word to the 
Italian torciare, to twist, to tie together. 
Syn. Fr. for “roof truss,” Ferme — pron. 
fairrm, or more precisely Les poutres d’un 
comble or d’une toiture—pron. lay pooh-terr 
duubn kohm-bell or twah-tuehr ; also Ferme 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, 


tu 


triangulaire d’un comble—pron. fairrm trees 
ahn-gue-lairr duuhn kohm-bell; Ger. Dach- 
balkenwerk — pron. ' dach-bahl-kenn-vairrk ; 
also Bindesparren or Bindebalken—pron. bin- 
deh-spar-renn or -bahl-kenn. Syn. Fr. for 
“small truss,” as that for the head or tri- 
angular termination of a “dormer” or (side 
roof) window (which see), Fermette—pron. 
fairr-mett; Ger. kleine Dachbindesparren 
fiir ein Fenster—pron., kline-eh dach-bin-deh- 
spar-renn fuerr ine fenn-sterr. Syn. Fr. 
for a “curb or mansard roof-truss,” Ferme 
de mansard—pron, fairrm deh mahn-sahrr ; 
also Ferme brisée—pron. breeze-eh; Ger, 
Dachbindebalken eines franzisischen Daches 
or Mansardendaches — pron. dach-bin-deh- 
bahl-kenn ine-ess frann-tsoeh-zish-en dach- 
ess, or mahn-sahrr-denn-dach-es. Syn. Fr. 
for a “trussed girder or lattice beam,’ 
Ferme sur longetons avec contre-fiches—pron,, 
fairrm suehr longg-tohngs ah-veck cohn-terr- 
feesh ; Ger. Springbalken und Sparrenwerk, 
Syn. Fr. for a “trussed iron beam,’ Poutre 
en fer arméee—pron. pooh-terr ahn fairr ahr- 
may; Ger. versprengter Hisenbalken—pron. 
ferr-sprengt-er ize-enn-bahl-kenn. Syn. Fr. 
for “ truss rod (iron),” Tirant en fer—pron. 
tee-rahn ahn fairr, or d’armature — pron. 
dahr- mah-tuehr; Ger. Zugeisenbolzen — 
pron. tsoog-ize-enn-boll-tsenn. Syn. Fr. for 
a “timber beam trussed with flitches of 
plate-iron,” Poutre en bois armée par plaques 
de fer—pron. pooh-terr ahng bwah ahr-may 
par plahk deh fairr; Ger. Holzbalken mit 
Flach-(or Platt-)eisen versprengt—pron. holts- 
bahl-kenn mit flach-ize-enn ferr-sprenngt. 
Try, To—Trying, in Construction. Terms 
used to indicate or ascertain the accuracy 
with which work is executed or set up; 
synonymous with “to test” or “ testing.” 
Der. Our word try comes from the Latin 
terere, tritum, to rub together, or from the 
French trier, to pick out from, to select— 
both meaning the testing of objects or sub- 
stances. Syn. Fr. for “to try,” Eprouver— 
pron. ay-proo-vay ; Ger. Probiren — pron. 
proh-beer-en ; also Priifen—pron. prueh-fen. 
Syn. Fr. for “trying,” Eprowvage—pron. eh- 
prooy-ahj; Ger. die or eine Probe machen— 
pron. dee or ine-eh proh-beh mach-en. 
Tubbing, in Carpentry. A synonym 
sometimes used for the lining of wells, 
shafts, or other excavations, with timber 
lining or planking. Syn. Fr. for “to tuba 
well,” Revétir un puits avec du bois —pron. 
revy-ett-eer uuhn pwee ah-veck duuh bwah; 
also Cuveler un puits — pron. keuhvv-lay ; 
also Garnir — pron. garr-neer; Ger. einen 
Schacht verzimmern — pron. ine-en shacht 
ferr-tsim-mairrn ; also einen Schacht mit Holz 
auskleiden—pron. mit hollts ouss-klide-en, 
Syn. Fr. for “tubbing of a well,” Cuvelage— 
pron. kuehv-lahj; Ger. Verzimmerung eines 
Schachtes—pron. ferr-tsim-mer-oong ine-ess 
shacht-ess. Syn. Fr. for ‘‘a timbered well or 


189 


tu 


shaft,” Puits cuvelée—pron. pwee kuuve-lay, 
or Puits blindé — pron. bleehn-day ; Ger. 
gezimmerter Schacht— pron. geh-tsimmerr- 
teh shacht. The term is derived from the 
making of tubs, the face inside of a 
timbered well or shaft resembling that of 
atub. Der. The word tub comes from the 
Old English or Danish tobde, a circular vessel 
formed with staves bound together with 
hoops of wood. 

Tube, in Construction. A term synony- 
mous with “pipe.” Der. From the Latin 
tubus, a cylindrical body made hollow to 
convey water or the like. Syn. Fr. for 
“tube,” Tuyau—pron. twee-oh ; also Tube— 
pron, tuebh; Ger. Rdhre—pron, roeh-reh ; 
also simply fohr—pron. roarr, Syn. Fr. 
for “smoke tube of a stove,” Tuyau dun 
poéle—pron. twee-oh deuhn poe-ail; Ger. 
die Ofenréhre — pron. dee oh-fenn-roeh-reh. 
Syn. Fr. for “drain tube,” Tuyaw de drain- 
age—pron, twee-oh deh draihn-ahj; Ger. 
Drainrohre. Syn. Fr. for “ gas tube,” Tuyau 
& gaz—pron, twee-oh ah gahz, or Tuyau de 
conduite de gaz—pron. deh kohn-dweet day 
gahz; Ger. Gasrohr or -réhre. 

Tuck Pointing, in Sricklaying. That 
kind of pointing for which “jointing,” or 
“ finishing the exterior Joints of brickwork,” 
are synonyms, which is done with fine 
plaster or cement, and brought to a parallel 
and straight edge by working with the 
trowel. Der, The term apparently is taken 
from the German word tuchen (tooh-chenn), 
to press or fold in, or thrust in, or zuchen 
(tzooh-kenn), to shrink in—pointing being 
essentially the pressing in of mortar, plaster, 
or cement into the open joints left between 
the bricks. Our phrase “ tuck in ” is derived 
from the same word. Syn. Fr. Jointage- 
ment joints tirés avec la truille—pron. 
jwahnegt-ahj-mahn-t-ah jwahns teer-ay ah- 
veck lah trooh-eel ; Ger. Ziegelstein-scharnier 
(or -fuge) mit Gypsmdrtel oder Cement aus- 
streichen — pron. tsee-gell-stine sharr-neerr 
(fooh-ge) mitt gips-moh-eer-tell oh-derr see- 
ment owss-striche-en. 

Tudor Arch, in Architecture. An arch 
described from four points as centres— 
hence called otherwise the four-centred 
arch. Two of the centres are near to the 
sides of the opening to be arched over, 
joining the inner vertical sides of the piers 
or tnside jambs or reveals by small arcs of 
circles ; while from the other two centres, 
placed lower down, two arcs of circles are 
described which join the small arcs, and 
meet in a point in the centre of the opening 
at some height above them. This form of 
arch gives somewhat of the form of a true 
Gothic arch. Syn. Fr. Arc Tudor—pron. 
arrk tuuh-dohr; also Arc des quatre cintres 
—pron, arrk deh kat-ter saihn-terr; Ger. 
Tudorbogen —- prou. too-dohr-boh-gen ; also 
Bogen mit vier Centren, or Mittelpunkten-— 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


tu 


pron. boh-gen mit feer senn-tren, mit-tell- 
poohnk-ten. 

Tudor Style, in Architecture. Otherwise 
called by some the “ Jacobin,” and which is 
classed by some writers as one of the styles 
of Gothic architecture, although they limit 
its application by applying the term 
“Domestic Gothic.” It has no claim to be 
classed as a Gothic style, unless it be named, 
as some high authorities have named it, the 
* Debased Gothic.” The main feature of 
the style is the change of the sharp-pointed 
arch for doors and windows into the flat, 
depressed arches, some of which are almost 
made up of straight lines, only canted so as 
to meet ina central point. Syn. Fr. (written 
or spelt precisely like our words, only ia an 
inverted form) Style Tudor—pron. steel 
Earp 3 Ger. Tudor Styl—pron. too-dohr 
steel. 

Tufa or Tuffstone, in Materials, A stone 
or mineral of various kinds, of volcanic origin, 
largely obtained in several places on the 
Continent, as in some of the lateral valleys 
of the Rhine. It was at one time chiefly, 
and is at the present day ‘largely, used 
in the making of hydraulic cements or 
mortars, Syn. Fr. for “tuffstone,” Pierre 
de tuf—pron. pee-air day tuuhf; also Sop 
calcaire — pron. kahl-kare, or Tuf vol- 
canigue — pron. vohl-kann-eek, or Z'uf de 
puzzolane—pron, deh puzz-oh-lahn, or Tuf 
basaltique—pron. bah-sahl-teek ; Ger. Tu/- 
or Taf- or Duchstein—pron. toohf- or taff- or 
duuhk-stine , also Basalttuffstein—pron. bah- 
sahlt-tuuhf-stine; also vulkanischer Tuffstein 
—pron, vull-kann-eesh-err-tuuhf-stine. Syn. 
Fr. for “tufa,” Meuligre—pron. meuhl-ee- 
aihr ; Ger. Mihlentuffstein—pron. mueh-len- 
tuuhf-stine. 

Tumbling in, in Construction. A 
synonym for trimmed (which see); fitting 
in of parts previously cut. 

Turn, To, in Joinery and Cabinet Making. 
A term often used in various departments of 
work, as to indicate the operation of forming 
cylindrical and circular bodies in a turning 
lathe; the act of turning down, as in clinch- 
ing a nail; that of moving a hinge, as a 
door; to turn over or turn round, as in re- 
versing or changing the position of a beam 
or a block of stone. The phrase “turn off” 
means to stop or arrest, as turn off the gas, 
water, etc. Der. The word turn comes from 
the Old English turnan, to give a cylindrical 
form to a body, as in a lathe, to change the 
direction of ; or it may have been borrowed 
from the French tourner, meaning the same 
thing. Syn. Fr. for “to turn in a lathe,” 
Tourner avec le tour anglais—pron. toohr- 
nay ah-veck leh toohr ahn-glay, or Fagonner 
dans un tour anglais—pron. fah-sonn-ay 
dahnz uehn ; Ger. auf einer Drehbank drehen 
—pron. owff ine-err dray-bank dray-enn, or 
Drechslerbank — pron, drekks - lerr - bank, 


190 


tu 


or Drechseln—pron. drekk-selln. Syn. Fr. 
for “to turn untrue, out of the truth” 
—that is, to form a body in the turning 
lathe not truly cylindrical by properly 
centring it ; if centred off the true, the body 
will not be “true” (see True), but will have 
an eccentric motion in the lathe—Syn. Fr. 
Fouetter avec le tour anglais—pron. fooh-ett- 
eh ah-veck leh toohr ahn-glay ; Ger. mit der 
Drehbank falsch laufen— pron. mit derr 
dray-bank falsh lowf-fenn. Syn. Fr. for “to 
turn down or clinch a nail,’ Rebattre un 
clou—i.e. strike again, or bend down witha 
blow—pron, ray-batt-err euhn klooh; Ger. 
ein Nageleisen befestigen — pron. ine nah- 
gell-ize-enn beh-fess-tig-enn, or einen Nagel 
umbiegen — pron. ine-en nah-gell oom-bee- 
genn, Syn. Fr. for “to turn over” (a 
block or beam), Se retowrner — pron. seh 
ray-toohr-nay ; also Abattre—pron. ah-bah- 
terr; also Renverser—pron. rahn-vairr-say ; 
Ger. Ubertragen— pron. ueh-berr-trah-gen. 
Syn. Fr. for “to turn round,” Tourner— 
pron. toohr-nay ; also Circuler—pron. seer- 
kueh-lay ; also Evoluer—pron. eh-voll-you- 
eh; Ger. Umdrehen—pron. oohm-dray-enn, 
or Umwenden —pron. oohm-venn-denn ; also 
auf die andere Seite legen — pron. owff dee 
ann-derr-eh zite-eh leh-genn. Syn. Fr, for 
“to turn off the gas (or water),’’ etc., Fermer 
le robinet de gaz (or de Veau, etc.)—pron. 
fairr-may leh roh-been-eh deh gahz (or deh 
loh) ; Ger. Gas ablassen or abschliessen — 
pron. gass ahb-lass-enn, or ahb-shlees-sen ; 
also die Zapfen (or die Hahne or Sperr- 
hdhne) verbinden or zudrehen—pron. dee 
tsapp-fenn (dee hay-neh, sperr- hay - neh) 
ferr-bin-denn, or tsoo-dray-enn. Syn. Fr. 
for “to turn on the gas,” etc., Owvrir le 
robinet de gaz ; Ger. den Gas- (or Wasser-, etc.) 
hahn aufdrehen—pron. dane gass- (vass-er-) 
hahn owff-dray-enn, Syn. Fr. for “turn- 
cap of a chimney flue,” Chape tournante d'un 
conduit de fumée (or dun tuyau dune 
cheminée)—pron. shahp toohr-nahnt deuhn 
kohn-dwee deh fueh-may ; Ger. Drehkappe 
der Feuerréhre—pron. dray-kahp-peh dare 
foy-err-roeh-reh. 

Turner. The workman who works with 
the turning lathe. Syn. Fr. Yourneur— 
pron. toohr-neuhr; Ger, Drechsler—pron. 
drekks-lerr, Syn. Fr. for “turner in wood,” 
or “wood turner,” as in Cabinet Making— 
Tourneur en bois—pron. toohr-neur ahn bwah; 
Ger, Holzdreher (or -drechsler)—pron. hollts- 
dray-err. Syn. Fr. for “turner’s work or 
turnery,” l’Art de tourneur—pron. lahr deh 
toohr-nure ; also Ouvrages faits au tour 
anglais—pron, oohy-rahj fay-t-oh toorr ahn- 
glay; Ger. Dreharbeit — pron, dray-ahrr- 
bite, or Drehkunst—pron, dray-koonst; or 
Drehslerarbeit. 

Turning, in Construction. Syn. Fr. 
Tournante— pron, toohr-nahnt; Ger. Wen- 
dung—pron, venn-doong; also Drechseln— 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


tw 


pron. drekk-seln; also Kriimmung, or Dre- 
hung—pron. kruehm-oohng, or dray-oong, 
Syn. Fr. for “turning by the lathe,” 
Travail par le tour (or le tour anglais)— 
pron. trah-vahill parr leh toohr; Ger. auf 
der Drehbank drechseln — pron. owft dare 
dray-bank dreck-selln, Syn. Fr. for “ turn- 
ing tool,” Outil & tourner—pron. ooh-teel ah 
toohr-nay ; Ger. Drechselmeissel. Syn. Fr. 
for “turning of a road,’ Route courbée— 
pron. root koohrb-eh; Ger. Wegkurve —~ 
pron. vaygh-koor-vay. 

Turret, in Architecture. A small or little 
tower, the height of which generally exceeds 
its diameter or cross section. Der. From 
the Latin turris. Syn. Fr. Tourelle; also 
Clocheton—pron. klosh-ton—that is, a place 
for a bell, a bell being frequently hung 
in a turret; also Tourette—pron. tooh-rett ; 
Ger. Thiirmchen—pron. tuehrrm-chen. Syn. 
Fr. for “a little turret,” Petite tourette ; Ger. 
kleiner Thurm—pron. kline-er toorrm. 

Tuscan Order. One of the five orders of 
Roman architecture. Syn. Fr. Ordre Toscan 
—pron. orr-derr toss-kahn; Ger. Toscanische 
Ordnung—pron.toss-kann-eesh-eh ord-noong. 

Tusk or Tusk Tenon, in Carpentry. A 
sloping part given to a tenon at the upper 
part of the shoulder, in order to give a firmer 
bearing to the tenon in the mortise. A 
tusk or tusked “tenon” is a tenon which 
has the upper shoulder bevelled or canted 
off. Syn. Fr. for “tusked tenon,” Tenon 
embrévement — pron. tenn-on ahm-brave- 
mahn; Ger. Zapfenversatzung—pron, tsapp- 
fenn-ferr-zatts-oong. 


_ Ewist, in Construction. A term used to 
indicate that a body is not straight or has 
not the whole of its surface in the same plane 
or In the same direction. It may be “ off 
the straight” (a phrase synonymous with 
“on the twist”) in the direction of its 
breadth—that is, altering in the plane of its 
surface in the direction of its width; or it 
may be in the direction of its length, altering 
the line of direction in its length. A good 
example of “twist” in both plane and 
length is the part of the handrailing of a 
staircase in some examples where the 
direction of the rail, say of the lower flight, 
changes to meet the second flight, which 
proceeds in a contrary direction, and rises 
at the same time to meet the higher 
level. Der. The word is the same as the 
Old English twist (from ¢wi, two), to turn 
or twine round, as when two cords or 
threads are joined or made one by turning 
one round the other. Syn. Fr. for “to twist,” 
Tordre—pron. torr-derr; also Détourner— 
pron, day-toohr-nay ; also Tisser—pron. tee- 
say; also Entrelacer—pron. ahn-terr-lah- 
say; Ger. Zusammendrehen—pron., tsoo-sam- 
men-dray-enn; also Flechten—pron, flech- 
tenn; also Verwickeln—pron. ferr-vick-eln ; 
also Verdichten—pyron, ferr-dich-tenn, Syn. 


191 


tw 


Fr. for “twist,” Cordon—pron. kohr-dohn, 
or Cordonnet—pron. kohr-doh-nay, or Corde 
—pron. korrd; also TYorsion—pron. torr- 
seeon; Ger. Geflecht—pron. geh-flecht; also 
Windung—pron. vin-doong; or Drehung— 
pron. dray-oong ; also Zweig—pron. tsvihg. 
Syn. Fr. for “ on the twist” (twisted) in the 
direction of the length, so as to be what is 
called “on the skew,” Gauche—pron. goash ; 
also Retors—pron. reh-torr ; Ger. Windschief 
—pron. vind-sheef; also Gewwnden—pron. 
geh-voohn-den ; also Gedreht — pron. gay- 
drayt. Syn. Fr. for “twisting,” Tordage— 
pron. torr-dahj ; Ger. Drehung—pron, dray- 
oong, or das Drehen. 

Two, in Construction. A term used to 
indicate that a body is repeated or doubled, 
as a “ two-brick wall.” Der. From the Old 
English twa or twet, Syn. Fr. for “two- 
brick wall,” Mur avec (or a) deux briques— 
pron. muehr ah-vekk deuh breek; also Mur 
de quarante centimetres d’épaisseur (this being 
the thickness or width of a wall of two 
bricks in French decimal measurement)— 
pron. muehr deh kah-rahnt sahn-tee-may- 
terr day-pace-euhr; Ger. Mauer mit zwei 
Ziegelsteinen—pron. mow-err mit tsvy tsee- 
gell-stine-en, or Mauer von achtzehn Zoll (this 
being the thickness or width of a wall in 
German inches—Zoll, an inch)—pron. mow- 
err fon ahcht-tsane tsoll. Syn. Fr. for “two- 
foot,” the abbreviated term which work- 
men frequently, perhaps generally, employ 
for a “two-foot rule,” Mesure de deux pieds 
—pron. meh-zuehr deh deuh pee-ay; Ger. 
Maszstab von zwei Fuss—pron. mahss-stahb 
fon tsvy fooss, Syn. Fr. for “two-cut 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


un 


stuff ’—that is, a board or plank cut in two, 
Volige de deux et demi centimetres d’épaisseur 
— pron. voh-leajh deh deuh eh deh-mee 
(generally pronounced as aid-me) sahn-tee- 
may-terr day-pace-euhr; Ger. Bret zehn 
Linien dick—pron. brett tsayn leen-yenn 
dick, or Zehn Linien dickes Bret. Syn. Fr. 
for “two-handed saw,’ Scie pour deux 
ouvriers — pron. see poor deuhze ooh-vree- 


ay; also Egohine—pron. eh-go-heen; Ger. 
Sdge mit zwei Handgriffen—pron. zay-geh 
mit tsvy hant-griff-en; also Stoszsdige— 
pron. stoass-zay-geh. 

Two-coat Work, in Plastering. Plaster 
either laid and set or rendered and set. 
Syn. Fr. for “coat of plaster,” Crépi de 
platre — pron. krape-ee deh plah-terr, or 
Enduit de plétre — pron. ahn-dwee; Ger. 
Gypsbewurf—pron. gipps-beh-voorf, or Gyps- 
tiberzug—pron. gipps-ueh-berr-tsoog. 

Tympanum, in Architecture. The tri- 
angular space enclosed within a pediment, 
or gable-rooflike part of a building placed 
above the cornice, the lines of the mouldings 
of which form the base, the mouldings of 
sloping sides of pediment form the sides of 
the tympanum. Syn. Fr. Tympan—pron. 
teem-pang; also Sellette—pron. sell-ett; Ger. 
Giebelfeld—iiterally “the field of the gable” 
—pron. gee-bell-felt. Syn. Fr. for “the 
tympan of an arched door,” or the panels 
above it formed by the arch, Panneux d’une 
porte—pron. pan-noh duuhn portt, or Travée 
d'une porte—pron. trah-vay ; Ger. Thiirtafel- 
ung—pron. tuerr-tah-fell-oong, or Thiirfiliung 
—pron, -fue-loong. 


U 


Uncoursed Work, in Masonry. A term 
synonymous with “rough rubble” or rubble 
work in which no regular courses (see 
Course) or lines of joints are followed, but 
the joints are regulated simply by the shape 
or form of the unworked or naturally-shaped 
stones of which the wall in rough rubble or 
uncoursed wall is built. Syn. Fr. for “ wall 
uncoursed” or “uncoursed wall,” Mur sans 
assises—pron. muehr sahnz ass-eez, or Mur 
de hourdage—pron. deh hoor-dahj; Ger. 
Mauer ohne Schicht—pron. mow-err oh-neh 
shicht, or Mauer aus Rauhstein or Feld- 
stein — pron. mow-err owss row-stine, felt- 
stine. The prefix “un” is the Old English 
word for a negative ; sometimes it was spelt 
in Old English as “an.” Its application is 
practically endless in our language: it may 
be prefixed to almost every, if not quite 
to every, adjective or adverb or participle 
employed as an adjective, and even also to 
some of our verbs and substantives. 


Underpinning, in Masonry and Brick- 
work. 'The operation carried out where the 
lower part of a wall has to be taken out in 
order to make a better or safer foundation, 
or where work of a particular kind requires 
a part of the lower wall near or at the foun- - 
dations to be taken out, as in the case of a 
permanent opening required where pre- 
viously the wall was solid. The upper or 
standing wall is supported while the work 
of underpinning is carried on by timber 
posts and shoring. The term is also applied 
to cases of wall building, the upper courses 
of which are supported for the time by the 
shoring. Der. Our word “under” comes from, 
and is identically the same with, the Old 
English word, signifying an object in a 
lower position than another, or one body 
placed below another body which projects 
over it. Syn. Fr. Ouvrage reprise sous 
@uvre, Or en sous-euvre — pron. ooh-vrahj 
reh-preez sooz euh-verr; or Ouvrage d’une 


192 


EZ, 


N Z N 
“ y > PEN Lp, LO e X 
IT a HZ > . ei 
(GA WE ZAT 2 2 
\S 


eben Dine fh y 

boo 
: = pene 

- \ | Sy 


v 


pentry :—Domes ; 


in Joinery :—Folding Shutters. 


Plate XIX.—Terms in Bricklaying :—Walls—Bonds ; in Car 


‘ondation reprise en sous-euvre—pron. duehn 
fohn-dah-see-on; Ger. Unterbauwerk einer 
Mauer—pron. oon-terr-bough-vairrk ine-err 
mow-err; also Grundmauerwerk mit Unter- 
balken und Pfosten—pron. groohnd-mow-err- 
vairrk mit oohn-terr ball-ken oond pfoss- 
tenn. 

Uneven, in Construction. A term used 
for a variety of purposes, and in connection 
with a wide variety of materials. It may 
denote general roughness of surface, as of a 
stone or a wall or a piece of wood, and may 
thus be synonymous with roughness. Or 
it may denote that a body, such as a beam, 
does not lie wholly in one direction, and the 
term may therefore be synonymous with not 
straight or “off the straight.” Der. The word 
“even” is identical with the Old English 
even, or it comes from efen, and means what 
is smooth in surface or uniform in level. 
Applied to numbers it denotes that the 
number can be divided by two without 
leaving a remainder or figure over. It is 
thus opposed to “odd,” which comes from 
the Swedish udda, uneven—thus, to set up 
(as posts) in even numbers. Syn. Fr. for 
“uneven materials,” Matériaux inégaux — 
pron. mah-tare-ee-oh inn-eh-goh, or 
Matériaux mal égaux—pron. mahl eh-goh ; 
Ger. wnebene Materialen — pron. oohn-eh- 
ben-neh mah-tehr-ee-ahl-enn, or wngleiche 
Materialen—pron. oohn-gly-che. Syn. Fr. 
for “uneven surface,” Surface or Superficie 
inégale—pron. suehrr-fahss or sooh-pairr-fee- 
see inn-eh-gahl; Ger. wnebene_ Oberfliche — 
pron. oohn-eh-ben-neh oh-berr-flech-eh, 

Unhewn, in Masonry. Stone not tooled 
or dressed. Der. Our word “hew” or 
“hewn” comes from the Old English heawan, 
or the — hauen, to cut in pieces. Syn. 
Fr. for “ ew stones,” Couper les pierres 
—pron. kooh-pay lay pee-airr ; Ger. Steine 
behauen—pron. sti-neh bay-how-enn. Syn. 
Fr. for “to hew wood,” Saver du bois— 
pron. lah-vay duuh bwah ; Ger. Holz behauen 
—pron. holtz bay-how-enn. Syn. Fr, for 
“unhewn stones,” Pierres non coupées—pron. 
pee-airr nong kooh-pay, or non taillées—pron. 
tah-eel-eh ; Ger. wnbehauene Steines—pron. 
oohn-bay-how-enn-eh sti-neh. Syn. Fr. for 
“unhewn wood,” Bois non paré, or non 
ajusté—pron. bwah nong parr-eh, ah-joohss- 
teh ; also Bois brut, or qui n’est pas taillé— 
pron. bwah brugh or brooh, or kee nay pah 
tah-eel-eh; Ger. wnbehauenes Holz—pron. 
oon-bay-how-enn-ess holts. 

Uniform — Uniformly, in Construction. 
Terms used to indicate the character of 
certain work, as the “courses to be uni- 
form” or “uniformly laid,’ or a certain 

art to be uniform with another part. Der. 

he word uniform comes from the Latin 
uniformis, and this from wunus, one, and 
Jorma, a form or shape—that is, bodies 
uniform possess similar features. The use 


193 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


uk 


of the term in construction simplifies speci- 
fications; fora certain part of the work being 
fully described in connection with one part 
of the structure, if work of the like kind 
is to be done in another part, no repetition 
of the description is required, it being only 
necessary to specify that the work is to be 
done “uniform with” the work done in the 
other part, which is to be named. Syn. Fr. 
for “uniform work,” Ouvrage pig loa 
pron, ooh-vrahj ueh-nee-forrm ; Ger. gleich- 
Joérmiges Werk—pron. glych-foerr-mich-ess 
vairrk, or gleichmdssiges Werk —pron. -may- 
sich-ess vairrk ; also einformiges Werk—pron. 
ine-foerm-i-gess vairrk ; or wniformes Werk. 
In place of the phrase “to be uniform 
with,” another is sometimes used in specifi- 
cations of work to be done—namely, “in 
uniformity with.” Syn. Fr. for uniformity, 
Uniformité—pron, ueh-nee-forrm-ee-tay ; 
Ger. Linférmigkeit, or Gleichformigkeit. 

Unjointed, in Construction. Bodies, as 
stones, beams, and the like, laid simply in 
contact, as end to end, but not connected 
or secured together by special means, as 
mortar, cement, joggles, or joints. Syn. Fr. 
Pieces de matériaux de construction non 
Jointées, or sans joint—pron, peayce deh mah- 
tairr-e-oh deh kohn-struek-see-on nohn joh- 
ahnt-ay,sahn joh-ahnt ; Ger Materialenstiicke 
nicht gefiigt, or wngefiigt—pron. mah-tehr- 
ee-ahl-en stuek-eh nieght gay-foohgt, or oon- 
gay-foohgt ; or Nicht gefiigtes or ungefiigtes 
Stiick von Materialen. 

Unlevelled, in Construction. Not levelled 
or off the level (see Uncoursed Work). 
Syn. Fr. for “unlevelled ground,” Sol or 
Terre pas nivellé—pron. soll or tairr pah 
nee-vell-eh, or Sol or Terre hors d’eau— 
pron. horr doh—literally “out of water,” 
referring to the fact that water at rest 
always finds its level, or Sol or Terre avec 
surface inégale ; Ger. unebener Grund—pron. 
oohn-eh-ben-ner groohnt ; also nicht wagerecht 
—pron. vah-ge-recht. 

Unscrewed, in Construction. Work with 
(screw) bolts and nuts, as scarfed beams, 
etc. the nuts of which have not been 
screwed up, or the bolts and parts brought 
home—that is, tightened up, so as to be 
secure. The term may also be used inversely 
to indicate that parts previously tightened 
up and secured in place by bolts and nuts 
have been separated by unscrewing the 
nuts. Syn. Fr. for “unscrewed,” Déserré, 
or Dévissé—pron. day-serr-eh, day-veess- 
eh; Ger. Aufgeschraubt—pron. owff-geh- 
shrowbt. 

Unsized, in Painting and Distemper Work. 
The colour, as whiting, before the size, as 
glue, is added to it. Der. The word size 
comes from the Old English syth, glue, 
otherwise meaning stiff or hard—glue or size 
having the effect of stiffening liquids, etc., 
to which it is applied. Syn, Fr. Couleur 


13 


“tin 


non collée (colle, glue, size)—pron. kool- 
euhr non koll-eh ; Ger. ungeschlémmte Farbe 
—pron. oohn-geh-shlemm-teh farr-beh ; also 
Farbe ohne Kleister—i.e. flour paste or size— 
pron. farr-beh oh-neh klice-terr, or Yarbe 
ohne Puppe (paste)—pron. pahp-peh. 

Wnslaked Lime. The limestone after 
calcination or burning in the kiln, but before 
it has water added to it to form a hydrate 
of lime, which is technically called “slaking,” 
or often, though less accurately, “slacking.” 
Der. The word slake comes from the Old 
English leccan, or the Danish slacha, to wet, 
to extinguish, to mix with water. Syn. Fr. 
for “unslaked lime,” Calcaire non éteint (from 
éteindre, to extinguish, to quench)—pron. 
kal-kare non ay-taihn; Ger. wngeldschter 
Kalkstein (from ldschen [loeh-shenn], to 
quench)—pron. oohn-geh-loesht-err kahlk- 
stine; also Dampfen. 

Unspaced, in Construction. The converse 
ef work which has been “spaced out,” as 
the joists in a floor, the studs in a partition, 
and the like. Der. The word space—which 
in the present case means the intervals or 
voids between the bodies, as the joists—is 
from the Latin spatiwm, or the French 
espace. Syn. Fr. for “work unspaced,” 
Ouvrage non interligné—pron. ooh-vrahj non 
aihn-terr-leegn-yeh ; Ger.  undurchschossene 
Arbeit, or -es Werk—pron. oohn-doorch- 
shoss-enn-eh ahr-bite, or -ess vairrk. 

Unsteady, in Construction. When a body, 
asa beam or a block of stone, is not “set 
fair and square,” as a stone which rocks in 
its bed and requires packing up or being 


moved to a position where it ‘‘ rides” fairly. 


—to use the technical expression—it is said 
to be unsteady, which is a constructional 
synonym for work not “sound” or “ good,” 
or work “not set ina workmanlike manner.” 
Another synonym is that the body has “ too 
much play,” or that it can be moved or 
changed in position: a body with “no 
play” is steady. Der. Our word “steady ” 
comes from the Old English stead, a place 
or station—that is, when a body is in its 
proper place it is right, so that it can remain 
there or be steady. As in other terms we 
have given, the prefix “un” gives the nega- 
tive side of the attribute of propriety of 
place. Syn. Fr. for “unsteady,” Qui n’est 
pas stable or jixe—prou. kee nay pah stah- 
bell, feex, or Qui a du jeu (“ which has play ’’) 
—pron. kee ah dueh jeuh; also Avec du jeu 
—pron. ah-vekk; or Qui prend du jeu—pron. 
prahn; Ger. Unbesténdig—pron. oohn-bay- 
stenn-dich; also Verdnderlich—pron. ferr- 
enn - derr- lich; also Spielraum habend— 
literally “having a play-space or room ”— 
pron. speel-rowm hah-bent. Syn. Fr. 
for “unsteadiness,” Jnstabilité—pron. aihn- 
stah-bee-lee-tay ; also Défaut de fixite— 
pron, day-foh deh feex-ee-tay; Ger. Un- 
bestindigkeit—pron. ooh-beh-sten-dich-kite. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


up 


Unwrought, in Materials. A synonym 
for materials, as stone or timber, which 
have not been prepared, tooled, or worked 
up into the final form and of the dimensions 
required. Der. Our word work—of which 
wrought is a past participle--comes from 
the Old English wyrcan or vyrcan, or the 
German werk (vairrk). Syn. Fr. for un- 
wrought, as regards timber, Bois non coupé 
—pron. bwah non koop-eh, or non travaillé 
—pron. trah-vahl-yea, or non ouwvré—pron. 
oov-ray ; Ger. rohes Holz—i.e. rough wood 
— pron. ro-ess hollts; also wnbearbeitetes 
Holz—pron. oohn - beh - ahr - bite - et - ess 
hollts, Syn. Fr. for unwrought, in regard 
to stone, Pierre non taillé— pron. pee-airr 
non tahl-yea, or Pierre brut—pron. brueht ; 
Ger. unbearbeiteter Stein; also unbehauener 
Stein—pron. oohn-beh-how-enn-er stine. 

Uphers, in Bricklaying and Carpentry. 
Fir poles so called, ranging from twenty 
to forty feet in length and from four to 
seven inches in diameter, used for scaffold- 
ing, etc. 

Upholstery, and Cabinet Making. 
These two trades are generally considered 
as one, from their being so generally carried 
on by one and the same individual, the 
work of the one trade also running into that 
of the other so closely that it is popularly 
difficult to define each as having a special 
province of its own. The distinction between 
the two may be simply stated as this: that 
while cabinet making concerns itself with 
the making of the framework of household 
furniture, useful or purely or chiefly decora- 
tive, upholstery takes up the covering of 
these with the materials which custom or 
fashion has directed, such as the covering 
of chairs and sofas with hair-cloth or some 
woven fabric, and concerns itself also with 
the decorative work of hangings, tapestry, 
and the like. This definition of upholstery 
(see Cabinet Making) will be found cor- 
roborated if we go to the derivation of the 
word “ holstery,” which is the leading part 
of the term, the “up” being a prefix very 
commonly used, such as in upholding and 
the like. Holster is almost identical in 
spelling with our holster—heolster, a con- 
cealed place, and this from helan, to cover, 
The word holster used singly denotes the 
leather case which soldiers carry, or used to 
carry, to partially conceal or cover their 
pistols. This derivation applies to the 
leading work of the holsterer, or, as we now 
term it, the upholsterer, as it covers or 
conceals, as well in the fixed and per- 
manent covering of chairs, etc., as in the 
mobile decorations of hangings, window 
curtains, carpets, and the like. Syn. Fr. for 
“upholstery,” Tapisserie— pron. tah-peece- 
err-ee (commonly pronounced short, as tah- 
peece-ree) — from tapis (tah-pee), a carpet, 
or tapisser (tah-peece-eh), to cover, to deck ; 


‘ 194. 


up 


Ger. Tapezierarbeit — pron. tah-pay-tseer- 
ahr-bite; also Tapeziergeschift — tah-pay- 
tseer-gay-shefft. Syn. Fr. for “ upholsterer,” 
Tapissier — pron. tah - peece- yea; Ger, 
Tapezierer—pron. tah-payts-eer-err. 
Upper, in Construction—as the upper 
beam, the upper courses, framing, etc. Ler. 
From the Old English u/for, higher up or 
highest up. Syn. Fr. for “ upper,” Dedessus— 
- pron. deh dess-ueh; also Superiewr—pron. sue- 
ay-ree-euhr ; also En haut—pron. aln hoh ; 
er. Ober (over)—pron. oh-berr ; also Hoher 
(higher) — pron. hoeh-err. Syn. Fr. for 
“uppermost,” Le plus haut—pron. leh plueh 
hoh, or Le plus élevé—pron. leh pluehz eh-lev- 
vay; also L’oljet qui domine—i.e, “ the object 
which dominates”; Ger. Oderst—pron. oh- 
berrst ; also Héchst—pron. hoechst (ch always 
as in “och”); also Vorherrschend—pron. forr- 
hairr-shent. For “upper surface” of stones, 
beams, etc., in continued work, as in the 
laying of courses of stones, the upper surface 
is the bed or bedding face or surface for the 
stones of the course next in succession: 
Syn. Fr. Surface supérieure—pron. suehr- 
fahss sueh-pare-ee-euhr ; also Face de dessus 
—pron. fahss deuh deuhs-sueh ; Ger. Ober- 
fléche—pron. oh-berr-flech-eh. Syn. Fr. for 
“upper or weathering surface ” or slope, as 
of a stone coping or window sill, Biseau— 
pron. bee-zoh; Ger. Wasserschlag — pron. 
vass-err-shlahg, or Wasserschrdge— pron. 
-shray-geh. Syn. Fr. for “upper stratum or 
surface of soil or ground” in foundation 
work, Lit (or Couche) de dessus de sol—pron. 
lee- or koosh deuh deuhs-sueh dueh soll; 
Ger. Oberstratum (or -bett)—pron. oh-berr- 
strah-toom (or bett). 


» 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


Va 


Upright, in Masonry and Carpentry. A 
term used to indicate that a body, as a block 
of stone or a post or beam, is straight up or 
vertical—standing up, solid or steady. Der. 
The word right comes from the Old English 
riht, straight, not bent or inclined to one 
side, or “fair set,” to use a synonym for 
upright, as a post or pillar set or placed 
fair, Syn. Fr. for “upright,” Vertical — 
pron. vair-tee-kahl; also Perpendiculaire— 
pron. pair-pahn-deek-ueh-lairr ; also Debout 
—pron,. deh-booh; also J/ontant—pron. mon- 
tahn; Ger. Aufriss, or Standriss — pron. 
owff-riss, stant-riss. Syn. Fr. for “upright 
post of a door,” Poteau d'une porte—pron, 
poh-toe duuhn portt; Ger. Thiirpfosten— 
pron. tuehr-pfoss-tenn, or Thiirholzsiule— 
pron. tuehr-holtz-zoy-leh. 

Upset Materials, as lime, soil, sand, and 
the like. A term of which empty or dis- 
charge the contents of a cart is a synonym, 
the cart being set or tilted up so that the 
sand, soil, etc., may be shot out or allowed 
to slide out. Der, The word set is from the 
Old English settan, to give a definite position 
to a body, to place upon a certain spot. 
Syn. Fr. Verser—pron. vairr-say, or Hen- 
verser—pron. rahn-vairs-say ; Ger. Umwerfen 
—pron. oohm-vair-fenn ; also Umstiirtzen— 
pron. oohm-stuerrt-senn. 

Urinal. An inclosed space set apart for 
public convenience. Der. From the Latin 
urina, urine, the fluid secreted by the 
kidneys. Syn. Fr. Urinoir—pron. ueh-ree- 
nwahr, or Urinal—pron. ueh-ree-nahl ; also 
Pissoir — pron. piss-wahr; Ger. Pissraum 
—pron. piss-rowm. 


V 


Valence Window, in Upholstery and 
Cabinet Making. What may be called a 
hanging cornice, which passes across the 
window opening immediately below the 
ceiling. It consists of a narrow strip of 
drapery or cloth printed or decorated, the 
lower edge of which is scolloped or formed 
into curves. This is attached either to a 
wooden bar or concealed or open cornice, or 
to an iron rod or bar stretching across the 
window space. Syn. Fr. Cantonniére —pron. 
kann-toh-nee-airr; Ger. Fensterhang, or 
Fensterstellenbekleidung — pron, fenn-sterr- 
stell-enn-beh-klide-oong. 

Valley Board, in Carpentry. The flat 
board which is supported by and secured 
near the feet of the interior rafters of a 
double common span roof, and which itself 
carries the valley gutter which rises between 
the two roofs. Syn. Fr. Planche pour le 
chameau d’un double comble avec deux pentes 


—pron. plahnsh poor leh shah-moh deuhn 
dooh-bell comm-bell ah-veck duuh pahnt; 
Ger. Dachrinne zwischen zwei Satteldichern— 
pron. dach-rinn-eh tsvish-enn tsvi sah-tell- 
dech-ern. 

Valley Rafters, in Carpentry. The rafters 
placed in the internal angles or sloping 
sides of a double span roof, the two internal 
sides of which slope down to form the valley 
in which the valley board and. gutter are 
placed. A valley rafter is sometimes called 
a “jack rafter,” sometimes a “gutter rafter.” 
Der. Our word valley comes from the Latin 
vallis, a hollow, or the lowest place between 
two rising grounds, or from the French 
vallée, another French synonym for which 
is noulet—pron. nooh-lay. Syn. Fr. for 
“ valley-rafter,” Chevron a noulet — pron. 
shey-rohn ah noo-lay; Ger. Kehlsparren 
(from kehlen, to channei or make a gutter of) 
— pyon. kail-spar-renn ; also Sparren von 


195 


va 


zwei Satteldichern — pron. spar-renn fonn 
tzvih sat-tell-dech-errn. 

Valuation 0f Materials or Buildings. The 
calculation and drawing up of a statement 
or schedule of the prices or market value of 
the materials or of buildings. Der. Our 
word value comes from the Latin valere, 
to be worth, to be strong. Syn. Fr. for 
“valuation of materials of buildings,” Valu- 
ation des matériaux des bdtiments — pron. 
vahl-ue-ah-seeyon day mah-tair-ee-oh day 
bah-tee-mahn ; Ger. Schdtzung der Materialen 
fiir Bauwerk—pron. shets-oohng dare mah- 
tehr-ee-ahl-en fuer bough-vairrk. 

Wane, in Construction. The finial or 
highest part of the spire of a church or the 
turret of a building, so constructed that its 
tail or flat end, corresponding to the feather 
of an arrow, turns round with the wind, and 
remains opposite the quarter from which 
the wind blows; while the head, made as 
an arrow-head, points to the direction from 
which the wind comes, and thus indicates its 
“ quarter.” A synonym often used is 
‘“‘ weather-cock,” the vane being made in the 
form of the body of a cock, the tail being to 
the leeward, a direction opposite to that 
from which the wind blows, the head point- 
ing windward. It was so called, as the 
wind is popularly supposed to be the indica- 
tion of the coming weather. Der. Our word 
vane comes from the Old English fana, a 
banner, a piece of cloth or wood hung 
loosely to a high pole to show the way in 
which the wind blew. Syn. Fr. for “ vane,” 
Girouette—pron. jheer-ooh-ett ; Ger. Fahne 
—pron. fah-neh; for “weather vane,” 
Wetterfahne — pron. vet-terr; for “ wind 
vane,” Windfahne—pron. vinnd; for “roof 
vane,’ Dachfahne—pron. dach. 

Vanishing Point, in Perspective Archi- 
tectural Drawing. The point to which all 
the visual rays from the points of objects 
converge, so as to show the gradually les- 
sening dimensions of points as they recede 
from the eye, till, if they were extended 
enough, they would gradually disappear. 
Der, Our word vanish comes from the Latin 
vanescere, to disappear, and this again from 
vanus, empty. Syn. Fr. Pointe fuyante— 
pron. pwahnt fwee-ahn, or Pointe ow les 
lignes d’un dessein disparaissent—pron. 00 lay 
leeng duuhn dess-aihn deess- pah - raiss ; 
Ger. verschwindender Punkt vom Riss—pron. 
ferr-shvin-denn-derr poonkt fom riss. 

Varnish, in Cabinet Making and Painting. 
A composition of various fluid and solid 
substances which, when melted or mixed, 
and laid on the surface of wood or of paint, 
gives a smooth, glossy, and shining appear- 
ance. Der. Our word varnish comes from 
the French vernis, and this from vernir, to 
varnish, the derivation of the French word 
being the Latin vitruere, to glaze ,and this 
from vitrum, glass. Syn. Fr. J ernis—pron. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


va 


vairr-nee; Ger. Firniss — pron. fearr-niss, 
Syn. Fr. for “to varnish,” Vernisser—pron, 
vairr-nee-say ; Ger. Firnissen—pron. fearr- 
niss-enn, Syn. Fr. for “varnisher,” Ver- 
nisseur—pron, vairr-nees-seuhr ; Ger. Polirer 
—pron. pol-ear-err, Syn. I'r. for “ varnish- 
ing,” Vernissage—pron. vairr-nees-sahj, or 
Vernissure — pron. vairr-nees-suehr; Ger. 
Firnissen—pron. fearr-niss-enn, 
Vault, i Building Construction. The 
name given to the roof of a structure in 
which the inner surface is concave and the 
outer convex, the plan of which is generally 
circular. The vault is thus an arched roof, 
but in which the arch and curved stones are 
wedge-shaped, — that is, they taper, so ta 
say, from the outer circle or inclosing wall 
of the building to the apex or centre of the 
vault. The vault does not seem to have 
been known to the Egyptians or to the 
Greeks; but it rapidly became a marked 
feature of late Roman architecture, and one 
which enabled the Romans to excel the 
Greeks in the science of construction, as the 
Greeks excelled them in the art of design, 
and as the Gothic builder excelled the 
Roman, The finest specimens of the vault 
are to be met with in the various Gothic 
buildings. Der. Our word vault comes from 
the Italian volta, or from the Latin volvere, 
volutum, to roll or turn about. In some 
districts of our country, and by some old 
artisans, a vault is termed a voot, which in 
pronunciation at least is almost identical 
with the French name. Syn. Fr. Voitite 
—pron. voot; also Souter7ain—pron. sooh- 
terr-aihn; also Caveaw — pron. kah-voh ; 
Ger. Gewélbe—pron. geh-voell-beh. Syn. Fr, 
for “a barrel or semi-cylindrical vault, like 
a tunnel,” Berceau—pron. bairr-soh; also 
Votite en tonnelle—pron. vooht ahn toh-nell, 
or Votite sur le noyauw (see Newel)—pron. 
suehr leh no-yoh; Ger. Halbkreisgewélbe— 
pron. halb-krice-geh-voell-beh, or TYonnen- 
gewilbe — pron. tonn-enn, or Kufgewdlbe 
(Kufe, a tub or barrel) — pron. kooh-feh, 
Syn. Fr. for “a cross vault or cross-arched 
vault,” Vote d’aréte—pron. darr-ate ; Ger. 
Grathgewélbe, or Wahmgewélbe—pron. vahm, 
Syn. Fr. for “a domed or domicil or semi- 
spherical vault,’”’ Vozite sphérique, or en dime 
—pron. sphare-eek, ahn dohm ; Ger. Kessel- 
gewélbe—pron. kess-ell—i.e. like the curved 
semi-spherical top of an inverted kettle, 
or Walm- (slope) gewdlbe — pron. vahlm ; 
or kugelrundes Gewélbe—pron. koo-gell-roon- 
dess. Syn. Fr. for “ elliptical-shaped vault,” 
Votte en ellipse—pron. vooht ahn ell-leepse ; 
or Voiite elliptique—pron. ell-eep-teek ; Ger. 
elliptisches Gewdlbe— pron. ell-ipp-tish-ess, 
Syn. Fr. for “a cone-shaped or conical vault,” 
Votte conique—pron. konn-eek ; or Voite de 
trompe— pron. deh troahmp; Ger. Kegel- 
gewolbe (Kegel, a cone)—pron. kay-gell ; or 
Trompengewolbe— pron, tromm-penn, Syn. 


196 


va 


Fr. for “a vault with haunches filled up” — 
that is, with a flat plane or leveiled outside 
or upper surface—Voiite extra-dossée (i.e. a 
vault extra backed or topped) —pron. ex- 
trah doss-eh; Ger. Gewdlbe mit glattem 
Riicken (i.e. with even or level back or upper 
surface) — pron. mit glatt-em ruek-kenn. 
Syn. Fr. for “a fan-shaped or fan vault,” 
Votite avec nervures rayonnantes (t.e. with 
radial ribs)—pron. ah-veck nairr-vuehr ray- 
yohn-ahnt; Ger. Gewélbe mit strahligen 
Rippen (radiated also, for this strahlenden)— 
pron. mit strah-lich-en rip-pen; or Fiicher- 
gewolbe (i.e. fan-shaped vault)—pron. fech- 
err. Syn. Fr. for “a vault with fan-shaped 
tracery work,” Vodte decorée avec nervures 
naissant du chapiteau et divergent a la téte or 
au cintre—pron, day-korr-ay ah-vekk nair- 
vuehrr nay-sahnt dueh shah-peet-oh eh dee- 
vairr-jahn-t-ah lah tayt, or oh saihn-terr ; 
Ger. Gewdlbe mit Facher-masswerk—pron. mit 
fech-err mahss-vairrk. Syn. Fr. for “a full- 
centred arch vault,” Vodite a l’are droit—pron. 
ah lahrrk drwah; or Voiite avec plein cintre 
—pron. ah-vekk plaihn saihn-terr ; or Voiite 
en berceau—pron. ahn bairr-soh; Ger. Halb- 
kreisgewilbe, Syn. Fr. for “a Gothic or 
pointed-arch vault,” Vovite gothique— pron. 
goh-teek; or Voiite ogivale—-pron. oh-jee- 
vahl: Ger. gothisches Gewélbe—pron. goh- 
tish-ess; or Spitzbogengewdlbe—pron. spits- 
boh-genn. Syn. Fr. for “a cylindrical vault 
built on the skew” or “a skewed barrel 
vault,” Vozite en arc de cercle—pron. arrk 
deh sairr-kell ; Ger. schiefes Gewdlbe—pron. 
sheeh-fess (schief, oblique). Syn. Fr. for 
“a vault built on the incline” or “on a 
sloping surface,” Voiite en berceau rampante 
—pron. rahm-pahnt; Ger. Gewdlbe mit 
abschiissigem Fussboden (i.e. with sloping 
floor)—pron. mit app-shuess-ich-em fooce- 
boh-denn. Syn. Fr. for “a vault on the 
incline and turning or bending round as it 
proceeds,” Vote en berceau rampante et 
tournante—pron. toohr-nahnt ; Ger. Gewélbe 
mit abschiissigem und wendendem Fussboden. 
Syn. Fr. for “the rise or height of a vault,” 
Montée de votte—pron. mohn-tay; Ger. 
Gewilbehéhe; also Hauptmass eines Gewélbes 
—pron. howpt-mahss ine-ess geh-voehl-bess. 
Syn. Fr. for “a vault the rise or height of 
which is more than half of the span or 
diameter of the vault,” the technical term 
for which is surmounted—Voiite surmontée 
or surhaussée—pron. suehr-mohn-tay or suehr- 
hoce-ay ; Ger, iiberhabenes Gewdlbe—pron. 
ueb-err-hah-benn-ess, Syn. Fr. for “a vault 
the rise or height of which is less than half 
the span or less than the radius of the vault” 
—technically termed a “ surbased”’. vault— 
Votite surbaissée—pron. suehr-bayss-ay, or 
Votte a panier d’dne (so called from its 
supposed resemblance to the shape of the 
pannier of an ass)—pron. pahn-nee-ay dahn. 
Syn. Fr. for “vaulted construction,” Con- 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ve 


struction voitée or bombée — pron. konn- 
struek -see-on voo-tay, bomm-bay; or 
Construction en arc or are convere—pron. 
ahng arrk, cohn-vaix ; or Construction cintrée 
—pron. saihn-tray; Ger. bogenfirmiges 
Bauwerk — pron. boh - genn - foerrm - ich - es 
bough-vairrk, or gebogenes Bauwerk—pron. 
geh-boh-genn-ess ; or bogenrundes Bauwerk 
— pron. boh-genn-roohnd-ess, or Gewdélbe- 
bauwerk, Syn. Fr. for “ vaulting,” Con- 
struction des votites—pron. kohn-struek-see-on 
day vooht; Ger. Gewélben—pron. geh-voell- 
benn. 

Veins, in Materials, As veins in stone, 
marble, etc., or in wood; although the 
synonym “grain” is much more frequently 
used to indicate the peculiar appearance 
which veins give to timber when worked, 
planed, and polished. Another synonym 
for veins in timber or wood is “humour.” 
Veins may be popularly described as the 
marks or what are called streaks of a 
different shade, or of a different colour, 
which run across the surface of a material, 
assuming a variety of forms, as straight 
pitched, or wavy. They are caused in stone 
by the admixture of some substance foreign 
to or different from the general constitution 
of the block, as the red streaks or veins in 
sandstone by the presence of oxide of iron. 
In timber they are caused by different 
conditions of the sap; hence the term 
“humour” noted above. Der. Our word, as 
now applied, is taken from the veins of the 
human body, which show through the skin 
a wide and singularly diverse ramification ; 
or it may be adapted from the veins of a 
leaf, the delicate ribs which support the 
membrane, and which are so beautiful in 
their ramification. The word itself comes 
from the Latin vena, or more directly from 
the French veine. Syn. Fr. for “vein of 
stone,” Veine de pierre—pron. veinn deh pee- 
air; also Fil de bois—pron. feel deh bwah; 
Ger. Ader or Blasen im Stein—pron. ah-derr, 
blah-zen im stine. Syn. Fr. for “vein in 
marble,” Veine or Fil de marbre — pron. 
mahr-berr; Ger. Ader im Marmor. Syn. Fr. 
for “to vein wood,” Veiner le bois—pron. vein- 
eh leh bwah; Ger. Holz adern—pron. hollts 
ah-derrn. Syn. Fr. for “to vein wood in 
imitation of marble,” Marbrer—pron. mahr- 
bray. Syn. Fr. for “veined,” Veiné—pron. 
vein-eh ; also Veinewx—pron. vein-euh ; also 
Filandreux—pron. feel-ahn-dreuh, or Filar- 
dewe —feel-ahr-deuh ; Ger. Aderig— pron. 
ah-derr-ich, or Faserig—pron. fahs-err-ich 
(from Faser, a vein). 

Veneer, in Cabinet Making. A thin layer 
or sheet of wood of superior quality and of 
a different kind for covering the surface of 
another and thicker piece of wood of lower 
value. Thus common hard wood may be 
covered with a veneer of walnut- or rose- 
wood, etc. Der, Our word is from the 


197 


ve 


French fournir, or the German furnieren, to 
furnish. Syn. Fr. for “veneer,” Plaque de 
bois, or en bois—pron. plahk deh bwah, ahn 
bwah; also Placage en bois—pron. plahk- 
ahj; also Feuille de placage en bois—pron. 
fueh-eel ; Ger. Furnierholzblatt—pron. foohr- 
nearr-hollts-blatt. Syn. Fr. for “to veneer 
wood,” Plaquer de bois—pron. plah-kay ; 
Ger. Holz aston — pron, hollts foohr- 
nearr-enn. Syn. Fr. for “ veneering,” 
Placage en bois; Ger. Helzfurnierung—pron, 
hollts-foohr-near-oong. 

Wenetian Door, in Construction, A door 
which has two narrow windows or lights, 
one on each side. The windows are shorter 
than the height of the door, terminating at 
a height from the door sill or step about 
one-third or so of the full height of door. 
Syn. Fr. Porte a la Venitienne—pron. porrt 
ah lah vain-ee-sienn; Ger. Venezianische 
Thiire —pron, vay-nay-tseeah-nish-eh tueh- 
reh. 

Venetian Window, in Construction. A 
three-light window. The central light is 
much broader than the side lights, which 
are narrow—about one-third or one-fourth 
of the width of the centre window. The 
side lights are separated from the central 
one by broad solid piers; the height of all 
the three lights is the same. Syn. Fr. for 
Venetian window,” Fenétre a la Vénitienne 
—pron. fen-ne-terr ah lah vain-ee-sienn ; 
Ger. Venezianisches Fenster—pron. vay-nay 
tseeah-nish-ess fenn-sterr. 

Vent, in Construction. A Scottish 
synonym for “chimney flue” (which see). 
The term is also applied in many cases in 
construction as a “vent hole ”—that is, an 
aperture to admit of the escape of smoke, 
air, water, etc. Der. Our term is from the 
Latin ventus, wind. Syn. Fr. Venteaw—pron. 
vahn-toh; also Orifice—pron. oh-ree-feece ; 
also Ouverture—pron. ooh-vairr-tuehr ; also 
Evanteau—pron. eh-vahn-toh, or Evanteuse 
—pron. eh-vahng-teeuze : if provided with a 
valve or flap to open and close the valve, 
the words avec soupape (pron. ah-vekk sooh- 
pahp) to be added to the above; Ger. 
Windhéhle—pron. vind-hoeh-leh, or Windloch 
—pron. vind-loch (och as in the Irish “ Och- 
hone”) ; also Awsflucht—pron. owss-floocht ; 
also Blashéhle (from blasen, to blow)—pron. 
biahs-hoeh-leh; also Venti1—pron. vahn- 
teel : if the vent has a valve, Klappenwindloch 
—pron. klapp-enn-vind-loch ; also Klappen- 
blashohle. 

Ventilation, in Construction. The art of 
supplying apartments in domestic structures 
and public places of assembly with fresh or 
pure air, and withdrawing the foul produced 
by breathing, or by consumption of gas, etc. 
With many, ventilation is considered as 
merely concerned with’ the first of these 
objects; but this is the fruitful source of 
the disappointments so frequently met with 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ve 


in connection with attempts to ventilate 
places occupied by man and by animals. No 
ventilation can be such in the true sense of 
the term, unless the withdrawal of foul 
and the admission of fresh air be carried 
out pari passu, or in conjunction. Der. Our 
word “ ventilate” comes from. the Latin, the 
root of which is ventus, the wind; from this 
the diminutive ventulus, a little or gentle 
wind, a wafting, and from this ventulare, 
ventulatum, to expose to gentle or light 
currents of air, to fan. Syn. Fr. for “ven- 
tilation,”’ Ventilation—pron. vahn-tee-lah- 
see-yon; also Aérage— pron. ah-air-ahj; 
Ger. Ventiliren—pron. venn-tee-leer-enn ; 
also Ausliften (Luft, the air)—pron. owss- 
luehf-tenn, or Ausliiftung der Windfdnge 
(Fang, draught) — pron. owss - leuhfft - 
oohng dare vind-feng-eh, Syn. Fr. for 
“ventilator,” Ventilateur—pron, vahn-tee- 
lah-teuhr ; also Aspiratewr—pron. ah-spee- 
rah-teuhr; Ger. Windréhre — pron. vind- 
roehr-eh, or Windfangrohr or Windrad — 
pron. vind-rahd (Aad, a wheel, referring to 
the whirling ventilators used largely years 
ago in windows with the idea that the 
motion of the vanes of the wheel caused by 
the incoming or outgoing of the air helped 
largely to withdraw foul air from the room); 
also Luftzubringer — “ air bringer” (from 
bringen, to bring, to convey or carry)— 
pron. looft-tsoo-bring-err, or Luftascendung. 
These two last terms apply, the first to ven- 
tilation for the supply of fresh or pure air, 
and the second to the withdrawal of foul air, 
Syn. Fr. for “to ventilate,” Ventiler—pron. 
vahn-tee-lay ; also Renouveler l’air —pron. 
reh-nooh-vel-lay lairr, or Conduire lair— 
pron. kohn-dweer lairr; also more precisely, 
as embodying the two essentials of ventila- 
tion as noted above, Fournir or Donner et 
oter Tair d’une chambre—pron. foohr-neer, 
or donn-eh ay oh-tay lairr duuhn shahm- 
berr ; Ger. Luft zufiihren (literally “to drive, 
to carry, or convey air’”’)—pron. looft tsoo- 
fuehr-enn; also Ventiliren—pron. ven-tee- 
lee-ren ; also frische Luft ein und schlechte 
—pron. frish-eh looft ine oohnt shlech-teh, 
or schmutzige Luft auslassen—pron, shmoot- 
sich-eh looft owss-lass-enn. Syn. Fr. for 
“ventilating pipe,” otherwise termed “venti- 
ductor,” Tuyau d’aérage or de ventilation— 
pron. twee-yoh dah-airr-ahj, vahn- tee- 
lah-see-yon ; also Tuyau d’éventeau or Ven- 
tilateur, or Aspirateur (see above); also 
Tuyau  aérique — pron. ah-airr-eek; Ger, 
Luftrohr; also Windausgang, or -eingang ; 
also Dunstrohr (Dunst, vapour). Syn. Fr, 
for “valve for ventilating pipe,” to regulate 
the velocity of the current of air passing 
through it, Soupape or Clapet (flap, valve) 
de tuyau de ventilateur — pron. mishabarg 
Ger. Windrohrklappe, or Windrohrthirsc vel 
—pron. tuehr-shell. 

Verandah, in Domestic Architecture. 


A 


198 


ve. 


covered way open at one side, surrounding 
or partly surrounding a house, generally at 
the level of the ground-floor. ‘The feature 
of the verandah is a light roof projecting 
and sloping from the outside wall of house 
of a comparatively narrow width, open at 
the outside, and supported by small pillars 
placed at intervals in the ground. The 
eaves or gutter side of the verandah may be 
ornamented, and scroll brackets may spring 
from the upper part of the pillars, or creep- 
ing plants may ke trained along the eaves 
and up the pillars to give decorative effects. 
The object of the verandah is to give outside 
access from one part of the house to the other 
without exposure to rain, etc., or to afford 
in hot climates a shaded and cool promenade. 
Der. Our word comes from the French 
Vérande—pron. vair-ahnd; Ger. Veranda— 
pron. vair-ann-dah; also Vorbauwerk — 
literally “the before building ’—pron. fore- 
bough-vairrk. 

Vermiculated Work, in Jasonry. The 
surface of a stone which is tooled or worked 
so as to give projections having the waving 
appearance of worm-like objects is so 
called. Der, From the Latin vermiculus, a 
little worm. Syn. Fr. for “vermicular” or 
“vermiculated,” Vermiculé—pron. vairr-mee- 
kueh-lay ; Ger. Wurm érmig—pron. voorrm- 
foehr-mich. Syn. Fr. for “vermiculated 
work,” Ouvrage vermiculé—pron. oohv-rahj ; 
also Vermiculure — pron. vair-mee-kuuh- 
luuhr; Ger. Wurmlinienwerk—pron. voorrm- 
leen-yenn-vairrk. Syn. Fr. for “to vermicu- 
‘late stone,” Pierre orner de vermicules — 
pron. pee-air ohr-nay ; Ger. Stein wurmlinig 
behauen — pron, stine voorrm-leen-ich beh- 
how-enn. 

Vestibule, in Domestic Architecture. An 
outer hall or lobby through which one has 
to pass to reach the inner hall or lobby 
proper. Der. Our term is the same in spelling 
as the French, and comes direct from the 
Latin vestibulum. Syn. Fr. Vestibule—pron. 
vaiss - tee - buehl ; cal Vorplatz vor der 


Hauptthiire — literally “the front or 
ae before the principal or head 
oor. 


Viaduct, in Construction. A structure of 
stone or brick which spans a valley or 
depression in the ground over which to 
carry a roadway nearly on the level of the 
two approaches, It is distinct from a bridge, 
the latter being generally confined to the 
arched structure which spans a river, rail- 
way, or waterway. Der. Our word comes from 
the Latin via, a way, and ducere, to lead 
or direct. Syn. Fr. Viaduc—pron. vee-ah- 
duukk ; Ger. der Viaduct — pron. vee-ah- 
dookt. 

Vibration, in Construction. A sign of 
weakness in parts moving or being capable 
of moving by the application of an exterior 
force, as that of the wind, which ought to 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


Vi 


be stable (which see) or steady. Der. Our 
word vibrate comes from the Latin vidrare, 
vibratum, to move from side to side, to 
oscillate. Syn. Fr. for “to vibrate,” Faire 
Voscillation—pron, fairr loss-seel-ah-seeyong, 
or Faire vibrer — pron. vee-bray ; Ger. 
Vibriren—pron. vee-breer-enn ; also Schwin- 
gen—pron. shving-enn ; also Oscilliren—pron. 
oss-sill-ear-enn. Syn. Fr. for “ vibration,” 
as of a beam, Vibration d’une poutre—pron. 
vee-brah-seeyon duehn pooh-terr; also 
Frémissante (from frémisser, to shake) d’une 
poutre —- pron. fray - meese-ahngt; Ger. 
Schwingung eines Balkens — pron. shwing- 
oong ine-ess bahl-kenns, Syn. Fr. for 
“vibratory,” Vibratoire — pron. vee-brah- 
twahr; Ger. Schwunghaft—pron. shwoong- 
hafft. 

Vice, in Tools. A mechanical appliance 
by which objects in construction, as bars of 
iron or steel, or saw blades, are held fast and 
immovable while they are being worked and 
tooled. The vice of the ordinary kind 
consists of two parts—one, the fixed leg or 
standard, which is secured firmly and per- 
manently, or for the time required, by a 
clamp piece secured to the board or working 
bench ; the lower part of this rests on the 
floor, the upper part is widened out to form 
a jaw, the inner face of which is of hardened 
steel, and roughened somewhat like a file 
in order to give it a good grip of the body 
to be held init. The other leg is jointed at 
its lower extremity to a lug made in the 
longer leg or standard, and is provided at 
its upper extremity with a jaw similar and 
corresponding to the jaw of the fixed leg. 
The outside leg, which is jointed to the fixed 
leg, is provided with a swell or flat circular 
part in which a screwed aperture is made. 
The screw which passes through this is 
jointed to the fixed leg, and in turning it 
round the jaw of the movable leg is brought 
nearer to or taken from the fixed leg, turning 
the screw by means of a handle passing 
through an eye made in the movable 
standard or leg. By a proper adjustment 
of the screw any object can be held fast as 
desired. Syn. Fr. for “ vice,” or screw-vice 


as it is sometimes called, Htaw— pron. 
eh-toh; also Valet — pron. vuh-lay; Ger. 
Schraubenstock — pron. shrowb-enn-stokk, 
Syn. Fr. for “ vice bench,” Banc d’étau ; Ger. 
Schraubebank, Syn. Fr. for “small hand- 
vice,” Htau & main—pron. ate-oh ah maihn; 
Ger. Handschraubentock-—pron, hant. 
View, in Architectural Drawing, A 
synonym for a drawing or picture of a 
building, applied almost exclusively to per- 
spective drawings, whether ordinary or 
isometrical perspective. Der, Our word view 
comes from the French vue, from voir, and 
this from the Latin videre, to see. Syn. Fr. 
for “perspective view,” Vue perspective — 


199 


Vi 


pron. vueh pairr-spekk-teev®, Ger. Perspek- 
tévaufriss — pron. pairr-spek-teef-owff-riss, 
or Fernsichtaufriss—pron, fairrn-zicht. Syn. 
Fr. for “isometrical view,” Vue tsométrique 
pron. eese-oh-may-treek ; Ger. isometrischer 
Aufriss— pron. eeze - oh - may - trish - err. 
Note.—Isometrical differs from ordinary 
perspective, inasmuch as all the lines are 
as capable of being measured from an ordi- 
nary scale of equal parts as drawings made 
in the ordinary mode of plane, or ortho- 
graphical projection—in plan, elevation, and 
section. ‘This advantage does not belong to 
ordinary perspective, as there is no scale 
common to all the lines or parts. The term 
isometrical denotes that all the lines are of 
equal measurements, and the art proceeds 
on the theory that all the points of the 
object are viewed from an equal distance. 
Isometrical drawings of plans of houses and 
of details give very much the appearance of 
a solid model. 

Villa, in Domestic Architecture. One of 
the classes of houses of a superior kind, 
approaching in extent and kind of accom- 
modation to the large country mansion, and 
of more pretentious character in design and 
‘costliness of construction than the villa- 
cottage or cottage-villa. The villa proper 
is generally of the class of houses known as 
“detached ’—that is, standing in and sur- 
rounded by its own grounds, which are 
usually more extensive than those of the 
cottage-villa or villa-cottage. It is, not- 
withstanding, now the practice to call many 
semi-detached large houses villas, and even 
some in streets are so distinguished. The 
villa proper has stables and outhouses con- 
nected with its grounds, as it is usually 
occupied by those possessed of means suffi- 
cient to keep a carriage. The lawn, the 
shrubbery, and ornamental garden, the 
flower and the kitchen garden, are all parts 
of the villa proper site and grounds; and if 
those are of sufficient extent, the approach 
to the house from the road is by a carriage 
drive, which is screened as much as possible 
from the house by shrubbery judiciously 
disposed. A villa may either be suburban 
or rural in position: properly it is a country 
house. Der. (same as “village ”—a small 
collection of houses in a country district)— 
from the Latin villa, a farm or farmhouse, 
which is a contraction of vicilla, and which, 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


wa 


again, comes from, or is a diminutive of, 
vicus, a street. Hence arises our distinction 
of a ‘‘country villa,” a “town” and a 
“suburban villa.” Syn. Fr. Maison de 
campagne—pron. may-sohn deh kahm-pah- 
eeng — though the term “villa”, is used 
much in France in the same sense as we 
employ it—pronounced, however, in accord- 
ance with the spirit of the language, veel- 
ah ; also Meswage—pron. mess-ueh-ajh ; Ger. 
Landhaus — pron. lahnt - house, or Land- 
wohnung (Wohnung dwelling-house)—pron. 
voh-noong. 

Vista, in Garden Design and Architecture. 
An opening judiciously made in a garden 
wall or in a clump or plantation of trees, or 
skilfully taken advantage of if natural, 
through which a distant view of the coun- 
try or scenery behind may be obtained. 
In laying out the grounds, or in deciding 
upon the site of a large villa or mansion, 
the architect may show his taste and skill 
in so arranging them that a great point of 
attraction in the property may be obtained. 
The point is not always thought of, as may 
be witnessed in some casés, where the house 
turns, so to say, its back upon what is 
naturally a very lovely view. Der. Our 
word vista comes from the Italian, and this 
from the Latin videre, to see. Syn. Fr. 
Echappée de vue —pron. eh-sha-ppay deh 
vueh ; also Claire vue or voie (“clear view 
or way”) — pron. klairr vwah; Ger. Feld- 
aussicht (‘ field outlook ”) — pron, felt-owss- 
zicht ; also Aussichtliicke (Liicke,a gap, an 
opening)—pron. owss-zicht-luek-keh, 

Void, in Building. A term used to indi- 
cate open spaces or apertures left in the 
walls of a structure, as the openings for 
windows, doors, etc. Der. Our word comes 
from the Latin viduus, or, perhaps, more 
directly from the French vide, both terms 
meaning empty, vacant. Syn. Fr. for 
“void,” Mur vide—pron. muuhr veed, or 
simply Vide; Ger. (for “window or door 
void”) Fensteréffnung or Thirdffnung—pron. 
fenn-stare- or tuehr-oef-noong. 

Voussoirs, in Masonry. The wedge- 
shaped stones which are used in the building 
of anarch. Syn. Fr. Voussoir—pron. vooh- 
swahr ; also Vousseau—pron. vooh-soh; Ger. 
Gewélbekeilstein (Keil, a wedge)—pron. gay- 
voeh|-beh-kile-stine, 


Ww 


Wainscoating or Wainscoting, in 
Building and Painting. The lining or 
covering of walls where wood is used, 
being frequently ornamented with panelled 
or carved work, A term also used by 
painters to indicate that the wall surface 
is grained to imitate oak, oak being the 


wood formerly used, or chiefly so, for lining 
the walls of rooms. Der. From, or a cor- 
ruption of, the German Wagenschot, waggon- 
shell or covering, this being of oak. Syn. 
Fr, for “wood for wainscoting,” Lambrissage 
—pron. lahm-bree-sahj, or Boissage—pron. 
bwah-sahj; also Bois de lambris (lambris,. 


200 


wa 


lining of a room)—pron. bwah deh lahm-bree, 
or Bois & mur panneaux—pron. bwahze ah 
muehr pah-noh; Ger. Wagenschot — pron. 
vah-genn-shott, or Wagenschoss. Syn. Fr. 
for “ wainscoting,’ Lambdris — pron. lahm- 
bree; also Boisage— pron. bwah-sahj, or 
Boiserie—pron. bwahz-eh-ree ; Ger. Wand- 
bekleidung (wall-clothing)—pron. vahnt-beh- 
kly-doong; also Getéfel—pron. geh-tay-fel. 
Syn. Fr. for “wainscot,” Bois de chéne— 
pron. shayn; Ger. Hichholz or Eichenholz— 
pron. iche-hollts, eye-chen-hollts. 

Waling, in Foundation Work and Car- 
pentry. The longitudinal pieces used in 
piling work, as in cofferdams and the like, 
to connect the piles together at the head. 
Syn. Fr. for “ waling of piling work,” Moise 
d’ouvrage en pilotis—pron. moh-eeze doohv- 
rahj ahn pee-loh-tee; Ger. Bandbalken des 
Pfahlwerks —pron. bant-bahl-kenn dess pfahl- 
vairrks. 

Wall, in Masonry and Brickwork. A 
structure in stone or brick the height of 
which generally greatly exceeds its thick- 
ness or breadth in plan or edge or upper 
face. Its design is fo inclose space to afford 
shelter from the elements, or protection 
from attacking foes, as in the case of walls 
of fortifications. Der. The name is allied 
to the Latin vallum, a wall; but both in 
spelling and meaning it is identical with the 
Old English wall. Syn. Fr. for “wall,” Mur 
—pron. muehr, or Muraille—pron. muelhr- 
isle; Ger. Mauer—pron. mow-airr. Syn. 
Fr. for ‘to wall up ”’—that is, to inclose a 
space within or by walls,” Entourer de murs 
—pron. ahn-too-ray deh muehr; also Clore 
or Entourer or Renfermer avec des murs 
(clore, to inclose)—pron. kloar, ahn-toor- 
eh or rahnn-ferr-may ah-vek day muehr, 
or Closée en murs — pron, kloh-zay; also 
Enceindre de murs— pron. ahn-saihn-derr ; 
Ger. mit Mauern einschliessen — pron. mit 
mow-airrn ine-shleess-enn, or mit einer Mauer 
enthalten — pron. ent-hahlt-enn. Syn. Fr. 
for “inclosing walls,” Murs d’enceinte—pron. 
dahn-saihnt; Ger. Einhdgung von Mauerwerk 
—pron. ine-haig-oohng fon mow-err-vairrk, 
or Umfangmauer (Umfang, enceinte)—pron. 
oohm-fang. Syn. Fr. for “a wall breast 
high,” Mur appui—pron. ah-pwee, or Mur 
de parapet—pron. pah-rah-pay, or simply 
Parapet ; Ger. Briistungsmauer—pron. bruest- 
oongs-mow-err. Syn. Fr. for “a wall with 
batter” (see Batter), Mur gauchissante — 
pron. goh-shee-sahnt ; also Mur bouclé — 
pron. booh-klay, or Mur forjetée—pron. forr- 
zhett-eh ; Ger, Mauer mit Bauchen — pron. 
boy-kenn, or ausgebauchte Mauer. Syn. 
Fr. for “the principal wall of a_ build- 
ing,’ Gros mur—pron. groh, or Maitre 
mur — that is, “master wall” — pron. 
may-terr; also Maitresse muraille—that is, 
“mistress wall,”’—pron. may-tress muehr- 
abil; Ger. Hauptmauer—i,e, “ headwall ” 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


wa 


—pron. howpt. Syn. Fr. for “a _ blind 
wall”—that is, an expanse or surface of 
wall without any voids (see Void) or window, 
door or other openings or apertures in it— 
Mur sans jours—i.e. without daylights or 
openings—pron. sahn joohr; Ger. Mauer 
ohne Thiir- und Fensteréffnungen—pron. oh- 
neh tuehr oohnt fenn-sterr-oeff-noong-exn. 
Syn. Fr. for “drystone wall”—that is, a 
wall built with stones set without mortar, 
the bond being secured by interlocking the 
stones one with another—Mur en pierres 
séches — pron. muehr ahn pee-airr saish; 
also Mur pierrée — pron. pee-airr-eh ; 
Ger. Mauer mit Steinen ohne Mértel—pron. 
mow-err mit stine-en oh-neh moerr- 
tel; also Steinpackung ohne Mértel—i.e. 
stone-packing without mortar—pron. stine- 
pah-koohng; also trockene Steinmauer — 
pron. trok-kenn-eh stine-mow-err. Syn. Fr. 
for “stone wall,” Mur en pierres ; Ger. Stein- 
mauer. Syn. Fr. for “brick wall,” Mur en 
briques— pron. ahn breek ; Ger. Ziegelstein- or 
Backsteinmauer — pron. tsee - gell - stine or 
bakk-stine. Syn. Fr. for a “double wall,” 
Mur avec une cavité—pron. ah-vek uehn kah- 
veeh-tay, or Mur double—pron. dooh-bell ; 
Ger. Doppelmauer—pron, dop-pell; also 
Maueraushéhlung—pron. owss-hoehl-oong. 
Syn. Fr. for “outer wall,” Mur extérieur— 
pron. ex-tare-ee-yeuhr ; Ger, Aussenmauer— 
pron. owss-enn. Syn. Fr. for “ inside wall,” 
Mur intérieur—pron. in-tare-ee- yeuhr ; Ger. 
innere Mauer—pron. in-nerr-eh. Syn. Fr. for 
‘retaining wall,” for inclosing or facing soil 
or earth work behind, as in a road cutting, 
Mur de revétement, or & talus—pron. deh reh- 
vaitt-mahn, ah tah-iueh ; Ger. Futter (a lining 
wall)—pron. foot-terr, or Muttermauer. Syn. 
Fr. for *‘face of a wall,” Face de mur—pron. 
fahss ; Ger. Mauerstern — pron. mow-err- 
stairrn, or Sternseite—pron. site-eh. Syn. Fr. 
for “back of wall,’ Dos de mur—pron. doh ; 
Ger. Riickseite der Mauer --pron,. ruehk-zite-eh, 
Syn. re tor. walling,” Ouvrage en murs— 
pron. oohve-rahj ; also Maconnerie pour les 
murs—pron, mah-sonn-err-ee poohr lay; also 
Murage—pron. muehr-ahj ; Ger. Mauerwerk 
—pron. mow -err-vairrk. Syn. Fr. for 
“materials for building walls,” Matériaux 
pour la construction de murs—pron. mah- 
tare-ee-oh poohr lah kohn-struek-seeyon 
day; Ger. Mauerwerk Materialien — pron. 
mah-tairr-ee-ahl-yenn. Syn. Fr. for “ wall 
timber,” such as wall plates, wall wood 
bricks, bond timber, etc., Bois pour la con- 
struction de murs—pron. bwah; Ger. Holz- 
materialen fiir Mauerwerk—pron. hollts. 
Wall- plate. A piece of timber rect- 
angular, but small in section—as say 6 in. 
by 4in.—built into the wall or resting, in 
the case of ground or basement floors, on 
sleeper walls carried up from the ground, 
The office of the wall-plate is to afford a 
bearing surface for the ends of joists, which 


201 


wa 


are cogged on to it. Syn. Fr. Sabliere— 
pron. sah-blee-aire; also filet de bois, or 
de mur dormant—pron. fee-lay deh bwah, or 
muuhr dorr-mahn; Ger. Holzplatte der 
Mauer—pron. hollts-plat-teh dare mow-err ; 
also Fussbodenbalken Holzplatte—pron. fooss- 
boh-denn-bahl-kenn. 

Wardrobe, in Cabinet Making. A piece 
of bedroom furniture designed to hold 
clothing. It is high enough to allow of at 
at least one compartment in which dresses 
can be hung or suspended without being 
folded up, other compartments being filled 
with shelves and drawers. Wardrobes are 
generally made with a central door, usually 
furnished with a mirror, and with two 
side doors, the whole being of a design 
more or less elaborate. Der. The word 
ward is from the Old English weardian, to 
keep, to defend from—so that the piece of 
furniture is one which wards off or defends 
from intruders the robes or clothes locked 
up init. Syn. Fr. Grand armoire (a cup- 
board, press) — pron. grahnd ahr-mwahr; 
Ger. Kleiderschrank (Schrank, a cupboard, 
Scottice press)—pron. kly-derr-shrahnk. 

Warp, in Wood. Whena plank or board, 
which was originally quite flat, becomes 
more or less curved or twisted on the face, 
so that one part will be partly curved, the 
other flat, or one with two curved parts, but 
of contrary flexure, or so bent in opposite 
directions that it will not lie steady but 
rocks or lies unsteady, the plank or board 
is said to be ‘‘ warped.” Der. Our word 
warp comes from the Old English weorpan, 
to turn or twist from a straight line or 
course. Syn. Fr. for ‘ ‘to warp,” Se courber 
—pron, seuh koohr-bay, or Se défléchir— 
pron. day-flay-sheer; also Bois se gauchir— 
pron. bwah goh-sheer, or Se cambrer—pron. 
kahm-bray, or Se déjeter—pron. day-jhett-ay ; 
Ger. Windschief werden—pron. vind-sheef ; 
also Windisch werden—pron. vinn-dish. Syn. 
Fr. for “warped wood,” Bois déjeté—pron. 
bwah day-jhet-tay, or Bois gauché—pron. 
goh-shay, or Bois courbé—pron. koohr-bay ; 
Ger. geworfenes Holz—pron. gay-vorr-fenn- 
es hollts. Syn. Fr. for ‘‘ warping in wood,” 
Bois courbassage— pron. bwah koor-bass- 
ahj; also Gauchissage—pron. go-sheess-ahj ; 
also Gondolage—pron. gohn-doh-lahj ; Ger. 
Windschiefsein—pron. vind-sheef-zine ; also 
Werfen des Holzes—pron. vairr-fenn dess 
hollts-ess, 

Washhouse, in Domestic Architecture. 
An apartment fitted up with all the appli- 
ances required for washing the clothing of 
the household. Der. Our word is either 
from the Old English wascan or the German 
waschen, to cleanse the body with water. 
Syn. Fr. for “ washhouse,” Lavoir — pron. 
lah-vwahr; Ger. Waschhaus—pron. vahsh- 
howss. Syn. Fr. for “ washstand,” the table 
for holding the basin and appliances useful 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


wa 


in personal ablutions, Zavabo—pron. lah- 
vah-boh ; Ger. Waschtafel or Waschtisch— 
pron. vahsh-tah-fell, or -tish. 

Washboard, in Joinery. A synonym for 
“ skirting-board ” (which see). 

Waste Pipe, in Drainage and Sewerage 
Work. The pipe applied toa water cistern 
to carry off the surplus water and to prevent 
it flowing over the edges, or the discharge 
pipe of a water-closet. Der. Our term waste 
comes from the Old English westan, to 
diminish or wear away by degrees or minute 
quantities. Syn. Fr. for “a cistern waste 
pipe,” Tuyau de déchargement—pron. twee- 
yoh deh day-shahrj-mahn; or Tuyaw d’évacu- 
ation—pron. daive-ah-kueh-ah-seeon ; also 
Tuyau pour le décharge dexces de Veau— 
pron. poor leh day-shahrj deck-say deh loh, 
or Tuyau de décharge d'une citerne—pron. 
duuhn see-tairrn; Ger. Ausgangsréhre einer 
Wassercisterne — pron. owss-gahng-roeh-reh 
ine-err vahs-serr-sis-tairr-neh, 

Water Pipe, in Plumbing. A leaden or 
iron pipe to convey water to a building. 
Der. Our term water was spelt precisely 
the same in Old English. Syn. Fr. Tuyau 
de leau—pron. twee-yoh deh loh; Ger. 
Wasserréhre — pron. vahs -serr - roeh - reh. 
Syn. Fr. for “to lay water on to a house,” 
Alimenter Peau & la maison—pron. ah-lee- 
mahn-tay loh ah lah may-zohn; Ger. Wasser 
im Haus anlegen—pron. imm howss-ann-lay- 
genn, Syn. Fr. for “ underground water” 
in foundation work, Haw souterraine — 
pron. oh soo-tair-rain; Ger, Grundwasser 
—pron. groohnd-vahs-serr, Syn. Fr. for 
“water (or hydraulic) cement ”—i.e. cement 
which sets or hardens under or in water— 
Ciment hydraulique — pron, see-mahn hee- 
droll- eek; Ger. Wasser or hydraulischer 
kitt — pron. hee-drowl-ish-err  kitt. 
Syn. Fr. for “water mortar,” Mortier 
hydraulique—pron. mohr-tee-ay ; Ger. Was- 
sermédrtel — pron. vass-err-moer-tell, Syn. 
Fr. for “ water-closet,” in plumbing and 
sanitary work, Cabinet d’aisance—pron. kah- 
bee-nay day-zahnce, or Cabinet inodore— 
pron. ee-noh-door; or simply Cabinet; 
also JLatrine—pron. lah-treen; also indi- 
cated by the following: “0” (number 
nothing), “100” (numéro cent or one hundred), 
or “Jcv” (here). Ger. Wasserschlussabtritt 
—pron. vahss-err-shlooss-ahb-tritt, or, more 
frequently, simply Adtritt; also indicated by 
“0,” “jier” (here), or “100.” Syn. Fr. for 
“ waterproof roof,” Comble hydrofuge—pron. 
kohm-bell hee-droh-fuehj, or Comble imper- 
méable a l'eau — pron. aihm-pairr-may-ah- 
bell ah loh; also Comble imbrifuge—pron. 
aihm-bree-fuehj ; Ger. wasserdichtes Dach—- 
pron. vahs-serr-dich-tess dahch; also was- 
serfestes or regendichtes (rain-tight) Dach— 
pron. ray-genn-dicht-ess, Syn. Fr. for “ water 
reservoir,” Léservoir d’eau—pron. ray-zare- 
vwahr doh, or simply Reservoir; Ger. Wasser= 


202 


wa 


behdlter—pron. vahs-serr-beh-hell-terr. Syn. 
Fr. for “water cistern,” Citerne d’eau—pron. 
see-tairrn ; Ger. Wassercisterne—pron. vahs- 
serr-siss-tairr-neh, Syn. Fr. for “ water 
tank,” Caisse pour leau—pron. kayss poor 
loh; Ger. Wasserkasten — pron. vahs-serr- 
kass-ten, Syn. Fr. for ‘‘ watering or sprink- 
ling’’—otherwise termed slaking—“ of burnt 
or calcined limestone,” Arrosement du calcaire 
calcinée—pron, ah-rosse-mahn duuh kahl-kair 
kahl-see-nay; Ger, Wdsserung von ver- 
branntem Kalistein — pron. vahs-serr-oong 
fonn fairr-brahnnt-em kahlk-stine (calcini- 
ren [kahl]-see-neer-enn }, to calcinate). Syn. 
Fr. for “water channel,” Canal d'arros- 
sage — pron. kah-nal dah-ross-ahj; Ger. 
Wasserrinne — pron. vahs-serr-rin-neh, or 
Wasserkanal, or Wasserausflussbett — pron. 
owss-flooss-bett. 

Water Spouts, otherwise termed “ gur- 
goyles.” The parts of stone, with holes or 
apertures through them, designed to carry 
off the rain-water from the gutters of the 
roof. They form a characteristic feature 
of Gothic architecture, the old builders of 
which seem to have revelled in the strangest, 
weirdest, and generally the most thoroughly 
grotesque forms which they could give to this 
part of their work. The forepart of a griffin 
with extended claws clasping the stone tube 
is a common form forthe gurgoyle. Syn. Fr. 
for “ water spout,” in the architectural sense, 
Gargouille—pron. garr-goo-eel; Ger. Dach- 
rinne or Speidrachen. 

Water Table, in Building. The sloped 
part, often of splayed bricks, of the plinth 
or base of a building, forming a set-off near 
the ground or face of wall, by which rain- 
water is passed from the wall to the ground, 
so as to prevent it from lodging at the joint. 
The term is also applied to any projecting 
part of a wall below its main face, so as to 
carry safely the part above it. Syn. Fr. 
Platte @ Veau pour un mur—pron, plaht ah 
loh poor uehn muuhr ; also Surface oblique 
dun plinthe — pron, suehr-fahss oh-bleek 
duehn plaingt; also Glacis d’un plinthe— 
pron. glah-see; Ger. Wassertafel einer 
Mauer—pron. vahs-serr-tah-fell ine-err mow- 
air. 

Weather, To, in Masonry and Joinery. 
A term used to indicate the sloping of the 
upper surface of a projecting part, as a 
window-sill, from the inner side to the outer 
edge, in order to throw off the rain-water as 
it falls upon the surface. Der. Our word 
weather comes from the Old English weder, 
or the German wetter. Syn. Fr. for “to 
weather ” in masonry, Abriter les pierres— 
pron. ah-bree-tay lay pee-airr; Ger. Steiie 
auswettern—pron, stine owss-vett-ern. Syn. 
Fr. for “ weather sill or cill,” Larmier seuil 
de fenétre—pron. lahr-mee - yea seuhil deh 
fay-nay-terr; also Rejeteaw or Réverseau 
@une fenctre — pron, ray - jhett - oh, ray - 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


we 


vairr-soh ; Ger. Abwésserung einer Fenster- 
schwelle, or Fenstersohle, or Fenstersohlbank 
—pron. ahb-vess-err-oong i-nerr fen-sterr- 
shvel-leh, -zoh-leh, -zohl-bank. Syn. Fr. 
for “weather boarding,’ used to protect 
a building or parts during construction 
(the boards are generally feather - edged 
when used to protect or form the sides of a 
wooden or timber structure), Planches abri- 
tants les parties d’une maison en construction 
—pron. plahnsh ah-bree-tahn lay pahr-tee ahn 
kohn-strook-see-on ; Ger. Wetterbretter an 
einem Bau—pron. vett-err-brett-err an i-nem 
bow. Syn. Fr. for “ weather moulding,” 
Mouchette d’une corniche—pron. mooh-shett 
duehn kohr-neesh, or simply Mouchette ; also 
Larmier or Couronne d’une corniche—pron. 
lahr-mee-yea, koo-ronn; Ger. Kranzleiste— 
pron. krants-lice-teh ; also Dechkplatte—pron. 
dekk-plah-teh ; also Rinnleiste—pron. rinn- 
lice-teh. Syn. Fr. for “ weathering,” Glacis 
d'une surface—pron. glah-see duehn suehr- 
fahss ; also Une surface oblique, or en pente 
—pron. uehn suehr-fahss oh-bleek, ahn 
pahnt; Ger. Abwiisserung einer Fldche, or 
Oberfliche—pron. ahb-ves-serr-oohng i-nerr 
flech-eh, oh-berr-flehk-eh. 

Wedge, in Construction. A body made 
in the form of a double inclined plane, the 
two planes being placed base to base. A 
wedge is used for a wide variety of purposes 
—for cleaving or splitting or rupturing 
materials, as timber or stone, or for raising 
parts, such as the centre of an arch, by 
driving the wedges hard up, or lowering it 
by driving them out or by easing them. 
Wedges are also used as keys fer securing 
one part to another which are jointed. 
They are more generally called “keys” 
when used for this purpose; and these are 
not made with both sides sloping—one only 
being so, the other flat. Wedges and keys 
are made of wood or of iron. Der. Our word 
comes from the Old English wecg,a piece 
of wood with two sloping surfaces running 
from or forming a thick end to a fine sharp 
edge. Syn. Fr. for “wedge,” Coin—pron. 
kwahn ; also Lingot—pron. laihn-goh ; Ger. 
Keil— pron. kile; also Klumpen — pron. 
kloom-penn. Syn. Fr. for “ wooden wedge,” 
Coin de bois—pron. kwahn deh bwah; also 
Rabot—pron. rah-boh ; Ger. Holzkeil—pron. 
hollts-kile, or hélzerner' Keil—pron. hoehl- 
tserr-nerr-kile, Syn. Fr. for “iron wedge,” 
Coin de fer—pron. kwahn deh fairr ; Ger. 
Eisenkeil—pron. ize-enn-kile. Syn. Fr. for 
“wedge key,” Clef—pron. klay; Ger. Keil. 
Syn. Fr. for “wedge used in lowering the 
centre (framing) of an arch,” Coin de dé- 
cintrement d’un arc—pron. kwahn deh day- 
saihn-terr-mahn duehn ark; Ger. Bogenkeil 
—pron. boh-genn-kile ; also Keil des Zire 
kelbogens — pron. kile dess tseer-kell-boh- 
genns. Syn. Fr. for “wedging or wedging 
up,” Coinage—pron. kwahn-ahj; also Coin- 


203 


we 


cage—pron. kwahn-sahj; Ger. Verketlen— 
pron. ferr-kile-enn. 

Weight, Dead, in Construction. A term 
used to denote the amount of weight or 
pressure put upon a structure ina state of 
rest. Der. Our term “ weight” is from the 
Old English wiht, that which is heavy. Syn. 
Fr. for “dead weight,” Poids mort—pron. 
pwah mohr, or Poids actuel—pron. pwahd 
akk-tueh-ell; Ger. eigenes Gewicht (eigen, 
proper, self)—prcn. eye-genn-ess geh-vicht 
(ch guttural, see Dissertation) ; also Wicht- 
thdatig—pron. vicht-tay-tich. Syn. Fr. for 
“weight or specific gravity of materials,” 
Pesanteur or Poids spécifique des matériaux 
—pron. pay-sahn-teuhr or pwah spay-see- 
feek day mah-tair-ee-yoh; Ger. Schwere des 
Holzes—pron. shvair-eh des hollts-ess. Syn, 
Fr. for “weight (balance) for a sash- 
window,” Poid or Cylindre de fer d'un 
chassis a coulisse—pron. pwah or see-laihn- 
derr deh fairr duehn shass-eese ah kooh- 
leece; Ger. Wicht or EKvisencylinder eines 
Schiebefensters—pron. vicht or ize-enn-see- 
linn-derr i-ness shee-beh-fenn-stairce. Syn. 
Fr..for “window sash-weight cord,” Corde 
peur le poids Mun chassis a coulisse—pron. 
korrd; Ger. Wichtschnur eines Schiebe- 
Jensters. 

Weir, in Masonry. The structure built 
across a stream or watercourse to dam up 
the water to a certain level, and over which 
the overplus flows in time of flood-water, 
or when the water is not being used, as to 
turn a waterwheel. Syn. Fr. Déeversoir de 
Veau—pron. day-vair-swahr deh loh; Ger. 
Wasseriiberfall — pron. vahss-err-ueh-berr- 
fahl. 

Well, Water, or Spring-water Well, 
in Construction. The excavation or pit, 
generally circular in section or round in 
form, dug in the soil to intercept or catch 
and collect the water of a spring. Syn. Fr. 
Puits— pron. pwee; Ger. Brunnen— pron. 
brooh-nenn. Syn. Fr. for ‘the aperture or 
opening of a well,” Bouche de puits—pron. 
boosh; Ger. Brunnenhéhle — pron. brooh- 
nenn-hoeh-leh, Syn. Fr. for “well sinking,” 
Pomperie — pron, pohm -peh-ree; also 
Fontainerie — pron, fohn-tay-ner-ree; Ger. 
Brunnengrbaen — pron. brooh-nenn-grah- 
benn; also -sinken. Syn. Fr. for “a 
well sinker” (a trade), Puisatier — pron. 
pweeze-ah-tyay ; also Fontainier — pron. 
fohn-tane-yea ; Ger. Brunnengrdber—pron. 
broon - nen- gray - berr, or Brunnenbauer — 
pron. broon-nen-bow-err. 

Well of a Staircase, in Construction. The 
enclosed or open space reaching from one 
floor of a building to another, in which the 
stairs or staircase is erected. Syn. Fr. Cage 
d’escalier—pron. cahj dess-kahl-yea; Ger. 
Treppenhaus—pron. trepp-enn-house. Syn. 
Fr. for “well-hole of a staircase,’ Puits ; 
Ger. Treppenloch, Syu. Fr. for “a well 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


wh 


staircase,” Escalier a& limacon— pron. ess- 
kahl-yea ah leem-ah-son; Ger. Schnecken- 
treppe—pron, shneck-enn-trep-peh. 

Whetstone, or Setstone, or Sharpening 
Stone, in Tool Appliances. <A peculiar kind 
of stone used for giving a cutting edge to 
tools (see Setstone). Syn. Fr. Pierre a@ 
aiguiser—pron. pee-airr ah ay-gwee-zay, or 
Pierre a rasoir—pron. rah-zwahr; Ger. 
Schleifstein—pron. shlife-stine ; also Wetz- 
stein—pron. vetts-stine, or Abziehstein—pron. 
ahb-tsee-stine. 

White Lead, in Painting. A carbonate 
of lead commonly called “ white paint,” not 
only used for such when white-coloured 
surfaces are required, but largely employed 
as a basis for mixing up other colours, as it 
not only is fixed or fast, but gives what is 
termed a “body ” to the colour with which 
it is mixed. This makes it yield a paint 
or colour which looks thick or solid, so that 
the surface below will not show through, 
or the finished surface look thin and streaky. 
As a chemical composition it is highly 
objectionable from a sanitary point of view, 
the lead acting on tke system of those daily 
handling and using it, inducing the peculiar 
disease known as the “ painters’ colic.” On 
this account a white paint, known as “ zinc 
white,” has been introduced to supersede the 
white lead, but though it possesses a fine 
pure white colour, it lacks the “body” 
which gives the value to its rival, so that it 
is but comparatively little used. De. Our 
word white comes from the Old English 
hwit, that which has no colour, or is pure 
or clean. Scientifically considered, white is 
not acolour, absorbing none but reflecting 
all, just as black is no colour, as it absorbs 
all and reflects none. Syn. Fr. for “ white 
lead or paint,” Céruse—pron. sair-ueze.; also 
Llane de plomb—pron. blahng deh plohm, or 
Plomb blanc; also Blane de céruse; Ger. 
Lleiweiss (Blei, lead)—pron. bly-vice (this, 
however, is more used chemically in this 
form, as “sugar of lead); also, inverted, 
Weissblei, 

Whitewash. A colouring liquid cheaply 
and easily applied to walls of common 
structures, outbuildings, and the like, made 
of what is called “whiting,” in some dis- 
tricts ‘‘ whitening,” a washed: preparation of 
lime or chalk. Syn. Fr. Lait de chaux— 
pron. lay deh show, or Lait de chaux blanc; 
also Kau a& blanchir—pron. oh ah blahn- 
sheer ; also Echaudage—pron, eh-show-dabj ; 
Ger. Weisse—pron. vice-ech; also Kalkbriihe 
(Briihe, broth, soup)—pron. kahlk-brueh- 
eh, or Kalkmilech—pron. kahlk-milch ; also 
Tiinche—pron. tuehn-cheh ; and also, as 
an intensification of the term, Weisstiinche, 
“white whitewash.” Syn. Fr. for “ white- 
washing,” Peinture en lait de chaux—pron, © 
paihn-tuehr ahn lay deh show, or Bain de 
chaux—pron. baihn, or Mise au bain de 


204 


wi 


chaux—pron. meeze oh ; also Badigeonage— 
pron. bah-dee-jhon-ahj (this latter term, 
however, is, strictly considered, not con- 
nected with whitewashing, as the term 
means painting with stone colour—that is, 
the same medium as whitewash, with a 
yellow colouring-matter, as chrome-yellow, 
added in sufficient quantity to give the 
appearance of a stone); Ger. Kalkmilchan- 
strich—pron. kahlk - milkh -ann-strich, or 
Weissanstrich — pron. vice-ann-strich; the 
more correct term, however, is Weissen alone. 
Syn. Fr. for “ whitewash brush,” Pinceau pour 
le lait de chaux — pron. paihn -soh poor 
leh lay deh show; Ger. Maurerpinsel fir 
Weissen—pron. mow-rerr-pin-zell fuehr vice- 
enn. Syn. Fr. for “ whitewasher,” Badigeon- 
neur — pron. bah-dee-jhon-neuhr; Ger, 
Weissanstreicher — pron, vice- annu-strych - 
err. 

Wicket or Wicket Gate, in Joinery or 
Carpentry. A small light gate which opens 
into a side path or a field. Der. The word 
seems to be a corruption of wicker — z.e. 
made of twigs of trees or of willow wands, 
precisely as they may be seen to be made 
this day in our large forests, as those of the 
Continent. The word wicker comes from 
the Icelandic widir, adopted in the Old 
English phraseology, Syn. Fr. for “wicker,” 
Osier—pron, oze-yea (which word alike in 
spelling we have adopted); Ger. Weide— 
pron. vide-eh. Wicket gates are also 
adapted to the large entrance doors or gates 
of mansions and public places, by which 
entrance is obtained by passengers without 
the labour of opening or having opened the 
larger doors or gates. In such cases this 
convenience is called a “wicket door,” or 
simply a “wicket.” Syn. Fr. for “ wicket 
gate,” an opening in a fence or wall, Visiére 
— pron. veeze-yair; also Guichet — pron. 
ghee-shay (g hard, as in gold) ; Ger. Pfért- 
chen eines Gatterthors (Gatter, a gate; also 
Pforte, or Schlag, or Thor, or Haltung : a 
gateway is Gatterthiir)—pron. pfoehrt-chenn 
ine-ess gat-terr-toarrs ; also Guckfenster. 
This latter term, however, is properly a 
small window in a gate, and comes from the 
verb gucken, to look or to peep through— 
that is, Guckfenster is the small window 
fence or wicket which is opened to let the 
gatekeeper see whether the person is proper 
to be admitted by the wicket gate proper. 
Syn. Fr. for “wicket in a large door,” 
Guichet de porte—pron. ghee-shay deh porrt ; 
Ger, kleine Thiir in einem Thor—pron. kline- 
eh tuehr in ine-em tohr. 

Widening, in Construction. A term often 
used for enlarging, in the-sense of making 
broader, as widening of the trenches if a 
foundation, widening the surface covered 
by boards, or widening boards. Der. Our 
word wide comes from the Old English wid 
—that is, broad, of large surface or extent. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. wi 


The term width is from the German weite, 
or the Icelandic vidd—that is, the extent 
or breadth from one side of an object to 
another. Syn. Fr. for “ width,” Largeur— 
pron. lahr-jheur ; Ger. Weite—pron. vite-eh ; 
also Breite (breadth)—pron. brite-eh. Syn, 
Fr. for “ widening,” Aggrandisement—pron, 
ah-grahn-deeze-mahn, or Llargissement — 
pron. eh-lahr-jeess-mahn ; also Amplification 
—pron. ahm - plee - fee - kah-see-onn ; Ger. 
Erweiterung — pron. err-vite-err-oohng, or 
Vergrésserung — pron. ferr-groess-err-oong. 
Syn. Fr. for “width in the clear” (a term 
to indicate the full width or breadth of 
space between the inner sides or faces of 
two parts opposite to each other, as the 
piers of an arch, the jambs of a door void 
or opening, etc.), Largeur dans wuvre— 
pron. lahr-jheur dahnz euh-verr; Ger. 
Weite zwischen zwet Seiten—pron. vite-eh 
tzvish-enn tsvy zite-enn; also Lichtweite 
eines Raumes—i.e. “the light-width ”’—clear 
open extent of a space or void or a room)— 
pron. leecht-vite-eh ine-ess rowhm-ess. Syn. 
Fr. for “ width of a void,” as the opening 
for a door or window, or door in a wall, 
Largeur de jour—pron, lahr-jheur deh jhoor ; 
also Hchappée—pron. eh-shah-pay (from 
échapper, to escape) —literally ‘an open 
void or space through which light can 
slip or pass, or through which one can 


escape from aa inclosed space”; Ger. 
Lichtweite einer Oceffnung — ie. * light- 
spread of an opening” — pron. licht- 
vite-eh ine-err oeff-noong. Syn. Fr. for 


“width of a door,” Echappée dune porte ; 
Ger. Lichtweite einer Thir. Syn. Fr. for 
“width of a window,” Lchappée d’une 
fenétre; Ger. Lichtweite eines Fensters. 
The term Ouverture—pron. ooh-vair-tuehr— 
is also used in place of Echappée; thus 
Ouverture d’une porte or d'une fenétre means 
width of door or window void or space, the 
alternative phrase in German being Thiir- 
weite or Fensterweite. Syn. Fr. for “to 
widen,” as a hole or trench, Elargir—pron. 
eh-lahr-jeer, or Evaser—pron. eh-vah-zay ; 
also Agrandir—pron. ah-grahn-deer; Ger. 
Weitermachen — pron. vite-err-mach-enn ; 
also Erweitern —pron. err-vite-errn ; also 
Ausweiten—pron. owss-vite-enn. 
Winch, in Tools and Appliances. The 
mechanical arrangement by which bodies 
are raised by means of ropes, pulleys, and 
guys. It consists of a long wooden barrel 
or drum of comparatively small diameter, 
the ends of which are provided with iron, 
journals which are supported by and revolve, 
in the bearings of the framework, which 
with this barrel constitutes what is called 
a winch, <A crank handle at one end, or, as 
generally arranged, handles at both ends 
are secured to the journals by which the 
barrel is made to revolve, either winding on 
or wrapping round its surface or unwinding 


205 


wi ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Wi 


or unwrapping from it arope. This rope is 
led over a pulley, the block of which may 
be attached to a beam resting ona part of 
the building to which the heavy objects are 
desired to be raised or lifted, or the pulley- 
block may be secured to the upper end of a 
guy or a crane, to which also the winch 
may be secured at foot. The other or free 
end of the rope is that by which it is secured 
to the object to be lifted or raised. Der. 
The name winch is from the Old English 
wince, a circular part or reel upon which 
thread was wound. Syn. Fr. for “winch,” 
Manivelle du bourrique—pron..mah-nee-vell 
dueh boor-eek, or Manivelle du dividoir— 
pron. dee-veed-dwahr ; Ger. Haspel—pron. 
hass-pell. Syn. Fr. for “winch handle,” 
Manche or Levier de manivelle du bourrique 
—pron. mahnsh, ley-yea; Ger. Haspelhdndel 
—pron. hass-pell-hann-dell, or Haspelhand- 
habe—pron. hant-hah-beh. 

Winder, of a Staircase. A step the 
sides of which are not parallel, but one— 
the front edge of step—is placed obliquely 
to the other, so as to give a step one end 
of which is broader than the other. The 
winders of a staircase are so called as they 
cause the foot-holding surfaces or steps to 
wind round the well-hole, or to change their 
direction, as they increase or ascend in 
height. They are used only where the 
well-hole and the steps are so arranged in 
relation to each other that the height 
cannot be obtained by using parallel Jand- 
ings, which are the best and most convenient 
for changing the direction of the steps. 
Winders are always inconvenient — often, 
when they narrow off at the inner end 
nearest the newel post to almost nothing, 
very dangerous. Winders are most fre- 
quently met with in small houses, where the 
space for the rise of the staircase can only 
be made in a confined way. Their presence 
is always evidence of a badly designed 
staircase. Syn. Fr. for “winder” or “ wind- 
ing step,” Marche tournante—pron. marrsh 
toorn - aunt, or Marche dansante — pron. 
dahn-saunt; Ger. Wendelstufe (Stufe, 
step) — pron. venn-doong-stooh-feh, or 
Wendeltritistufe (“tread-step”)—pron. tritt ; 
also Wendeltreppe— pron. venn-dell-trepp- 
eh. Syn. Fr. for the “inner or narrower 
end of a winder or winding step,” Collet de 
marche (from col, a neck)—pron. koll-eh 
deh marrsh; Ger. inneres Ende der Wendel- 
trittstufe — pron. inn-err-ess enn-deh dare 
venn-dell-tritt-stooh-feh. 

Winding, in Construction. A term which 
has for its synonyms “off the flat” or 
“off the straight line,” curved or bent. Der. 
The term wind comes from the Old English 
windan, to turn round repeatedly, to coil up, 
as cord round a stick. Syn. Fr. for “to 
wind,” TYourner — pron. toohr-nay; also 
Dévider—pron. day-veed-eh ; also Entortiller 


—pron. ahn-torr-teel-yea; Ger. Linfahren— 
pron. ine-fah-renn; also Aufwinden—pyron. 
owff-vinn-denn. Syn. Fr. for “to wind up” 
or “hoist,” as with a winch or windlass, 
Guinder—pron. gaing-day; Ger. Winden— 
pron. vinn-denn, Syn. Fr. for “ winding in 
wood,’ Sinwosité du bois—pron. seen-ueh- 
oh-zee-tay dueh bwah ; Ger. Holzwindung— 
pron. hollts-vinn-doong. Syn. Fr. for “to 
take out the winding” or “to make flat or 
straight,” Dégauchir—pron. day-goh-sheer ; 
Ger. Emrichten—pron. ine-richt-enn; also 
Rechtmachen—pron. raycht-mach-enn. Syn. 
Fr. for “winding staircase,” Escalier tournant 
— pron. ess-kahl-yea toohr-nakn; Ger. 
Wendeltreppe — pron. venn- dell - trep - peh. 
Syn. Fr. for “winding rule” or “straight- 
edge,” in joinery, for testing the. lines of 
pieces of wood in taking out the winding, 
Réglet or Réglet double—pron. ray-glay dooh- 
bell; Ger. Richtlineal or doppeltes Richtlineal 
—pron., richt-lee-nee-ahl, dopp-pel-tess. 
Windlass, in Tools and Appliances. A 
machine for hoisting up or for dragging 
along with ropes or chains and pulleys, on 
the principle of the winch, but arranged 
with toothed-wheel gearing for modifying 
the speed of the winding-up barrel, or that 
on which the hoisting or dragging rope or 
chain is wound. Syn. Fr. Zrewl— pron. 
treu-eel; also Cabestan (our “capstan” comes 
from this)—pron. kah-beh-stahn, or Cabestan 
volant—pron. voh-lahn ; Ger. Hebezug (from 
heben, to heave or hoist)—pron. hay-beh- 
tsoog ; also Aranich—pron. krah-nich. 
Window, in Building. The aperture or 
“void” (which see) made in a wall in 
order to admit light to the space within. 
The term for the void is “ window void” or 
“ window opening.” The “ window” proper, 
in the constructive sense, is the framing— 
almost universally of wood, but in some 
cases, aS in workshops and other buildings, 
of iron—which fills up the void and which 
carries the panes of glass, which, while they 
admit light, exclude rain, and when well 
made wind or draughts of air. Der. The 
term, according to some, is from the Old 
English winddor, window being but a cor- 
ruption of this. The more accurate deriva- 
tion seems to be from the Icelandic vindunga, 
which means “ wind-eye ”—the Old English 
term meaning “wind door.” Window-frames 
or windows—to use the abbreviated term 
universally used—are all classed under two 
great divisions: those which are fixed and 
can neither be opened nor closed at will; 
and those which are capable of being wholly 
or partially opened in order to admit air 
to the apartment or to allow it to escape 
therefrom. Windows of the first class 
should never be used, for obvious reasons, 
especially in domestic houses; though they, 
nevertheless, from motives of economy, are 
but too frequently employed. Windows of 


206 


wi 


the second class are of several forms. The 
most simple is that in which the framework 
carrying the panes of glass is hinged to the 
style or jamb at one side, like a door, the 
framing opening either inwards or outwards 
—generally inwards; or the frame is cut, so 
to say, vertically to form two frames, each 
of which is hinged to the jambs, the two 
frames meeting in thecentre. This is termed 
a “casement window proper,” of which the 
best known form is the “ French,” generally 
known as a “ casement window,” as it is the 
one most chiefly employed. Another form 
of opening and closing window is one used 
in domestic structures of a humble character, 
and termed a “sliding,” sometimes a “rolling 
window.” In this the framing is generally 
much longer than broad, and when it is to 
be opened it is pushed back into a recess 
in the wall, which is made to receive 
it. In place of pushing back the whole 
frame carrying the glass, it may be divided 
vertically into two equal parts, these being 
pushed into wall recesses right and left. 
While the “casement window ” is the form 
chiefly—almost universally—used in France 
and the Continent generally, that employed 
in this country is what is known as the 
“sash window.” In this the framing carry- 
ing the glass panes is divided horizontally 
into two equal parts, termed “lights” or 
“sheets.” In the simplest form the upper 
light or sheet is capable of being lowered 
and raised, the lower light remaining a fixed 
member; or the case may be reversed, the 
lower sash being capable of being raised or 
lowered, while the upper sheet is fixed. 
This form is known as a “single-hung sash 
window.” In the best form of sash window 
both lights or sheets are capable of being 
raised or lowered, and this form takes the 
name of “a double-hung sash window.” 
The raising and lowering of the respective 
sheets or lights — upper and lower frames 
—is simple in character, the frames being 
suspended by ropes—‘‘sash cords ”—pass- 
ing over pulleys— “sash pulleys” — and 
their weight counterbalanced by cylindrical 
masses of cast iron, termed “sash weights.” 
The sashes or sheets are kept in position by 
sliding in recessed parts made at each side 
of the window framing fixed on or secured 
to the wall at the sides of the void. The 
term “sash” is derived from, or a corrup- 
tion rather of, the French word chéssis, a 
window frame, Syn. Fr. for “window” 
simply, Fenétre—pron. feuh-nay-terr ; also 
Croisée—pron. krwah-zay ; Ger. Fenster— 
pron, fenn-sterr. Syn. Fr. for “ hinged 
window,” Fenétre avec gonds—pron, ah-vekk 
gohng, or charniéres—pron, sharr-niairr, or 
pentures—pron. pahn-tuehr; Ger, Fenster 
mit Haspen—pron. mit hass-penn, or mit 
Charnier — pron, sharr-nearr, or Thiir- 
angel—pron. tuehr-alng-ell, Syn. Fr, for 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


wi 


“casement window,” Fenétre croisée, or 
simply Croisée; Ger. Fensterfliigel — pron. 
fenn-sterr-flueh-gell. Syn. Fr. for “window 
sash,” Chassis de fenétre— pron. shahss-ee 
deh feuh-nay-terr, or Chassis @ verre—pron. 
ah vairr; Ger. Fensterrahmen—pron. fenn- 
sterr-rahm-enn. Syn. Fr. for “sash window,” 
Chassis @ coulisse—pron. kool-eess (coulisse, 
groove, sliding board); also Fenétre a guil- 
lotine — pron. ghee-loh-teen, or @ coulante 
—pron. kooh-lahnt; Ger. Schiebfenster — 
pron. sheeb (from schieben, to slide), or 
Fallfenster ; also, in view of the almost 
exclusive use of the sash window in this 
country, englisches Fall- or Schiebfenster— 
pron. aing-lish-ess fall- or sheeb-fenn-sterr, 
or englisches Ziehfenster (from ziehen, to 
pull, to draw)—pron. tzee. Syn. Fr. for 
“fixed window,” Fenétre fixée—pron. feehk- 
say; Ger. festes Fenster — pron. fess-tess. 
Syn. Fr. for “rolling or sliding window,” 
Fenétre roulante or glissante— pron. glee- 
sahnt; Ger. Rollfenster—pron. roll, or 
Schiebfenster. Syn. Fr. for ‘‘ window frame,” 
which carries the sashes or lights, and 
which is secured to the wall, Chambranle 
—pron. shahm-brahnl; Ger. Fensterfutter— 
pron. fenn-sterr-foot-terr. Syn. Fr. for “dead 
or blank window” (in which the void is 
filled up with stone or brick, and often 
painted outside to resemble a window—used 
to keep up the symmetrical external order 
or arrangement of the windows, but placed 
at parts where internal lights would not be 
required or convenient), Fenétre mort or 
aveugle—pron. feuh-nay-terr morr, ah-veuh- 
gell; also Fenétre fausse or feinte— pron. 
foass, faihngt; Ger. dlindes Fenster—pron. 
blin-dess fenn-sterr. Syn. Fr. for “ attic 
window,” Fenétre dans le comble—pron. dahn 
leh cohm-bell, or Fenétre attique—pron. ah- 
teek ; also Croisée attique; Ger. attisches 
Fenster—pron. aht-tish-ess; also Mansard- 
Jenster, This attic window lies flat or in the 
plane of the sloping side of the roof. An attic 
window with vertical face is called a “dormer 
window”: Syn. Fr. Lwcarne—pron. lueh- 
kahrn; also Fenétre a abatjour—pron.ah-bah 
jhoor; Ger. Bodenloch or Bodenfenster — 
pron. boh-denn-loch ; also Dachfenster mit ver- 
tikaler Aussenseite (outside face )—pron. dach- 
fenn-sterr mit vairr-tee-kahl-err owss-enn- 
zite-eh. Syn. Fr. for “skylight window,” 
Fenétre demoiselle or damoiselle (young lady) 
—pron. demm- or dahm - wah - zell; Ger. 
Dachfenster, or Jungfernfenster (“young 
maiden window ”)—pron. joong-ferrn. Both 
of these terms, as their meaning indicates, are 
somewhat sarcastic, or may be called slang 
words—as if young ladies or maids were 
much in the habit of looking out at the roof 
or attic window. The more correct equiva- 
lents would be—Fr. Fenétre dans le comble 
ouverte au ciel; Ger. Fenster mit Oeffnung 
gegen den Himmel, or Himmelfenster. Syn. Fr. 


207 


wi 


for “round or circular-headed window void,” 
Fenétre cintrée avec téte cintrée a demi-circle 
— pron. feuh-nay-terr ah-veck tait saihn- 
tray ah deh-mee-seer-kell ; Ger. Fenster mit 
Halbkreissbogen—pron. fenn-sterr mit hallb- 
krice-boh-gen. Syn. Fr. for “ pointed arch or 
Gothic window or void head,” Fenétre gothique 
—pron. goh-teek, or Fenétre ogivale—pron. 
oh-jhee-vahl; Ger. Fenster mit Spitzbogen— 
pron. shpits-boh-genn, or Spitzbogenfenster. 
Syn. Fr. for “triangular-headed window 
void,” in Domestic Gothic style (see Style), 
Fenétre avec are mitré (mitred—that is, 
with the lines meeting in the centre of the 
void at an angle of 45°)—pron. arrk mee- 
tray, or Fenétre avec arc pignoné— pron. 
peeng-yon-aye; also Fenétre en mitre—pron, 
ahn mee-terr, or Fenétre en pignon—pron. 
peeng-yon ; also Fenétre avec arc angulaire— 
pron.ahn-gueh-lairr; Ger. Giebelbogenfenster 
(gable or gable-roof-shaped window or void 
head)—pron. gee- (g hard) bell-boh-genn ; 
Syn. Fr. for “a scheme- or flat-arched window 
or void head,” Fenétre bombce—pron. bohm- 
bay; Ger. Fenster mit Stichbogen — pron, 
stich-boh-gen, or Stichbogenfenster. Syn. 
Fr. for “square-headed window or void,” 
Fenétre a& linteaw — pron. laihn-toh, or 
Fenétre droite — pron. drwaht ; Ger. wage- 
rechtes Fenster—pron. vah - gay - recht - ess. 
Syn. Fr. for “window casing,” Jambe de 
fenétre—pron. jahmb deh feuh-nay-terr; also 
Bordure & moulures—pron. borr-deuhr ah 
mool-yeuhr, or Moulures de lances dun 
fenétre—pron. day lahng-sayse duuhn ; Ger. 
Seitenkleidung eves Fensters — pron. site- 
enn - klide- oohng ine-ess fenn-sterrs, or 
Fensterseitenkleidung. Syn. Fr. for “ window- 
void head,” Linteau croisée d’une fenétre— 
pron. laihng-toh krwah-zay duuhn; Ger. 
Fensterhauptbalken—pron. fenn-sterr-howpt- 
bahl-kenn, or Fenstersturz—pron. -stoortz, 
or Fensteroberschwelle—pron. -oh-berr-shvell- 
eh. Syn. Fr. for “window ledge,” Sou- 
bassement de fenétre—pron. sooh-bass-mahn 
day, or Accoudir de fenétre—pron. ah-kooh- 
deer; Ger. Fensterbriistung—pron. -bruehst- 
oohng, or Fensterstock. Syn. Fr. for “ win- 
dow sill or cill,” Banquette d’une fenétre, 
or simply Banquette—pron. bahng-kett ; or 
Seuil dune fenétre—pron, seuh-eel; Ger. 
Sohlbank eines Fensters— pron. sohll-bank 
ine-ess fenn-sterrs, or Fenstersohlbank ; or 
Fensterschwelle—pron. shvell-eh. Syn, Fr, 
for “window glass,” Verre a vitres—pron. 
vairr ah vee-terr, or Verre or Vitre pour les 
fenétres ; Ger. Fensterglas. Syn. Fr. for “ pane 
of window glass” or “glass pane,” Panneau 
de verre pour les fenétres, or simply Panneau 
—pron. pah-noh; Ger. Fensterglasscheibe— 
pron. -glass-shi-beh. Syn. Fr. for “window 
(outside) shutter or jalousie,” Paravent 
—pron. pahr-ah-vahn; also Treillis (pron. 
tray-yee), or Grille (pron. greehl), or Cage 
(pron, kahj), orLattis (pron, lah-tee) de fenétre; 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


wi 


also Volet d’une_ fenétre—pron. voh-lay ; also 
Contrevent — pron. kohn-terr-vahn; Ger, 
Fenstergitter—pron. git-terr, or Fensterlatten= 
werk — pron. lah-tenn-vairk. Ger. Fenster- 
laden—pron. vinnt-lah-denn, or Fenstervorsatz 
—pron. fore-zatts. Syn. Fr. for “window 
shutter inside,” Ais (board) or Planche @ 
Jermeture dune fenétre—pron. eh, or plahnsh 
deh fairr-meh-tuehr duehn; Ger. inneres 
Fensterbrett — pron. in-nerr-ess fenn-sterr- 
brett, or <inneres Fensterstiirzbrett (from - 
Stiirze [stooehr-tzay], a cover) — pron. | 
stuerrtz-bret. Syn. Fr. for “window-shutter . 
iron bar,” Verge de fer d’une fenétre—pron. © 
vairrj deh fairr duehn, or Vitriere d’une- 
Jenétre—pron vee-tree-airr; also Barre de 
Jer dun ais (planche) dune fenétre; Ger. 
Fensterstange fiir das Fensterbrett. Syn. 
Fr. for “window-sash fastener or bolt,” 
Targette de chassis ad coulisse—pron. tahr- 
gett deh shahs-ee ah kool-eess ; Ger. Schieb- 
Jensterriegel—pron. sheeb-fenn-st err-ree-gell, 
Syn. Fr. for ‘‘ window-sash hook or thimble 
for lifting or raising the sash,” Monte-chassis 
@ coulisse—pron. mohn ; Ger. Schiebfenster- 
heber (from heben, to lift or raise)—pron. 
hay-berr. Syn. Fr. for “ window-sash cord 
or line,” Corde a guillotine pour les fenétres— 
pron. korrd ah ghee-yoh-teen - poohr lay- ; 
Ger. Gewichtschnur eines Schiebfensters 
(Gewicht, a weight or sash-weight, and 
Schnur, a cord or line)—pron. geh-vicht- 
shnoor ine-ess. Syn. Fr. for ‘ window-sash 
pulleys” for suspending sash-weights and 
cord running over, Poulie a gorge (grooved 
pulley) pour le chassis a coulisse—pron. pooh- 
lee ah gorrj; Ger. Kerbrolle des Schieb- 
Jensters—pron. kairrb-roll-eh, Syn. Fr. for 
‘‘window sash weight” for counterbalanc- 
ing the weight of the sash, Contrebalance 
pour le chassis a coulisse—pron, kohn-terr- 
bah-lahnse, or Poid or Pesant d’un chassis 
aw coulisse; Ger. Gewicht des Schiebfensters, 
or Gegenwicht (counterbalance) des Schieb- 
Jensters—pron. gay-genn-vicht, 

Wine Cellar, in Domestic Architecture. 
An apartment on the basement floor set 
apart for the storing up of wines. It is fitted 
up with compartments formed with flat 
stones, called “bins,” or with the new forms 
of racks for the proper arrangement of the 
bottles. In smaller houses the beer cellar 
generally forms part of the wine cellar. 
Syn. Fr. Cave pour le vin—pron. kahyv poor 
leh vaihn, or Cave a vins ; Ger. Weinkeller 
—pron. vine-kell-err. 

Wing, in Domestic Architecture. That 
part of a house which is added to the main 
or central part, and at right angles to it. 
Der. The word comes from winge, a wing, 
or from the Icelandic vangs, agitation of the 
air. Syn. Fr. for “wing of a house,” Azle 
dune maison—pron. ale duehn may-zohn, or 
Pavillon d’une maison, or simply le Pavillon 
—pron. pah-veal-yon ; also Maison or Bati- 


208 


= 
- 


ay 
Zs 


2 
oy 


Plate XXI.—Terms in Bricklaying—Joinery—Ironmongery 


GY 
; 


Ww" \ 


N 
} Fig. 6 
Bins 
= b 
a — ce 
Je sated, NT 
YW 


i; 


Fig. 7 


Fig. 3 


See 


Fig. 4 Fig. 8 


Plate XXII.—Terms in Masonry—Carpentry—Plumbing. 


cea oo aie 


A 


1 


| tan ee AE 
] i 
he 


mops 


— 


a 
ve 


- 


2 


—_- 


wi 


ment détachée—pron. bah-tee-mahn day-tah- 
shay ; Ger. Fliigel eines Hauses—pron. flue- 
gell ine-ess how-zes; also Seitenhaus (side 
house)—pron. zite-en-house. Syn. Fr. for 
“wing wall” or “end wall,” Mur de culée— 
pron. muehr deh kueh-lay, or Mur ailé; Ger. 
Fligelmauer. 

Wirework Lattice, in Construction. 
Lattice or trellis work executed in iron wire, 
plain or galvanised. Der. Our word wire 
comes from the Old English wir, iron formed 
as a long cylinder of such small diameter 
that, assuming the form of a fine cord or 
thread, it may be bent, twined, or twisted 
with ease. Syn. Fr. for “ metal wire,” Fil 
de métal—pron. feel deh may-tahl, or Métal 
de roulage—pron. roohl-ahj; Ger. Metall- 
draht—pron. mett-ahll-drahtt. Syn. Fr. for 
“iron wire,” Fil de fer—pron. fairr; Ger. 
EKisendraht—pron. ize-enn-draht. Syn. Fr. 
for “galvanised iron wire,” Fil de fer 
galvanisé — pron. gahl-vahn-eeze-eh ; Ger. 
galvanisirter Eisendraht. Syn. Fr. for “ wire 
cloth,” used for larder windows, doors, etc., 
where air is required to be admitted and 
withdrawn, Toile or Drap de fil de fer— 
pron. twahl, drah; Ger. Kisendrahtkleidung 
— pron. klide-oong. Syn. Fr. for “ wire 
gauze,” Tissue de fil de fer—pron. tee-such; 
Ger. Kisendrahtgaze. Syn. Fr. for “ wire 
lattice work,” Grillage or Lattis en fil de fer 
—pron. greehl-ajh, lah-tee; Ger. Kisendraht- 
gitterwerk—pron. git-terr-vairrk, or Lisen- 
drahtwerk. 

Withs, in Bricklaying and Masonry. The 
divisions in a chimney in which there are 
more flues than two are so called. They 
form, in fact, partition walls on a small 
scale, keeping the flues distinctly separated 
from one another, 

Wood, in Materials. The term is chiefly 
employed to indicate the parts which are 
cut up into definite breadths and thick- 
nesses, to distinguish them from the (wood) 
material in its form of trees, balks or 
beanis in the rough. A balk or beam is 
thus generally spoken of as timber, planks 
or boards as wood. They are, however, 
very frequently considered as convertible 
and strictly synonymous terms, and it is 
difficult in practice to say when the general 
material should be called wood, when 
timber. Der. Our word is from the Old 
English wuda, a collection of growing trees, 
or the material obtained from cutting them 
up. Syn. Fr. for “wood” generally, Bois— 
pron. bwah ; Ger. Holz—pron. hollts. Syn. 
Fr. for “wood cut with the grain,” Bois 
coupé avec le fil—pron. koop-eh ah-vekk leh 
feel, or simply Bois de fil; Ger. Holz nach 
dem Faden schneiden—pron. nakk dame fah- 
denn shnide-enn, or Langholz—pron. lang- 
hollts. Syn. Fr. for “wood cut against 
the grain,” cross-cut wood, Bois taillé contre 
Ze fii—pron. bwah tahl-yea kohn-terr leh 


ry 


209 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


wo 


feel, or Bois au rebours (rebours, wrong side ~ 
or way)—pron. oh reuh-boohr; also Bois @ 
travers le fil—pron. trah-vairr, or Bois dont 
la venue est a rebours; Ger. Querschnittholz 
— pron. quare-shnitt-hollts. Syn. Fr. for 
“soft wood” or ““white wood,” as pine, Bois 
blane or doux—pron. blahng, dooh or doohz, 
or Bois tendre — pron. tahn-derr; Ger. 
Weissholz—pron. vice-eh-hollts, or Weiche- 
holz—pron. vye-shay. Syn. Fr. for ‘ wood- 
yard,” Chantier de bois—pron.shahng-te-yea; 
Ger. Holzplatz—pron. plahtz. Syn. Fr. for 
“woodwork” for a house, Boisage d’un 
batiment—pron. bwahze-ajh duehn bah-tee- 
mahng ; Ger. Holzwerk des Hauses—pron. 
hollts-vairk dess how-ses, Syn. Fr. for 
“worm-eaten wood,” Bois vermoulu—pron. 
bwah vairr-mooh-leuh, or Bois moulinée—pron. 
mooh-leen-eh; Ger. Wurmstichiges Holz— 
pron. voorm-stick-ich-ess hollts. Syn. Fr. 
for “hard wood,” Bois dur—pron. duehr, 
or Bois rustique — pron, ruess-teek ; Ger. 
Hartholz. Syn. Fr. for “knotty wood,” 
Bois noweux—pron. nooh-euh, or Bois gauche 
—pron. gohsh; Ger. knotiges Holz—pron. 
knoh-tig-ess. Syn. Fr. for “waste or refuse 
wood,” Bois de rebut — pron. reuh-booh ; 
Ger. Abfallholz. Syn. Fr. for “decayed or 
rotten wood,” Bois fangeux —pron. fahn-jheu, 
or Bois spongieux—pron. spohn-jheu. Syn. 
Fr. for “sap wood,’ Bots aubier—pron. oh- 
byea; Ger. Anreifenholz — pron. ann-rife- 
enn-hollts, or Splintholz — pron. spleent. 
Syn. Fr. for “seasoned wood,” Bois desseché 
—pron. day-sesh-eh, or Bois seché dans lair 
(natural drying or seasoning in the open 
air)—pron. bwah sesh-eh dahn lair; Ger. 
ausgetrocknetes Holz-—pron. owss-geh-trokk- 
net-tess, or Luft- (air) trocknes Holz—pron. 
leuft-trokk-ness. Syn. Fr. for “ veneering 
wood” or “wood for veneers,” Bots pour 
Jeuille de plackage (see Veneer); Ger. 
Furnierblattholz (see Veneer). Syn. Fr. 
for “wood shavings,” Bots en copeaux— 
pron. bwah ahn koh-poh; Ger. Hobelspdne 
—literally “joiner’s plane chips” —pron. hoh- 
bell-spay-neh. Syn. Fr. for “wood varnish,” 
Vernis pour bois—pron. vair-nee poor; Ger. 
Holzfirniss—pron. feerr-niss. 

Wood Bricks, in Building. Pieces of 
wood of the size of bricks inserted and built 
into walls at places where woodwork has to 
be secured, such as those of doors, windows, 
ete. 

Work, To, in Construction. A phrase 
used to indicate the commencement and 
completion of the labour required to make 
and construct or put together the various 
parts of a building. Der. Our word comes 
from the Old English wyrcan, or the German 
wirken, which is closely allied to the former 
word, Syn. Fr. for “to work,” Travailler— 
pron, trah-vahl-yea; also Mettre en wuvre— 
pron, mett-err ahn euh-verr; also Ouvrer 
—pron. ooh-vray; Ger. Arbeiten — pron. 


14 


wr 


ahr-bite-enn. Syn. Fr. for “work,” Ouvrage 
—pron. ooh-vrajh ; also TYravail — pron. 
trah-yah-yeh ; also QHuvre; Ger. Arbeit— 
pron. ahr-bite; also Weri—pron. vairk. 
Syn. Fr. for “workman,” Ouvrier—pron. 
ooh-vree-yea; also Artisan—pron. ahr-tee- 
zahn; Ger. Arbeiter—pron. ahr-bite-err ; 
also Handwerker—pron, hant - vairk - err. 
Syn. Fr. for “workshop,” Atelier — pron. 
ah-tell-yea ; also OQuvroir—pron. ooh-vrwahr; 
Ger. Werkstube — pron. vairk-stooh-beh, 
or Werkstelle—pron. vairk-stell-eh. Syn. Fr. 
for “work well or systematically done,” 
Travailler reglement — pron. trah-vahl-yea 
ray-gle-mahn, or Travailler selon les regles 
—pron. seh-lohng lay ray-gel; Ger. Hand- 
werkminnisch arbeiten. Syn. Fr. for “ work 
ill done,” Ouvrage mauvais—pron. ooh-vrajh 
moh-vay, or Ouvrage @ paresseux—pron. parr- 
ess-yeuh; Ger. Werk sehr schlecht gethan— 
pron. vairk sair shlecht gay-tahn. Syn. Fr. 
for “work done or run up quickly,” Travail 
& dépéche—pron. trah-vah-yeh ah day-paysh ; 
Ger. Arbeit hastig gethan. Syn. Fr. for 
“worked” or “wrought,” Travaillé or Ouvré 
—pron. trah-vahl-yea, ooh-vray ; also Effecté 
—pron. a- (as in fate) fec-tay ; also Mise en 
euvre—pron, mee-zahng; Ger. gearbeitet, 


Ve 


Yard Timber. Syn. Fr. Chantier & bois, 
or simply Chantier — pron. shahn-tyea ; 
Ger. Zimmerplatz—pron. tsim-merr-platts ; 
also Holzplatz—pron. hollts. Syn. Fr. for 
“yard,” “court,” Couwr—pron. koohr; Ger. 
Hof—pron. hohf. 

Zine, in Materials. A metal much used 
in building in the form of sheets or plates, 
and also for coating plate-iron by the 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


Zi 


vollendet, or gethan. Syn. Fr. for “ working 
plant” or “stock of materials, tools and 
appliances,” Matériel douvrage, or Matériel 
pour un atelier; Ger. Betriebsmaterialien — 
pron. bay-treebs - mah - tehr - ee-ahl - ee-enn. 
Syn. Fr. for “ workmanlike,” Ouvrage bien 
exécuté, or fait—pron. ooh-vrajh bee-ahn ex- 
eh-kueh-tay, fay; Ger. Meisterhaft gethan. 
Syn, Fr. for “workmanship,” Fabrication— 
pron. fah-bree-kah-see-ohn ; Ger. Arbeit. 

Wreathed Columns, in Architecture. 
Pillars or columns twisted like a corkscrew. 
Der. Our word wreathe comes from the Old 
English wredhan, to entwine or twist. Syn. 
Fr. Colonne cordonné (twisted column)— 
pron, koh-lonn kohr-doh-nay ; Ger. Gewune 
dene Sdule— pron. geh - voon - den - neh 
zoy-lenn. 

Wrench, in Tools. A synonym for a 
spanner or key for turning the nuts of 
screw-bolts. Der. Our word wrench comes 
from the Old English wrenchan, to wring 
off, to twist by force. Syn. Fr. for “ wrench” 
or “hand wrench,” Journe-vis—pron. toorn- 
vee ; also Manche de taraud—pron. mahnsh 
deh tarr-oh ; Ger. Schraubenschliissel—pron. 
shrow-benn-shlues-sell; also Schraubenhebel 
—pron. shrow-benn-hay-bell. 


Zz 


process known as galvanising. Syn. Fr, 
Zinc—pron. zahnk ; Ger. Zink—pron. tsink ¢ 
also Spialte—pron. spee-all-teh. Syn. Fr. 
for “zinc covering,” as of plates used 
cover roof-trusses in place of slates or tiles, 
Couverture en zinc—pron. kooh-vair-tuehr 
ahn zahnk; Ger. Zinkbedachung — pron. 
tsink-beh-dach-oong. 


210 


a 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. ai. 


ADDENDA. 


NoTEe.—In commencing the text of this volume it was intended that the “terms” 
of the art of Machine Construction should be included, as well as those of General 


Science. 


But it was found that the first even of those sections included terms so 


numerous that the bulk of the volume would be increased much beyond that deemed 


desirable, 


Leaving the terms of the two sections named for another volume, space 


has been afforded by which the matter of the present Dictionary can be increased, 
making the list of terms now very exhaustive. 


Abutting Piece, in Carpentry. The 
piece of timber, as a brace, which butts\at 
the ends against another piece. Syn. Fr. 
Embranchement—pron. alm-brahnsh-mahn ; 
Ger. der Stichbalken—pron. stich-ball-kenn ; 
also die Verbriistung— pron. ferr-bruehs- 
toohng. “Abutting road,” aroad which butts 
on or joins another road. Syn. Fr. the same 
as above; Ger. Verzweigung — pron. ferr- 
tzvy-goong. Syn. Fr. for the general term 
“ abutting,” Saillant—pron. sahl-yahn ; Ger. 
Hervorragend — pron. herr - for- rah - gend 
(g hard, as in get). 

Adjust. Under this we give the follow- 
ing cognate terms:—“To adjust timber,” 
Syn. Fr. Mettre des pieces en régle—pron. 
mett-terr day pee-ace ahn ray-gell; Ger. 
Zimmer holzstiicke an Ort bringen—pron. tsim- 
mer-hollts-stueh-keh ahn orrt bring-en. “ To 
adjust holes”—that is, to make them co- 
incide or be in line with each other, so that 
a bolt, for example, could be passed through 
the hole made in each, and thus keep or 
secure them together, or by screw-nuts and 
bearing-plates—Syn. Fr. Ajuster or Rap- 
porter les trous—pron. ah-jues-tay, rah-porr- 
tay lay troo; Ger. die Hihien berechtigen— 
pron. dee heh-len beh-recht-ich-enn. ‘To 
adjust by a line or cord,” stretched tightly 
between two points, as laying out a line of 
wall or of timber-work, Syn. Fr. Ajuster or 
Dresser au cordeau or par la SoA ton, 
dress-eh oh korr-doh; Ger. mit der Saite 
berechtigen—pron. mit dare zaih-teh beh- 
recht-ich-enn. Syn. Fr. for “adjustable,” 
Ajustable — pron, ah -juess - tah - bell; Ger. 
Regulierftihig—pron. ray-goo-leerr-fay-ich. 

Adze. The following are additional 
terms in French and German:—Syn. Fr. 
Assette—pron. ah-sett, or Asseau—pron. ah- 
so; also Erminette—pron. err-mee-nett, or 
Doloire—pron. doh-lwahr; also, further, 
from the fancied resemblance in shape to 
a shoulder of a sheep, Epaule de mouton— 
pron. eh-poll day mooh-tohn (or tong slightly 
accentuated); Ger. Brettbeil—i.e. a broad 
hatchet (Beil) — pron. bright - bile; also 


Zimmer beil-—i.e, a chamber or room hatchet 
—pron. tzeem-err-bile, or Breithacke — i.e. 
a broad hatchet or hoe (Hacke) — pron. 
hack-eh ; further Hohlbetl—i.c. a hatchet 
for making holes or depressions, or Lenkbeil 
(from lenken, to turn or bend, alluding to 
the shape of the tool). Syn. Fr. for a “ flat 
adze,”’ Herminette droite—pron. herr-meee 
nett drwaht ; Ger. FVachbeil (flach, plain)— 
pron. flack-bile. Syn. Fr. for “adzing,” 
Sabotage—pron. sah-boh-tawje. 

Agreement —in connection with work 
done. (See term in body of Dictionary for 
derivation.) Syn. Fr. for “agreement to do 
work by the job,” or as the work stands, 
generally adopted in small undertakings, 
Marché a la tache—i.e. a bargain by the 
task—pron. marr-shay ah lah tahsh; Ger. 
Contract bei dem Stiick —i.e. a contract 
after or according to the price — pron. 
konn-trahkt by dame stuek. Syn. Fr. for 
“agreement by measurement,” as by square 
or superficial or by cubic or solid measure- 
ment in yards or feet, Marché au métre (the 
métre being the standard measurement in 
France) — pron. marr-shay oh may-terr; 
Ger. Contract mit festem Preis fiir jede 
Messung—i.e. an agreement with a fixed 
or fast price for each measurement—pron, 
mit fess-tem price fuehr yay-deh mess- 
oong. 

Air, Atmospheric, in Sanitary Archi- 
tecture and Building. Used in connection 
with ventilation and drainage. Der. The 
term—which indicates that the fluid or gas 
which surrounds the atmosphere is present 
in and about everybody, save in spaces or 
in vacuo—comes almost without change 
from the Latin aer, and this from the 
Greek, meaning the atmosphere (and this 
latter word from the two Greek words 
atmos, & vapour, and sphaira, a globe or 
sphere) : hence the term aeriform, air-like. 
Syn. Fr. Air, or more specifically Air de 
Vatmosphére—pron. air day latt-moh-sphair 
or sfare, or Air atmospherique—pron. att- 
moh-sphair-eek ; Ger. Luft, or more speci- 


211 


al 


fically atmosphdrische Luft—pron. att-moh- 
sphare-eech-eh looft or luuhft. Syn. Fr. for 
“fresh or open air,” Air libre (free air)— 
pron. air lee-berr, or En plein air—pron. 
ahn or ahng pleng air; also Air oxygéne— 
that is, air supplied with oxygen, the 
gaseous substance of air which chiefly 
supports life—pron. air ox-ee-jhane, or Air 
vital—pron. veeh-tahl; Ger. in freier Luft 
—pron. een frih-air loohft. Syn. Fr. for 
“foul air,” Air fixe or vicié or infect—pron. 
air feexe, vee-see-eh, awhn- or ahng-fekt ; 
Ger. die fixe Luft—pron. deeh feex-eh 
loohft, or faule Luft—pron. fowl-eh. Syn. 
Fr. for “ air box or chamber” in ventilation, 
Chambre or Reservoir d’air—pron. shawm- 
berr, rayhs-err-vwah dair; also Botte a@ air 
—pron, bwaht ah air; Ger. Luftkasten—i.e. 
air chest—pron. kass-tenn, or Luftbiichse 
(air box)—pron. booh-eex-eh, or Luftbehalter 
—i.e. air reservoir, Syn. Fr. for “air brick” 
—that is, a brick perforated with holes or 
hollow spaces to admit air below the floor- 
ing of chambers, Brique creusée pour U'air— 
pron. breek kroose-eh poor lair; Ger. Luft- 
ziegel. Syn. Fr. for “air-tight,” Jmperméable 
a Vair—pron.ahm-perr-may-ah-bell ah lairr ; 
also Hermetiquement—pron. herr-may-teek- 
mahng ; also Ktanche (from étancher, to stop) 
—pron. ett-ahwngsh; Ger. Lufthermetisch 
—pron. loohft-herr-may-teesh, or Luftdicht 
(dicht, tight, close)— pron. deecht (see 
pronunciation of “ich” in Dissertation) ; 
also Winddicht—pron. veent-deecht. Syn. 
Fr. for ‘‘air trap or ventilator,” Ventilateur 
—pron. vahn- or vahng-tee-lah-toohr; Ger. 
Luft- or Windthiir — pron. veent-too-err. 
Syn Fr. for “air shaft” (or ventilating 
tube), Voie d’aérage—pron. vwah dair-awjh; 
also Tuyau d’air—pron, twee-oh dair; Ger. 
Luftrohre—pron. loohft-roh-ray. Syn. Fr. 
for “air hole,” Venteuse —pron. vahn- or 
vahng-tuuze, or Event or Hventeuse ; Ger. 
Luft- or Windhohle—pron. loohft- or veent- 
ho-lay, or Luftkanal. Syn. Fr. for “ air 
(used) discharge pipe, tube, or ventilator,” 
Tuyau de décharge d’air—pron. twee-oh day 
day-charjh dair, or Ventilatewr—pron. vahng- 
tee-lah-tuuhr ; Ger. Luftzieher (from ziehen, 
to draw, to pull) —pron. luuhf-tzeeh-err. 
Syn. Fr. for “air stove,” Calorifere—pron. 
kah-loh-ree-fair ; Ger. Luftwarmofen—pron. 
vah-eerm-oh-fenn ; also Luftofen. Syn. Fr. 
for “air ventilation,” Aérage ; Ger. Luften. 
Alabaster, in Ornamental and Sculptured 
Work. A valuable stone used in ornamental, 
carved, and other work—a calcareous, a 
carbonate of lime, pure white in colour 
generally, but also veined, spotted, and 
grey. Syn. Fr. Albdtre—pron. ahl-bah- 
terr ; Ger. Alabaster. Syn. Fr. for “ antique 
alabaster,” Albdtre antique—pron. ahn-teek ; 
Ger. antiker Alabaster — pron. ahn-teek- 
err. Syn. Fr. for “ grey alabaster,” Albdtre 
gris — pron, gree; Ger. grauer Alabas- 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda © 


ter — pron. grough- (as in plough) err. 
Syn. Fr. for “spotted alabaster,” <Albdtre 
tacheté—pron. tash-tay (from tacheter [| tash- 
tay], to speckle) ; Ger. Fleckalabaster (from 
flecken, to spot, to stain), Syn. Fr. for 
“veined alabaster,” Albdtre veiné — pron. 
vay-nay; also Onyx—pron, oh-neex; also 
Onéchyte—pron. oh-nay-keete; Ger. dAder- 
alabaster (Ader, a vein, a streak). Syn. Fr. 
for “ white alabaster,” Albdatre blanc—pron. 
blahn ; also Hmite—pron. eh-meet; Ger. 
weisser Alabaster (weiss, white)—pron. vice- 
err. 

Alignement., A term sometimes used in 
laying or setting out work or building land 
to indicate the line of direction which 
certain objects take, or as a term indicating 
the act of setting out or laying down lines 
of objects. It is an adaptation of the 
French word ligne, a line—or rather it is the 
same word as the French, based on the word 
ligne. Syn. Fr. Alignement—pron. ah-leen- 
mahn or -mahng; Ger. Linienrichte (from 
Linie, a line, and richte, right, or correctly 
put down)—pron. leen-ee-enn-reeght-eh, or 
Schnurrichte (from Schnur, a cord, from the 
fact that a cord or string is generally used 
for the purpose of alignement) — pron. 
shnuuhr-reeght-eh. 

Altar, in Church Architecture. That part 
of the building before which the communi- 
cants at the Holy Sacrament kneel, or before 
which those getting married stand. Der. 
The word is from the Latin altare, with but 
little alteration, and this from altus, high— 
the highest place in a temple of worship. 
Syn. Fr. Autel—pron. oh-tell, or more defi- 
nitely Autel d'une église (altar of a church) 
—pron. duehn eh-gleeze; Ger. der Altar. 

Alteration. A term frequently employed 
in building, where a new part is to be sub- 
stituted for an old one, or where the form 
or size of a room is to be changed, etc. Der. 
From the French altérer (pron. all-tairr-eh), 
and this from the Latin alterare, to change, 
to alter—the root of which is alter, another— 
to take away one and replace it by another. 
Syn. Fr. Altération (same word as the one 
we use) — pron. ahl - terr - ah - seeon ; also 
Dépérissement — pron, day-pair-eece-mahn ; 
Ger. Verdnderung—pron. ferr-enn-derr-oong, 
or Newerung — pron. noy-err-oong; also 
Abstehen—pron. ahp-stay-enn. 

Alternating. A term used to indicate 
that parts of a building or construction are 
placed by turns—one following the other in 
a predetermined arrangement, as windows 
or doors in a range or row of buildings. 
Der. From the Latin alternatus, the past 
participle of the verb alternare, to proceed, 
go on, or act by turns. Syn. Fr. Atenas 
—pron. ahl-tare-nah-teef; Ger. Wechsel- 
weise (Wechsel, change, exchange)—pron. 
veck-sell-vy-zeh. 

Angle, in Construction, and in laying 


212 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


down or setting out of work. The point 
where two lines coming from or drawn or 
laid down in two different directions meet, 
the space within being at an angle greater 
or less according as the lines approach to 
or recede from one another. Der. Directly 
from the Latin angulus, and this from the 
Greek ankulos, bent, and this again from 
ankos, a bend or hollow, as the hollow 
below the arm-joint where the hand and 
wrist are bent inwards towards the body. 
Syn. Fr. Angle heage word as ours)—pron. 
ahn-gell; Ger. der Winkel, a corner, a nook 
—pron. vin-kell. For “acute angle” (an 
angle less than a right angle—which is 
formed by one line drawn vertically or per- 
pendicularly to another line: if one of the 
lines lean towards the other the angle 
formed is an acute angle), Syn. Fr. Angle 
acut—pron. aln-gell ah-kuuht; Ger. Scharf- 
kantig (scharf, sharp or acute, and kantig, 
cornered) —literally ‘“‘sharp-cornered”—pron. 
sharrf-can-tich. An “obtuse angle” is an 
angle greater than a right angle (in which, 
if we suppose the angle point is at the left 
hand, the line falls or inclines towards the 
left, giving what may be called an open 
angle or inclosed space ; in an acute angle 
the line would fall towards the other line, 
giving a close angle or space. Der. This 
term is from the Latin odtusus, blunt, not 
sharp, and this from the Latin verb odtun- 
dere, obtusum, to make blunt, blunt. Syn. 
Fr. Angle obtus—pron. ohbb-tueh, or tuuhze ; 
Ger. Stumpfwinkel (stumpf, blunt, dull, 
obtuse, Winkel, an angle)—pron. stoohmf- 
vin-kell, or Stwmpfecke (Ecke, a corner)— 
pron. ekk-eh. Syn. Fr. for “right angled” 
(90 degrees), Rectangulaire — pron. raykt- 
ahn-guuh-lairr; Ger. Rechtwinkelig — pron. 
raykt-vin-kell-ich. “Oblique (pron. oh- 
bleek) angle.” Der. From the Latin od- 
liquus, and this from cb and liquis, meaning 
aslant, awry, not erect or vertical. Syn. Fr. 
Angle obliqgue—pron. oh-bleek ; Ger. schiefer 
Winkel (schief, aslope, aslant, awry )—pron. 
sheef-err vin-kell, The term oblique angle 
is applied to cases where the base of the 
angle is itself at an angle to the horizon— 
that is, not horizontal. Generally the base 
of angles, either acute or obtuse, is laid 
down asa horizontal line. For “ rectilineal 
angle ”—i.e, an angle either obtuse or acute, 
in which the forming or inclosing lines are 
straight or right lines—Syn. Fr. Angle 
rectiligne—pron. raykt-ee-leen ; Ger. Gerad- 
liniger Winkel (gerade, straight, right—pron. 
» geh-rah-deh). Syn. Fr. for “angle head,” 
“in framing, Ecoinson—pron. eh-kwahn-sohn ; 
Ger. Verkragung. For “angle bevil,” in con- 
struction—a “square,” often so called, con- 
sisting of a stock and a blade jointed with a 
set-screw joint, so that the blade may be 
set at any desired angle to the stock, by 
which angular lines may be set-out on 


ap 


surfaces—Syn. Fr. Sauterelle— pron. soh- 
terr-ell ; also Equerre pliant—i.e, a square, 
so to say, pliant or easily set in one direc- 
tion or another)—pron. eh-kwairr plee-ahn, 
or Fausse équerre—i.e. a false, not a “true” 
square. -pron. fohss, or Hquerre mobile—i.e. 
a movable square, one part of the blade 
being movable — pron. moh-beel; Ger. 
Winkelfasser (fassen, to “set out” or “lay 
down”) ; also Schrdgmass (schridg, sloping)— 
ae. a sloping line measure. Syn. Fr. for 
“angle fillet,” Zaque-rie—pron. tahk-reeh; 
Ger. Winkelleiste — pron. vin-kell-lice-teh. 
Syn. Fr. for “ angle piece” (at the junction 
of two walls), Retour d’angle—pron. ray- 
toor dahngle ; Ger. Winkelhaken (Hake [hah- 
kay], a hook), shaped like a hook. Syn. 
Fr. for “ angle piece of iron,” Fer a corniere, 
or Fer dangle cornieére—pron. korn-ee-airr. 
Syn. Fr. for “angle piece” for the tie of a 
hip-roof, Coyer—pron. koh-yay ; Ger. Walm- 
spannen (Walm, a slope—pron. vahlm). 
Syn. Fr. for “angular” or “angulous,” 
having or full of corners, Angulaire—pron. 
ahn-guuh-lairr, or @ angles, or Anguleux— 
pron. ahn-guel-euh ; Ger. Hckig—pron. ekk- 
ich, or Winkelig; also Vielwinkelig (viel, 
many, much)—pron. feel-vin-kell-ich. 
Anvil, in Ironmongery. The iron block 
with flat steel face upon which iron and 
other malleable metal articles are beaten, 
forged, and formed into the desired shape. 
It is provided at one end with a projecting 
angular part, rounded, terminating in a point, 
on which articles requiring to be bent or 
curved are formed. This part is called the 
“horn” of the anvil, from its fancied resem- 
blance to the horn of an ox, etc. Near to 
the flat or square end of the anvil, opposite 
to the horn end, a square hole is cut of size 
sufficient to take in the tails of the different 
patterns of “swages” or moulds by which 
various forms are forged or wrought. Der. 
From the Old English an/filt, a resisting 
block upon which an article can be hammered, 
forged, or struck. Syn. Fr. Lnclume—pron. 
ahn-kluuhm; Ger. Hammerstock (Stock, a 
block, a stump—a stump of a tree or a 
stone was the first form of the anvil) ; also 
Schmiedestock (smith’s block)—pron. shmee- 
deh-stokk, Syn. Fr. for “anvil surface or 
face,” Aire d’une enclume; Ger. Hammerstock- 


jltiche (fldéche, plane, level area) — pron. 


flech-eh. 

Aperture (see term in text) of an angle. 
This term is used to indicate the extent of 
space between the two lines forming an 
angle: the closer together, the more acute 
the angle, the less the opening or aperture. 
Syn. Fr. Espace entre les cétés d’un angle— 
pron, ess-pass ahng-terr lay koh-tay 
duuhn ahn-gell; Ger. der Raum (space, 
room) zwischen den Seiten (sides) or Linie 
(line) or Schenkeln (Schenkel, a thigh, a leg) 
einen Winkel—pron. derr rowm tzveesh-enn 


213 


ap 


demm site-enn, leen-yenn, shenn-kelln ih-nen 
veehn-kell. Syn. Fr. for the “aperture or 
orifice of a pipe,” as of a drain tube, 
Orifice dun tuyeau — pron. oh-ree- feece 
duuhn twee-oh; Ger. Lohredffnung — pron. 
roy-ray-oh-eef-noohng. 

Apparatus, in Tools and Construction. 
A term often used as synonymous with 
a “machine,” or some arrangement of 
mechanical parts constructed to do a certain 
work. The term is, however, perhaps more 
strictly accurate when applied to some 
mechanical arrangement on a small scale, 
to do light work—the term machine being 
applied to mechanism on the large scale, 
to do heavy work. Thus the “balance” 
arrangement for the minute work of the 
chemical laboratory is called with perfect 
propriety a weighing “apparatus,” while the 
mechanical arrangement necessary to weigh 
heavy bodies, as hundredweights and tons of 
materials, is termed a weighing “ machine.” 
Generally the term apparatus is applied to 
the mechanical arrangements necessary in 
scientific investigations and experiments ; 
the term machine to those designed for the 
doing of mechanical work. Der. The word 
is from two Latin words—ad, and parare, to 
prepare, to make ready certain objects to 
accomplish certain ends. Syn. Fr. <Ap- 
pareil—pron. ah-parr-aye-yuh or -yill; also 
Mécanisme—pron. may-kann-eesm, or JMeé- 
chanique—pron. may-kann-eek; Ger. Ap- 
parat—pron. ah-parr-att. 

Apprentice, in Building Construction. 
The term applied to a youth who is learning 
the details of the different branches of work, 
and how to execute them in practice. For 
this purpose he is “bound” to serve his 
master for a given term of years—generally 
either five or seven—during which he is 
supposed to give his labour in return for 
the instruction he is supposed to receive 
directly from his master, and whose 
experience he is to profit by. Generally, 
nowadays, the value of the work actually 
done by the apprentice, especially during 
the latter part of his apprenticeship, is 
supposed to be greater than the value of 
the instruction received or experience ob- 
tained ; so that wages are earned by him or 
money extra to these is given. A strong 
eurrent of practical opinion is setting in 
against the system of binding apprentice- 
ships,—some holding that the youth taken 
should be paid for what work he can do: 
the cleverer he is the more he will make, 
the more rapidly he learns the “secrets of 
the craft,” the more quickly will he reap 
its benefits and attain to the position of a 
skilled workman, earning or capable to earn 
high wages. Der. From the French apprenti, 
and this from the Latin apprendere, to 
comprehend, to learn. Syn. Fr. Apprenti— 
pron. ah-prahn-tee; Ger. Lehrjunge—literally 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


“learn or learning youngster ”’—pron. lair- 
yung-geh; also Lehrbursche (Bursche, 
companion, lad), or Lehrling. Syn. Fr. for 
“apprenticeship,” Apprentissage—pron. ah- 
prahn-tee-sahj ; Ger. Lehrzeit (Zeit, time or 
period)—pron. tsite. Syn. Fr. for ‘to serve 
one’s apprenticeship,” /aire lapprentissage 
—pron. fare lapp-rahn-tee-sahj ; Ger. in der 
Lehre sein—pron. in derr lair-reh zine. Syn. 
Fr. for “to be out of one’s apprenticeship,” 
Sortir de Vapprentissage—pron. sohr-teer ; 
Ger. aus (owss) der Lehrzeit sein. 

Apsis, in Architecture. This and the 
word apse (which see in text) is taken 
almost directly from the Greek hapsis, a 
hoop, an arch. Syn. Fr. for “apsis” (a 
round hemispherical vault or arch, or a 
rounded niche), Adbside — pron. ahb-seed ; 
also Demi-voiite en semicircle—pron. deh- 
mee-vooht ahn say-mee-sairr-kell; Ger, 
Schwibbogen—pron. shveeb-boh-genn ; also 
die Nische (a niche)—pron. nish-eh. 

Apteral, in Architecture. A term used 
to indicate that the aisles or wings of a 
building, as a church, are without pillars, or 
that the church is without aisles or wings. 
Der. From the Greek aptera, meaning with- 
out wings. Syn. Fr, Aptérale—pron. app- 
tay-rahl; Ger. ohne Sdulen (pillars) an den 
Fligeln (wings or aisles) —- pron. oh-neh 
zoy-lenn ann dane flueh-gelln. 

Arcades, Intersecting, in Architecture. 
(See Arcade in text.) A modification of 
the ordinary or usual form of small arches, 
in which the pillars or columns are spaced 
or separated from one another by distances 
equal to one-half only of the true diameter of 
the arch, forming the basis of the arch, the 
curves or segments of circles of which are 
thus described from the centre-line of each 
pillar or column as a centre, in place of the 
arch, as in the usual arcade, being described 
from a point midway between the pillars. 
Where the arch or basis of the arcade is 
semicircular, the intersecting curves form 
a series of pointed or lancet-shaped arches. 
This is said to have been the origin of the 
Gothic or pointed arch, met with first in the 
Norman style of architecture, the arches of 
which were semicircular ; so that when the 
spaces between the columns were halved, 
a new series of centres were given which 
produced the intersecting arches. Syn. Fr. 
Arcature intersectée — pron, ahr-kah-tuuhr 
ahn-terr-sekk-tay ; also Arcade entrecroisée 
(crossed)—pron. ahr-kahd ahng-terr-krwah- 
say; Ger. Rundbogen (round arch) durch- 


kreuzende (through-crossing)—pron. roond-, 


boh-genn doorsh-krooh-tzenn-day. “ A dead 
or false arcade,” in which there are no real 
openings between the arches—otherwise 
termed an attached arcade, as it is built on 
to a wall (see Arcade in text)—Syn. Fr. 
Arcade or Arcature fausse or aveugle (blind) 
or simulée—pron. fohss, ah-vuuh-gell, seem- 


214 


— 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ooh-lay ; Ger. Blindearkad—pron. bleen- 
day. 

Arch (see term in text). “ Discharging 
or Relieving arch,” the arch thrown over a 
void, as a window opening, to discharge the 
pressure of, or relieve the butments or sides 
of opening, or the lintel or beam thrown 
across it, of the superincumbent pressure. 
Syn. Fr. Are au-dessus d’un linteau—pron. 
arrk oh dess-oo duuhn lain-toh; also A7c de 
décharge—pron. deh day-shahrj, or simply 
Décharge; Ger. Ablastungsbogen (Last, a 
burden or charge, from Jlasten, to weigh, to 

ress upon)—pron. abb-lass-toongs-boh-genn. 

or “rampant arch”—that is, an arch the 
opening or butments of which are not a 
level, but one springing stone or impost is 
higher than the other, thus giving a rising 
or an inclined arch—Syn. Fr. Are rampant— 
pron. rahm-pahn, or Are en pente—pron. ahn 
pahnt ; Ger. ein steigender Bogen (steigen, to 
mount, to ascend)—pron. ine sty-gen-derr 
boh-genn. Syn. Fr. for “flat arch,” Are en 
cintre surbaissé—pron. suuhr-bay-say ; Ger. 
jlacher or platter Bogen—pron. flach-err, Syn. 
Fr. for “elliptical arch” (the synonyms 
above apply to this term), Arc en ellipse, 
or Are elliptique—pron. eh-leep-teek; Ger. 
elliptischer Bogen—pron. el-lip-tish-err. Syn. 
Fr. for “pointed or Gothic arch,” Are aigu 
(from aiguiser [eh-gweeh-zay], to point, to 
sharpen)—pron. eh-guuh, or Are en ogive 
—pron. oh-jeeve; also Are pointu—pron. 
pwahn-tuuh, or Arc gothique—pron. go-teek ; 
also Arc de cloiture (cloister arch)—pron. 
klwah-tuuhr ; Ger. Spitzbogen (from Spitz, a 
gre Se shpits-boh-genn, or Kloster- 

ogen (cloister arch)—pron. klohss-terr; also 
egy Bogen—pron. go-tish-err. Syn. 

r. for “lancet (shaped) arch,” Are en 
lancette—pron. lahn-sett, or Arc en ogive 
surhaussce (surhausser, to raise higher)— 
pron, suuhr-hoh-say; Ger. Lanzettbogen— 

ron. lahn-tsett, or hoher Spitzbogen. Syn. 

r. for “ four-centred or Tudor arch,” Are a 
quatre cintres—pron. ah kali-terr sahn-terr, 
or Arc Tudor—pron. tuuh-dore ; Ger. Bogen 
mit vier Mittelpunkten—pron. boh-genn mit 
feer mit-tell-poohnk-tenn ; also Tudorischer 
Bogen. Syn. Fr. for “ground arch,” Arc 
@aréte—pron. ah-rate ; Ger. Gratbogen. Syn. 
Fr. for “decorated arch,” Are ornée—pron. 
ohr-nay ; Ger. besetzter Bogen—pron. beh- 
zets-ter. For a “clustered arch ”—that is, 
an arch with an intrados or inner surface 
made up of a number of mouldings clustered 
together, in place of having the inner surface 
flat, as in ordinary arches—Syn. Fr, Arc en 
Jfaisceau (faisceau, a bundle, a bunch)— 
pron. arrk ahn face-oh; Ger. Biindelbogen 
(Biindel, a bundle: our word comes from 
this)—pron. buehn-dell-boh-genn. Syn. Fr. 
for “ Moorish or Arabic or horseshoe arch,” 
Are moresque—pron. mohr-aisk, or arabique 
—pron, ah-rah-beek;. also Arce en fer a 


ar 


cheval—pron. fair ah sheh-valil, or Arc outre 
passé—pron. ooh-terr pah-say, meaning an 
arch of which the centres of the curve are 
passed or placed beyond or above the usual 
line of centres, which is on a level with top 
of imposts or abutments, which is the dis- 
tinguishing feature of this form of arch; 
Ger. hoher Mitlelpunkt Bogen—i.e. a high- 
centred arch ; also maurischer Bogen—pron. 
mowr-eesh-err, Syn. Fr. for “ recessed arch,” 
Are renfoncée (from renfoncer, to drive far- 
ther on) — pron. rahn-faun-say ; Ger. zuriick- 
weichender Bogen (zuriickweichen, to recede, 
to give way)—pron. tsoo-ruek-vy-chen. Syn. 
Fr. for “trefoiled arch,” Arc en ogive avec 
trois feuilles—pron. trwah feuhl; Ger. Drei- 
theilig-gothischer (dry - tile - ich-go-tish-err) 
Bogen (Theil, a part): a more precise syn- 
onym is Dreikleeblatt - gothischer Bogen, or 
simply Dreikleeblattbogen ( Kleeblatt, or simply 
Klee, the trefoil plant). Syn. Fr. for “square- 
headed or Tudor arch,” Arc en bande or en 
linteau (lintel)—pron. arrk ahn laihn-toh; 
also Are droit style Tudor—pron. drwah steel 
tooh-dohr; Ger. Geradhauptiger Bogen—pron, 
geh-rahd-howpt-ich-err. Syn. Fr. for “arch 
or vault brick,” Brique a voite ; Ger. Bogen- 
ziegel. Syn. Fr. for “arch-stone,” Pierre a 
voute—pron. pee-airr ; Ger. Bogenstein. Syn. 
Fr. for the “ central arch” in a series, Arc 
maitresse, a wistress arch—pron. may-tress ; 
Ger. Mittel- or Hauptbogen. Syn. Fr. for 
“arch keystone,” Claveau—pron. klah-voh ; 
also Voussoir or Vousseau centrale — pron, 
vooh-swahr or vooh-soh sahn-trahl; Ger. 
Bogenkeilstein (Keil, a wedge), wedge-formed 
or -shaped — pron. boh - genn- kile - stine. 
Syn. Fr. for “arch pier or impost,” Are 
membrette—pron, arrk maim-brett, or Are 
maitre poteau—pron, may-terr poh-toh; Ger. 
Bogenpfoste—pron. pfoss-teh, or Bogenimpost 
—pron. -eem-posst. Syn. Fr. for “arch 
buttress,” Arc boutant—pron. booh-tahn, or 
Are contrefort—pron. kohn-terr-forr; Ger. 
Bogenstrebepf eiler—pron. stray-beh-pfile-err. 
Syn. Fr. for “archwise or archlike,’ de Voiite 
—pron. deh yooht, or en forme & Votte— 
pron. ahn forrm ah vooht ; also Vowité—pron. 
vooh-tay, or comme une Votite—pron. komm 
uuhn voot; Ger. Bogenférmig—pron, boh- 
genn-foerr-mig ; also Gewélbe — pron. geb- 
yoehll-beh, Syn. Fr. for “arched work,” 
Ouvrage voiitée—pron. ooh-vrahj vooh-tay, 
or Ouvrage centrée—pron. saihn-tray ; Ger. 
Bogenwerk—pron, boh-genn-vairrk, or bogen- 
Sormige Arbeit. 
Architecture. The art and science of 
designing, planning, and erecting build- 
ings, public and private. Der. From the 
Greek archi, and tektén, archi being a prefix 
synonymous with our word arch, and fekton, 
a workman, one able to work out buildings. 
Syn. Fr. for “architecture” (same spelling 
as our word)—pron. ahr-kee-teck-tuehr ; also 
VArt de batir (to build)—pron, lahr deh 


215 


ar 


bah-teer; Ger. Architektur; also Baukunst 
(knowledge of building)—pron. bough- (ou 
as in now) koohnst. Syn. Fr. for “classical 
architecture,” Architecture classique~—pron. 
klah-seek; Ger. classische Baukunst—pron. 
klas-sish-eh. Syn. Fr. for “ Grecian (classical) 
architecture,” Architecture grecque — pron. 
greck; Ger. grieschische Baukunst — pron. 
greesh-ish-eh, Syn. Fr. for “ Roman (clas- 
sical) architecture,’ Architecture romaine— 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


Assembling Piece. (See Assemblage in 
text.) Syn. Fr. Lingotr—pron. leehn-swahr ; 
Ger. Vereinbalken—pron. ferr-ine-ball-kenn 
( Verein, a union, place of meeting, as a tie- 
beam of a roof-truss is the beam on which 
the other timbers rest or meet. Syn. Fr. 
for “assembling,” Aboutement — pron. ah- 
boot-mahn; Ger. Balkenbeklemmung—pron. 
-klemm-oohng. Syn. Fr. for “ to assemble,” 


Assembler—pron. Sa yi also Jointer 

—pron. jwahn-tay ; Ger. Balkenverbindung. _, 
Attach, To. <A term frequently used in ® 

building construction, as to attach an offset ~ 


pron. roh-maihn. Syn. Fr. for “ Gothic or 
Pointed architecture,” Architecture gothique 
—pron. go-teek, or Architecture style ogival 


—pron. steel oh-jhee-vahl ; Ger. gothische 
Baukunst—pron. go-tish-eh ; also Spitzbogen 
Baukunst—pron. shpits-boh-genn. 

Armature, in Carpentry. A term some- 
times employed to denote trussed framing 
or trussing. In French it is the same word as 
ours—pron.ahr-mah-tuuhr; Ger.die Armatur. 

Arrangement, in Architectural Design 
and in Building Plans. The disposition of 
the parts in due order and sequence: the 
way in which the arrangement is carried 
out constitutes the practical value of the 
plan—is, in fact, planning. Der. From the 
French arranger, and this from ad, and 
ranger, to range, to set in order—pron. 
rahn-jhay. Syn. Fr. Arrangement — pron. 
ah-rahnj-mahn ; also Agencement—pron. ah- 
jahnce-mahn (disposition) ; Ger. Anordnung 
—pron. ann-orrd-noong. 

Artesian Well. The name given to that 
system of obtaining water from a subter- 
ranean deposit by a bore-hole of exceedingly 
small diameter, as compared with the large 
diameter of the circular pit dug in ordinary 
well sinking. The system derives its name 
from Artois, in which province it was first 
carried out in a much more simple way 
than is now done with improved boring 
machinery at command. Syn. Fr. Puits 
artésien-—-pron. pwee zahr-tayz-ee-ain ; also 
Puits foré—i.e. a bored or pierced well— 
pron. pwee forr-eh; Ger. artesischer Brunnen 
—pron. ahr-tay-zish-err broon-nenn. 

Ashlar Work, in Masonry. Syn. Fr. 
Magonnerie en pierres de taille—pron. mah- 
sonn-ree ahn pee-airr deh tah-eel, or @ 
Maconnage — pron. mah-sonn-ahj; Ger. 
Quadersteinwerk—pron. kwah - derr - stine- 
vairrk. 

Ashler, or Ashlet, in Carpentry. Small 
vertical posts placed under the timbers of a 
roof, near to and parallel with the walls, to 
form a species of vertical wall with lath and 
plastering on each side of an apartment in 
a roof—a method of getting rid of part of 
the sloping portion of the roof in an attic 
room, Syn. Fr. Lambourde— pron. lahm- 
boord ; also Souttzen—pron. soo-tyain; Ger. 
Lagerholz — pron. lah - gerr - hollts; also 
kleine or Seitenpfoste eines Dachzimmers— 
pron. kline-eh or zy-ten pfoss-teh ine-ess 
dach-tsim-merrs, 


—a smail room or building—to the main 
building, to attach a board to a beam, etc. 
Der. The word is from the French attacher, 
and this from the Celtic tach—sometimes 
spelt as tac—a nail or small nail by which 
one body can be fastened, fixed (attached) 
to another. Syn. Fr. Attacher—pron. ah- 
taw-shay ; also (as in the case of stone, 
wood, and ironwork) Joindre—pron. jwahn- 
derr; also Accouplir (to couple) — pron. 
ah-koop-leehr ; Ger. Verbindung—pron. fairr- 
been-doong; also Anknapfen (knap, close, 
tight)—pron. ann-napp-fenn. 

Awl, in Tools. A small hand implement 
by which holes are made in wood previous 
to driving in nails by which two pieces 
are secured together. The hole is made 
to facilitate the entrance of the nail and to 
prevent its splitting the wood. The awl 
has its point chisel-shaped, and its tongue 
or tail is driven into the end of a small 
rounded handle of hard wood, and a brass 
ferule passed round at the point of junction 
of awl and handle to keep the latter from 
splitting. The awl is frequently called a 
“ brad-awl,” as it is used frequently to bore 
the holes in wood to receive a species of 
nail called a “ brad.” In Scotland the awl is 
known as a “brogue” or “brogg.” Syn. Fr. 
for “ awl,” as used by joiners, J/éche—pron. 
maysh; also Alesoir — pron. all-eh-zwahr ; 
also Broche—pron. brosh; Ger. Spitzbohrer 
—pron. shpits-boh-rerr ; also Vorstecher — 
pron. forr-stech-err. Syn. Fr. for a “scribing 
awl”—that is, for scoring, scratching or 
marking or indenting a line on the surface 
of any material, the straightness of the line 
being secured by the use of a straight-edge 
along which the scribing or marking awl is 
drawn by hand—Pointe or Broche or Méche 
a@ tracer—pron, pwahnt ah trah-say ; Ger. 
Reissahle (Ahle, an awl generally )—pron. 
rice-ah-leh. 


Back (see text). Der. The word is 
almost identical with the Old English bac, 
used to denote the upper surface of the 
body of an animal, as a horse or ox—the 
surface stretching from the head to the 
tail, In this case it was synonymous with 
“top.” In time the word came to be used 


216 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, 


to indicate that part or surface of a body 
opposite to that which is usually exposed 
or most frequently seen: the back of a 
body is that which is not generally exposed 
to view. Syn. Fr. for “back of an arch,” 
Ezxtrados dun are or d'une voiite—pron. aix- 
trah-doh duuhn ark, voot ; Ger. Oberbogen 
(ober, higher or upper)—pron. oh-berr-boh- 
genn, or Ueberbogen (iiber, over) — pron. 
ooheh-ber; also Aussenbogen (aussen, out- 
side)—pron. owss-enn.—** Backs,” in Car- 

ites (see text). Additional synonyms: 
Pr. tacinal de comble—pron. rah-see-nahl 
day kohm-bell ; Ger. Hauptdachbalken (head 
beam of a roof - truss) — pron. howpt- 
dakk-bahl-kenn. Syn. Fr. for ‘‘ back of a 
window,” Lambris (wainscot or wood 
lining) d’apput (appui, support, stay, prop) 
d'une fenétre—pron. lahm-bree dah-pweeh 
‘duuhn fay-nett-err; Ger. Holzkleidung 
(wood lining or clothing) einem Fenster- 
hinter or -riické or -briist (back or breast)— 
pron. holtz-klide-oong ine-emm fenn-sterr- 
heen-terr, rooh-eek, brooh-eest. Syn. Fr. 
for “ back light,” in house building, Jour or 
Fenétre de derriére—pron. jhoor or fay-nett- 
terr day day-reeh-air; Ger. Riicklicht von 
zimmer—pron. rooh-eek-leeght fonn tzeem- 
merr; also Hinterezimmerlicht. Syn. Fr. 
for “back room,” in house building, 
Chambre de derriere — pron. shawm - berr 
day day-ree-air; Piece (pee-ace) is some- 
times used as a synonym for chamber, just 
as we calla cup and saucer, for example, a 
“ piece” or one cup of the complete set ; 
Ger. Hinterzimmer—pron. heen-terr-tzeem- 
merr. Syn. Fr. for “back shop,” in street 
architecture, Arriére-boutique (shop behind 
the front or street shop)—pron. ah-ree-air 
booh-teek; Ger. Hinterladen (Laden, a 
shop)—pron. law-denn; also Bude (more 
properly a stall, as in the open market- 
place) — pron. buuh-day. Syn. Fr. for 
“back yard,” in house building,” Arriére 
cour—pron. koohr, or Cour a dos de maison ; 
also Basse-cour—pron. bass-koohr, or Cour 
de derriére; Ger. Hinterhof or Riickhof. 

Bakehouse, in Shop or Sireet Building. 
Der. The word bake comes from the Old 
English bacan or bachen, to dry, to make 
hard by heat. The special meaning is to 
prepare bread-stuffs for food. Syn. Fr, 
Boulangerie—pron. boohl-ahn-jer-ree ; Ger. 
Backhaus—pron. bakk-house, or Bdcherei— 
pron. beck-err-rye. 

Ballast, in Road Making. This word, in 
relation to the use here named, has a curious 
derivation. It is from two Old English 
words—dat, a boat, and last, a load—in allu- 
sion to the weight placed in the hold of a 
vessel to steady or trim it ; and, as this was 
made up of sand, gravel, and small stones— 
which were most ready to hand on the shore 
or the banks of a tidal river, but having 
great weight and a facility for adapting 


ba 


itself to spaces—it lay solidly in the bottom 
part of the hold, without shifting much. 
The same littoral material, being convenient 
and valuable for road- and footpath-making, 
when used in such work was called by the 
same name by which seafaring people desig- 
nate it. Syn. Fr. for “ballast” generally, 
Sable, or Balast; Ger. der Ballast—pron. 
bah-last. Syn. Fr. for “stone ballast,” 
otherwise known as “road metal,” Pierres 
cassées (broken stones)—pron. pee-airrs kas- 
say ; Ger. Knack, or Steinknack (knacken, to 
crack). Syn. Fr. for to ‘ballast a road or 
way,’ Ensabler un chemin or une voie— 
pron. ahn-sah-blay euhn shemm-maihn, uehn 
vwah ; Ger. Strasse or Landstrasse besteinen 
—pron. strah-seh, lant-strah-seh beh-stine- 
enn. Syn. Fr. for “ballasting a road,” 
Ensablement — pron. abn-sah-bleu-mahn ; 
also Empierrement — pron. ahm - pee - airr- 
mahn ; also Balastage—pron. bah-lass-tahj ; 
Ger. Strasseknacksteinpackung—-pron. strah- 
seh-knack-stine-pakk-oohng; also Sand- 
schiittung (schiitten, to shoot, as from the 
tail or end of a cart)—pron, zant-shuett- 
toong ; also Sandpackung. 

Balustrade Parapet. Der. Our word is 
from the French Balustre—pron. bah-luuhs- 
terr—is in fact the same word as one of the 
French names, balustrade. Another French 
synonym is Rebord— pron. ray-bohrd, an 
edge, a border ; another is Accudoir—pron. 
ah-kooh-dwah (from s’accouder, to lean on 
one’s elbow, which one almost intuitively 
does on going toa balustrade, especially if 
it overlooks a fine prospect, or, say, a beau- 
tiful garden). 

Bar. A long piece of wood or iron of 
comparatively small cross section, this being 
either circular, square, or rectangular. Der. 
From the French or German, in both cases 
barre, or from the Italian or Spanish barree, 
possibly from a word spelt like our own, 
meaning the branch of a tree, which, if it be 
long enough and straight, gives a good idea 
of a bar. Syn. Fr. Barre ; also Lingot—pron. 
laihn-goh ; Ger. Barre—pron. bar-reh ; also 
Stange, a pole, a perch—pron. stang-eh, Syn. 
Fr. for “ chimney or breast bar,” a wrought- 
iron bar built in near the gathering at the 
throat to support the brickwork or masonry, 
Barre de cheminée (see Chimney in text) ; 
Ger. Kaminbarre—pron. kah-mean-bar-reh. 
Syn. Fr. for “window bar,” Barre dun 


enétre—pron. bahr duuhn feh-nay-terr (also 
p 


for “bars of a window,” Barreaux pour la 
croisée—pron. bahr-oh poor lah crwah-zeh); 
Ger. Fensterstange. For “bonding hoop- 
iron,” notched, toothed, or saw-edged—zi.e, 
having short diagonal cuts made at short 
intervals along the edges, and bent up in 
opposite directions to give the hoop-iron a 
hold of, or to key with the bricks and 
mortar of a wall so strengthened, Syn. Fr, 
Bande fer dentilé—pron. bahnd fare dahn- 


217 


ba 


teel-eh; Ger. Zahnbandeisen—pron. tsahn- 
bant-ize-enn. 

Barn, in Farm Architecture. That apart- 
ment of a farmery or homestead or farm 
steading—the last name being that univer- 
sally used in Scotland and the northern 
counties of England abutting on that country 
—in which the grain is threshed out and 
separated from the straw, which is partly 
stored up in another and an adjacent part 
of the building termed a straw barn. Der, 
Curiously enough, from the Old English 
bereem, and this from bere, barley, and em, 
a close, or inclosed place —barley being 
the most valued and the most largely culti- 
vated crop in the olden times, Syn. Fr. 
Grange—pron. grahng-jhe or grahnje; also 
Lassiére or Las—pron. lah-see-airr, lah or 
lass (Jas meaning tired or wearied out, it 
is difficult to conceive of this term being 
given to denote this part of a farmery, unless 
it has special reference to the fact that 
threshing out corn by the hand-flail is 
perhaps the most fatiguing work of the 
farm) ; Ger. der Barn; also Schuer—pron. 
shoe-err. Syn. Fr. for “barn (threshing) 
floor,” Aire; Ger. Tenne — pron. ten-eh ; 
also Dreschtenne (from dreschen, to thresh) 
—pron. dresh-ten-eh. 

Barrowman. The labourer who wheels 
the barrow containing soil, rubbish, etc., 
in foundation work, etc. Syn. Fr. Browettier 
—pron. brooh-ett-ee-eh; also Rouleur — 
pron. rooh-luuhr; Ger. Schubkanentrager— 
pron. shoob-kan-enn-trah-gerr. 

Base (of a structure). Syn. Fr. Fondement 
—pron. fohnd-mahn ; Ger. Grundlage—pron. 
groohnt-lah-geh, Syn. Fr. for “base or 
foundation of a road,’ Base or Fondement 
@une route—pron. duehn root; Ger. Grund- 
lage or Packlage einer Strasse or Landstrasse. 
Syn. Fr. for “ basement story of a building,” 
Etage soubasement—pron. eh-tahj soo-bahz- 
mahn; Ger. Hrdgeschoss—pron. errd-geh- 
shoss, or Kellergeschoss. 

Batten (see text), To. Syn. Fr. Con- 
struire en volige—pron, kohng-strweer ahng 
voh-leejh ; Ger. mit Diinnen ausfiillen’— 
pron. meet duuhen-enn owss-fooh-eel-enn. 
Syn. Fr. for “battening,” Construction en 
~ wvolige; Ger. Diinnenmachen. Syn. Fr. for 
a “battened (otherwise termed a ledged) 
door,” Porte en volige, or Porte & panneaux 
Sausse en barres or en volige—i.e. a door with 
false panels in bars or battens; Ger. 
Diinnenthur or Lattenthur, 

Batter, To (see text). Syn. Fr. Faire en 
pente or en talus; also Construire en pente ; 
Ger. Béschungmachen. Syn. Fr. for “ bat- 
tering,’ Gauchissement—pron. goh-sheess- 
mahng; Ger. Béschungung. Batter is also 
used in another sense, as indicating a part 
which projects or bellies out in a sloping 
line ; the French synonyms for the term in 
this sense are Forjeter and Boucler—pron. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


forr-jett-eh, booh-klay; Ger. Bauchenwerk 
(from Bauch, the belly) — pron. bough- 
(ou as in now) kenn-vairrk; also Ueber- 
hangenwerk— pron. ooh-ee-berr-hang-genn- 
vairrk. 

Bay of a Barn, in Farm Architecture. 
A part at one end or side of a barn floor 
marked off, as by battens in line, in which 
to place grain, etc., to be kept apart from 
the other materials. Syn. Fr. Baye or 
Chambre d’une grange or las; Ger. Scheur- 
abtheilung. . Syn. Fr. for “bridge bay,” 


eTravée du pont—pron, trah-vay duuh pohn 


or pohng. The term “bay” is sometimes 
employed as synonymous with “void”— 
that is, the opening made in a wall in which 
a door or a window is to be fitted. Syn. Fr. 
Porte-baye or Baye pour une porte; also 
Baye pour une fenctre or Fenetre-baye ; also 
Porte or Fenctre ouverture; Ger. Thiiréffnung 
— pron. tooh-err-oh-eff-noong ; also Fenster- 
Offnung. 

Bead (see text). Der. Curiously enough, 
from the Old English bidden, to pray (the 
German betan, to pray, comes from the same 
sound), referring to the rounded spherical 
or spheroidal shaped pieces of glass per- 
forated in the centre and strung together, 
termed the rosary, on which the prayers 
were reckoned or counted off. ‘The rounded 
edge of the flatter kind of beads gives a 
good idea of the “bead” of English orna- 
mented work in building construction. Syn. 
Fr. for ‘rebated bead,” Baguette infraposée 
or feuillée—pron, bah-gett fuuh-eel-eh (see 
Rebate in text); Ger. Rundstabfalzen — 
pron. roond-stabb-fahl-tzenn. Syn. Fr. for 
“cock bead,’ Boudin (pudding-shaped)— 
pron. booh-dahng or -dahn : Ger. Stiibchen— 
pron. stooh-eeb-kenn, 


Beam (see text). Der. The word is from 
the Old English (same in spelling as ours), 
meaning a post or a tree. Syn. Fr. for 
“built beam,” Poutres assemblées en deux or 
trois piéces—pron. pooh-terr ah-sahm-blay 
ahng duuh, trwah pee-ayss; Ger. Balken 
mit zwet or dret Stiick—pron. bahl-kenn 
meet tzvyeh, drieh stooh-eek. Syn. Fr. for 
“built beam joined together with indented 
surfaces or scarf-joints and secured with 
screw-bolts,” Poutres assemblées en endenté 
série par des boulons et écrous; Ger. 
Balkenveizahnte mit Schraubenbolzen. Syn. 
Fr. for a “built beam with keys,” Poutre 
calée; Ger. Balken mit Keil. Syn. Fr. for 
“fishing a beam,” Poutre éclissée — pron. 
pooh-terr eh-kleeze-eh—from éclisser (same 
pron.), to splinter; Ger. Balken mit Seiten- 
stiick verstirkung—that is, the two pieces 
joined and kept together and strengthened 
with side pieces. Syn. Fr. for “notched 
beam,” Poutre peigne (comb-like surface or 
face)—pron. pooh-terr pay-ahng, or Poutre 
endenté — pron. ahng-dahng-tay; Ger. 
Kamm- (comb) balken. Syn. Fr. for “an 


218 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


overloaded or overstrained beam,” Poutre 
fatiguée or qui se fatigue—pron, fah-teeg-eh, 
kuh say fah-teeg; also La poutre sowysrit 
(‘‘the beam suffers’”’)—pron. lah pooh-terr 
(from souffrir Hays aialeenctt to suffer, to 
endure) ; Ger. Balken mit zu viel Ladung 
(load)—pron. bahl-kenn meet tzooh feel lah- 
duuhng. Syn. Fr. for “beam strengthened 
with iron bands,” Poutre armée avec bandes 
de fer ; Ger. Balken mit Eisenbands verstirke. 

Bearing (of a beam). Jer. The word 
bear is from the Old English beran, to 
support, to carry. Syn. Fr. for “bearing of 
a beam,” Portée d'un poutre—pron. pohr-tay 
duuhn pooh-terr; Ger. Freitragung eines 
Balkens. 

Bed, To (see text). Syn. Fr. Fixer— 

ron. feex-eh; Ger. Festlagen. Syn. Fr. 
for “bed of bricks,’ Lit des briques-—pron. 
lee day breek; Ger. Bett von Ziegelstein. 
Syn. Fr. for “bed of stone,” Lit de pierre 
—pron. pee-airr ; Ger. Bett von Stein. Syn. 
Fr. for “bed of mortar,” Lit de mortier— 
pron. mohr-tee-ay ; Ger. Bett von Mortel. 
Syn. Fr. for “bed of sand,” Lit de sable— 

ron. sah-bell; Ger. Bett von Sand. Syn. 

r. for “bedding joints,” Joints découchés 
—pron. jwahnt day-koo-shay. 

Beech, in Timber Trees. A forest tree 
yielding a hard wood much used in cabinet- 
making as a cheap substitute for mahogany, 
the botanical name for which is fagus 
sylvatica, Syn. Fr. Hétre—pron. hay-terr 
(this is the synonym generally used), or 
Hetraie—pron. hett-ray ; also Fouteau—pron. 
foo-toh, or Fau—pron. phoh ; also Fayard— 
pron. fye-yard; Ger. Buche—pron. booh- 
kay. Syn. Fr. for “beechwood,” Bois de 
hétre—pron. bwah deh hay-terr; Ger. Buchen- 
holz—pron. boo-chenn-hollts. 

Bell. The metal hollow body or appliance 
from which sound is given out by its hammer 
or clapper coming in contact more or less 
violently with the metal. Der. Our word 
comes from the Old English dellan or belle, 
to make a loud noise; our word beilow comes 
from this also. Syn. Fr. Cléche—pron. klosh ; 
Ger. die Glocke — pron. dee glock-keh. 
Syn. Fr. for “bell of a capital” (see Text 
for definition), Campane d’un chapiteau — 
pron. deuhn shah-peeh-toh ; also Campane 
dune colonne—pron. kahm-pahn duehn col- 
lonn; also Tambour dun chapiteau—literally 
“drum of a capital”—pron, tahm-boorr 
deuhn shah-peeh-toh; also Cloche d’un 
chapiteau; Ger. der Kessel eines Kapitals, 
from its supposed resemblance to a kettle ; 
also die Glocke des Kapitals. Syn. Fr. for 
“hammer or clapper of a bell,’ Battant 
(from battre, to beat, to strike)—pron. bah- 
tahn ; also Marteau (a hammer) d’une cloche ; 
Ger. Glockenkléppel (our clapper comes from 
this), from klopfen, to beat. Syn. Fr. for 
“bell crank,” Bascule d’une cloche—pron, 
bahs-kuehl, or Manivelle d'une cloché—pron. 


be 


mah-nee-vell; Ger. Wirbel einer Glocke — 
pron. veehr-bell, or Schwungbalken — pron. 
shvoong ; also Glockensichwirbel—pron. gloh- 
kenn-zich-veehr-bell. Syn. Fr. for “ bell 
metal,” Metal de cloche—pron. may-tahl, or 
Bronze de cloche—pron. brohnz or brohnze ; 
Ger, Glockenmetall. Syn. Fr. for “ bell wire,” 
Fil de métal pour les cloches ; also Coulisseau 
—pron, kooh-leece-oh ; also Renvoi d'un son- 
nette—pron. ralin-v wah duuhn soh-nette ; Ger. 
Glockendreht or Metalldraht ; also Glockenzug 
or Schellenzug (from schellen [shell-enn] to 
ring the bell)—pron. shell-enn-tsoohg. Syn. 
Fr. for “bell pull” (see Text). Our pro- 
vincialism “clinkle” comes from Klingel, 
and this from klingen, to sound (our pro- 
vincialism “clinken” from this), Syn. Fr. for 
“bell hanging,” Ouvrage des sonnettes—pron, 
ooh-vrahj day soh-nett, or Pose des sonnettes 
—pron. poze; Ger. Anbringung der Schellen, 
or Schelleneinsetzung. Syn. Fr. for “bell 
hanger,’ Ouvrier des sonnettes—pron. ooh- 
vree-eh; also Poseur (placer) des sonnettes 
—pron. poh-zeuhr; Ger. Schellenarbeiter— 
pron. ahr-bite-err ; also Schelleneinsetzer. 
Bellows, in Smith’s Work and in Organ 
Work for Public Buildings. The apparatus 
used to obtain a stream or continuous 
current of air, with the principle of which, 
as exemplified in the working of the house- 
hold bellows, all are familiar. Der. The word 
comes from the Old English doel, a bag, 
and this from belgan, to swell. Syn. Fr. for 
“ bellows’? (in common language termed a 
pair), Soufflet pron. sooh-flay (from souffler 
{sooh-flay], to blow or breathe strongly) ; 
Ger. Balg (a skin or inclosing bag)—pron. 
bahlg (this is almost identical with the Old 
English word above given) ; also Blasebalg 
(blast skin or bag)—pron. blahz-eh-bahlg 
(from dlasen, to blow or breathe strongly )— 
our word “ blast” comes from this, Syn, Fr. 
for “mechanism or apparatus for working 
bellows,” Mécanisme or Appareil or 
Mécanique de soufflee — pron. may - kah - 
neesm, ah-pahr-ayl, may -kann-eek deh 
sooh-flay ; Ger. Triebwerk vom Blasebalg or 
Blasebalgentriebewerk—pron. treeb-eh-vairrk. 
Bench (see text), Covered. Syn. Fr. 
Banquette — pron. bahn-kett ; Ger. Werk- 
bankdeckung — pron. vairrk - bank - day - 
koohng. Syn. Fr. for “bench plane,” in 
tools, Rabot & planer or d’établi—pron. rah- 
boh ah plaw-neh, dayt-ah-blee ; Ger. Werk- 
bankhobel —pron. hoh-bell. Syn. Fr. for 
“bench clamp or screw vice,” Servante & 
banc—pron. sair-vahngt ah bahn or bahng. 
Bend—Bent, in Construction. Der. Our 
word comes from the Old English dbendan, 
to crook, to turn from one direction to 
another ; or it is from the Latin pandere, to 
bend, to crook. Syn. Fr. Couwrber—pron. 
koohr- bay; also Fléchir — pron, flay- 
sheer; Ger. Biegen—pron, bee-genn; also 
Kriimmen—pron. kruehm-menn, Syn. Fr. 


219 


be 


for “to bend or curve out, to camber a beam,” 
Cambrer une poutre—pron. kahm-bray uubn 
pooh-terr; Ger. Bogenformig—pron. foehr- 
mig. Syn. Fr. for, “bend of a road,” 
Crochet d’wne voie—pron. krosh-ay duuhn 
vwah (crochet is a hook). Syn. Fr. for 
“bending,” Courbage— pron. koohr-babj ; 
Ger. Kriimmung—pron, kruehm-oong. Syn. 
Fr. for “bendable,” capable of being bent, 
Souple—pron. sooh-pell (our word supple 
comes from this) ; also Flexible, Courbable, 
or Pliable—pron. flaxe-eeh-bell, koohr-bah- 
bell, pleeh-ah-bell, Syn. Fr. for “bent,” 
Croche, Courbé, or Crochu— pron. krosh, 
koor-bay, kroh-shueh ; Ger. Gebogen ; also 
Krumm, Syn. Fr. for “bent timber,” Bors 
courbé—pron. bwah koohr-bay ; Ger. krummes 
Holz. 

Beton (see text). Syn. Fr. for “ hydraulic 
beton,” Béton or Mortier hydraulique—pron. 
bett-ohng, mohr-tee-ay hee-droll-eek ; Ger. 
hydraulisches Steinmértel—pron. hee-drowl- 
eesh-ess stine-moh-eer-teel. Syn. Fr. for 
“beton work or betonning,” Betonnage— 
pron. bett-ohng-ahje ; also Ouvrage en béton 
—pron. ooh-vrahj ahng bett-uhng; Ger. 
Steinmiértelwerk. 

Bevelled (see text for Bevel). Syn. Fr. 
Assemble en biais — pron, ah-sawhm-blay 
ahn bee-ah-ee ; Ger. Schrdge—pron. shrah- 
eeg-eh, Syn. Fr. for “ bevelling,” Lquerrage 
—pron, eh-kerr-ajh ; Ger. Schrdgemachen— 
pron. maw-kenn. Syn. Fr. for “to bevel” 
(seetext), Assembler en biais ; Ger. Schrdgen ; 
also Gehren—pron. gay-renn. Syn. Fr. for 
“bevel plane,” Guillame a onglet — pron. 
gwheel-ahm ah ohng-glay ; also Tampon 
—pron. tahm-pohn. 

Bind, To, in Construction. To tie or 
connect together. Der. Our word comes 
from the Old English dindan, to tie together. 
In construction it is often used as synony- 
mous with bond, as in binder-stone, binding- 
stone, or bonder- or bond-brick. Syn. Fr. 
for “ binding-pieces,” in carpentry, as trim- 
mers, purlins, etc., Hnchévetrure—pyron. ahn- 
shevy-eh-truehr, or Chevétre (a bandage)— 
pron. shevv-eh-terr; also Ventriere—pron. 
vahn-tree-airr ; Ger. Bindeholzbalken—pron. 
binn-deh-hollts bahl-kenn ; also Bandholz— 
pron. bant-hollts. Syn. Fr. for “binding- 
stone,” Pierre attache—pron. pee-airr ah- 
tahsh ; Ger. Bindeholz, or Bandstein. Syn. 
Fr. for “‘binding-beam or bearer,’”’ Support 
de solivure—pron. suuh-porr deh soh-leeve- 
uuhr; Ger. Unterzugbalken—pron. oohn-terr- 
tsoohg. Syn. Fr. for “ binding-ties or 
pieces,” in carpentry, Moises yumelles—pron. 
mwahz jueh-mell; Ger. Gurtbalken or Gurt- 
holz (from giirten, to girdle or tie round)— 
pron. goorrt; also Giirtel- (a girdle) holz. 
Syn. Fr. for “binding screw-bolt and nut,” 
Boulon et écrou a pression—pron. booh-lohn 
eh eh-krooh ah press-yohn ; Ger. Druck- 
schraubenbolzen (from drucken, to press, to 


& 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


compress, to squeeze together)—pron. drook- 
shrowb-enn-boll-tsenn. Syn. Fr. for “ bind- 
ing-rope,” as in tying putlogs and poles 
in brickwork building together, Cordon a 
pression—pron, korr-dohn, or Cordon pro- 
longe — pron. proh-long; Ger. Zugstrick 
(cord, string, rope)—pron. tsoog-shtrick ; 
also Zugtau—pron. -tow (ow as in now), or 
Zugseil—pron. -zile ; also, Langestrick, Lange- 
tau, or Langeseil; also Schlanustrick (from 
schlappen [shlap-penn ], to drag). 

Birch Wood. Syn. Fr. Beis de bouleau— 
pron. bwah deh boohl-oh; Ger. Birkenholz. 

Bit Borer, in Tools. Der The word bit 
is from the Old English dian, bite, and this 
from bitan, to bite, meaning that a bit is a 
small piece, as much only as can be severed 
by, or bitten off by, the mouth. Syn. Fr. 
Pointe—pron. pwahn ; also T'ranchant—pron. 
trahn-shahn (from trancher [trahn-sheh], 
to cut off, to divide) ; Ger. Bohrstiick (boring 
piece)—pron. bohr-stuek ; also Bohrholz or 
Bohreisen, wood or iron borer. 

Bitumen, i Materials. Mineral pitch, 
a tarry-like substance, when melted highly 
combustible. Asphalte is a certain kind of 
bitumen largely used in forming a concrete 
in conjunction with other minerals, as 
crushed stone in forming roads, making 
footpaths, or covering courtyards, cellar 
floors, etc. Der. The word is simply the 
Latin bitumen, a mineral pitch. Syn. Fr. 
Bitume—pron. bee-tuuhm; also Agphalte— 
pron. ahss-falt ; also Goudron (tar) minéral 
—pron. gooh-drohng mee-nay-rahl; Ger. 
Bitumen — pron. beet-uuh-menn, or 
Asphalt — pron. ahse-falht; also Erdepech 
(earth pitch)—pron. err-day-paikk, or 
Erdeharz (earth resin)—pron. hartz. Syn. 
Fr. for “bituminous,” Lrtumineux — pron. 
bee-tu-mee-nuuh. 

Ki-vault. A term in building, meaning 
a vault repeated, a double vault. Syn. Fr. 
Une votte deuble—pron. uuhn vooht doo- 
bell; Ger. Doppelgewolb — pron. doh-pell- 
gay-vohlb. Syn. Fr. for a “‘ doubled vault,” 
Une votite doublée—pron, dooh-blay ; Ger. 
Doppelgewolbe—pron. gay-vohl-beh. 

Black, in Colour. Strictly itis no colour, 
as it absorbs all other colours and reflects 
none: hence it may be called the negative 
of colour, as white, which is strictly also 
no colour, inasmuch as it reflects all colours 
and absorbs none, may be said to be the 
converse of this, the positive of colour. Der. 
Our word is from the Old English blac, dark 
or night-like—the opposite of white, which 
is light-like. Syn. Fr. for “ black,’ Noir— 
pron. nwahr; Ger. Schwarz—pron. shvartz. 
Syn. Fr. for ‘“‘blacklead pencil,” Crayon noir 
—pron. kray-yohng ; Ger. Schwarzbleistift or 
-pinsel—pron, blice-steeft, peen-seal. Syn. 
Fr. for “ivory black,” Noir d'ivoire—pron. 
deev-wabr; Ger. Hisenbeinschwarz — pron. 
izenn-bine. Syn. Fr. for “ black-lead,” 


220 


& 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


Graphite—pron. grah-feet ; also Plombagine 
—pron. plom-bah-jheen, or P/lomb— pron. 
plohmb ; also Plomb de mine—pron. plohm 
day meen; Ger. Plombagin; also Reissblet 
(Blei literally “sketch or sketching lead”) 
—pron. rice-blyee. 

Blacksmith. The workman who works 
in iron and steel, and forges or hammers 
into shape the different parts required in 
the ironwork of building construction: so 
called either from the biack colour of the 
materials he works with, or from the 
begrimed appearance of the hands, arms, 
and face of the workman. Syn. Fr. Forgeron 
—pron. fohr-jher-ohn ; also Martineur (from 
marteau, 2 hammer)—pron. mahr-tee-neuhr, 
This derivation is seen in the Ger. syn. 
Hammerschmied—pron. hahm-merr-shmeed ; 
also Kisenschmied (iron smith)—pron. izenn. 
Syn. Fr. for “ blacksmith’s work,’ Ouvrage 
de J orgeron—pron. oohy-rahj ; Ger. Hammer- 
schmiede Arbeit. Syn. Fr. for “ black tar 
varnish or coating,” Vernis noir—pron. verr- 
nee nwahr ; also Goudron, mineral of a tar 
covering ; Ger. Steinkohlentheer (coal tar)— 
pron. stine-koh-lenn-tayhr. Syn. Fr. for 
“to blacken,” Notrcir—pron. nwahr-seerr ; 
Ger. Anschwdrtzen—pron. ann-shyvairr-tsenn. 

Blasting, in Quarrying Stone. Der. Our 
word blast is almost identical with the Old 
English Jdloest, a puff of air or a gust of 
wind, from Jdloesan, to blow. The term is 
applied to one of the chief operations of 
quarrying, in the blowing up of masses of 
rock through the explosive force of gun- 
powder, gun-cotton, or nitro-glycerine, the 
operation being known as blasting or 
blowing to pieces masses of rock. Syn. Fr. 
for “blast,” Vent des soufflets—pron. vahng 
day soo-flay ; Ger. Bliseluft — pron. blah- 
eeze-eh-luuhft. Syn. Fr. for “blasting 
tools,” Outils pour le tirage, & la poudre, or 
explosif & mine — pron. ooh-teel poohr leh 
teer-ajh, ah lah pooh-derr, aix-ploh-seef 
ah meen; Ger. Bohrungarbeiteisen von 
Minen; also Werkzeuge zum Steinsprengen 
—pron. vairkk - tzoog-eh. Syn. Fr. for 
“blasting powder or explosive,” Poudre or 
Explosif de mine—pron. pooh-derr, aixe- 
ploh-seef day meen ; Ger. Minen pulver. 

Blind Wall. Der. Our word blind is 
identical with the Old English, destitute of 
the power of sight or seeing. Syn. Fr. for 
“blind wall,’ a wall with no door or other 
opering, serving as a screen or shelter 
wall, Paravent—pron. pahr-ah-vahn ; Ger. 
blinde Wand — pron. blinnd-eh vahnd, or 
Schicht — pron. shicht ; also Mauer — pron. 
mow - err, or Festung — pron. fess-toohng. 
Syn. Fr. for “ blind door, window, or stair- 
case,” Porte, fenétre, escalier feinte (“beyond 
door,” etc.)—pron. pohrt, fenn-ay-terr, ace- 
kah-lee-eh ; also Fausse (false door, etc.) ; 
Ger. blinde Thiir—pron. tuehr, or Fenster— 
pron. fenn-ster, or Treppe—pron. trepp-eh. 


bo 


Block. (See text.) Der. Our word is 
from the French dloc, or the Icelandic blokke, 
signifying a large mass of wood or stone, 
The term is often applied inaccurately ; it 
is strictly applicable to a series of buildings 
inclosing a space, quadrangle or otherwise. 
Each face may present different architec- 
tural features. Syn. Fr. for “block of 
buildings,” Bdtiments ou maisons déposés & 
quadrangulaire — pron. bah-tee-mahn ooh 
may-zon day-poh-zay ah kwah-drahn-gueh- 
lairr; also Paté— pron. pah-tay; Ger. 
Héuserquadrat—pron. hoy-zerr-kwah-draht. 
Syn. Fr. for a “block of houses placed 
between two roads or streets,” wne Ile, an 
island—pron. ooh-neel, or une Quartier— 
pron. kahr-tee-eh; Ger. J/dusergruppe, 
houses grouped together— pron. hoy-zerr- 
groop-peh, or Hdusergruppirung — pron. 
-grooh-peer-oong (Gruppe, a group). 

Blower, in Jronmongery. The shutters 
or leaves or pliable screen used in the latest 
or most improved fire-grates, by which the 
wide opening to the chimney between fire- 
bars and mantelpiece is wholly or partially 
closed, so as to increase the draught of the 
chimney or the rate of the combustion of 
fuel in the grate. Portable forms of blowers 
are used in well-regulated houses in place of 
the old-fashioned bellows, saving much time, 
as they are self-acting and kindle or increase 
the activity of the fire much more quickly 
and efficiently than the bellows. Syn. Fr. 
Ventilateur aspirant pour la cheminée—pron. 
vahn-tee-lah-teuhr ah-speer-awhn poohr lah 
sheu-mee-nay, or lah shemm-ee-nay ; Ger. 
Kaminwindfang — pron. kah - meen - veent- 
fahng. 

Board (see text). Der. The word is 
from the Old English Jord, and this from 
brad, broad, a piece of timber of much 
greater width than thickness, and of greater 
length than width. Sgn. Fr. for “ feather- 
edged board,’ Planche avec bord sciée en 
biseau—pron. plangsh ah-vekk bohrd see-eh 
ahng bee-soh; Ger. Brett mit Rand keilformig 
(keilen, to wedge) — pron. rahnt kile-foh- 
eerm-eeg. Syn. Fr. for “thick board,” 
Planche épaisse — pron. planhsh eh-pah- 
eese; also Madrier—pron, maw-dree-eh, or 
Cartelle—pron. kahr-tell: Ger. Dickbreti— 
pron. deek- brett; also Balkenplanke (so 
thick that the boards may be likened to 
small beams)—pron. bahl-kenn-plahn-kay. 
Syn. Fr. for “a thin board,” Volige—pron. 
voh-leejh ; also Planche mince or menw or 
délie—pron. planhsh maihnse, may-nuuh, 
day-leeh ; Ger. Dunnbrett. 

Bolt-hole. The word (see text) is iden- 
tical with the Anglo-Saxon word meaning 
an arrow or a dart, and this from the root pet 
or bel, to throw or project forward. Syn. Fr. 
for “ bolt-hole,” the hole or aperture made 
in beams, etc., through which the screw-bolt 
is passed by which the scarfed ends of 


221 


bo 


beams or the binding-plates of the same are 
secured together, La trou pour le boulon; 
also Entaille—pron. ahn-tahil; Ger. Bolzen- 
hohle or -loch. 

Bond (see text). Der. The word comes 
from the Old English bundan or bonden, and 
this from dinden, to bind or tie together. 
Syn. Fr. for “ Flemish bond in brickwork,” 
Ouvrage en brique « la flamande—pron. flah- 
mahnd, or Appareil a la flamande—pron. 
ah-pahr-ail ; also Liaison a Uanglaise dans 
ouvrage en briques—pron. lee-ay-zohn (from 
lier [lee-eh], to tie; Ger. fldémischer Ver- 
band im Ziegelwerk — pron. flay-mish-err 
fairr-bahnt im tsee-gell-vairrk, or simply 
Sldimisches Ziegelwerk. Syn. Fr. for “Old 
English bond in brickwork,” Ouvrage en 
brique & Uanglaise — pron. ah-lahn-glaze ; 
also Liaison a Vanglaise en ouvrage en brique. 
For “ bonder,” the large stone used in walls 
which goes through the thickness or from 
surface to surface of a wall (hence also 
termed a “through”—which see in Text), 
Syn. Fr. Pierre en boutisse (bout, end)—pron. 
pee-airrahn booh-teece; Ger. Durchbindestein 
(durch, through—pron. doorch), 

Border (see text). Der. The word comes 
from the French, or the Old English: in 
both languages alike bord = the edge or 
outer margin of a surface or body. Syn. Fr. 
for “ bordering,” Bordage ; also Entowrage— 
pron. ehng-too-rajhe; Ger. Linfassung. 
Syn. Fr. for “brick border,” Bordure en 
brique—pron. bohr-duuhr ahn breek; Ger. 
Ziegelstein einfassung. Syn. Fr. for “ paving- 
stone border,” Bord du dallage—pron. dah- 
lajh, or Bord pavée—pron. pah-vay ; also 
Dallage bande ; Ger. Pflasterstein einfassung 
—pron. flah-stair-stine. Syn. Fr. for “to 
border,” Border, Entourer, Garnir, Orner, 
or Faire orne—pron. bohr-day, ahng-toor- 
eh, gahr-neer, ohr-nay, fair ohrn; Ger. 
Einfassen, Vernieren gestelle or fassen— 
pron. ine-fah-senn, fair-neer-enn, fah-senn. 

Bore (see text). Der. The word bore is 
from the Old English borian, though some 
derive it from the Latin forare, to perforate, 
to make a hole in or through a body. The 
French word forer, to bore, comes directly 
from the Latin, but there does not seem 
much connection between bore and the 
Latin term forare. Syn. Fr. for “to bore 
the earth or soil,” an operation gone through 
to test the nature of the ground, as in 
making a foundation of a building or in 
the sinking of a well, Forer le terrain— 
pron. fohr-eh leh terr-ahn, or Sonder (sound) 
fe sol—pron. sohng-day leh soll; Ger. das 
Grund anbohren—pron. groohnt. Syn. Fr. 
for “ bore” or “a bore hole,” Trou, Vide, or 
Route de forure—pron. trooh, veehd, root 
day fohr-uuhr; Ger. Bohrhéhle or -loch— 
pron. bore-ho-eel-eh, lokh. Syn. Fr. for 
** boring tools,” Outils de forer or & sonder— 
pron. ooh-teel; Ger. Bohrwerkzeuge. Syn. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


Fr. for “ bored,” Bien forée—pron. bee-ahng 
or be-yahn for-ray ; Ger. Bohrerecht--pron. 
raight. Syn. Fr. for “boring,” Forage— 
pron. fohr-ajhe, or Ouvrage en forage ; Ger. 
Bohrung — pron, boh-roong ; Ger. Bohr- 
arbeit. 

Boss Work (see text). Der. The word 
boss comes from the French dosse, meaning 
something protuberant or stump or button- 
like. Syn. Fr. for “boss work,” Bossage— 
pron. boh-sajhe; Ger. Buckel-, Bosse-, or 
Knopfwerk—pron, booh-kale, boss-eh, nopf- 
vairrk. 

Botch. <A term in daily use in workshops 
and in reference to work as indicating that 
some work or part of work is done in a 
careless, slovenly, awkward and wasteful, or 
what is often called a “ bungling” way,— 
which latter term has a curious derivation, 
coming from the provincial or rustic German 
word bangen, to bang about (our word bang 
comes, indeed, from this), to beat or strike 
in an aimless, careless fashion. Others 
derive it from the Icelandic word bongun, 
unfinished or rude work. Der. The term 
“botch” comes from the Italian 6dozza, 
which, amongst other meanings, denotes a 
patch made on clothing. Syn. Fr. (or the 
technical or shop phrase for botch) 
Loup — pron, looh. This is the word for 
wolf, a cowardly animal, so that the shop 


phrase has much sarcastic and _ true 
meaning. Syn. Ger. Bock, a fault, a 
blunder. Syn. Fr. for “to botch,” Faire 


un loup — pron. fayrr euhn looh; also 
Louper—pron. looh-pay ; Ger. Bécke machen 
—pron. boekk-eh mah-chenn; also Faul- 
lenzen, to be idle or lazy—pron. fowl-en- 
tsenn. 

Bottoming of a Road (see text). Der. 
The word bottom is from the Old English 
botton, the under side or part of a body. In 
construction it is often used as a synonym 
for base. Syn. Fr. for “bottoming of a 
road,” the small stones, gravel, and sand 
laid on the surface of the foundation or 
wide and shallow trench cut in the soil in 
which the road is to be formed, Pierres du 
Jondation @une ehaussée—pron. fohng-dah- 
see-ohng shoh-say; also Blocage d'une 
chaussée ; Ger. Steines fiir die Grundplatte 
von Strasse; also Steanpacklage von Strasse, 
or simply Steinpacklage — pron. pauk-lah- 
gay. Syn. Fr. for “bottom” of a body, 
Fond or Cul—pron. fohngd, kuul; Ger. 
Boden; also Hintertheil (hinder part)— 
pron. heen-terr-tile. Syn. Fr. for “bottom 
piece” in carpentry,” M/éche—pron. mesh ; 
also Fond bois; Ger. Unterholz or -balken— 
pron. oohn-terr, Syn. Fr. for “ bottom 
rail,” Traverse infériéur—pron. trah-vairs 
aihng-fairr-ee-oohr ; Ger. Unterfreis. 

Boudoir, in Domestic House Architecture. 
A small apartment or entertaining room 
set apart for the use of the lady or ladies 


222 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, 


of the house—pron. booh-dwahr or -dwah, 
The derivation of the word does not show 
much of the gallantry which the French 
nation arrogate to themselves, and which 
we as willingly accord to them, although 
it is possible the name may have origi- 
nated from a jocular designation given to 
it by some witty lady (and French ladies 
are noted for their wit)—for the term is a 
corruption of, or the word itself slightly 
altered in spelling, Boudeur (booh-duuhr), 
one who pouts, a spoiled or petted young 
lady, for example. ‘This derivation is 
carried out or exemplified in the chief 
German names given to the apartment, 
as follows :—Damenkleinekammer (Jadies’ 
little room), or Launenkammer or -stiib- 
chen—from Laune (low- [ow as in now] 
nay), temper, whim, caprice—meaning that 
this room is to be given up to the lady of 
the house, in the fittings, etc., of which she 
can carry out any whim, fancy, or caprice 
she may have. Another synonym, Schmoll- 
kdmmer, carries with it another curious 
meaning, schmollen being to pout or to be 
sulky. 

Boulevard, in Street Arrangements of a 
City. This term, as well as the arrange- 
ment to which it is applied, is gradually 
being adopted in this country. In the 
French cities the boulevard plays an im- 
portant part. It is generally a very wide 
street with side-walks or pavements of great 
breadth; a row of trees placed at com- 
paratively short intervals along the line of 
street separates the pavement from the 
street or carriage-way proper. Originally 
the boulevard encircled a town, taking the 
run or course of the rampart or line of for- 
tification—the ramparts being in the more 
peaceful modern times in many cases thus 
changed into a promenade. This gave the 
name; the French word doule-vard— pron. 
boohl-vahr, being from the German Bollwerk, 
a rampart, from which our English bulwark. 
The word boulevard denotes now a side 
street or promenade, planted on either side 
with trees. The German word is the same ; 
another synonym being Ringstrasse—pron. 
ring-strah-say — i.e. a circular street, or 
rather road, in allusion to the rampart 
encircling a town. 


Boundary Line. A term frequently used . 


in describing the extent or area of plots of 
land for building purposes, etc. Der. The 
word is from the Old French or Norman- 
French boune (boohn), the limit of a given 
space, Syn. Fr. for “boundary,” Borne, 
Limite—pron. born, lee-meet ; Ger. Grenze— 
pron. grenn-tzay, a limit, a bond (from 
Grenzen, to placea limit to,to bound). Syn. 
Fr. for “to set out or plan the boundary,” 
Borner le terrain; also Aborner—pron. ah- 
borr-nay ; Ger. Begrenzen. 


Bow Pencil—Bow Pen, in Architec- 


br 
tural Drawing. More frequently used 
perhaps in the inverted form “ pencil bow” 
or “pen bow,’ or small compasses for the 
describing of circles of small diameter in 
pencil and in ink, Syn. Fr. Compas petits ; 
Ger. Kleinezeichenzirkel. 

Bow Saw, in Tools. A form of saw having 
a narrow blade connected at the ends with 
an overhead framing curved in shape; hence 
the name. One form of it is much used on 
the Continent as a cross-cut saw. Syn. Fr. 
Scie en rachet— pron. see ahn rah-shay 
(from racheter, a term in construction de- 
noting setting straight or connecting two 
parts, as the bow or frame connects the two 
ends of the saw), or Scie en arc—pron. arrk ; 
Ger. Bogensdége—pron. boh-genn-zay-geh, or 
Biigelsdge (Biigel, a bow, stirrup shaped)— 
pron. bueh-gell; also Schiefsdge (schief 
[sheef], crooked, oblique). 

Box or Case of Drawing Instruments, 
in Architectural Drawing. Der. The word 
box is the same as the Old English boz,a 
receptacle or framing, generally rectangular 
in section, and provided with a bottom and 
a movable hinged lid. Another derivation 
is from the Greek name for the boxwood 
tree, puxos or puxis, a wooden case. Syn. 
Fr. Boite—pron. bwaht; also Etwi (a case) 
—pron, ate-wee; Ger. Biichse—pron. buuh- 
eek-seh ; also Kasten, a chest, case. Syn. Fr. 
for a “box of drawing or mathematical 
instruments,” Etui d instruments pour le 
dessein—pron. ate-wee dahn-strooh-mahn ; 
also Boite dinstruments; Ger. Reisszeug- 
biichse—pron. rice-tsoich-buuh-eek-say. Syn. 
Fr. for “ boxings (see text) for windows or 
doors,” Chambranle dune porte or dune 
Jfenétre—pron. shahm-brahn!l duuhn_ pohrt, 
fen-nay-terr ; Ger. Thiirfutter or -fenster— 
pron. tuueehr-foot-terr, fenn-stare. ‘ Box” 
(loose) in stable building or farm architec- 
ture: a special place or room set apart for 
a horse in which he is free to move about, 
in place of being tied up as in an ordinary 
stable stall. The French have adopted our 
term for this, as they have done in nearly 
all the technical—even slang—terms con- 
nected with horses and horse racing. Syn. 
Ger. Pferdeabtheilung — pron. pfairr-deh- 
ahp-tile-oong, or P/ferdekrippe (Krippe, a 
crib, a manger, or a hurdle). 

Brace (see text). Der. Our word is from 
the French dras, an arm, or from the Latin 
brachium, an arm, aprop,asupport. Syn. Fr. 
for “diagonal brace,” Contrefiche, or Moise, 
or Décharge, or LEcharpe (fixed, steady), 
or Inclinée, or Diagonale—pron. cohn-terr- 
feesh, mwahze, day-sharrj, eh-sharp, aihn- 
klee-nay, dee-ah-goh-nahl; Ger. Kreuzbalken, 
or -band or -strebe (from streben, to strive, to 
struggle against)—pron. kroits-bahl-kenn, 
bant, -stray-beh. Syn. Fr. for “to brace 
up,” in carpentry, by uniting pieces to- 
gether, one piece to support the other, 


223 


br 


Moiser et les entailler (moiser, to tie, entailler, 
to cut a joint)—pron. mwah-zay eh laize 
ahn-tahl-yea; Ger. zwei Balken or Band- 
stiicke tiberschneiden — pron. tsvy bahl-kenn, 
bant-stuek-eh ueh-ber-shnide-enn, Syn. Fr. 
for “bracing,” ntretoisement—pron. ahn- 
terr-twahze-mauhn; also Moisement et en- 
taillement — pron. mwahze-mahn ay ahn- 
tahl-mahn; Ger. Holz- or Balkenbindung ; 
also Balkengiirtel (Gurt, a girt or girdle, 
a band or tie). 

Bracket (see text). Der. Our word is 
from the Latin brachium, an arm. A body 
projecting from and connected with the 
surface of a wall, the office of which is to 
support or carry another body, is so called. 
Syn. Fr. Tasseau (a ledge)-—pron. tah-soh ; 
klso, and more commonly, Console—pron. 
aohn- or kohng-soulor sol; Ger. die Console 
—pron. dee konn-soh-leh ; also der Trager 
(tragen, to bear, to support, to carry)— 
pron. trah-eek-gerr, 

Brad (see text). Der. The word is from 
the Danish bradd, or the Icelandic broddr, 
from brydda, to prick or sting. Syn. Fr. 
Clou a lattes (lath nail)—pron. klooh ah 
latt ; also Clow sans téte (headless nail)— 
pron. sahngze or sahng tett; Ger. Nagel 
ohne Kopf (headless nail)—pron. nah-gell 
oh-neh kopf, or Lattennagel (lath nal) ; 
also Spiehkernagel (Spieker, a tack)—pron. 
speeh-kare-nah-gell. 

Branch, in Construction. A part of a 
small body or a structure which leads to or 
proceeds from another and larger body to 
which it is connected. Der. The word is 
from the French branche, an arm, a branch, 
or the Northern word brank, an arm. Syn. 
Fr. Sous-division — pron. sooh-dee-vee-zee- 
yohng or -ohng; Ger. Unterabtheilung. Syn. 
Fr. for “branching (off),” Embranchement 
—-pron. ahm-brahngsh-mahng ; Ger. Zweige 
—pron. tzvi-geh. Syn. Fr. for “main 
branch” in pipe work, Jfaitresse tuyau ; 
Ger. Rohrehauptzweig. Syn. Fr. for “ branch 
wood,” branching or knotting, each branch 
when cut off leaving a knot or part different 
in grain from the other, Ecoté—pron. eh- 
koh-tay (cot [eh-koh], a stump); also 
£cluvetté—pron. eh-kloo-vett-eh. 

Brass (see text). Der. The word is almost 
the Old English name for bras, a yellow 
metal, an alloy of copper and zinc. Syn. 
Fr. for“ brass plate or sheet brass,” Laiton a 
planche or a. feuillée—pron. lay-tohn plahnsh, 
feull-yay ; Ger. Latunplatte—pron. lah-toon- 
plaht-teh. Syn. Fr. for “brass wire,” Fil 
de laiton—pron. feel; Ger. Laitun- or Mes- 
singdraht. Syn. Fr. for “brass founder,” 
Fondeur de laiton—pron. fohn-deuhr, or 
dé cuivre jaune—literally “yellow copper ” 
— pron. kweeh-verr jhone; Ger. Latun- 
macher — pron. lah-toon-maw-kerr; also 
Messing- or Latungiesser (from giessen, to 
cast, to flow)—pron. gees- (g hard) senn. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


Brazier. Der. From the French braize, 
live coal, clear burning embers. ‘Our word 
brazier comes from this—a grate or open 
isolated fire-bucket inclosing clear burning 
fuel. Syn. Fr. for “brazier,” Dinandier, 
a worker in brass (dinanderie [deen-ahn- 
derr-ee], brass ware); also Brazier (from 
braser, to braze)—pron. brah-zyay ; Ger. 
Latun- or Messinghdndler (brass dealer)— 
pron, lah-toon- or mess-ing-hend-lerr. 

Breadth, in Construction. A term 
synonymous with “width’—.e. the distance 
or measurement from one side of a body to 
another; as length “ indicates ” the measure- 
ment from one end to the other of the body, 
and “thickness” (synonymous with depth) 
indicates the measurement or distance from 
one surface, as top, to the other or bottom 
surface. These three terms are those which 
indicate the peculiarities of measurement of 
a “solid body” as distinguished from a 
“surface” or “area,” which has only length 
and breadth or width. Der. The term 
breadth comes from the Old English dradd 
or brad, distance from side to side. Syn. Fr. 
for “breadth,” Largeuwr—pron. lahr-jeuhr ; 
Ger. Breite—pron. bright-eh. Syn. Fr. for 
“broad,” Large—pron. larrj, or Htendu— 
pron. eh-tahn-duuh (from étendre [eh-tahn- 
derr], to extend) ; also Vaste—pron. vahst ; 
Ger. Breit—pron. bright ; Weit—pron. vite. 
Syn. Fr. for “to broaden,” Klargir—pron. 
eh-lahr-jheer; Ger. Breit machen. Syn. Fr. 
for “broadwise,” in Largeur; Ger. in der 
Breite. 

Break, To. A term in one way or 
another much used in construction. Der. 
From the Old English brikkan, to divide in 
pleces forcibly: generally the use of some 
heavy instrument is involved in the opera- 
tion. Syn. Fr. Briser — pron. breeze-eh ; 
also Rompre—pron. rohm-perr, or Crever— 
pron. kruh-vay (this term is used more in 
the sense of bursting open than of breaking 
up); also Eclater—pron. eh-klah-tay (in 
the sense of shivering, as of a stone); Ger. 
Brechen—pron, brech-enn, or Zerbrechen— 
pron. tserr, or Aufbrechen—pron. owff (in 
the sense of bursting open). Syn. Fr. for 
“break” (in the sense of an interruption, 
as a break in a wall by a door-opening or 
the like), Ouvertwre—pron. ooh-vair-tuuhr, 
or Jour—pron. jhoor ; also Défaut de la ligne 
—pron. deff-oh deh lah leeng; Ger. Unter- 
brechung. Syn. Fr. for “broken,” Brisé— 
pron. breeh-zay ; also Rompu---pron. rohm- 
or rhong-puuh; Ger. Gebrochen--pron. geh- 
broch-enn. Syn. Fr. for “broken stones,” 
as those used in road and footpath making, 
Pierraille—pron. peeair-ahyl; Ger. gebro- 
chene Steine, or Steinschlag (from schlagen, to 
beat or strike, Schldgel, a mallet, a beater). 
Syn. Fr. for “ broken roof ”—that is, a roof 
the otherwise even surface of which is 
broken or interrupted by some feature of 


224 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


construction, Comble brisé; Ger. gebrochenes 
Dach—pron. geh-broch-en-ess dach. Syn. 
Fr. for “breaking,” as breaking up of old 
framing, brickwork, etc., Brisage, Fracture 
—pron. breeh-zahj, frakk-tuehr ; Ger. das 
Brechen. Syn. Fr. for “breaking of the 
grain or the bed of stone’’—that is, where 
it is interrupted, Délit—pron. day-leeh, or 
Faue lit (lit, a bed)—pron. foh leeh. 

Breast of a Chimney, in Brickwork or 
Masonry. Der. The word breast is from 
the Old English dreost, or from the German 
Brust, and this from briisten, to . well, to be 
puffed up. The breast of a chimney is that 
part above the fireplace opening, Syn. Fr. 
Mur en face de la cheminée—pron. muehr 
akn fahss deuh lah cheu-mee-nay; also 
Mur contre-ceur de la cheminée, middle wall 
of chimney—pron. kohn-terr keuhr; Ger. 
Kaminmauer or Feuermauer. Syn. Fr. 
for “ breast-rail,” as the rail of a balcony, 
Traverse d’appui—pron. trah-vairse dah- 
pwee, or Petite poutre d’appui—pron. pett-eet 
pooh-terr dah-pweeh; Ger. kleiner Brust- 
balken or Brustriegel (Riegel, a bar). “Breast- 
summer” or ‘“ Brestsummer,” or “ Bres- 
summer” (see text), The true term is the 
first named of these. Syn. Fr. for “top or 
upper beam,” Poutre supérieure — pron. 
pooh-terr sueh - pair-ee-euhr, or Traverse 
superieure—pron. trah-vairse; also Entretoise 
—pron. ahng-terr-twahze ; also Sommier--> 
pron. somm-yay (from sommet [soh-may ], 
the top, or from somme [sohmm], sleep, as 
the “sleeper” of a railway); Ger. Oberbalken 
—pron. oh-berr-bahl-kenn, or Quer Ober- 
balken, @ cross or cross-beam—pron. quai, 
or Oberrahmen (Rahmen, a frame, a border, 
edge) — pron. -rah-menn. Syn. Fr. for 
“ breast wall,” Mur en hauteur de poitrine— 
pron. muehr ahn hoh-teuhr deuh pwah-treen, 
or Mur du ceur—pron. dueh keuhr; Ger. 
Brustmauer, 

Brick (see text), To. Syn. Fr. Batir de 
briques —pron. bah-teer day breek; Ger. 
Ziegelbauen — pron. tzeeh - gale - bow - enn. 
Syn. Fr. for “arch bricks ’’—that is, wedge- 
shaped to suit the corner of the arch, the 
extrados ends being thicker and broader 
than the intrados ends—Brique «& voite or 
en arc; Ger. Bogenziegel or Gewabziegel. 
Syn. Fr. for “fire bricks,” Briques refrac- 
taire—pron. ray-frakk-tare ; Ger. Feuerfeste- 
ziegel—pron. fuuh - air - fess - tay - tzee - gell. 
Syn. Fr. for “ brick facing to a stone wall,” 
Parement de briques pour une mur de pierre ; 
Ger. Phigetiaa Siir eine Steinmauer. Syn. 
Fr. for “ brick-nogging ”—that is, building 
in the spaces of a timber framework, as that 
of a partition, with bricks on edge, to make 
the work fireproof or stronger than a hollow 
quartering partition of wood—Briques posées 
sur les panneaux d'une paroi or d’une cloison ; 
Ger. Ziegelwerk fiir eine Zwischenwand. 
Syn, Fr. for “machine made or pressed 


225 


br 


bricks,” Briques fabriquées & la machine; 
Ger. Machinenmachenziegel, or simply 
Machinenziegel. Syn. Fr. for “ hand-made 
bricks,” Briques fabriquées a la main—pron. 
fah-breek-ay; Ger. Handmachenziegel, 
Syn. Fr. for “best quality of bricks,” 
Briques du premiere qualite—pron. premm- 
ee-air kah-lee-tay ; Ger. Bestenziegel. Syn. 
Fr. for “brick built,” Bati en briques— 
pron. bah-tee ahng; Ger. Ziegelbau., Syn. 
Fr, for “brick earth or clay soil,” suitable 
for the making of bricks, Terre a briques— 
pron, tair; Ger, Ziegelerde or -lehm—pron. 
err-day, lame. Syn. Fr. for “ burnt bricks ” 
spoiled in the firing, damp, or kiln, Brique 
cuite— pron, qweet or kweeht; Ger. 
Gebrannte- or Brandzieget. 

Bridge (see text). ‘“ Lattice bridge,” in 
which the truss is made up of narrow bars 
of wood or iron crossing each other at 
certain angles, forming an open beam with 
netlike face, the bars being connected at 
each end with two longitudinal beams 
top and bottom and parallel to each other 
Syn. Fr. Pont a grille (grating-like)—pron. 
pohnt: ah greel, or Pont de grillage—pron. 
greeh -lahj; also Pont a Ul Americaine 
(American bridge, as the system was first 
introduced in America in the construction 
of wooden bridges, great strength with 
extreme lightness being obtained by its 
use) — pron. pohnt ah lah-mairr-ee-kane ; 
also Pont de grillage en bois (wooden gril- 
lage bridge), or Pont a lattes en bois; Ger. 
Amerikanische Briicke — pron. ah-merr-ee- 
kah-nish-eh bruek-keh; also Holzgitter- 
briicke (Gitter, a trellis, lattice)—pron. git- 
terr (g hard, as in gilt), Syn. Fr. for 
“bridge work,” Construction des ponts, ox 
Pontage; also Ouvrage en construction des 
ponts; Ger, Briickenwerk or Briickenbau. 

Brilliant, in Colouring Work. A painted 
surface, as of a wall, on which the colour 
shines out clearly, as opposed to the con- 
verse condition called in technical language 
a “dead” or flat colour. Painted work 
which is varnished is usually “ brilliant ”— 
unvarnished work “dead,” although the 
term brilliant is also applied to the charac- 
ter of the colour, some being naturally 
more brilliant than others, and this even 
in shades of the same colour. Der, The 
word brilliant comes from the French briller 
(bree-yea), to shine, to sparkle. Syn. Fr. 
for a “brilliant colour,” Couleur brillante— 
pron. kooh-leuhr bree-yahnte; Ger. Glan- 
zendefarbe (Gldnzende, lustre, brightness 
[from glinzen, to shine, to Cee Farbe, 
colour)—pron. glenhts-en-deh-fahr-beh.. 

Brim of a reservoir or tank. Der. Our 
word brim is from the Old English brymm, 
the edge or border. Syn. Fr. Bord d’un 
réservoir—pron. bore deuhn ray-zair-vwabhr ; 
Ger. Wasserhalterrand (from rdndern, to 
border or edge). 


15 


br 


Brittle Stones. The term is applied 
to any building material which is easily 
broken or snapped asunder. Der. From the 
Old English breoten or brytian, to break or 
snap asunder. Syn. Fr. for “ brittle stone,” 
Pierre fragile—pron. frah-jheel, or Cassante 
—pron. kahs-sahnte; also /riable — pron. 
free-ah-bell, or Pourri— pron. pooh-ree ; 
Ger. Faulstein, or Brockeliger—pron, brok- 
kel-ich-err ; also gebrechlicher Stein—pron. 
geh-brech-lich-err stine. 

Broad, in Measurement. A term used to 
indicate the extent of a surface or body 
from edge to edge of the sides ; itis synony- 
mous with width. Der. From the Old 
English brad. Syn. Fr. Large—pron. lahrj ; 
also Etendu — pron. eh-tahn-duuh; Ger. 
Breit—pron. bright; also Wett—pron. vite. 
For “broad stone,” a term sometimes used 
to denote the large squared stones used in 
superior or in ashlar work, Syn. Fr. Pierre 
carrée—pron. pee-airr kah-ray, or Pierre 
équarrie—pron. eh-karr-ee, or Pierre de 
taille— pron. taheel; Ger. Quaderstein — 
pron. quah-derr-stine. 

Broken. A term sometimes used to 
denote a space or surface interrupted (see 
Break), Syn. Fr. Brisé—pron. bree-zay ; 
also Interrompu—pron, aihn-terr-ohm-puuh ; 
also Hntrecoupée—pron. ahn-terr-kooh-pay ; 
Ger. Gebrochen—pron. geh-broch-enn. 

Brush, Painter’s. Der. Our word, 
according to some authorities, is from the 
Old German brusta, according to others 
from the Italian brusca; by others it is said 
to come from the French brosse—all mean- 
ing an implement or appliance made of 
hog’s or other bristles or stiff hairs or fila- 
ments fixed in a piece of wood, and used to 
remove dust, etc., from surfaces, or con- 
versely to put on to them or spread over 
them some pasty-like or glutinous substance, 
as paint or the like. Syn. Fr. for “ painter’s 
brush,” Brosse a@ peindre—pron. bross ah 
paihn-derr; Ger. Grobermalerpincel—pron. 
groh-ber-mah-lerr-pin-zel. Syn. Fr. for 
“»aperhanger’s brush,’ Goupillon — pron. 
gooh-pee-yon; Ger. Biirste— pron. buerr- 
steh. For ‘“brushwood” —i.e. the small 
wood, as twigs of trees and the branches of 
young trees or shrubs—so called from the 
fact that the more slender and tougher 
twigs, such as those of the broom (a syno- 
nym for brush so made) were used to make 
brushes to do the more rough work of clean- 
ing, such as streets, footpaths, stable floors, 
and the like—Syn. Fr. Bois de brosse—pron. 
bwah deh bross; Ger. Burstenholz—pron. 
buerr-sten-hollts, 

Buckied Pilates, in Metal Work. A 
term used to indicate that in sheet or plate 
the surface has got bent, arched up, or 
made wavy, so that it will not lie flat. A 
plate “buckled” up is very difficult to be 
made flat again, as the metal gets a bias, 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


which is apt to become permanent. Ad- 
vantage, however, of this peculiarity was 
taken by the late Robert Mallett, the well- 
known engineer and scientist, in making a 
plate which, specially arched up and known 
as “ buckled plate,” gave exceedingly strong 
plates used in forming floors—bridge floors, 
and the like. Der. The term buckled comes 
from “buckle,” and this from the French 
boucle, and this again from the verb boucler, 
to curl, to buckle. The origin of the French 
term is the Latin buccula, and this from 
bucca, a cheek, a rounded surface. Syn. 
Ger. Buckel; also Schnalle—pron. shnall- 
leh. Syn. Fr. for “buckled plates,’ Feuille 
or Fer de téle bouclée—pron. feuhill, fairr 
deh tole booh-klay; Ger. Hisenschwarzblich 
aufschnallen or -tafel buckeln. 

Buhlwork, in Cabinet Making. Articles 
of furniture, as ladies’ work-tables and the 
like, in which patterns are shown in inlaid 
materials, imitation pearls, and coloured 
woods ; so called from the name of a work- 
man famous for his work of this kind. Syn. 
Fr. Boule—pron. boohl; Ger. Hinlagen— 
pron. ine-lah-genn. Syn. Fr. for “ Buhl 
furniture,” Jleubles or Articles de boule— 
pron. meuh-bel, ahr-tee-kell deh boohl; 
Ger. eingelegte Mobel—pron. ine-geh-layg- 
teh moeh-bell. 

Building (see text). An edifice or struc- 
ture is so called in ordinary language. Syn. 
Fr. Batiment—pron. bah-tee-mahn, or Edifice 
—pron. aid-ee-feece; also Construction — 
pron. konn-struek-tsee-on, or Mabrique — 
pron. fah-breek ; Ger. Hauws—pron. howss, 
or Bauwerk—pron. bow- (ow as in now) 
vairrk ; also Bau—pron. bow, or Gebdude— 
pron, geh-boy-deh. Syn. Fr. for “ building 
site or ground,” Terrain pour batir or con 
struction — pron. terr-ahng poohr bah-teer ; 
also Lieu (place) de bau—pron. luuh; Ger. 
Baustelle or -platz—pron. bow-still-eh, platts. 
Syn. Fr. for ‘building contract,” Marché 
d'ouvrage — pron. marr-shay doohve-rajh ; 
also Contrat pour le batiment—pron. cohngs 
trah poohr leh baw-tee-mahng ; Ger. Bau- 
contract — pron. baw-kohn-trakt. Syn. Fr. 
for “building plant, implements,” etc, 
Equipage de construction—pron. aik-wee- 
pajh ; Ger. Baugerdth—pron. bow-gay-rah- 
eeth. Syn. Fr. for “building materials,” 
Matériaux de bdatiment construction — pron. 
mah-teer-ee-oh ; Ger. Baumaterialien—pron. 
bow-mah-teer-ee-ahll-yenn. 

Bulging, in Construction. Der. Our word 
bulge is from the Old English ba/g, a round 
swelling out or protuberant part of a body. 
Walls bulge out when the superincumbent 
pressure is too great for the work below to 
withstand. Syn. Fr. for “to bulge,” Bomber 
—pron. bohm-bay; also Faire ventre 
(literally, “to make a belly,” or swell out, 
to belly out)—pron. fairr vahn-terr ; Ger. 
Bauschen—pron, bow-shenn (ow as in now), 


226 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, 


or Bauchen—pron. bow-kenn. Syn. Fr. for 
“bulging,” Bombage — pron. bohm-babj ; 
Ger. Bauchung—pron. bowch-oong. Syn. Fr. 
for “bulged work,” Construction bombée ; also 
Renjflé (from renjler, to swell)—pron,. rahn- 
flay ; Ger. Ausgebaucht, or Lauchige—pron. 
bowch-ee-geh. 

Bulk. <A term in Materials to indicate 
magnitude or quantity—a large bulk. Der. 
The word is from the Icelandic dulka, to 
swell. When a building is nearly com- 
pleted, the phrase used is the “bulk of the 
building is completed.” Syn. Fr. Parte 
saillante d’une bdtiment (the salient or most 
striking part); Ger. die grossen Theil von 
Gebaude; also vorspringende Theil (fore- 
springing part, what strikes the eye). 

Bundle (of laths). Der. The word bundle 
comes from the Old English byndel, from 
bindan, to bind—a number of separate and 
generally comparatively small things bound 
or tied together. Syn. Fr. for “bundle of 
laths,” Faisceaw des lattes—pron. fah-soh 
day lahtt; Ger. Biindel von Latte — pron. 
buuh-een-dale fon latt-eh. 

Burden (ofabeam). Der. Our word beam 
comes from the Old English byrdhen, from 
beran or barian, to bear, to carry. The 
burden of a beam is the pressure or weight 
of materials to which it is subjected, bring- 
ing into operation certain strains which 
tend to weaken, and if too great to break 
or rupture it. Syn. Fr. Fardeau d'une poutre 
—pron. fahrr‘doh duuhn pooh-terr; also 
Charge—pron. sharjh, or Faix—pron. fay; 
Ger. Balkenladung or -last—pron, bahl-kenn- 
lah-duuhng. 

Bureau, in Cabinet Making. A piece of 
furniture fitted up at its upper part with a 
folding-down front, which serves when down 
as a writing-table or desk ; and in the inner 
part, thus exposed, with a series of drawers 
and pigeon-holes to contain writing materials 
and documents. The lower part may either 
be purely ornamental or may be fitted up 
with drawers. Syn. Fr. Cabinet décriture 
(writing cabinet)—pron. kah-bee-nay day- 
kree-tuehr, or simply Cabinet; Ger. Schreibe- 
schrank, or pult—i.e, writing cupboard (schrei- 
ben, to write, Schrank, a press, cupboard) 
—pron. shribe-eh-shrank ; also Schreibtisch 
(Tisch, a table)—pron. tish. The word “bu- 
reau” is, however, used on the Continent, 
especially in France, as synonymous with our 
“ office.’ In France and in Germany the 
term is the same—pron. bueh-roh. 

Burner, Gas. Der, The word burn, to 
consume, as an inflammable, is from the 
Old English dyrnan or the German brennan. 
Syn. Fr, Bec or Bruleur & gaz—pron. bekk, 
bruuh-luuhr ah gahz; Ger. Gazbrenner— 
pron. gazze-brenn-err, Syn. Fr. for “sun 
burner,” Bec & solei1—pron. soh-lile or soh- 
lay-eel ; Ger. Sonnenbrenner. Syn. Fr. for 
“lime to burp,’ calcining limestone to 


ca 


prepare it for the making of mortar, Calciner 
le chaux—pron, kahl-see-nay leh show ; for 
“lime burning,” Calcinée du chaux; Ger, 
Kalksteinbrennen or -brennung. Syn. Fr, 
for “to burn bricks,” Cuire les briques— 
pron. kwheer lay breeks; Ger. brennen die 
Ziegelsteiner, 

Burnish, To. Der. Our word comes 
from the French, and denotes the process 
of rubbing by an implement of wood or of 
metal the surface of metal, so as to cause 
it to be not only smooth but resplendent or 
shining. Syn. Fr. Brunir— pron. bruuh- 
neer, or Polir—pron. poh-leer ; also Aviver 
—literally “to make lively” — pron. ah- 
veeve-eh ; Ger. Glanzen—pron. glahn-tzenn ; 
also Gldtten (to make smooth)—pron. gla- 
eet-enn, Syn. Fr. for “burnishing,” Bru- 
nissage, Or Brunissure— pron. bruuh-nee- 
suuhr ; Ger. Glanzarbeit or Glitterbeit ; also 
Poliren. 

Burst Pipe, in Sewerage or Plumbing. 
Der, Our word burst comes from the Old 
English dyrstan, to rend or tear open. Syn, 
Fr. for “burst pipe,’ Tuyau erévé—pron. 
tweeh-oh kray-vay, or élancé — pron. eh- 
lahng-say, or brisé—pron. breeze-ch ; Ger. 
Rohrebruch — pron. roh-ray-bruuhk ; also 
Rohrebersten or -dannbruch. 

Bust, in Sculptor’s Work, for decoration 
of buildings. <A sculptured form of the 
human figure from the head downwards to 
the waist inclusive—not a full-length figure. 
Der, Our word comes almost without change 
from the French duste, and this from the 
Latin bustum. Syn. Fr, Buste—pron. buuhst ; 
Ger. Bruststiick—literally “ breast piece ”— 
pron. bruuhs-tuuh-eek ; also Buste—pron, 
buuh-stay. 

Buttom of a window or of a door. Der. 
Our word button comes from the French 
bouton (booh-ton), and this from the Freneh 
word bout (booh), the end or extremity. 
Syn. Fr. for “button of a door or window,” 
the rounded part taken hold of in shutting 
or opening, Bouton d’une porte or fenétre ; 
also Tourniquet—pron. toohr-nee-kay; Ger. 
Thiirknopf or Fensterknopf. 

Byre, in Farm Building or Architecture, 
The building or apartment in which cows are 
kept. Der. The term, which is chiefly used 
in Scotland and the North of England, for 
which the English equivalent is cowhouse or 
shippon, apparently comes from the Old 
English dye, a house or dwelling. Syn, Fr. 
Stalle pour les vaches—pron. stahl poorr ley 
vahsh ; Ger, Kuhstall—pron. kooh-stahl, 


Calecining. Der. Our word calcine comes 
from the Italian calcinare, and this from 
the Latin cal, lime, though originally cal- 
cining was the application of heat to or the 
burning of limestone in order to desiccate 
it and render it friable, easily broken up, 


227 


ca 


and fractured. Its meaning is now ex- 
tended to other substances, as iron ore. 
The synonymous term with us is “roast- 
ing.’ This last term comes from the Old 
English hrostian, or more directly from the 
German rdsten (roh-eest-enn), to fry, to 
submit to the action of fire on a grating. 
Syn. Fr. for “calcining,’’ Calcinage—pron. 
kahl-see-najhe, or Calcination—pron. kahl- 
see-nah-see-ong; also Grillage (this last 
term is more correctly the synonym for 
“roasting ”)—-pron. greeh-lajh; Ger. Kal- 
ciniren — pron. kahl-see-nee-renn; also 
Résten—pron. ruuh-eese-tenn. 

Calibre of a pipe. A synonym for 
“diameter” or “bore.” Our word has a 
somewhat curious derivation, or rather its 
proper meaning is the weight of something 
thrown or projected, as a cannon ball, and 
this from the Latin phrase or question, 
qua libra, “of what pound ?”—that is, of 
what weight ; and as a cannon ball—of the 
material cast iron, universally used before 
the modern projectiles came into use—of a 
given weight gave a certain diameter, that 
became the measure of the bore of the 
cannon in which it was to be used; hence 
the term calibre has become almost exclu- 
sively used as denoting measurement rather 
than weight—the only exception, perhaps, 
being the term as applied to indicate a man 
possessed of great mental powers — great 
calibre,a man of weight. Syn. Fr. (iden- 
tically the same word as ours)—pron. kah- 
lee-berr ; Ger. Kaliber—pron. kah-lee-berr ; 
also Durchmesser—literally “through mea- 
sure ’’—pron. doorsh-mess-er, 

Callipers, in Tools. An instrument by 
which the diameter of circular objects, as a 
rod or bar of iron, a pipe,—of spherical, as a 
ball,—and of the bore or internal diameter 
of circular holes, is measured. Der. Our 
word is evidently a corruption of calibre; 
for, as this is the measure of the bore, say 
of a cannon, so callipers, or calibrers, is the 
instrument by which that measurement is 
taken. Callipers are made of two pieces of 
flat steel in the form somewhat like a half 
or young moon. The pieces are of unequal 
width, the narrow ends being cut off flat to 
bear against the surface of the article to be 
measured ; the broad ends jointed together 
tightly, so that the narrow ends can be 
separated from each other or brought close 
together as required. Syn. Fr. Compas- 
calibre, or Compas courbée; Ger. Dickcirkel, 
thick circle. Syn. Fr. for “calliper to take 
inside as well as outside measurements,” 
Maitre compas-calibre ; Ger. Hohl- or Dick- 
kaliber. 

Candelabrum, in Lighting of Apart- 
ments. 'The appliance by which a number 
of candle-holders were clustered together, 
hung in the centre of a room, to distribute 
the light throughout it, or branches each 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


supporting a candle-holder fixed to and 
projecting from the walls. Candelabra are 
still used; but for candle-holders gas bur- 
ners or jets, or are lights in electric light- 
ing, are substituted. Der. The word candle 
comes from the Old English candel, a 
cylinder of tallow or wax with a wick in 
its centre, or from the Latin candela, and 
this from the verb candere, to shine, to 
glisten, Syn. Fr. for “candelabrum,” Can- ° 
délabre—pron. kahn - deh - lah - berr; Ger. 
Licht- or Flammenkorbd. 

Cap. <A term frequently used in building. 
Der. From the Old English cappe, to cover. 
It is in construction often used as synony- 
mous with top or upper part. Syn. Fr. 
Casquette—pron. kahss-kett ; also Chapeau— 
pron. shahp-oh ; Ger. Kappe—pron. kapp-eh. 

Capital, Clustered. Syn. Fr. Chapiteau 
en grappes (Grappe, a bunch)—pron. shah- 
pee-toh ahn grahp; Ger. Biindelkapital— 
pron. boon-dell-kah-pee-tahl. 

Carpet, in Furniture of a House. The 
woollen cloth or fabric used to cover the 
flooring boards. Der. Curiously enough, 
from the Latin carpeta, a woollen fabric, 
and this from carpere, to pick wool. Syn. 
Fr. Tapis—pron. tah-pee. This is derived 
most probably from ‘tapisserie, tapestry. 
The use of woollen fabrics or large cloths 
for the covering of wall surfaces was long 
established before any other covering for 
floors “save rushes or straw was thought 
of. It was a natural transition to take the 
fabrics made for walls and use them to 
cover the floors. The use was probably 
suggested from the method of examining 
wall tapestry when made by spreading it 
out on the floor—an easier process than 
hanging it up on the walls. The word 
tapis may also have been taken from se 
tapir, to stretch, to lie squat or level on 
the floor or ground. Syn. Ger. Teppich— 
pron. tepp-eekh. 

Carton Pierre, in Materials. A sub- 
stance composed of paper and plaster of 
Paris used in fancy ornaments for interior 
decoration. The phrase means literally 
“stone pasteboard.” Syn. Fr. for Carton 
(pasteboard) pierre—pron. kahr-tohng pee- 
air, Papier ivoire (ivory paper) — pron. 
pah-pee-eh eeve-whawr; Ger. Steinperga- 
ment (stone parchment), or Steinpappe (stone 
pasteboard). 

Casing, in Building. Der. Our word 
comes from the French caisse, a box or 
sheath to enclose an object or objects in, 
and remotely from the Latin capsa, a chest. 
Syn. Fr. for “casing”—i.e. inclosing a” 
body—Caissage—pron. kah-yeese, -eese, or 
-ajhe; also Garnissage — pron. garr-nee- 
sajhe, or Cantalabre—pron. kahn-tah-lah- 
berr; Ger. Verkletdung—pron. fare-klide- 
oohng; also Kinfassung — pron. ine-fah- 
soohng, 


228 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, 


Castor, in Cabinet Making. A small 
roller generally of brass, the axle of which 
revolves in a swivel bearing, so that it will 
turn in any direction, and secured to the 
under side of a capping or mounting piece 
or hollow part into which the lower ends, 
as of table legs, are screwed; or the roller 
is mounted to a solid brass plate screwed to 
the base of a heavy piece of furniture. The 
object of the castor or caster is to facilitate 
the easy removal of heavy objects from 
place to place, the weight being supported 
by and running on the rollers, as small 
wheels. Der. The name is probably from 
the Danish kaste, to project, to hurl—caster 
in this view being more correct than castor. 
Syn. Fr. Roulette — pron. rooh-let; Ger. 
Rélle—pron. roh-eel-eh, or Réllchen—pron. 
roh-eel-kenn. 

Causeway. A road raised above the 
level of low-lying land, usually or fre- 
quently covered with water. As roads of 
this kind were paved with squared blocks 
of stone forming the road surface, the term 
became applied to any road or street so 
paved. Syn. Fr. Chaussée—this, corrupted 
probably in spelling and pronunciation, gave 
our word cause (way or road)—pron. show- 
say, or Digne (a dam, a bank, or embank- 
ment) pour une chaussée; also Servant au 
passage; Ger. Hochweg (highway or road), 
or Dammweg—pron. vaig. 

Cellar, in House Arrangement. An apart- 
ment wholly or partially below the level of 
the land or ground on which the house is 
built. It is usually appropriated to the 
storing up of provisions, coals, etc. Syn. 
Fr. Cave—pron. kahv; Ger. Keller—pron. 
kell-err. 

Cement (see text). Syn. Fr. for “ quick- 
setting or hardening cement,” Ciment a 
prise rapide or prompte—pron, see-mahn-tah 

reeze rah-peed, promppt; Ger. Schnell- 

indender Cement—pron. shnell-been-end-err 
tsay-ment. Syn. Fr. for “slow-setting 
cement,” Ciment @ prise lente—pron., lahnt ; 
Ger. Langsambindender Cement. 

Centre (see text). Der. Our word comes 
from the Latin centrum, and this from the 
Greek kentron, a sharp point, and this again 
from kentein, to prick with a sharp point, 
just as one would mark the precise middle 
of a space, as of a circle, with a sharp point 
of pencil or a compass leg. Syn. Fr. for 
“to centre,” Centirer—pron. sahng-tee-ray 
(Centre is the French for “ centre,’ or 
Center—pron. sahng-terr) ; Ger. Centriren— 
pron. senn-treer-enn; also Mittelpunkt 
marken, to mark the middle point (JMittel- 
punkt is “centre’””)—pron. mee-tell-puuhnk. 
Syn. Fr. for “centre of equilibrium,” the 
point of a framework round which all the 
parts balance each other, as it were—the 
centre point in which all opposing forces 
meet with their antagonistic and equal 


cl 


pressures or forces, Centre d'équilibre—pron. 
sahng-terr dake-wheeh-lee-berr; Ger. das 
Gleichgewichtmittelpunkte—pron, glike - gay- 
veeght-eh-mee-tell-puuhnkt-eh. 

Chair, in Cabinet Making. A movable 
seat. Der. The name comes from the Old 
Norman French cadiere, and this from the 
Latin cathedra, the seat in which a judge 
sat. Syn. Fr. Chaise—pron. shaize; Ger. 
Sessel; also Stuhl. Syn. Fr. for “arm- 
chair,” Fauteuil—pron, foh-tuuh-eel; Ger. 
Armsessel. 

Channel (see text). Syn. Fr. for 
“channels or flutes of a column,” Ramure 
de colonne—pron. ray-muuhr deh coal-on ; 
Ger. Kannelung von Stule—pron. sow-ee- 
lay. 

Chisel, Joiner’s (see text). Syn. Fr, 
Ciseau a ébancher or menuiserie or biseau— 
pron. seeze-oh ah eh-bohsh-eh, may-nweeze- 
err-ee or -ray, bee-soh; Ger. Schreinermeisel 
(Schreiner, a joiner)—pron. shrine-err-mize- 
ell. Syn. Fr. for “chisel for mason work,” 
Poingon—pron. pwahng-sohng; also Ciseau 
pour maconnerie—pron. mah-sohng-err-ee, 
or sohng- or sohn-ree; Ger. Steinmeisel 
(stone chisel), Syn. Fr. for ‘* chipping 
(metal) chisel,” Burin—pron. booh-rahn or 
-rahng ; also Ciseau pour le métal poid ; Ger. 
Metallmeisel. Syn. Fr. for “ carving chisel,” 
Fermoir — pron. ferr-mwahr (our word 
“firmer,” a certain kind of paring chisel, 
comes from ge) also Ebauchoir — pron. 
eh-boh-shwahr ; Ger. Schnitzenmeisel—pron. 
shneet-tzenn. Syn. Fr. for “ mortising 
chisel,” Ciseaw a bec d’ane—pron. ah bekk 
dahn; Ger. Raummeisel— pron. rouhm 
(ou as in now); also Locheisen- pron. 
lokk-ize-enn. Syn. Fr. for ‘round-edged 
chisel,” commonly called a “ gouge,” Ciseau 
a rond nez—pron. rohngd naize or naih; 
Ger. Rundeckenmeisel—pron. roohnt-ekk-enn. 

Cinder Walk or Footpath, in which 
the top covering is composed of cinders. 
The lower stratum or bottoming in this case 
is best made with clinker (which see), 
Der, The word cinder comes from the Old 
English sinder, and this from syndrian, to 
separate or detach; or from the French 
cendre, and this from the Latin cinis, ashes, 
Syn. Fr. for “cinder footpath,” Sentier 
couvert des cendres or cokes—pron, sahng- 
tee-eh kooh-vair day sahng-derrs, coeks ; 
Ger. Fuszwege mit Kohlenasches (coal ashes) 
—pron. foose-vague-eh meet koh-lenn-ash- 
aize. 

Clamp, Brickmaking in (see text). 
Clamping, which is one of the two chief 
methods of burning or firing bricks—the 
other being kiln firing—consists in building 
up the partially dried bricks in rows, so as 
to form when completed large blocks. Coal 
slack or dross is disposed throughout the 
mass, and a species of furnace is made ati 
various points of the length of the block, 


229 


cl 


near the ground level. These pass through 
the block from side to side, and the draught 
is regulated by blocking wholly or partially 
up one or more of the furnace orifices. The 
outside of the block is made of old or burnt 
bricks, only the interior being filled with 
those which are to be fired. Syn. Fr. for 
“brick clamping,” Assemblage des briques 
en haies (hate, a row, a hedgerow); Ger. 
Ziegelstein brennen im Meilersatzen (Meiler, 
a heap)—pron. mile-err-satt-tzenn. 

Clapper (of a Bell). The hammer or part 
with which the bell is struck. Der. Our 
word comes from the Old English clappan, 
or the German dlappen, to strike one body 
against another. Syn. Fr. Battant dune 
cloche—pron. bah-tahng duuhn klosh ; Ger. 
Glockeklappel. 

Claw Hammer, in Tools. A hammer in 
which the tail part, opposite to the head or 
striking part, is, in place of being solid as 
usual, split up, so to say, into two parts by 
a conical part—narrow and inwards. Its 
use is to withdraw or pull out nails. The 
nail is passed between the sides of the split 
or opening, the head resting on the claw, 
while the handle is used as a lever to give 
the necessary drawing-out power to the 
hammer tail. Der. Our word claw is from 
the German ‘lauen, to clutch or claw, or it 
may be from the Latin claudere, to close or 
inclose (our word clause, of a specification 
for example, comes from this), as the claws 
of a bird or animal inclose an object they 

rasp or seize hold of. Syn. Fr. Marteau 
7 dents (toothed hammer)—pron. mahr-toh 
ah dahngtz, or Marteau avec panne (a tail) 
fendue (split or cleft tail)—pron. ah-vekk 
pann fahng-duuh ; Ger. Splitt- or Klauen- 
hammer—pron. spleet, klow-enn. 

Clinkers (see Cinder Path). The hard 
vitrified glazed masses, one of the waste 
or residue products of coal fired furnaces. 
Syn. Fr. Cendres or Cokes vitrées; Ger. 
Hartegebrannteasches (for derivation see 
Clinker in text). 

Clothing, in Construction. A term some- 
times used as synonymous with covering, 
as clothing a brick or stone wall surface 
with wood. Syn. Fr. Drapée avec bois ; also 
Soufflage ; Ger. Holzbekleidung, or simply 
Bekleidung. Der. The word is from the Old 
English cladjhon, to cover, to conceal, or 
from the German kleiden. 

Cloudy, in Colouring or Painting. A 
term used to indicate that the paint is laid 
unevenly on, striated or massed in different 
tones. 
tehng-teen-eh-gall-mahng ; Ger. Farbewolkig 
or -dunkel—pron. vohl-keeg, duuhn-kale. 

Compression. One of the pressures or 
forces to which materials are subjected in 
construction. It is the opposite of tension, 
which tends to draw the particles asunder : 
compression squeezes or crushes them 


Syn. Fr. Teint inégalement—pron. * 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, Addenda 


together. Der. Our word compression comes 
from the Latin con, and premere, to press, 
Syn. Fr. Compression — pron, kohm-pray- 
see-ohn, or Pression—pron. pray- or press- 
ee-ohn or -ohng; Ger. der Druck — pron, 
droohk ; also Zusammendruckung. 

Conecavity. A hollowed-out place or 
part of an object, as the concavity of a 
vault. Syn. Fr. Concavité—pron. kohn- or 
kohng-kah-vee-teh ; Ger. Concavital; also 
Hohlriinde. Syn. Fr. for “concavity of a 
vault,” Concavité d'une voite; Ger. Bogen- 
riindung. 

Conductor, Lightning. The arrange- 
ment of-copper wires and plate connected 
with a building or structure, as a chimney 
stalk, in order to attract the lightning and 
lead it to the ground or damp soil, where 
it forms part of the earth circuit and 
becomes harmless so far as the building is 
concerned, Der. Our word conductor comes 
from the Latin con,-and ducere, to lead. 
Syn. Fr. Conducteur électrique—pron. kohng- 
duuhk-tuuhr ale-ake-treek ; Ger. Elektrische- 
leiter (leiten, to lead)—pron. ell-ekk-treesh- 
ee-lite- or -light-err. 

Consolidate. <A term frequently used 
in connection with foundation and earth- 
work. Der. Our word is from the Latin 
con, and solidare, to make compact, dense, 
solid. Syn. Fr. for “to consolidate the 
soil,” Consolider le sol or terrain — pron. 
kohn-so-leed-eh leh soll, tairr-aihn; Ger. 
Dicht machen—pron. dicht mach-en; also 
die Erde verbinden. Syn. Fr. for “con- 
solidation,” Consolidation—pron. kohn-soh- 
lee-dah-seeon ; also Lechargement — pron. 
ray-sharjhe-mahn ; Ger. Verdichtung—pron. 
ferr-dicht-oohng, or Verbindung—pron. ferr- 
bin-doong. 

Contour. A term often used in connection 
with curved surfaces, as of mouldings, or 
with the land or ground, denoting the curved 
line or curve which the surface assumes. 
Der, Our word is from the French contourner, 
to turn with a bend. Syn. Fr. for “to give 
the contour or proper curve,” Contourner— 
pron. kohn-toohr-nay; Ger. Aunden, or 
Abrunden. 

Convexity. The rounded spherical- 
shaped part of a body is so called. It is 
the opposite or converse of concavity (which 
see) —a concave body receding from, a 
convex body approaching to the eye. Der, 
Our word convex comes from the Latin 
convexus, and this from convehere (con, and 
vehere, to draw together)—which drawing 
together of the particles of a body towards 
some central point produces a projection or 
swelling or bulging out, just as spreading 
the particles outwards tends to produce a 
concavity or hollow. This bulging out of 
a convex body gives the origin of one of the 
French synonyms Bombure— pron. bohm- 
buuhr (from bomber [bohm-bay], to swell, 


230 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


to bulge out), or Bombement—pron. bohm- 
mahng or -mahn ; also, following the Latin 
word, Convexité— pron. cohng- or cohn- 
vexx-ee-tay ; Syn. Ger. Bauchwerden (from 
bauch [bowk], ow as in now), to become 
bellied or bulged out—pron. bowk-vair- 
denn ; also Anjflanchung or Convexeforme— 
pron. conn-vaix-eh-forr-may; also Schwei- 
fang (from schweifen [shwife-enn], to curve 
out)—pron. shwife-oong. 

Corbelled Work. Syn. Fr. Ouvrage en 
saille — pron. ooh-vrahj ahn gaheel, or 
Ouvrage par encorbellement; Ger. Kragstein- 
werk. 

Corbelling (see text), Syn. Fr. Encor- 
bellement — pron. ahng - korr- bell - mahng ; 
Ger. Vorkragung—pron. forr-krah-goohng, 
or Vorkragstein tragerung; also Vorbalken 
tragerung. 

Cork-tree Woodwork, in Garden Work, 
in which parts of cork trees are used to 
imitate rockeries and the like, in connection 
with which creeping plants, mosses, etc., 
are grown, and by which, with good taste, 
some beautiful effects are obtained. Syn. 
Fr. for “cork,” Liége-—pron. lee-age; Ger. 
Korkholz or simply Kork. Syn. Fr. for 
“cork-tree woodwork,” Ouvrage en bois de 
chéne or liége—pron,. oohve-rajhe ahng bwah 
day shenn, lee-azhe ; Ger. Korkbaumholzwerk, 

Cornice, in Masonry and Bricklaying, A 
moulded projection crowning the part to 
which it is attached; it is more or less 
ornate. Der. From the Greek koronis and 
Latin corona, the crown or finishing point 
of a body. Syn. Fr. Corniche—pron. korr- 
neesh; Ger. Karniess—pron. kahr-neece. 

Corona, in Masonry. The lowest mould- 
ing in the cornice of an entablature. It is 
sometimes called the drip of the entablature, 
as it is throated to make the water drop clear 
of face of frieze. Der. From the Latin corona, 
a crown. Syn. Fr. Larmier (from larme, 
a tear or drop)—pron. lahr-mee-eh; Ger. 
Kranzleiste (literally “crown band,” or chan- 
nel)—pron. krahnts-lice-teh. 

Corridor, in Architecture, A gallery or 
Open passage; in domestic architecture it 
means a passage wider and longer than an 
ordinary passage, from which several apart- 
ments enter from one side or the other, or 
from both sides. Der. Latin curro, I run. 
Syn. Fr. Corridor—pron. kor-re-dorr ; Ger. 
Vorsaal (literally “the hall before ’’)—pron. 
fore-zahl. 

Cottar, in Carpentry. A piece of flat iron 
shaped like an E, with projecting ends, 
used in conjunction with iron keys in se- 
curing the iron strap which binds the foot 
of a king post and the tie beam of a roof 
truss together. Syn. Fr. Clavette—pron. 
klah-vett ; Ger. der Keil—pron. dairr kile 
(Keil, a wedge). 

Counter, Shop, in Cabinet Making or 
Joinery. The long and narrow table on 


co 


which goods are displayed to customers, or 
in banks on which the money is laid down. 
Der, 'The term probably is given to it as the 
place upon which the money or change is 
counted out, or from the French synonym 
comptotr, from the verb compter, to count 
out—the table on which money is counted 
and paid, etc. This French word is the 
origin of our general word counter, which 
is used so largely as a prefix to other 
words, as counterbalance, etc. Syn. Fr. for 
“shop counter,’ Comptoir (the synonym 
also for counting - house) — pron. kohm- 
twahr; also La table pour une boutique, pour 
un magazin; Ger. Rechentisch or Rechenbrett 
—literally “the reckoning-table or board,” 
and this from rechnen, to count, to calcu- 
late on, as our own word which comes from 
this, reckon—pron. rech-en-tish, -brett. 

Counterfort, in Masonry. <A pier pro- 
jecting at right angles from the face of a 
wall, to resist its outward pressure. Der. 
From the Latin contra, against, and fors, 
strength. Syn. Fr. Contrefort—pron. kohn- 
treh-forr. 

Counter-gauging, in Carpentry. The 
operation of transferring the breadth of a 
mortise in one piece to the position in which 
the tenon of the other piece of timber is to 
be cut, is so called. 

Counterpoise, in Carpentry and Lifting 
Material, etc. A weight or mass of ma- 
terial to balance or counterbalance an op- 
posing and given weight. Der. Latin contra, 
against, and penso, 1 weigh. Syn. Fr. Contre- 
poise (contre, against, poids, weight)—pron. 
kohn-treh-pwahse; Ger. das Gegengewicht 
(gegen, against, and Gewicht, weight)—pron. 
gay-genn-geh-vicht (see “ich” in Disserta- 
tion). 

tee in Slating. One of the trade 
names of slates denoting a certain size, 20 
by 10in., 1000 weighing 38cwt. first and 
50 cwt. second quality. 

Coupled Columns, in Architecture. Pil- 
lars or columns disposed in pairs, with bases 
touching or nearly so, a wide interval being 
made between the one set and the two next 
on each side. 

Couples, in Carpentry. Rafters framed 
together in pairs or two at the desired angle of 
roof, and in which the feet of the rafters are 
prevented from spreading out by a longi- 
tudinal tie, termed a collar beam (which 
see). A 

Course, in Masonry and Bricklaying. 
Each layer of stones placed horizontally or 
on the level in a wall or building is so 
called. Der. From the Latin cursus, a 
length, and this from the verb currere, to 
run. Syn. Fr. Cours — pron. koor; Ger. 
Laufband—pron. lowf-bandt. 

Course Joint. The joint in line between 
any two courses in a wall or building. 

Cousinet, in Masonry. The impost of a 


231 


co 


pier or column from which the stones of an 
arch spring. Syn. Fr. Cousinet—pron. kooh- 
zee-nay ; Ger. die Wulst—pron. voolst. 

Cove, in Architecture. A concave mould- 
ing. Der. Latin cavum, a hollow place. 
Syn. Fr. Crigue—pron. kreek ; Ger. Obdach— 
pron. ob-dach (see “ach” in Dissertation) ; 
Bai—pron. by. 4 

Coved Ceiling, in Plastering. A ceiling 
partly or wholly concave or curved ; usually 
the concavity or curve is confined to the 
sides and ends of the ceiling, the central part 
being flat, the walls joining this by curves 
more or less pronounced. 

Cover—Covering. Terms often used in 
construction, indicating work to be done or 
done in various ways, and with various 
materials or substances, as to cover or the 
covering of a roof with boards, shingles, 
tiles, or slates—covering of a wall with 
whitewash, etc. Der. Our word cover comes 
from the French term couvrir (koohve-reer), 
and this from the Latin con, and operire, to 
cover or overspread. Syn. Fr. for “to 
cover,” Couvrir, or Couver—pron. kooh-vay ; 
also Cacher, to hide, conceal—pron. kah- 
shay ; also Protéger, to protect — pron. 
proh-tay-jhay ; Ger. Decken (our word deck 
comes from this, to cover with something 
pretty)—pron. dekk-enn ; also Bedecken and 
Bemanteln—pron. bay-man-telln. Syn. Fr. 
for “in the cover,’ Couvertuwre—pron. kooh- 
vairr-tuehr; also Couvert — pron. kooh- 
vairr; also Envelope—pron. ahn-vell-opp ; 
Ger. die Decke; also Deckmantel. 

Crab, in Construction. A small portable 
crane or winch, which can-be removed with 
comparative ease from place to place, for 
hoisting or lifting heavy weights by means 
of guys and ropes or scaffolding. Syn. Fr. 
Treuil—pron. treu-eeh; Ger. die Kriippel- 
spelle—pron. kruep-pel-spell-eh. 

Cradling, in Carpentry. The timber 
framing to support the arched or curved 
parts of domes, groined vaults, culverts, etc. 

Cramp, in Joinery. A small apparatus 
by which pressure is applied to flooring 
boards to force them into their places in 
close contact with each other. Syn. Fr. 
Crampon—pron. kram-pohn ; Ger. die Leim- 
zwinge (Leim, glue, Zwinge, hand-screw). 

Crane, in Construction. <A fixed framing 
of timber or iron, consisting of a vertical 
pillar or “post,” stayed and supported by 
guys or ropes or chains anchored in the 
ground. The post is capable of swinging or 
turning round on its centre, carrying with it 
the horizontal beam at the end of which the 
pulley is secured, over which the lifting 
chains are passed. The chain is hauled in 
or let out as desired by the winch gearing 
at the foot of the vertical post. Syn. Fr. 
Grue—pron. grueh (from the Latin grus, the 
long-legged bird, or crane); Ger. Krahn— 
pron. krahn. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


Crenelles, in Architecture. The open 
spaces in a battlement, the apertures or 
loopholes therein. Syn. Fr. Crénaux — 
pron. kray-know ; Ger. Schieszscharte—pron,. 
sheece-shar-teh — literally “a shoot-hvle,” 
from schiessen, to shoot. 

Crenelated, in Mouldings. Characteristic 
of the Norman style of Gothic architecture, 
in which parts are indented, giving the ap- 
pearance of a battlement on a flat surface, 
Syn. Fr. Crénele—pron. kray-nell-eh ; Ger. 
mit Zinnen versehen—pron. mit tsinn-enn 
ferr-zay-en—literally “ provided with battle- 
ments or pinnacles.” 

Crest, in Architecture. The ornament 
which surmounts or finishes a wall; the finials 
or crosses (which see) are also so called. Der. 
Latin crista, the crest or top part. Syn. Fr. 
Créte—pron. krayt ; Ger, Krone—pron. kroh- 
neh—a crown; Kamm, a crest or ridge; 
Helmzierrath — pron. helm-tseer-raht — lite- 
rally “the ornament or crest of a helm” 
(Zierrath, decoration ornament). 

Crest Tiles, in Slating. The tiles—more 
or less ornamented, sometimes plain—by 
which the ridge of a roof is finished. 

Crockets, in Architecture. Ornaments— 
usually conventionalised flowers—which pro- 
ject from and finish the surface of gables or 
inclined surfaces of buildings. Syn. Fr. Cro- 
chet, a hook—pron. kro-shay ; Ger. Hdkchen 
or kleiner Haken—pron. hayk-chen, kline-err 
hahk-en (Haken, a hook). The style of the 
ornament is hook-like. 

Cross, in Architecture. The finial (which 
see) or finishing ornament surmounting a 
gable is so called when it assumes the 
general form of a cross—more or less con- 
ventionalised. Der. Latin crux, a cross. 
Syn. Fr. Croitz2—pron. krwah ; Ger. Kreuz— 
pron. kroits. 

Cross-cut, To (wood or stone)—i.e. to 
saw wood against or across the grain, or a 
stone across the width or transversely to 
the length of the block. Syn. Fr. Scier le 
bois contre le fil, or en travers, or transver- 
salement—pron, see-eh leuh bwah kohn-terr 
leuh feel, ahn trah-vairr, trahns-vairr-sahl- 
mahn; Ger. Holz quer durchsiégen — pron. 
hollts quairr doorch-zay-gen. Syn. Fr. for 
“to cross-cut stone,” Couper une pierre en 
travers—pron. kooh-pay uehn pee-airr ahn 
trah-vairr; also Traverser une pierre — 
pron. trah-vairr-say ; Ger. einem Stein kreuz- 
hieb machen (Kreuz, cross, Hieb, a cut)—pron. 
ine-em stine kroyts-heeb-mahchen. Syn. 
Fr. for “ cross-cut ” generally, Débillarder— 
pron. day-beel-arr-day; Ger. Kreuzwei 
schneiden—pron. kroyts-wise shnide-en. Syn. 
Fr. for “cross-cut saw,” Passe-partout—pron. 
pass-pahr-tooh ; also Harpon—pron. harr- 
pohn ; also Scie de travers or a deux mains—.e. 
a two-handed saw used by two men in cutting 
a log or a tree across, one man working at 
one side, the other at thé side opposite, 


232 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


each alternately pulling and pushing or 
following—pron. see deh trah-vairr, ah deuh 
maihn ; Ger. Kreuzschrotsdge (from schrotten, 
tocut). Syn. Fr. for “cross-grained wood,” 
Bois debout—pron. bwah day-booh; also 
Coupe de bois transversale—pron. koohp deuh 
bwah trahns-vairr-sahl; also Cété de la 
moelle du bois—literally “the narrow side 
of the wood,” in allusion to the cutting of 
a bone across, which exposes the marrow or 
interior filling—pron. koh-tay deuh lah moh- 
ell duuh bwah. A similar idea is followed 
in the German synonym Hirnholz—literally 
“brain-wood,” that is, wood showing the 
characteristics when sawn across which a 
skull cut across would expose, and show the 
brains—pron. heerrn-hollts ; also Kreuzhieb- 
holz. 

Cross-grained Stuff, in Joinery. Wood 
which has the fibres running transversely to 
or across the general surface. 

Crow-bar. A tool or implement, a lever, 
made of a long bar of iron with a point more 
or less sharp, for inserting under stones, 
balks of timber, etc., and prising or raising 
them up, so as to be moved along by manual 
force. Syn. Fr. Levier de fer (iron lever)— 
lev-ee-eh deh fairr; Ger. die Krihe, das 
Brecheisen (Krihe, a crow, brechen, to break, 
and isen, iron)—pron. dee kray-eh, dass 
brech-eye-zenn. It is also known in German 
as Brechstange (brechen, to break, Stange, a 
bar). 

Crown of an Arch, in Masonry. 
central or highest point of an arch. 

Crown Post, in Carpentry. The central 
or middle post in a roof truss. 

Crypt, in Architecture. A vaulted cham- 
ber in the basement or lower part of a 
cathedral or church—used sometimes as sub- 
terranean chapels or tombs. It is derived 
from the Latin crypta, literally “a place of 
concealment,” and this from the Greek krupté 
(from kruptein, to conceal or hide).. Syn. 
Fr. Cave—pron. kahv or cawy, a cellar or 
underground apartment, or Crypte—pron. 
kreept ; Ger. Gruft—pron. grooft, a vault or 
grotto ; also Crypte—pron. krip-teh. 

Cubic Foot. A term employed in esti- 
mating the quantity and the cost of the 
materials of building construction. It means 
a body which measures a foot every way. 
A “die” represents the form it would 
assume, having six sides or surfaces all 
equalin measurement. Der. From the Latin 
cubus, a solid having six equal square sides. 
Syn. Fr. Pied-cube—pron. pee-ai-kuhb (pied, 
a foot); Ger. Kubik Fuss (Fuss, a foot)— 
pron. koo-beek fooce. 

Curve, To—Curved. Terms often used 
in construction to indicate that a line or 
part of a body is not straight, but bent 
inwards or outwards, forming either a con- 
cave or a convex part or surface. Der. Our 
word comes from the Latin curvus, bent or 


The 


de 


arched. Syn. Fr. for “curve,” Courbure— 
pron. koohr-buehr, or Courbe—pron. koohrb ; 
also Cambrure—pron. kam-bruehr (our word 
“camber” comes from this, which see), or 
Voussure—pron. vooh-suehr ; Ger. Kurve— 
pron, koohr-veh; also Ariwmmung—pron. 
kruemm-oong. Syn. Fr. for “curved,” en 
Courbe—pron. ahn koorhb; also Courbé— 
pron. koohr-bay; Ger. Arwmm—pron. kroom. 
Syn. Fr. for “curvature” or “curving,” Cour- 
bage—pron. koorr-bahj ; Ger. Kriimmung— 
pron, kruehm-moong, 
curve,” Courber—pron. koohr-bay ; also Cin- 
trer—pron, sain-tray ; Ger. Krumm machen ; 
also Wolben—pron. voehll-ben ; also Cylin- 
drisch machen, or Biegen (biegen, to bend)— 
pron, see-lin-drish mach-enn, bee-gen, 


Damage to Work. Work injured by 
carelessness or accident, or by natural wear 
and tear, is said to be damaged, and a loss 
or deterioration in value is incurred. Der. 
Our word comes from the French dommage 
(doh-majhe), and this from the Latin 
dammum, loss. Syn. Fr. for “to damage,” 
Endommager—pron. ahng-doh-majhe-eh, or 
Detériorer—pron. day-tare-ee-ohr-eh ; also 
Dégrader — pron. day - grah-day; Ger. 
Schaden—pron. shah-denn, or Leiden—pron. 
lide-enn; also Beschadigen—pron. bay-sha- 
eed-ee-genn. Syn. Fr. for “ damaged work,” 
Ouvrage endommage or détérioré or avarte ; 
Ger, Deschidiatnerk. 

Damper. In a stove or furnace the 
metal plate or valve used to close wholly or 
partially the opening to the chimney pipe 
or stalk, in order to regulate the draught— 
to “damp” or lessen the activity of the 
combustion. Der. Our word damp comes 
from the German Dampf, vapour, and this 
from dampfen, to smoke like vapour rising, 
to evaporate. Syn. Fr. for “damper,” Cle, 
Clef, or Soufflet dune cheminée—pron. clay, 
klaif, sooh-flay duuhn shemm-ee-nay ; also 
Clapet de la chemanée—pron. klah-pay, or 
Registre ; Ger. die Klappe—pron. dee klah- 
pay, also Register von Rauchrohre—pron. 
ray-geese-terr fonn rowch-roo-ee-ray. 

Daywork. The term used to indicate 
that the workman is paid daily, or at a 
certain rate per day, or by the hour, in 
place of receiving a weekly wage. Syn. Fr. 
Ouvrage de la journée—pron. oohy-rahj deh 
lah jhoor-nay, or simply Journée; aiso 
Travail & la yournée—pron. trah-yahil ; Ger. 
Tagarbeit—pron. tahg-ahrr-bite, or Tagwerk 
—pron. tahg-vairrk 

Deadening. A synonym for deafening 
(which see in text). Der. The word dead 
is the same in spelling as the Old English, 
deprived of life ; deadening sound is thus 
making it inactive. The word is used in 
connection with several points in construc- 
tion, as “ dead work.” Syn. Fr. Bois pourra 


233 


Syn. Fr. for “tog 


v 


de 


(from pourir [pooh-reer], to rot or become 
rotten)—pron. bwah pooh-ree; Ger. Holz- 
verfault— pron. fair-fowlt. Syn. Fr. for 
“dead. weight,” as of soil, or of a brick or 
stone wall resting upon timber in a per- 
manent and steady or immovable position, 
equivalent to dead pressure, Pression inerte, 
or simply Jnerte—pron. pray-see-ohng ehng- 
airt ; Ger. Boden Ziegelstein or Stein; also 
Todtgewicht or -druck or -pressung (gewicht, 
weight, druck, pressure)—pron. todd-gay- 
weecht, droohk, pray-soohng. Syn. Fr. for 
‘dead level,” a phrase often used in con- 
struction, signifying a level accurately laid 
down, not likely to be changed—a positive 
and permanent level, P/aine—pron. plahng ; 
Ger. Hibene—pron. i-benn-eh, Syn. Fr. for 
“dead wall,” Mur sans ouverture, or 
Facade feinte; also Mur orb; Ger. Blinde- 
mauer; also Mauer ohne Fenster or Pforte 
or Oeffnung. 

Declivity of a roof, of a piece of land, 
road, etc. Der. Our word comes but with 
little change from the French déclivité, this 
from the Latin declivus,a slope or incline, 
and this from de, and clivus, a slope. Syn. 
Fr. for “declivity, as of a roof,” Déclivite, 
Pente, or Plongée d’un comble—pron. day- 
klee-vee-tay, pahngt, plohn-jhay duuhn 
cohm-bell; also for ‘“ declivity ” generally, 
Escarpement—pron. aise-kahrp-mahng (from 
escarper, to cut down steep or sloping) ; 
Ger, Abdachung, or Dachgefille—pron. dakk- 
gay-fah-eel-eh; also Bischung (from boschen, 
to slope, to scarp)—pron. boh-eesh-oohng. 

Deductions. A term used in construc- 
tion to indicate the amounts taken from an 
account or estimate representing either 
overcharges or items inserted by mistake or 
oversight. Der.'The word comes from the 
Latin de, and ducere, to lead or to draw 
from, the latter meaning being followed in 
our word, Syn. Fr. Deduction—pron, day- 
doohx-ee-ohng ; Ger. Abzug—pron. ahwb- 
tzoohg. In the sense of “ allowance” being 
made, Syn. Fr. Reméde—pron. reh-made ; 
also Don sur le poids (a gift or allowance 
upon the weights, etc.) ; also Allocation (as 
upon charges made for changes or transport 
of materials)—pron. ahll-oh-kah-see-ohng ; 
Ger. Remedium— pron, ray-may-dee-umm ; 
also Nachsicht—literally “after sight, an 
allowance made.after the party charged 
sees the account or charge’’—pron. nakk- 
seeght ; also, as for allowance in weights, 
Gewichtsnachsicht. 

Descent, as of a sewer or drain, equiva- 
lent to ‘‘fall,” slope, or inclination. Der. 
Our word comes from the French déscente, 
this from the Latin descensus, and this from 
descendere, from de, and scandere, to climb 
or mount—z.e, the opposite of mounting— 
that is, descanding, to coin a word for the 
nonce. Syn. Fr. for “descent,” as of the 
gutters of a roof,’ Larmier—pron. lahr-mee- 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


eh; Ger. Abdach—pron. ahb-dakk. Syn. 
Fr. for ‘‘ descent or fall” generally, Déscente 
or Pente or Inclinaison — pron, day-sahngt, 
pahngt, een-kleeh-nah-ee-sohng ; Ger, Fall ; 
also Niegunghang. 

BDeseribe or mark out or lay down a 
curved line. A term often used in con- 
structive drawing. Der. Our word comes 
from the Latin de and scribere, to write, to 
show in lines. Syn. Fr. for “to describe, as 
say a curve,” Décrire (from écrire, to write) 
une courbe or ligne courbée—pron. day-kreer 
uehn koohrb, leegn koohr-bay; Ger. eine 
Kurve beschreiben — pron. ine-eh koor-veh 
beh-shribe-en. 

Dip. A term often used in construction, 
to indicate the angle or slope of a body, 
as of a roof. Der. From the Old English 
dippan, to plunge into or from. It is 
synonymous with fall. Syn. Fr. Znclinaison ; 
Ger. Biegung. 

Disposition. <A term often empioyed in 
connection with building design, as indi- 
cating the arrangement of the rooms— 
parts of construction one to another. .Der. 
Our word is borrowed directly from the 
French, which comes from dis, and poser 
(poh-zay), to place, to lay out—poser being 
derived from the Latin ponere, to put out, 
to place. Syn. Fr. for “ disposition of the 
apartments of a building,” Disposition or 
Agencement des appartements or des chambres 
—pron, deese-poh-seeze-ee-ohng, ah-jhence- 
mahng days or daize eh-pabhr-tee-mahngt ; 
Ger. Linrichtung or Anordnung von Zimmern 
—pron. ine-reeght-oohng, ahn-ordd-noong 
fonn tzee-mern. 

Distribution. A term used in construc- 
tion to denote the method of adjusting 
weights or pressures, as in framework or 
walls, so as to give as even or uniform a 
pressure over the whole, avoiding excess on 
one part, deficiency on another. Der. Our 
word to distribute comes from the Latin 
words dis, asunder, and tribuere, to bestow, 
to give or assign to, to give in parts. Syn. 
Fr. for “distribution,” identical with cur 
word, but pronounced deese-tree-buuh-see- 
ohng; Ger. L£ntheilung—pron. ine- tile - 
oohng, or Einordnung. Syn. Fr. for “dis- 
tribution of pressure,” Distribution de 
pression—pron. day pray-see-ohng; Ger. 
Eintheilung von pressung. Syn. Fr. for 
“ distribution of building materials ” on the 
ground, Distribution or Repandage des 
matériaux de construction—pron. ray-pahng- 
dahju (from repandre [ray-pahng dere |s to 
spread out, to scatter); Ger. Vertheilung 
der Baumaterialien. 

Dowel, in Carpentry and Masonry. A 
pin, trenail or key, either round, square, or 
rectangular in section, driven into a hole or 
a recess made in pieces of timber or stone” 
at their points of junction, by which they 
are kept in connection or are secured 


234 


‘Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


together. This is done by making an aper- 
ture or recess or socket in the face of each 
piece the full width of the pin, trenail or key, 
and equal to one-half of the depth or thick- 
ness if square or rectangular, or half of the 
diameter if circular. When the two pieces 
are brought close together, there is an 
aperture the same size as the dowel between 
them, into which the dowel or pin is driven, 
keeping the two pieces in connection, as one 
half the dowel takes a grip of the end of 
one piece, the other half the dowel of the 
other piece. Dowels are of different forms, 
a greater variety being used in masonry 
than in carpentry. In order to take a better 
grip or hold of the block, the dowel is some- 
times made in the form of a double dovetail, 
the narrowest part of the dowel being at 
the central line or line of junction of the 
two pieces to be connected together. Der, 
Our word is evidently from the French 
douille, a socket or socket-joint—a socket or 
recess being necessary into which to drive 
the dowel. Syn. Fr. Cheville—pron. shay- 
veel; also Gowon, a gudgeon, a pin—pron. 
ooh-jhon; also Douille—pron. dooh-eel ; 
er. Dobel, a plug or pin—pron. doh-hell. 
Syn. Fr. for “dowelling,” Chevillage—pron. 
sheh-veel-ahj ; also Assemblage en gowons or 
douilles—pron. ah-sahm-blahj ; Ger. Lu/t- 
strom ; also Luftzug—pron. looft-tsoog. 

Draught (see text) of Air (current of 
air). Der. Our word is from the Old 
English droht, a course, a drawing (from 
dragan, to draw). Syn. Fr. for “a draught 
or current of air” in a room or through a 
fireplace, stove, or furnace, Courant de lair 
or de l’atmosphére—pron. kooh-rahng deh 
lair, day lawht-moh-sphair; Ger. Strom 
(stream) von Luft—pron. stromm fon looft ; 
also Luftzug—pron. looft-tsoog. 

Dust Bin, in Domestic Architecture. A 
synonym for ashpit. Der. Our word is the 
same as the Old English, and seems to be 
allied to the German Dunst, a vapour. Syn. 
Fr. for “dust,” Ja Poussi¢re—pron. pooce- 
yairr ; Ger. Staub—pron. stowb (Stdéubchen, 
a mite, an atom—stauben, to dust), Syn. 
Fr. for “dust-bin,”’ Ordures — pron, ohr- 
duehr ; also Balayures—from balayer (bah- 
lay-yay)—pron. bah-lay-yuehr ; also Cabinet 
pour la poussiere ; Ger. Staubloch, or Staub- 
zimmer or -kammer. 

Dyke or Dike. Properly a wall built 
along the margin of a river to protect the 
bank or to prevent its overflow—a dam 
built on the margin of the sea to keep its 
waters from overflowing the land inland. 
These dykes are met with in their greatest 
number and proportions on the coast of 
Holland. The word is also used throughout 
Scotland and parts of the north of England 
as synonymous with a “ wall,”---though 

erhaps there the distinction is that the 
inclosing walls of fields in rural districts 


a el 


are termed dykes or dikes, the term wall 
being applied to inclosing or protecting 
structures of a better class erected in towns, 
or in connection with houses of a superior 
class. Syn. Fr. for “dyke” in its proper 
acceptation as above, Digue—pron. deeg ; 
also Yurcie—pron. tuuhr-see; Ger. Ufer- 
damm—pron. ooh-fare-dam, 


Ease, To, in Construction. A term much 
used denoting that a part, as, for example, 
a beam cambered too much, or a strap too 
tightly keyed or screwed up, is to be some- 
what relieved or loosened or let down. Der. 
Our word comes either from the French 
aise, or the Old English eadh, rest, quiet- 
ness. Syn. Fr. for “to ease,” to humour, 
Soulager—literally “to solace ”—pron. sooh- 
lah-jhay ; also Débarraser—pron. day-bah- 
rah-say ; also Mettre a l'aise—pron. mett-err 
ah layze; Ger. Lrleichtern—pron. err-lyech- 
tairrn ; Beruhigen—pron. beh-rooh-igh-en, 

Ebony. A hard, close-grained wood, 
capable of taking on its surface a high 
polish. It is much used in the higher-class 
work of cabinet-making. There are several 
varieties of it, as black, red, grey, mottled, 
etc.; but the one chiefly, almost indeed 
wholly, used—at least the most highly 
esteemed, is the black or deep black. Syn, 
Fr. £béne—pron. eh-bane, or Bois d’ebéne— 
pron. bwah day-bane ; also (to distinguish 
the colour) Bots d’ebene noir (black)—pron, 
nwahr; Ger. LKbenholz; also schwarzes 
Ebenholz—pron. shvahrrt-sess ay-ben-hollts, 

Edge (see text). Syn. Fr. for “to take 
off the edge,” Epointer—pron, eh-pwahng- 
tay, or Over le fil—pron. oh-tay lay feel or 
fee; also Lmousser—pron, eh-mooss-eh — 
literally “to take moss off, to dull, to 
make blunt”; Ger. <Adbstumpfen — pron. 
ahwb-stoomp-fenn (from stumpf, blunt, 
dull, obtuse); also Stumpf machen. Syn, 
Fr, for “edging stone” in road making, 
synonymous with “curb stone,’ the row 
of stones which divides the footpath or 
pavement from the road, Garde pave—pron. 
garrd pah-vay; also, in a general sense, 
Bord en pierre; also Tour, or simply Bord ; 
Ger. Sordstein — pron, bohrd-stine; also 
Steineinfassung. 

Eking or Ekeing-out Piece, in Car- 
pentry. Der. Our word eke is the Old 
English eac, likewise or the same—eacan, to 
eke, to add to. Eking-piece in construction 
is a piece inserted between two other pieces 
or added to the end of one of them, or toa 
single piece, in order to lengthen it. Syn. 
Fr. Alongé—pron. ahl-lohnjh, or Ratlonge— 
pron. ray-lohnj ; Ger. Verldngerungsstiick— 
pron. ferr-leng-err-oong-stuek. 

Elasticity. One of the characteristics of 
wood and metal useful in construction— 
that property which enables a beam, for 


235 


el 


example, to return to its original form, 
shape, or position, when relieved from a 
heavy load placed upon it, or which is 
equivalent to that property or force which 
enables the beam to resist the pressure 
tending to bend it downwards or yield 
under the pressure put upon it. The term 
is synonymous with “resiliency,” which 
means the power of leaping (springing) 
back again to a position in which a body, 
as a beam, was before it was subjected to 
the heavy weight. Der. Our word elastic 
comes from the Latin elasticus, springing 
back, and this from the Greek elawnein, to 
drive back. Syn. Fr. Force or Pression 
d’élasticité—pron. forss, pray-see-ohng dayl- 
ah steece-ee-tay ; also and simply Elasticite ; 


Ger. Springkraft— pron. spreeng-kraft — | 


literally “spring force or power”: also 
Elasticitdét—pron. ale-ass-tee-see-tah-eet. 
Elliptic Arch. An arch the curve of 
which is not semicircular or segmental, but 
that which is known as the ellipse. Der. 
Our word comes from the Latin ellipsis, and 
this from the Greek elleipsis, a defect indi- 
cating that, as compared with a semicircular 
curve, that of the ellipse was defective, as 
it appeared depressed, or more probably, 
seeing that the ellipse is produced by cut- 
ting a cone by a line oblique to its base: 
the inclination of the ellipse or curve pro- 
duced to the base of the cone was defective 
when compared to the inclination of the 
ellipse to the side of the cone. Be these 
speculations as they may, the fact remains 
that the ellipse was used by the Greeks as 
giving curves to their mouldings, etc., which 
answered better to sesthetic claims than did 
circular curves. Syn. Fr. for “elliptical 
arch,” <Are TS ahrr-keh-leep- 
teek ; Ger. elliptischer Bogen—pron. ell-eep- 
tish-err boh-genn. 
_ Embankment, in Earthwork. A mound 
or consolidated heap of soil employed in 
various ways, as, for example, a barrier and 
a resisting force to water collected and 
dammed up behind the structure placed 
across a valley or depression in the ground 
or at the banks of a river to keep the water 
from overflowing the adjacent lands, or in 
raising ground for certain special purposes 
in building sites or garden ground, etc. An 
embankment proper has sloping sides, thus 
making the top much narrower than the 
base. The inner slope is less steep than 
the outer. Great care is required in securing 
the solidity of the embankment. Syn. Fr. 
Levée de terre—pron. leh-vay day terr; 


also Remblai—pron, rahm-blay—i.e. carried: 


earth or artificial soil (from remblayer 
[rahm-blay-yea], to fill up with soil or 
earth carried specially to the place; also 
Revétement des bords d’une rivi¢re—pron. 
ray-vate-mahng day bohrdd duuhn ree- 
vee-air; Ger. Erddam, or Flussenerddam 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


(Fluss [flooce], a river); also Stroum— 
pron. strohm. 

Enlargement. A term often used in 
construction as indicating that a body or 
surface or a building is extended or ampli- 
fied. Properly the term is applicable only 
to extension by breadth or width, and this 
from the derivation of the word; but its 
application practically takes the widest 
scope. Der. Our word enlarge is from the 
French élargir (eh-lahr-jheer), to make 
broad, and large, broad, from the Latin 
largus. Syn. Fr. for “enlargement,” Hlar- 
gissement, broadening or widening; also 
Agrandissement (in the sense of making 
generally larger or greater) — pron. ah- 
grahn-deece-mahn ; also Jtenflement—pron, 
rahn-fell-mahn (from renjler [rahn-flay ], 
to swell or bulge out, to increase in size) ; 
Ger. Erweiterung, making wider, or Verldn- 
gerung, making longer; also Vergrdésserung, 
making greater or generally larger—pron, 
ferr-croeh-sairr-oohng. 

Equilibrium, in Construction. That 
condition in which all the parts are, as 
regards pressure put upon them, equally 
balanced, This state is the great object 
aimed at in framing, that the pressure sus- 
tained by the whole shall be so well 
distributed that no one part shall have to 
bear more than its own portion. Der. Our 
word is from the Latin equus, equal, and 
libra, a balance—equality of weight or 
pressure, Syn. Fr. Lquilibre—pron. eh- 
quee-lee-berr; Ger. Stabilegleichgewich (stable 
or firm equal weight)—pron. stah-bee-lay- 
glike-gay-veecht; also Lbengewicht—pron, 
eh-ben. 

Estate. A term often employed in 
building construction, in the purchase of 
land for building sites, etc., meaning the 
landed property of which the site forms 
a part. Der. Our word comes from the 
Latin status, a standing, and this from the 
verb stare, to stand; or from the French 
word état (ate-ah or eh-tah). This latter 
word is, however, a synonym for our word 
“state ”’—that is, the Government, or the 
Government as representing the constitu- 
tion of our country. The word estate with 
us has a much more limited meaning than 
this, as it refers only to a part of the general 
land of the nation, and which belongs 
specially to one individual. It is more 
accurately said to be derived from the Latin 
word we have given. It carries, moreover, 
with it the distinction between landed pro- 
perty, which an estate is, and other pro- 
perty—namely, that it is fixed, stationary, 
(stare, to stand), cannot be moved from place 
to place like other properties, which are 
hence legally distinguished as movables, or 
movable property. Syn. Fr. for “ estate,” 
a fixed, landed property, Domaine—pron. 
doh-mahn or -mahng; also Propriété en 


236 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


terre — pron, proh-pree-eh-tay ahng tairr; 
Ger. der Stand—pron. derr stant, or Grund- 
stiick—pron. groohnd-stuuh-eck ; also Land- 
sitz—pron. lant-seetz. 

Estimate, in Building. The document 
containing a statement of the cost of the 
work completed; the prices at which the 
various departments are to be undertaken by 
the contractor. Der. Our word is from the 
Latin estimare, estimatum, to value, valued. 
Syn. Fr. L£stimation — pron. ess-tee-mah- 
seeon (from estimer [ess-tee-may |, to reckon, 
to price, to value; Ger. Rechnung—pron, 
rech-noohng (from rechnen [rech-nenn ], to 
reckon) ; also Schdtzwng—pron. shetts-oohng 
(from schdtzen [shetts-en], to value). 

Evaluation. A term used sometimes 
as synonymous with estimate. There is this 
distinction, however, between the two in 
building technicalities: that while the esti- 
mate refers chiefly, almost exclusively, to 
the prices at which the contract work 
connected with the building will be done, 
the term evaluation refers more to the 
prices at which movyables, as building plant, 
are estimated or valued, or the price of a 
building itself when completed. The term 
is therefore more correctly synonymous 
with our other term, simply valuation, than 
with estimate—that is, in a building sense. 
Syn. Fr. Evaluation (same word as ours)— 
pron, eh-vahl-ueh-ah-seeon (from the verb 
évaluer [eh-vahl-ueh-eh], to value); Ger. 
Schidtzung (see Estimate). 

Execute. A term frequently employed 
in the wording of building specifications, as 
synonymous with doing, performing the 
work, or carrying out certain work, as 
“execute the whole in a proper and work- 
manlike manner.” Der. Our word comes 
from the French synonym exécuter (aix-eh- 
kueh-teh), and this from the Latin exsequi, 
prefix ex, and sequor, I follow—meaning to go 
on to the end, one part following the other 
till the whole is completed, what is popularly 
called “following up” or “out.” Syn. Ger. 
Ausfiihren, to lead out—pron. owss-fueh- 
renn; also Vollziehen, full drawing (out)—- 
pron. foll-tsee-en; also Kwecutiren — pron. 
aix-ay-kooh-teer-en, or Verrichten — pron. 
fer-richt-en. 

Existing. A term frequently employed 
in certain specifications, as those connected 
with alterations, repairs, extensions—as “ to 
the existing.” Der. Our word comes from 
the Latin existere, and this from ex, and 
sistere, to stand (our word insist comes from 
this)—meaning that it is a thing which 
stands, is there, exists (to come round to the 
term in question). Syn. Fr. for “to exist,” 
Exister—pron, eggs-eece-tay ; Ger. Evistiren. 
Syn. Fr. for “existing,” Hxistant — pron. 
eggs-eece-tahn ; Ger. Vorhanden—pron. forr- 
hand-enn. 


. Expansibility. A term used in connec- 


23 


fa 


tion with materials, as metals, denoting 
their tendency to stretch out or extend 
under any increase of temperature. This 
property is the opposite or converse of 
contraction. Der. Our word comes from 
the Latin expandere, and this from ez, and 
pandere, to spreal out. Syn. Fr. Expansi- 
bilite — pron. aix-pahn-see-bee-lee-tay, or 
Dilatibilité — pron, deel-ah-tee-bee-lee-tay ; 
also Katensibilite — pron. aix-tahng-; Ger. 
Dehnbarkeit (from dehnbar, extensible) — 
pron. daihn-barr-kite. 

Expert. A term used to indicate that 
one has a thorough knowledge, derived 
from practical work or experience, of some 
branch of building construction. Der. Our 
word is from the Latin expertus, experienced, 
and this from ex, and perire, to try. Syn. 
Fr. Lapert—pron. aixs-paihr or -paihrt; 
Ger. Kunstverstdéndige — pron. koohnst-fair- 
stah-een-dee-geh. 

Extras. <A technical term in ouilding 
construction to indicate items of work done, 
and cost of the same, extra to or beyond 
those named in the “specification” upon 
which the “estimate” was made and the 
“contract” based and executed. “ Extras,” 
or work additional to the work as originally 
planned and specified, are generally done 
at the request of the proprietor, sanctioned 
by the architect, and when executed are 
passed by him, and the amounts paid to the 
contractor. As “extras” are paid on a 
different and generally a higher scale than 
that on which the estimate or contract is 
based, “extras” are often looked to by 
some builders as a way of recouping them- 
selves from any loss which might accrue 
from having taking the general work at ‘‘too 
low a fignre,” as the technical phrase has 
it. Der. Our word extra comes from the 
Latin preposition which signifies beyond or 
in addition to, and is used very frequently 
as a prefix to many of our ordinary words. 
Syn. Fr. for extras or extra to a contract 
(building), Dehors (out of or away from or 
outside) de contrat or de marché—pron. deh- 
horr deh kohn-trah, marr-shay ; also Charges 
de contrat or de marché extraordinaires— 
pron. aix-trah-ohrr-dee-nairr; Ger. ausser 
der Regel vom Contract—pron. owss-err dare 
ray-gell fom conn-trahkt : or a more direct 
syn., ausnahmsweise Kosten; but the Latin 
Extras is a very general synonym in both 
French and German. 


Fall. A term used in construction as 
synonymous with the slope or incline of 
ground or a drain. Der. From the Old 
English feallan, to descend or go down, or 
directly from the German fall. Syn. Fr. 
for ‘fall,’ Pente—pron. pahnt; Ger. der 
Fall or die Senkung—pron. zen-kuuhng. 

Fanlight or -window. <A window s0 


‘ 


fa 


called from its resemblance to a fan when 
spread out, the ribs of the fan being repre- 
sented by the sash-bars or astragals, which 
radiate at intervals or equal spaces from the 
centre to the circumference of the light or 
window, thus dividing it into a series of 
glass compartments, The form is generally 
semicircular, and is usually placed centrally 
over a doorway. Der. Our word “fan” is 
from the Old English fann, a covering, an 
awning, or from the Latin vannus, a fan, 
from which our word vane. Syn. Fr. for 
“‘fanlight or window,” Fenetre en éventail 
(a fan)—pron. fenn-ay-terr ahn eh-vahn- 
tahl, or simply Lventail, when referring to 
building work ; Ger. halbrundes Fenster (a 
half-round window, referring to its generally 
semicircular form)—pron. hahlb-roohn-dess 
fenn-sterr; also ficherformiges Fenster — 
that is, a fan-formed window—pron. fech- 
err-foerr-mich-es ; or simply Facherfenster. 

Fasecine. A bundle of twigs or small 
branches of trees, tied firmly together by 
withes, generally of willow, used in the for- 
mation of embankments on river sides, or 
for facing river banks, or for consolidating 
foundation work in yielding, marshy soils. 
The term “fagot” is often employed as a 
synonym—both being indifferently used. 
Der. The word fascine comes from the 
Latin fascia, a bundle, a thing bound to- 
gether, or from fasciculus, a little bundle, a 
bunch of things tied together. The word 
“fagot” is from the French fagot (fah-goh), 
and this from the Latin faz, a torch—a 
torch being originally a bundle of combus- 
tible twigs, etc., tied together to afford a 
greater light than a single piece would 
give. Syn. Fr. for “fascine,” Faisceau— 
pron. fah-soh; Ger. Faschine—pron. fah- 
sheen-eh; also Reisbiindel (twig- [Reis, 
a twig] bundle)—pron. rice-buuh-een-del. 
Syn. Fr. for “fascine work,” Fascinage— 
pron. fah-seen-ahje; also Fagotaille or 
Fagotage; Ger. Faschinenwerk—pron. fah- 
sheen-enn-vairk ; also Reisbiindelbuhnewerk 

-— that is, twig-bundle-board or staging 
work-—lining with fascines (from buwhnen, 
to board, to line); also Faschinenbuhne. 
Syn. Fr. for “foundation work in fascines,” 
Fondation or Fondement en fascines, or sur 
les fascines—pron. fohng-da-see-ong, fohngd- 
mahng ahng, suuhr lay, fah-seens; Ger. 
Faschinengriindung — pron. gruuh - een - 
doohng, or Reisiggrundung. 

Feed-pipe, for water. The main pipe by 
which water is supplied to a house, or water 
to a kitchen or bath boiler, or.to the bath 
itself. Der. Our word comes from the Old 
English fedan, to feed, supply with nourish- 
ment, or as in the present case with materials. 
Syn. Fr. for “feed-pipe,’ Tuyau or Tube 
alimentaire or d’alimentation—pron. tweeh- 
oh or tuehb all-ee-mahn-tairr, dahl-ee-mahn- 
tah-seeon; Ger. Fiillréhre ( fiillen, to fill)— 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


pron, fuehll-roeh-reh ; also Wasserleitungs« 
rohre (water-leading pipe: leiten, to guide, 
to lead). Syn. Fr. for “feeder for water 
supply ” (for which our synonym is catch- 
water, or intake ditch or reservoir for water), 
Fosse or Canal d’alimentation—pron. foss ; 
also Alimenteur de l’eau—pron. ahl-ee-mahn- 
teuhrr deh loh; Ger, Wassergraben or 
-behilter. a 

Felt, for roof covering —asphalted. A 
coarse woollen fabric worked up with 
bitumen and formed into sheets of definite 
widths—these being cut up into the re- 
quisite lengths and nailed to the roof 
boarding. A cheap substitute for slates, 
tiles, or zinc coverings. Der. Our word 
is the same as the Old English word, to 
denote the working up of hair or wool 
fibres into a species of cloth, afterwards 
compressed or squeezed together. Syn. Fr. 
for felt, Fewtre— pron, fuuh-terr; Ger. 
Filzen — pron. feel-tzenn, Syn. Fr. for 
“felt roof covering,’ Feutre pour la cou- 
verture des toiles; Ger. Dachfilzenplattenung. 

Fillin. A phrase used, as in foundation 
work—“ fill in the trenches with soil,” “fill or 
fix in the windows,” etc. Der. Our word fill 
comes from the Old English fyllan, to make 
complete or full, as a vessel with water up 
to the brim without running over. Syn. 
Fr. Remplir—pron. rahm-pleerr—this comes 
from the Latin plere, to fill (our word 
“complete” is com and this Latin verb); Ger. 
Fiillen—pron. fuehl-enn. Syn. Fr. for ‘to 
fill up trenches with earth,’ Remplir les 
tranches de terre or de sol—pron., rahm-pleerr 
lay trahnsh deh tairr or deh soll; Ger. 
Graben mit Erde fillen. Syn. Fr. for “filling 
up,” in mason work, Remblai—pron. rahm- 
or rahm-blay ; Ger. Ausfiillung—pron. Owss- 
fuehil-loong. 

Filter, Water. An arrangement of 
what are called filtering materials, such as 
sand, charcoal, sponge, wool, spongy iron, 
and the like, by which water, either forced 
through them by pressure or passing 
through them by gravitation, is freed from 
its impurities, chiefly mechanical, and ren- 
dered more fitted for purposes in which 
pure water is required. Der. Our word 
comes from the French ji/tre, or from the 
Italian filtro, wool which has gone through 
the fulling process, which renders it more 
fitted to arrest the impurities of water. 
Syn. Fr. for ‘‘ water filter,” Piltre—pron. 
feel-terr, or Filtrateur — pron. feel-trah- 
tuuhr ; also Couwlotr—pron. koohl-wharr, or 
Percolateur-—pron. perr-koh-la-tuuhr ; Ger. 
der Filter—pron. derr feel-tare; also Fil- 
trirmaschine — pron, feel-treer-mah-sheen- 
eh. Syn. Fr. for ‘‘filtering materials,” 
Matérial pour filtrage — pron. feel-trajhe ; 
Ger. Filterungmaterialien. 

Fireproof Building. Buildings so con- 
structed that they are assumed to be proof 


238 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. | 


against the action of fire. All that can be 
said of any system which has as yet been 
introduced into practice is that the buildings 
are relatively safer than others not so con- 
structed. Few have proved to be absolutely 
safe from fire—fireproof, as the technical 
phrase puts it. Der. The word fire comes 
from the Old English /yr, the heat or lively 
appearance of flame or of red-hot matter, 
the result of the burning of combustibles, 
Syn. Fr. for “fireproof building,” Bdtiment 
or Structure & l'épreuve du feu—pron. bah-tee- 
mahn or struek-tuehrr ah lay-preuve dueh 
feuh; Ger. feuerfester Bau—pron. foy-err- 
fest-err bough; also feuerstehender Bau— 
pron. foy-err-stay-henn-derr, 

Fissure, in Stones, etc. A crack or open- 
ing interrupting the general line or grain 
of the material. Der. Our word comes 
directly from the French, and almost so 
from the Latin word jfissura, a cleft. Syn. 
Fr. Fissure—pron. feeh-suuhr ; also Fente— 
pron. fahngt; Ger, Spalte—pron. spall-tay 
(from spalten, to split, cleave, or divide) ; 
also Kluft—pron. kloohft. 

Fit, To. The word fit, as generally 
applied, denotes that a thing is neat, well 
made, and this is the meaning of the Old 
English word feat, from which our word 
comes. Our word may also be derived from 
the French fait (fay), which means “ made” in 
the fullest sense of the term—that is, well 
made, complete. This comes from the Latin 
Jactus, made (from facere, to make). The 
word fit is also used as synonymous with 
fix, so that our phrase is equivalent to to fix, 
to secure, to erect. Syn. Fr. for “to fit,” 
Monter—pron. mohn-tay; also Assurer — 
pron. ah-suehr-ay ; also Mettre bien—pron. 
mett-err bee-ahn; also Ajuster—-pron. ah- 
jhuess-tay ; Ger. Aufstellen or Ordnen ; also 
Schichten or Sichern (to make sure—pron.) 
zich-errn, The Scotch word “sicker” or 
“siccar” (sure), comes from this: “ mak 
siccar” (make sure) is almost Ger. Sicher 
machen; also Befestigen—pron. beh-fess-tig- 
enn. Syn. Fr. for “to fit a tool” for cutting,” 
Mettre a coupe or marge or tranche—that is, 
to place or put, or to give the “cut,” the 
* edge ” on—pron. met-terr ah koop, mahrrj, 
trahnsh ; Ger. die Schneide geben —i.e. to 
give the cut. Syn. Fr. for “ fitting,” Ajuste- 
ment—pron, ah-jhuesst-mahn ; also Arrange- 
ment—pron. arr-ahnj-mahn; Ger. Verband 
—pron, ferr-bant; also Einrichtung—pron. 
ine-richt-oong. 

Fix, To. A term much used in construc- 
tion work. Der. Our word comes from the 
French jizer, and this from the Latin jigere, 
to make, and jfixum, made fast, secure, stable, 
firm : it is often used as synonymous with 
fit. Syn. Fr. for “to fix,’ Fixer — pron. 
feex-ay, or Atéacher—pron. ah-tahsh-ay ; also 
Affermir — pron. ah-fairr-meerr, or Poser 
Serme—pron. poh-zay fairrm; Ger. Befestigen 


i | 

4 
—pron. beh-fess-tig-en"; also Feststellen — 
pron. fest-stell-enn, or Festsetzen—pron. fests 
zet-senn. Syn. Fr. for “ fixing,” Fixation— 
pron. feex-ah-seeon, or Vixement — pron, 
teex-mahn; also F'ixage—pron. feex-ahj; 
Ger. Festsetzuny, or Fixirung; also die Be- 
festigung, or Verdichtung. Syn. Fr. for 
“fixed,” Iixé—pron, feex-ay; Ger. Fest or 
Befestigt. Syn. Fr. for “fixity,” Fivité— 
pron, feex-ee-tay ; Ger. Festigkeit, or Stdtig- 
keit. Syn. Fr. for “ fixture,’ Attache—pron, 
ah-tahsh, or Retenwe—pron. reh-tenn-ueh ; 
also Meubles (furniture, furnishings) &@ de- 
meure fixe—pron. meuh-bell ah deh-meuhr 
feex; also /mmeuble par destination—pron. 
eem-meuh-bel parr day-steen-ah-seeon; Ger. 
Feststellung, or Befestigung (more specially 
applied to “the fixing” (verbal noun) ; also 
nagelfesten Meubel (“nail fast’’); also das 
unbewegliche Hausgerdth — i.e. immovable 
household furniture. 

Flag Pavement. A footpath or side 
road having the walking surface or tread 
made of flat stones, called flags or flag- 
stones. Der. Our word is probably from 
the German, greatly corrupted, jfliese (flee- 
seh), a floor-stone flat and thin, rectangular 
in shape, or it may come from a north of 
Kurope word liag, a broad, flat stone. Syn. 
Fr. for “ flag or flagstone pavement,” Pavé 
de carreaux (carreau{karr-oh], a flat, square 
stone or tile)—pron. pah-vay day karr-oh ; 
also Carrelage — pron. karr-lajhe; Ger. 
Iliessenpflaster (Pflaster, a pavement) — 
pron. flee-senn-pflah-sterr ; also Steinplatten, 

Flap, as table-flap, flap-door. A piece 
which is hinged to another and horizontal 
or vertical piece—so that it can hang down 
or be changed from a hanging or pendulous 
to a fixed condition. Der. Our word comes 
from the Danish jlabbe, an object which 
hangs down or is pendulous; it is allied to 
the Latin flaccus, flabby, hanging down in 
loose folds. Syn. Fr. for ‘‘ table-flap,” 
Abattant d'une table—pron. ah-bah-tahng 
duuhn taw-bel, or simply <Abattant; Ger. 
Tischklappe — pron, teesh-klapp-eh. Syn. 
Fr. for ‘‘tlap-door,” synonymous with 
“ trap-door,” Porte abattante or Trappe; Ger. 
Klappethiir, or Fallthiir. 

Flat. <A term applied to an object which 
presents a broad, even surface, generally 
placed horizontally as a floor, but not neces- 
sarily horizontal, as a wall surface is said 
to be flat though vertical—a roof surface 
though inclined. Der. Our word is from the 
Icelandic flatz, or the German p/att, having 
a broad, even surface. Syn. Fr. for “flat,” 
Plat—pron. plah (this is from the Latin 
platus, broad); also Plain—pron. plaihn ; 
Ger. Platt; also Flach—pron. flach. Syn. 
Fr, for “flat piece,” Plague—pron, plahk; 
also Plature—pron. plah-tuehr; Ger, Stiick- 
platt—pron, stuek-plaht; also plattes Stick. 
Syn, Fr, for “to flatten,” Aplatir—pron, ah- 


239 


fl 


plah-teerr, or Aplanir ; also Laminer—pron. 
lah-mee-nay ; also Adaisser—pron. ah-base- 
say ; also Lcacher—pron., eh-kah-shay ; Ger. 
Plitten—pron. plett-enn; also Plattmachen 
or platt werden. Syn. Fr. for “ flattened,” 
Ecaché; also Laminé; Ger. flach Gemacht ; 
also platt Gedriickt—pron. plaht-geh-druekkt. 

Flexibility. That property in materials 
which admits of their being bent—that is, 
their fibres changed in their line of direc- 
tion by force or pressure. Der. Our word 
comes from the Old English jlewibilis, and 
this from flectere, to bend, and flexwm, bent. 
Syn. Fr. Flexibilite—pron. fluxe- or flex-ee- 
beel-ee-tay ; the adjectives are also used, as 
Souple, Pliable, or Courbable— pron. sooh- 
’ pell, plee-ah-bell, koor-bah-bel ; Ger. Big- 
samkeit—pron. beeg-sam-kite (from biegen, 
to bend). Syn. Fr. for “ flexion,” or the 
bent or curved condition of a body put 
under pressure, Cambrure — pron. kahm- 
bruuhr—from this comes our technical term 
camber (which see)—camber of a beam; 
also /lexien—pron. flaxe-ee-ohng, or Retombée 
—pron. ray-tom-bay (from retomber, to fall 
back again); Ger. die Biegung or Richtung 
—pron. bee-guuhng, reeght-uuhng. 

Flight of stairs. A term in building to 
indicate the part of a staircase construc- 
tion in which the steps are placed. A stair 
may be in one or a single flight—that is, 
from the lowest step in the one floor to the 
highest step in the floor above, or the land- 
ing. A staircase may be divided into two 
or more flights, with a landing between each 
flight. Der. Our word flight is from the 
Old English flyht, a flight, and this from 
fleogan, to fly. Syn. Fr. for “flight of 
stairs”? (properly a “flight of steps,” as it 
is the number of steps which constitutes a 
flight), Suzte des marches d’un escalier—pron. 
sweet day marrsh deuhn ess-kahl-ee-yea, or 
Rampe d’escalier—pron. rahmp dess-kahl-ee- 
yea; Ger. Treppenarm or Treppenlauf— 
pron. lowff. Syn. Fr. for “flight” simply, 
Etage— pron. eh-tahj; Ger. Stufe— pron. 
stooh-fay. 

Flush. When one body does not at its 
edge project over the other, but the edges or 
surfaces are in the same level or line, the 
edges on the two bodies are said to be flush. 
Der, The word is probably from the Old 
English jleotan, or perhaps more directly 
from the German lessen, both meaning to 
flow—the two edges flush, so to say, flowing 
together Or into each other, Syn. Fr. for 
“flush,’’ Sur le méme plan or niveau (level) 
—pron. sueh leh maim plahn, nee-voh ; also 
Plein—pron. plaihn; also Sans saillie—i.e. 
without projection (from saillir [sahl-yearr ], 
to project) — pron. sahn sahl-yay; also 
Defleur (from jleurer [fleuhr-eh], to swell, 
bulge out, or project)—pron. deh-fleuhr, 
and from the same root Aflwerré—pron. ah- 
fluehr-eh; Ger. mit ebener Fliche (Fliche, 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


area, surface)—pron. mit aib-en-nerr flech- 
eh; also Gleich (level, plain)—pron. glych ; 
also Eben mit—ze. faces or edges of the 
pieces even with each other—pron. aib-en 
mit, or Hben an, even on—pron. ahn; also 
Einebenig—pron. ine-ay-ben-ich ; also Gleich- 
stehend—te, standing level with each other, 
Syn. Fr. for “flush joint,” Assemblage des 
pieces face a face—pron. ah-sahm-blahj day 
pee-ayce fahss ah fahss, or Assemblage sans 
saillie ; also En @ affleurer, or Assemblage en 
bout a bout—that is, exactly end to end, 
ends even with each other—pron. ehng booh 
tah booh; Ger. Fldchenscharnier (Scharnier, 
a joint; also -gewinde)—pron. flech-enn- 
sharr-neer; also Stoszscharnier (from 
stossen, to thrust, to push)—that is, one 
piece is pushed forward till its face is even 
or level—flush—with that of the other 
piece. Syn. Fr. for “to make a joint not 
flush”’—that is, with one face projecting 
over the other—Deésafleurer—pron. days- 
ah-fleuh-ray ; also Faire une charnicre (a 
joint) avec saillies ; Ger. ein Scharnier vor- 
stehen machen.—The term Flush is also used 
in another sense than the above in building 
construction, as in masonry, for example, in 
the phrase “ flush the joints with mortar,” 
or “flush the drains well out with water’’; 
and in this sense the derivation of the word 
from the German fliessen, and this from the 
Latin jluere, to flow, is more obvious than 
in the term “flush” above describéd. To flush 
with mortar is to pour or pass on to a joint 
mortar so* thin that it will penetrate into 
the spaces between the pieces to be bound 
together. To flush with water implies a 
sudden accession of water to the interior of 
a place, as of a drain, to be washed, cleaned, 
or flushed out. Syn. Fr. for “a joint 
flushed with mortar,” Une joint noyée dans le 
mortier—t.e. drowned in mortar (from noyer 
[no-yea], to drown, or simply Noyé avec 
mortier; Ger. ein Scharnier mit Mortel 
gelegt. 

Flying Buttress, in Architecture. A 
buttress which is not joined throughout its 
length or whole extent to the wall of the 
building it is designed to support, but 
springs out archwise from the wall in a 
curve. This arrangement gives rise to 
some very beautiful effects in buttressed 
work in Gothic architecture, Syn. Fr. Are 
boutant or volant; Ger. Bogenpfeiler. 

Folding Door, in House Building. A 
door provided for an opening much wider 
than the ordinary doors, the full width 
being made up in two pieces or leaves, 
hinged at the opposite sides and meeting in 
the centre when closed. Der. Our word 
fold comes from the Old English fald, and 
this from fealden, to wrap up, or to double 
some flexible substance into say half its 
surface by bringing the two ends or sides 
of the surface into contact with each other, 


240 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


Syn. Fr. for “folding doors,” Porte @ deux 
battants or vantauxz—pron. porrt ah deuh 
bah-tahn, vahn-toh ; Ger. zweifliigelige Thiir 
(Fligel, a wing)—pron. tzvy-flueh-gell-eeh- 
geh tuehr, or simply Fliigelthiir. Syn. Fr. 
for “folding table,” in cabinet making, Table 
brisée (from briser, to break)—i.e, with sur- 
face broken by the joint (hinged) — pron. 
tah-bell breeze-eh ; also Table pliante—pron. 
plee-ahnt; Ger. Klappentisch (flapped or 
leaved). . 

Foliated, in Architecture and Decorative 
Work. Parts in which the decoration 
consists of natural foliage conventionally 
treated. A well-known example is the 
Corinthian capital, in which the acanthus 
leaf is most effectively used. Der. Our 
word comes from the Latin folium, a leaf, 
Syn. Fr. for “foliation,” Fewillaison—pron. 
fwuh-eel- or fweel-ah-sohng (from fewille, a 
leaf); Ger. Bldtterung (from Bldtter, leaves). 
Syn. Fr. for “foliation of a projecting or 
rounded part of a design,” Feuillaison d’une 
lobe—pron. duehn loh-bay (lobe, a rounded 
part); Ger. die Blitterung eines Bogen, or 
Bogenblitterung. 

Font, in Church Architecture. A stone 
erection the upper part of which contains 
a water receptacle used for baptism in 
Episcopal churches. Der. The word comes 
from fons, a spring, a fountain, and this 
from fundere, to pour out, as water. Syn. 
Fr. Font de baptéme—pron. fohn deh bahpp- 
tame; Ger. Yaufsten — pron. towff-stine 
—from taufen (tow- [ow as in now] fenn), 
to baptize. 

Footings (see text). Syn. Fr. for “ wall 
footing,” Pied dun mur—pron. pee-eh duuhn 
muuhr; Ger. Mauerfuss—pron. mow- (ow 
as in now) airr-fooss. Syn. Fr. for “ foot- 
rule,” the artificer’s scale for taking mea- 
surements from, Jawge—pron, johje (from 
jauger [jhoh-jhay], to gauge); also Verge 
des charpentiers (verge, a rod)—pron. vairjh 
day sharr-pahng-tee-eh ; Ger. Mess-stock 
(from messen, to measure, and Stock, a stick, 
a staff), Der. Our word foot is from the 
Old English fot. The French pied is from 
the Latin pes, pedis, a foot. 

Footpath, in Road Making. Syn. Fr. 
Trottoir—pron. troh-twahr (from ¢ro¢ [troh], 
a way or a stretch, or from ¢rotter [troh- 
tay], to trot, to run) ; also Estrade—pron. 
ess-trahd; Ger. Biirgersteig—pron. buuh- 
eer-gerr-stihng—that is, the walk or path for 
the citizens, the burghers of a town, vil- 
lages and places of small note not being 
provided with this accommodation till recent 
times—pron. booh-eer-gare-stige. 

Forcing House, in Garden Architecture. 
A structure roofed with glass—generally 
span-roofed (see Roof)—and heated with 
artificial heat, used to ‘‘force on” plants, 
flowers, and fruits. Syn. Fr. Serre a forcer 
(from serré [serr-eh], close, and this from 


241 


fo 


serrer, to grip, to clip close): a green- or 
ees arte is Serré; Ger. Antreibenbaum- 
aus (treiben, to push, to force on), or simply 
Antreibenhaus. 

Foreman. The superior workman who 
looks after and directs the inferior workmen, 
—evidently a contraction of before-man, 
one before the others in experience, skill, or 
character. Syn. Fr. Contre or Sous-chef— 
pron. cohn-terr or sooh sheff; also Maitre 
garcon—pron, may-terr garr-son or -sohn; 
Ger. Vorarbeiter, fore or first workman— 
pron. fore-ahrr-bite-err ; or Obergessel—i.e. 
over or head journeyman—pron. oh-berr- 
geh-zell; also Werkmeister—i.e. master of 
the work—pron, vairk-mice-terr, or Werk- 
Siihrer—ie, leader of the work—pron. vairk- 
fueh-rerr, 

Forge or Forged Iron. A synonym for 
“wrought” or “malleable iron.” Der. Our 
word forge comes from the French forger, 
to work iron by first heating it in a (forge) 
fire, and then hammering it on an anvil, 
and this indirectly from the Latin ferrum, 
iron, the Italian for forge being nearer this 
—namely, ferriere, from which we derive 
our word farrier. Syn. Fr. Fer forgée, or 
Fer battu par le marteau (from battre [bah- 
terr], to beat, to strike), or simply Fer battu — 
pron. fare bah-tuuh; Ger. Ausschmiedenen- 
eisen — prou. owss-shmeed-ee-nenn-ize-enn ; 
also Gehdimmerte-eisen—pron. gay-hah-eem- 
err-tay-ize-enn. 

Foundation (see text), in Construction. 
The base on which the superstructure is 
built and rests. Der. Our word comes from 
the Latin fundare, to fix firmly on a base, 
to lay the base of a thing, and this from 
Jundus, the bottom. From this comes the 
French fonder (fohng-day), to found or lay 
the base of. Syn. Fr. for “foundation,” 
Fondation—pron, fohng-dah-see-ohng ; Ger, 
Fundamentirung—pron. foohn-dah-ment-eer- 
oohng; also Griindung (Grind, the ground, 
the earth or soil)—pron. grooh-een-duuhng. 
Syn. Fr. for “to found a wall,” Fonder un 
mur—pron. fohng-day uuhn muuhr; Ger. 
eine Mauer griinden—pron, ine- (ine as in 
mine) eh mow- (ow as in now) airr grooh- 
een-denn, Syn. Fr. for “to dig the foun- 
dation,” Creuser les fondements — pron. 
kruuh-say lay fohngd-mahng; Ger. die 
Griindung graben. Syn. Fr. for “ founda- 
tion stone,” Pierre de fondement; Ger. 
Griindungstein or Griindstein. Syn. Fr. for 
“foundation wall,” Mur de fondement, or 
simply Fondement ; Ger. Griindgemduer or 
der Fundament. Syn. Fr. for “concrete 
foundation,” Fondement en béton — pron, 
bett-ohng; Ger. Grobmértelgrundung. Syn. 
Fr. for “foundation (timber) piles,” Fonde- 
ment basse-palée; Ger. Fundamentgrind- 
pfahlung or -griindplatte. 

Four-centred or Tudor Arch. Syn. 
Fr, Arc avec quatre cintres; Ger. englischer 


16 


fr 


Spitzbogen, or Spitzbogen mit vier Mittel- 
punkten. 

Frame—Framing (see text). Der. Our 
word comes from the Old English Aremman, 
to shape, to construct. Syn. Fr. for “to 
frame on a truss,” in carpentry, Assembler une 
JSerme — pron. ah-sahm-blay uuhn fairrm ; 


Ger. eine Gesparre zulegen—pron. ine-eh 


geh-sparr-eh tzooh-lay-genn. Syn. Fr. for 
“wood framing,” Charpenterte—pron. sharr- 

ang-terr-ee or sharr-pahng-tree; Ger. 
Holzgestell (Gestell, a frame, a trestle). Syn. 
Fr, for “iron framing,” Charpente en fer; 
Ger. Eisengestell. Syn. Fr. for “door- or 
window-frame,” Chassis de porte or de fenétre 
—pron, shah-see; Ger. Thur- or Fenster- 
Sutter. 

Fresco Painting, for Wall Decoration. 
The term means literally “ painting designed 
to stand the exposure of the open air or the 
atmospheric influences, as damp,” and takes 
its name from the Italian phrase al fresco, 
in the cool open air,in the open. It may 
be described as the opposite method of 
ordinary painting on wall surfaces, in which 
the plaster is first set and dried, while in 
fresco work the painting is done when the 
plaster is wet, so that only as much plaster 
must be put on as the painter can cover at a 
time, the colour being absorbed by the plaster 
and both setting together. This peculiarity 
of necessity requires a quick and sure style 
of painting, as no alteration can be made 
after the strokes or artistic effects are put 
in. Syn. Fr. for “fresco painting,” Peintre 
a fresque — pron. pehng-terr ah fresk or 
fraisk ; Ger. Freskemalerei—pron. fress-kay- 
mahl-err-ee. 

Fret (see text). Der. Our word is from 
the Old English fretan, to vex, to gnaw, to 
eat: in a constructive sense, cut away. Syn. 
Fr. for “‘ fret work,” in architecture, Owvrage 
en frete or a frette—pron. oohve-rahje ahng 
frait, frett ; also in woodwork, Bois découpée 
(cut wood); also Ornée des grecques, or 
simply Grecqgue—pron. graik or grekk; Ger. 
Griechischewerk or Steingebrochenenwerk— 
literally “ broken or cut-up stonework.” 

Friability, in Stone and Brick. That 
dangerous characteristic in these materials 
which render them liable to crumble away 
and break up or disintegrate under pressure, 
or the inner action of the air influences, 
Der. Our word comes almost without change 
from the French friabilité, and this from the 
Latin friadilis, and this again from friare, 
to crumble, rub or break away. Syn. Fr. 
Friabilité — pron. free-ah-beel-ee-tay ; Ger. 
‘Zerreiblichkeit (reiben [ribe-enn], to rub 
down, to grate, to powder)—pron. tzerr- 
ribe-leegh-kite ; also Brécklichkeit — pron. 
broh-eek (from dréckein |broh-ee-kine], to 
crumble). 

Frieze, in Architecture. The flat part of 
the entablature of an order, which lies 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


between the architrave and the cornice. In 
wall decoration the term denotes a flat band 
more or less ornamented running round the 
wall for a greater or less distance below the 
cornice of the room. Der. Uncertain: the 
ordinary term frieze, denoting a coarse 
woollen cloth, derived from the French 
rise, a@ woollen fabric. Syn. Fr. for 
“ frieze,” Plateband— pron. plahte-bahnd ; 
also Jrise— pron. freeze; Ger. Friess— 
pron. freece ; also Friese—pron. freeze-eh. 

Frosted Work (see text). Der. Our 
word frost is but an inverted form of the 
Old English forst, and this from freosan, to 
freeze. Syn. Fr. for “frosted work,” in 
masonry, Aaconnerie a glacée, or simply 
glacée (from glacer [glah-say], to freeze) ; 
Ger. rauhes Steinwerk (from Rauh, raw, 
coarse, rough, uneven); also Frostigkeit- 
or gefrostetes Steinwerk, or Steinwerk mit 
rauher Oberfliche—titerally “stone worked 
with a rough top or over surface.” 

Fullness. A term sometimes used in 
constructive work to denote that a part of 
a body is not to be made too small or scrimped 
in size—to use a common phrase, to “ give it 
a little fulness ’—as in a moulding to give it 
a little more projection. Der. Our word 
“full” is precisely the Old English full, 
meaning filled up, having as much as it 
ought to have. Syn. Fr. for “ fulness,” 
Trop-plein—literally ‘‘too full” (trop [troh], 
too much, and plein, full)—pron. troh-plahng ; 
Ger. Fulle—pron. fool-eh; also Ober- or 
Uberfulltzein or Uberfullung. 

Funnel, Stove or Smoke. A synonym 
for a stove chimney-pipe. In the ordinary 
meaning of the term, a funnel is an appliance 
to aid the pouring of a liquid from one 
vessel to another. A smoke funnel is the 
converse of this, by which the smoke can 
pour out of a stove or furnace. Der. Our 
word comes from the Latin infundibulum, a 
filling pipe or tube, and this from infundere, 
to fillin. Syn. Fr. for “stove funnel or 
pipe,” Cheminée en téle (téle, sheet iron); Ger. 
runde Fisenréhre, iron smoke tube or pipe; 
also LHisenblechkaminréhre. Syn. Fr. for 
“funnel of a waterspout or eaves’ down-pipe,’ 
Cavette—pron. kah-vett; also Entournoir 
dune tuyau de dégorgement—pron. en-tohr- 
nwahr deunn twee-yoh deh day-gorrj-mahn 
(Entournoir, a funnel for pouring liquids 
through; Ger. der Trichter eines Dag TES 
rohre (Trichter, a funnel, from trichtern 
[ treek-terrn ], to pour through a funnel tube). 

Furnace. A structure inclosing a fire- 
place, with fire bars, closed doors, ashpit, 
flue, uptake, and high chimney, in which 
combustion of greater or less intensity can 
be maintained. Der, The word is from the 
Latin furnaz, furnus, an inclosed fireplace, 
Syn. Fr. Lourneau, fournaise—pron. foohr- 
noh, -naize, or feur; Ger. der Ofen—pron. 
oh-fenn, 


242 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


Furnish. A term frequently used in 
construction in the sense of providing and 
fitting up. Der. The word comes from the 
French fournir (foohr-neer); Ger. Ausriisten 
—pron, Owss-rueh-sten (from riisten, to fit 
out); also Ausmdbliren—pron. owss-moeh- 
bleer-enn (mdbliren, to furnish), Syn. Fr. 
for “furnishing,” Ameublissement—pron. ah- 
muuh-bleess-mahn; Ger. Jdblirung—pron. 
moeb-leer-oong, 

Furniture. A term applied to the 
fittings of a door or a window lock ; in its 
more extended sense to the domestic fittings 
of a house, as chairs, tables, beds, etc. The 
derivation of the word is the same as that 
of furnish. Syn. Fr. Ameublement — pron. 
ah-meuh-bell-mahn (from ameublir [ah- 
meuh-bleer], to convert or make into move- 
ables, or simply Meubles—pron. meuh-bell 
(from meubler, to furnish) ; also Meudblants 
—pron. meuh-blahn; Ger. Hausgertith — 
pron. hause-geh-rate (Gerdth, implements, 
utensils) ; also Hausausriistung (house fit- 
tings)—pron. house-owss-ruess-toong; also 
Meubel, 


Gallery. That part of a building which 
is generally of greater length than width, 
and is raised to a greater or less height 
above the level of the floor of the room in 
which it is placed ; or it may be external to 
the room, as passing round one side of it or 
surrounding it. It is distinguished from a 
corridor, which is an apartment also of 
greater length than width, by the corridor 
being on the same level as the floor of the 
apartment with which it is connected. The 
term has, however, a wide application. Der. 
It is from the French galerie, or the Italian 
galeria. Syn. Fr. Galerie—pron. gawhl-ree 
or gall-err-ee; also Passage — pron. pah- 
sahje; or Corridor — pron. koh-ree-dorr ; 
Ger. Galerie—pron. gall-err-ee ; also Sdulen- 
halle—“ a pillar hall,” from galleries being 
generally supported by pillars or columns— 
pron. sah-eel-enn-hal-leh ; also der Gang. 

Gap, in Construction. A term synonymous 
with opening, a break in the continuity of 
a surface or body, as of a wall. It is 
synonymous also with a void through which 
daylight can be seen; -hence the French 
synonym. Der. Our word comes directly 
from the Icelandic gap, a mouth. Syn. Fr. 
Jour —pron. jhoohr; Ger. die Oeffnung — 
pron. dee oh-eef-nuung, 

Garden, in House Architecture. The plot 
of land in connection with the house laid 
out in plots for the cultivation of shrubs, 
flowers, fruit trees, and vegetables, Der. 
Our word is either from the French, or the 
Old English geard, a space inclosed. Syn. 
Fr. Jardin—pron, jharr-dahng ; Ger. der 
Garten. 

Gib, in oul aia Work. A mechanical 
appliance used in connecting the foot of a 


sO 


king-post with a tie-beam, etc, in which a 
strap and key are used to keep the joint in 
place. The gib is of wrought iron, from 
4 to Zin. thick, according to the dimensions 
of the beam, formed somewhat thus [, so 
that the ends clasp the timber between 
them. Two gibs are used back to back, 
ihus |[, the key or cottar or iron wedge 
being driven in between them. Syn. Fr. for 
“ gib,” Goupille — pron. gooh-peel; also 
Clavette — pron. klah-vett. These terms 
properly denote the “pin” or “key” used 
either with or without the gib or gibs. The 
term pince (pahngse), a “clip,” would give 
the synonym for gib—thus, Clavette pince, or 
Goupille pince, or Pince a clavette. Syn. Ger. 
Zwickenkeil, clip wedge (Zwicke [tzveek-eh], 
a clip); also Schliissel, which simply denotes 
a key or cottar ; also Hakenkeil (Haken, a 
hook, a clasp). 

Girth. One of the elements required in 
calculating the number of cubic feet in a 
tree. It is the measurement taken by passing 
a measuring tape round the tree-bole at 
different points, so as to deduce the average 
diameter and area of cross-section. Der. 
The word is from the Old English gyrdan, to 
bind by tying round a body. Syn. Fr. Sangle 
—pron. sahng-gell (from sangler [sahng- 
glay |, to girth, to tie round); Ger. Gurt— 
pron. guubrt. 

Glazier’s Putty. The plastic substance 
used, when in the soft state, as in making the 
joint good between the edges of a pane of 
glass and the sash-bars of a window. It 
adheres firmly to both wood and glass, and 
by exposure “sets” or hardens ag hard as 
a stone—harder and more difficult to break 
up than some kinds of stone. It is made by 
working up whiting or powdered chalk with 
sweet oil to the proper consistency. Syn. 
Fr. Mastic du vitrier—pron. mah-steek duuh 
veeh-tree-eh, or simply Mastic; also Potée— 
pron. poh-tay; Ger. Glaserkitt (Kitt, cement) 
—pron. glah-sair- or sare-keet, or simply 
Kitt ; also, more definitely, Kitt machen mit 
Kalk und Oel. 

Gold Leaf, in Gilding. The metal gold 
beaten out toa thinness inconceivably fine,— 
to thousandths parts of an inch,—and laid in 
square between the leaves of a book, to be 
taken out and applied to the surface to be 
gilt, this being previously covered with a 
cementing liquid or size. Der. Our word 
gold is the same as the Old English, or it 
may come from the Old English word gealew, 
yellow. Syn, Fr. for “ gilders or gold leaf,” 
Or d’applique or de mosaique—pron. orr dah- 
pleek, deh moh-zah-eek ; Ger, Blattgold, leaf 
gold, or Malerengold, painting gold—pron. 
mah-lair-enn-golt ; also Biichgold, book gold 
(see definition of the term above)—pron. 
boo-eek-golt. Syn. Fr. for “ Dutch metal” 
or “imitation gold leaf” or ‘“ gold tinsel” 
(a cheap substitute for the true gold leaf, 


243 


gO 


made of an alloy), Oripeau, tinsel—pron. 
orr-ee-poh ; also Or faux en feuwilles, false or 
sham gold in leaves—pron. orr fohze ahng 
fuuh-eel or fweel ; also Clinquant, tinsel— 
pron. klahng-kahng; Ger. Flittergold (from 
jlittern [fleeh-tairrn], to glitter, to spangle, 
flitter [flech-tairr], tinsel) ; also Goldstoff 
(Stoff, stuff, substance) ; also Metallgold, or 
Unachtegold (unacht, sham, false) — pron. 
uuhn-agh- (gh guttural, see Dissertation) 
teh-golt. Syn. Fr. for “gold size,” the 
cementing substance laid on the surface to 
be gilt, Cire de doreur (wax of the gilder)— 
pron. seer deh doh-ruuhr, or Paté de doreur 
—pron. pah-tay ; Ger. Blattgeldfirniss (gold- 
leaf varnish), or Blattgluhwachs (from gluehen, 
to glow, to make red, and Wachs, wax). 

Good, To make. A phrase often used 
in construction and in specification, denoting 
that where a part has been interfered with 
in order to get at or reach another part 
requiring repair or examination, the whole 
is to be put back into its original condition, 
as, for example, in opening up the soil to 
reach a defective drain. After the repair 
has been made, the earth is to be replaced 
as before, and all made good. Der. The 
word good is from the Old English god, 
virtuous, worthy, and is applied in the 
sense of proper, correct, workmanlike. Syn. 
Fr. for “to make good,” Faire propre or 
correcte; also Ajuster comme avant; Ger. 
Richt machen, or Einrichten; also Berichtigen, 
or Besser- (correct) machen. 

“ Got out of the line.” A phrase used to 
indicate that a body, as a structure or part 
of a structure, has left the line on which it 
was originally laid down, set up, or adjusted, 
as a wall which becomes inclined, a beam 
which goes from the level, a panel or board 
which warps, etc. Syn. Fr. Une poutre (for 
example) qui se gauchit (from gauche [gosh ], 
left, or gaucher or -ere [ goh-shay, -shairr |, left- 
handed, or gaucherte [gosh-err-ree or gosh- 
ree], awkwardness) ; also Hors de la niveau, 
out of the level—pron. horr deh lah nee-voh ; 
Ger.’zum Beispiel—literally “to the by-play,” 
for our phrase “for example” (from spielen, 
to play), or eine Balien schief sein, or simply 
Schief sein—that is, to be oblique, on the 
slope, off the level; also zwm Beispiel aus 
der schnur, out of the level. 

Gradation of Colours, in Painting. A 
term used to denote the way in which 
colours blend by imperceptible degrees into 
one another, or by which a colour is toned 
or lightened gradually down—absence of 
abruptness. Der. Our word comes from the 
Latin gradatio, and this from gradus, a 
step—proceeding by regular, not by abrupt 
steps. Syn. Fr. for “colour gradation,” 
Echelle de ecouleur—pron. eh-shaill or -shell 
day kooh-luuhr; Ger. Farbenstufenfolge — 
literally “colour step following” (Stufe, a 
step, and folgen, to follow). 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


| 

Grass Turf or Lawn Covering, in 
House Garden Work. Syn. Fr. Gazon — 
pron. gah-zohng ; also Towrbe—pron. toohrb, 
(this is the synonym for peat, or “turf ” in| 
the sense of a combustible); Ger. Rasen- 
platz—literally “turf place” — pron. rah- 
sane-plahtz. Der. Our word grass comes 
from the Old English gras, herbage, allied 
to Sanscrit gras, to devour. 

Grate, Fire- (see text). The box or 
receptacle for holding the fuel to be burned 
in domestic heating. Syn. Fr. Gril/—pron. 
greel or greeh, or Grille; Ger. Fuerrost— 
pron. fuuh-air-rohst, or Brandrost — pron. | 
brahnt ; also simply Rost. 

Gravel, in Materials. Small hard sand- 
stones, more or less rounded by the action 
of water, deposited in strata of greater or less 
depth, and in large masses, which, when 
opened up and dug into, are termed gravel 
pits, chiefly found in alluvial soils. Der. 
Our word comes from the French term or 
the German. Syn. Fr. for ‘‘ gravel,” Gravier 
—pron, grah-vee-ay; Ger. Grobe — pron.| 
groh-bay, or Grobesand; also Kies. Syn.| 
Fr. for “gravelly soil,” Sol or Terrain 
graveleux — pron. sohl, tair-ahng grahy-ell- 
uuh ; Ger. kiessige Boden. 

Ground, Building or Plot (see text). 
A parcel or extent of land set aside for 
building on. Der. Our word comes from 
the Old English grund, the covering of the 
earth. Syn. Fr. Zerrain or Sol pour 
Vérection des bdtiments; Ger. Baustelle or 
Bauplatz. 


Harden (to let plaster set or). Syn. Fr. 
Laisser endurcir le platre— pron. lace-say 
or lah-eese-eh ahn-duehr-seer leh plah-terr ; 
Ger. Gyps hdrten — pron. gipps hairr-tenn. 
Syn. Fr. for “hardened plaster,’ Platre 
trempé — from tremper, to soak (out), or 
Platre endurcée ; Ger. gehdrteter Gyps. Syn. 
Fr. for “hardwood,’’ Bois dur; Ger. hartes 
Holz. 

Hardware, in Materials. The goods of 
an ironmonger, as locks, hinges, etc., are so 
termed. Der. Our word hard comes from 
the Old English heard, firm, compact, close 
in grain, Syn. Fr. for “hardware,” Quin- 
caillerie — pron. kaihn-kahil-yer-ree; also 
Clincaillerie — pron. klaihn-kahil-yer-ree ; 
Ger. Hisenwaaren (iron wares)—pron. eye- 
zenn-vah-ren, or Kurzwaaren (short ware). 

Heating. A synonym for “warming.” A 
term applied in construction to the warming 
of the air in domestic and public buildings. 
Der. Our word comes from the Old English 
hate, to kindle, and by kindling of a com- 
bustible to give the sensation of warmth. 
Syn. Fr. for “heat,” Calorique — pron. 
kah-lo-reek ; also Chalewr—pron. shah-leuhr, 
or Chaud—pron. show ; Ger. Warme—pron. 
vairr-meh ; also Hitze—pron, hit-seh. Syn. 


244 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, 


Fr. for “heating,” Chauffage—pron. show- 
fahj; the adjective is Chauffant — pron, 
show-fahn ; Ger. Heitzend—pron. hite-tsend. 
Syn. Fr. for “heating apparatus,” Appareil 
chauffant, or Appareil de chauffage—pron. 
ah-pah-rail; Ger. Heitzapparat—pron. hites 
ah-parr-aht, or Apparat zum Heitzen—pron. 
tsoom hite-sen. Syn. Fr. for “ gas-heating 
apparatus,” Appareil chauffant au gaz; Ger. 
Gasheitzapparat. 

Hedge, in Garden Work, A fence generally 
of hawthorn plants, or, as they are usually 
termed, “‘quicksets”—so called from the 
rapidity with which they grow, sometimes 
‘thorns ” forming a thick, close fence, a 
capital shelter against cutting winds, and 
from dust from roads. Hedges are sometimes 
formed of hornbeam plants, which, like the 
beech, from their habit of not shedding the 
dead leaves till spring, form an excellent 
shelter from the keen cutting winds of that 
season. Privetisalso used. Der. Our word 
hedge comes from the Old English hege, a line 
or thicket of bushes dividing fields. Syn. Fr. 
for “ hedge,” Haie—pron. hay or hak-ee-yeh ; 
Ger. Hecke—pron. heck-eh. Syn. Fr. for 
“live or quickset hedge,” Haie en vert (green 
hedge), or Palissage en vert—pron. pah-lee- 
sahje; also Haie vive—pron. veeve; Ger. 
Heckegriiner—pron. -gruuh-een-air ; also die 
Liebendigehecke (living hedge)—pron. lee- 
ben-deeg-eh-heck-eh. 

Heightening of a wall. 
elevating it. Syn. Fr. Relevé or Rehaussée 
dun mur; Ger. Mauererhéhung — pron. 
mow-err-err-hoeh-oong. 

Hoisting Apparatus (see text). Syn. 
Fr. Grue de charge (load or weight crane)— 
pron. gruuh day sharhje, or grue de charge- 
ment (loading)—pron. sharhje-mahng; Ger. 
Ladungkrahn (loading crane)—pron. law- 
duuhng-krann. Syn. Fr. for “ hoisting,” 
Guindage (from guinder [gahng-day], to 
hoist, lift up, elevate)—pron. gwheen-dahje ; 
Ger. Aufwindung—pron. owff-veen-duuhng. 

Holding Good. A phrase used some- 
times in construction to indicate that a part 
secured to another, as by nailing, cementing, 
etc., still remains, that the securing medium 
still remains intact. Syn. Fr. ferme—pron. 


Raising or 


fairrm ; also Bonne prise—pron. bonn preeze ; 


also Retenir en sureté or surement—pron. 
reh-ten-eer ahn suuhr-tay, suehr-mahn ; 
Ger. Festbindung—pron. fesst-bin-doong, or 
Fest haltend — pron. fesst hahl-tend ; also 
Sicher haltend—pron, zich-err hahl-tend. 
Hollowing (see text) or HMollowing 
Work. Syn. Fr. Echancrure or Ouvrage en 
creusce—pron, eh-shahn-kruehr or oov-rahj 
ahn kreu-zay ; Ger. ausgehohites Werk. 
Horizontal, in Construction. A term 
synonymous with level or dead level—the 
opposite of vertical. Der. From the Greck 
horizon, a boundary circle, applied to the 
circular line or apparent line which divides 


hy 


the earth’s surface from the sky, and which 
is visible all round any point at which the 
observer stands. This word comes from 
horizein, to bound or inclose. Horizontal 
means a line parallel to or coincident with 
what is called the horizon, or otherwise the 
sensible horizon. The earth’s surface, a line 
joining two points of the horizon, being 
practically, from any distance within our 
ken or reach, level, any line parallel to this 
is horizontal ; just as conversely any line at 
right angles to this is termed a vertical line. 
Syn. Fr. Horizontal (same word as ours)— 
pron. hor-ree-zon-tahl; Ger. Horizontal; also 
Wagerecht (right or straight way)—pron. 
vah-geh-recht, or Wasserrecht—pron. vahs- 
serr-recht, the line which water at rest 
takes—a dead level. Syn. Fr. for “ hori- 
zontally laid, made, or constructed,” Fazt 
horizontalement, or simply Horizontalement ; 
Ger. horizontal machen. 

Hose, Garden. A water-pipe for slaking 
lime, watering grass, lawns, roads, ete. A 
pipe or tube made of flexible material, as 
leather, prepared canvas, or indiarubber, so 
that, being pliable, it may be led in any 
direction, at any angle, round bends or 
curves, Der. Our word is precisely the 
same as the Old English hose, a knitted 
stocking, from which the word has been 
directly borrowed, as a piece of a hose is 
similar to a piece of a stocking leg—for hose 
originally did not possess feet, like our 
modern stocking—they encircled the leg only. 
Syn. Fr. for “hose of leather,” Tuyau de 
cuir — pron. twee-oh day kweehr; Ger. 
Lederneréhre — pron. ledd-err-neh-roh-eer- 
eh; also Schlauch (a leather bag or pipe)— 
pron. shlough (uch guttural, shlou as in 
now); also Spritzledernerdhre, leather 
squirting pipe (Spritz, a syringe, spritzen 
[spreet-tzenn], to syringe, to squirt), Syn. 
Fr. for “hose of vulcanised indiarubber,” 
Tuyau en caoutchouc vulcanise—pron. twee- 
oh ahng kah-ootch-ook vuuhl-kah-nee-zay ; 
Ger. Gummielasticum Spritzenréhre — pron. 
guuhm-mee-ale-ahss-tee-kumm. 

Hotplate (in a cooking or kitchen range). 
A plate, or a rack which often takes the 
place of a plate, on which dishes can be 
placed to warm or their contents to be kept 
warm till they are served. Syn. Fr. Cuisiniére 
—pron. kweeh-seen-ee-air ; Ger. Kochdfen- 
warmplatte, or Platte fiir warmen. 

House, Furnished. Syn. Fr. Maison 
garnie—pron, may-sohn or -sohng garr-nee, 
or simply Garni; also Hétel or Petit hotel 
meublé—pron. peh-tee hoh-tell muuh-blay. 

Hydraulic Lift or Hoist. A hoist in which 
the working power is that of water pressure, 
the water acting in various ways upon a 
ram or long cylindrical piston working in a 
cylinder, to the upper end of which the cage 
or platform is connected. As the ram rises. 
or falls in the cylinder, according as the 


245 


ic 


valves are worked, the cage rises or falls 
with it; or, in place of the cage being 
directly connected with the ram, this latter 
may be arranged to act upon lifting chains 
which raise or drop the cage. There are 
many kinds of hydraulic lifts, but they are 
all based on the principle of the Bramah 
press—the water acting upon a ram or piston 
working in a cylinder, to which the water is 
applied, and from which it is released by 
various forms of valve gear. Syn. Fr. 
Elévateur hydraulique, or Elévateur & force 
or pression hydraulique; Ger. Elevator mit 
hydrolische Kraft. 


Feehouse or Hee-cellar. An apartment, 
either above or under ground, specially 
arranged in relation to its door of access, 
drainage, etc., and constructed with non- 
conducting walls, base and cover, so that 
there is little loss from melting—the object 
being to keep the temperature of contents 
as uniform as possible. Many most ingenious 
arrangements of icehouses have been intro- 
duced from time to time; but, so far as 
large mansions, etc., are concerned, there is 
less necessity for an icehouse being part of 
the establishment now than formerly—the 
ice-selling and ice-making companies sup- 
plying any quantity as desired, and also 
receptacles or chests in which the house 
suvply can be kept with a minimum loss. 
Der. Our word ice comes from the Old 
English, as well as the Icelandic, is, frozen 
water, or from the German eis, pronounced 
exactly like our word, Syn. Fr. Glaciere— 
pron. glah-see-airr ; also Sowterrain a glace 
(underground ice-room) —pron. soo-tairr- 
aihn ah glass; Ger. LHiskeller—pron. ice- 
kell-err; also wnterirdische Eiskammer— 
pron. oohn-terr-eer-dish-eh ice-kahm-mer. 

Impact. A term used in construction 
synonymous with a blow or driving, as in 
the case of the monkey or heavy weight of 
a pile-driver, or of a sledge-hammer, in 
driving a stake into the pround, or in break- 
ing up a stone, etc., with a heavy hammer. 
Der, Our word comes from the Latin in and 
pactere, pactum, to drive, driven, Syn. Fr. 
Impact—pron. aihm-pahkt ; also Choc (pro- 
nounced same as our word shock, which, in 
fact, comes from this French word) ; Ger. 
Impakt—pron. im-pahkt ; also Stoss (from 
stossen, to thrust, to push). 

Imperfect. A term often used in speci- 
fication of construction, etc., to denote work 
badly done, defective—materials not of good 
quality. Der. Our word comes from the 
Latin in and perfectus, finished (past par- 
ticiple of perficere, to finish) —ae. not 
finished. Syn. Fr. Défectueux (defective)— 
pron. day-feck-tue-euh ; or, following the 
Latin source, Jmparfait (imperfect )—pron. 
aihm-parr-fay; Ger. Defektiv— pron, day- 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


fehkt-eef ; also Unvollkommen or -stindig— 
pron. oohn-foll-komm-en, -stenn-dich. Syn. 
Fr. for “imperfect work,” Ouvrage impar- 
fait; Ger. unvollstindige Arbeit. Syn. Fr. 
for™ imperfect materials,” Matériaux impar- 
faits or Défectueux; Ger. wnvolikommene 
Materialen. Syn. Fr. for “ imperfection,” 
Défet—pron. day-fay ; Ger. Defekt. 

Incrustation, in Stone or Brickwork. 
When exposed to wet percolating through 
the joints, as in bridge work from the road- 
way above, the limy matters are carried 
through in suspension, and remain incrusted 
more or less at the joints. In defective 
brickwork or plaster, salts present in the 
lime of the mortar exude and get fixed in 
an efflorescent condition on the surface, 
There are other cases in which this may 
happen, asin some kinds of stone ultimately 
leading to decay. To prevent decay, in 
some cases an artificial incrustation is 
resorted to, the material being covered, 
incrusted over with a chemical or other 
composition, to preserve it, The word ens 
crustation is sometimes used as synony- 
mous. This prefix en is erroneous, in being 
the correct one, as is seen from the Latin 
word from which our word is derived— 
incrustare, to cover over With. Syn. Fr. 
Incrustation (same word as Ours) — pron. 
aihn-kruece-tah-seeon ; Ger. Ueberfang — 
pron. ueh-berr-fahng. 

Indentures, Articles of, in Building 
Construction. The agreement entered into 
between a master and an apprentice binds 
ing the latter to the former, and stating the 
conditions of servitude on the one hand, and 
the duties of the master in his relation as a 
teacher of the “ mysteries of his craft” on 
the other. Der. Our word curiously has its 
origin in the word “indent” (which see in 
text),—to which matter there given may be 
added, that while the Latin word from 
which it comes means “without teeth” 
(indentatus), a converse meaning is given 
to the English word—to give teeth, as a 
jagged, crushed appearance, tooth-like. The 
term indenture was given toa legal agree- 
ment which was written on two sheets or 
leaves of parchment made in duplicate from 
one skin, the edge of which was indented— 
that is, made jagged, saw-tooth-like, so that 
one could be joined to the other—the pro- 
jections of one passing into the hollows of 
another, Syn. Fr. Brevet d’apprentissage 
(brevet, a warrant, a writ, a patent, a legal 
document) — pron. brevy-eh dah-prahn-tee- 
sahj ; Ger. Lehrcontract (lehren, to teach)—- 
pron. lairr-konn-trakkt ; also (and usually) 
Lehrbrief. 

Insecure. <A term in construction 
synonymous with “unsafe”—a wall not 
well founded, a beam not well fixed, a truss 
badly put together. Der. Our word comes 
from the Latin in and securus, and this last 


246 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, 


from se and enrus, care—free from care, 
from danger. Syn. Fr. Jncertain — pron. 
ahng-sair-tahng, or En danger—pron, ahng- 
dahng-jhay ; also N’est pas en sureté—pron, 
nay pah-zahng suuhr-tay, or Lxposé—pron. 
aix-poh-zeh; Ger. Unsicher (not sure)— 
pron. uuhn-see-kairr; also Ungewiss (not 
certain, not fixed)—pron. uuhn-gay-veece. 
Ironmonger. The tradesman who sells 
the iron fittings and furnishings for house 
construction, tools, etc., and what is called 
hardware generally. Syn. Fr. Marchand de 
fer — pron. mahr-shand deuh fairr; also 
Quincallier—pron. kaihn-kall-yea; Ger. der 
Kisenhindler—pron. ize-enn-hend-lerr. 
Ivory. The hard white bony substance 
obtained from an elephant’s tusk, capable of 
a high polish, used in inlaying and carved 
work in cabinet making. Der. Our word 
comes from the French ivoire, and this from 
a corruption of the Latin ebur (gen. eburis), 
an elephant’s tooth or tusk. Syn. Fr. Ivoire 
— pron. eev-wharr; also Lburne (here the 
Latin origin is seen)—pron. eh-buuhrn; Ger. 
Elfenbein—pron. ell-fenn-bine. 


Japanning. The art of lacquering or 
varnishing with a material of a deep intense 
black, and which takes a polish or brilliancy 
almost perfect. We have borrowed the 
term from, as we have tried to imitate the 
work of, the Japanese, who seem alone to 
possess the secret of the method of doing 
this class of work in the highest style of 
perfection. Syn. Fr. Vernissure a la laque 
(lacquer)—pron. vair-nee-suuhr ah lah lakk, 
or Laquage en noir—pron. lah-kahje ahng 
nwahr; also Vernissure au four (four, a 
furnace, an oven, referring to the fact that 
the articles japanned are subjected to heat) 
—pron. oh foohr; Ger, Japaniren—pron. 
jhah-pah-neerr-enn; also Asphaltlacken 
machen, referring to the bitumeniferous sub- 
stance used in the lacquer for japanning. 

Joining (see text), Syn. Fr. (for the 
general term) Combinage, Habillage, Unissage, 
Joindage — pron. kohm-bee-nahj, hah-beel- 
yahj, ueh-nee-sahj, jwahn-dahj; Ger. Auf- 
setzen, Ansetzen, Gewinde machen, Charniere 
machen, There are various kinds of joining 
in construction; the following are some of 
the leading synonyms. Syn. Fr. for “joining 
of timber,” Assemblage de bois— pron. ah- 
sahm-blahj deh bwah, or Assemblage des 
Sepp en bois—pron, pooh-terr; Ger. Ver- 

indung von Holzbalken—pron. ferr-bin-doong 
fonn hollts-bahl-kenn, or Holzbalkenbindung. 
Syn. Fr. for “ joining beams,” by scarf joints, 
Encastrement des poutres—pron. ahn-kass- 
terr-mahn; Ger. Balkeneinblattung. Syn. 
Fr. for “joining by angular notches,” 
Entaillure des poutres — pron. ahn-tahl- 
yuehrr; Ger. Balkenzackenschnitt. Syn. Fr. 
for “joining by screw-bolts,” Raccordage a 


ju 


vis (ah-yee) pour les poutres ; Ger. Balkens- 
schrauben verbindung. Syn. Fr, for “joining 
two beams end to end or in the direction of 
their length,” Assemblage de deux poutres 
bout & bout or railonge—pron. ah-sahmm- 
blahj deh deuh pooh-terr booh-tah booh, 
ray-lonzh; Ger. Verldngerung zweier Balken 
—pron. ferr-leng-err-oohng tzvi-err bahl- 
ken. “Joints” in construction are known 
by different names; the following are 
a few of the leading synonyms. Syn. Fr. 
for “a keyed- (scarf) joint” (see Key), 
Joint & clef—pron. jwahnt ah klay; Ger. 
Zapfenverbindung. Syn. Fr. for “a lap- 
(half-lap) joint,” Joint accouvert ; Ger. 
iibereinandergelegte Balken. Syn. Fr. for 
“nailed joint,” Joint a& clous—pron. kloo; 
Ger. Scharniernagelung—pron. sharr-neerr- 
nah-geh-loong. Syn. Fr. for “ longitudinal 
joint,” Joint longitudinale; Ger. in die Lange- 
gelegtes or langenfiigiyes Scharnier. Syn. Fr. 
for “diagonal joint,” Joint diagonale—pron. 
jwahnt dee-ah-goh-nahl, or Joint @ onglet, a 
mitre (which see)—pron. ah ohn-glay ; Ger. 
Gehrungscharnier (gehrung [gair-roong], 
oblique direction). Syn. Fr. for “concealed 
joint,” Joint a cachée—pron. kah-shay ; also 
Joint dérobé or abreuvoir (abrt, shelter)— 
pron. day-roh-bay, ah-breu-vwahr; Ger, 
verborgenes Scharnier — pron. fair-borr- 
genn-ess, or heimliches Scharnier — pron. 
hime-lich-ess, Syn. Fr. for “rebated joint,” 
Joint feuillé or saillant — pron. feul-yea, 
sahl-yahn ; Ger. Scharnier mit Ueberplatte. 
Syn. Fr. for “square joint,” Joint carrée 
—pron. kahr-eh; Ger. rechtwinkeliges 
Scharnier. Syn. Fr. for “ tenon joint,” Joint 
a tenon et mortaise — pron, jwahnt ah tay- 
nohn eh more-tayze; Ger. Zapfenscharnier 
(Zapfen [tzapp-fenn |, a pin, peg, or tenon); 
also die Verzapfung—pron. ferr-tzapp-foong. 
Syn. Fr. for “tongue of a joint,” as a tenon 
or feather, Languette d'une charniére or 
joint—pron. lahn-gette duehn sharr-neerr ; 
Ger. Scharnierfeder or -zunge (a tongue)— 
pron. tsoon-geh. Syn, Fr. for “joint point- 
ing of a brick wall,” Jointoyement plat un 
mur en briques—pron. jwahng-twoy-mahn 
plah-tuuhn muehr ahn breek; Ger. Ziegel- 
stein mur ebener ausfiigung. Syn. Fr. for 
“vertical or standing joint,” Charniére or 
Joint verticale, or Joint montant; Ger. die 
stehendes Scharnier or -stoss. Syn.Fr.for “out 
of joint,” Sorti de ’emboiture (from emboiter 
[ahm-bwah-tay], to joint)—pron. sorr-tee 
day lahm-bwah-tuehr ; also Dehors de mor- 
taise—pron. deh-hoar day morr-taize ; Ger. 
Aussenzapfenloch (Zapfen, a mortise). Syn. 
Fr. for “jump joint” or “ butt joint,” Bord 
(edge) obtus — pron. borrd obb-tueh; Ger. 
stumpfe Kante (stumpf, obtuse, Kante, edge) 
—pron. stoomp-feh-kann-tay. 
Juxtaposition., A term used in building 
to denote the close contiguity of one part 
to another. Der. Our word is from the 


247 


ke 


Latin juxta, near or near to, and positum, 
placing. Syn. Fr. (same as ours)—pron. 
jhuex-tah-poh-zee-see-on ; Ger. die Neben- 
einanderstellung (neben, near). 


Keen Edge, in Tools. Used to indicate 
that the edge of a cutting tool, as of a 
chisel, is very sharp. Der. Our word comes 
from the Old English cene, eager. Syn. Fr. 
for “ keen,” Aigu—pron. eh-guuh, or Aiguisé 
_—-pron. ah-gweeze-eh; also Acéré — pron. 
ah-sair-eh, or Pénétrant — pron. pain-eh- 
trahng ; Ger. Scharf — pron. sharrf, or 
Schneidend—pron. shnide-end; also Spitz- 
jindig—pron. speetz-feen-deegh. 

Kennel, Dog, in House and Farm Archi- 
tecture. A box or small house or cot usually 
made of timber, but in some cases, as on the 
estates of the rich interested in field sports, 
both in point of dimensions and fittings quite 
equal to any of the domestic working apart- 
ments of the mansion, Der. Our word 
kennel, applied also in quite another direc- 
tion, as indicating a channel or open gutter 
at the side of a street, comes from the 
French synonym or from the Italian canelt, 
and both from the Latin canis, a dog. Syn. 
Fr. for “dog kennel,’ Chenil—pron. shay- 
or shenn-eel; Ger. die Hundshiitte (dog’s 
hut)—pron. hoohnts-huuh-eett-eh, or Hund- 
stall—pron. hoohnt-stall. 

Key (see text). Syn. Fr. for “key” (as 
synonymous with “spanner ” for tightening 
up screw-bolts), Clef du serrage—pron. klay 
or claihff duuh sairr-ahje; Ger. Anziehen- 
schliissel — pron. ann-tzee-henn-shluuh-eece- 
ell, Syn. Fr. for “key bed,” the groove 
cut in the face of a beam to receive the key 
or wedge used to connect or join two beams, 
as in scarf joints keyed or wedged up, Lit 
du clavette or coin—pron. lee duuh klah- 
vett, kwahne or kwahn; also Rainure or 
Portée du clavette—pron. ray-nuuhr; Ger. 
Schliisselrinne or -grube — pron. reen-eh, 
gruuh-beh ; also Keilrinne or -grube or -nuth 
(wedge joint) — pron. kile-nuuht; also 
Schliisselbett (key bed) or Keilbett. Syn. 
Fr. for “screw key,” synonymous with 
“ spanner” (see text), Youwrne-vis—pron. 
toohrn-vee (from tourner, to turn round) ; 
Ger. Schraubentrdger (from tragen, to carry 
round) or -dreher (from drehen, to lead, to 
draw, to twist round), Syn. Fr. for “to 
key,” Claveter — pron. klahy-tay; Ger. 
Festschliisseln or -keilen, or simply Schliisseln 
or Keilen. Syn. Fr. for “keying,” Clave- 
tage—pron. klahv-tahje. or Cointage—pron. 
kwahag-tahje; Ger. (same as “to key” 
above) Schliissel or Keilverbindung—pron. 
fair-been-duuhng. Syn. Fr. for “keyed 
work,” Ouvrage a clavier—pron. ooh-vrajhe 
ah leas ; Ger. Schliisseln- or Keilen- 
werk. 

Kitchen Garden, in House Building. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


That part of the ground attached to or 
connected with the house in which vegetables 
used in the kitchen, etc. are cultivated, 
such as potatoes, pease, beans, cabbages, 
and the like. Syn. Fr. Jardin potager or 
maraicher—pron. jhaar-dahn or -dahng poh- 
tajhe-eh, marr-eh- or -ah-shay ; Ger. Kiichen- 
garten; also Gemiise- (vegetables) garten— 
pron, gay-muuh-eece-garr-tenn. Syn. Fr. 
for “ kitchen chimney ” (which is usually of 
larger dimensions than the chimney of the 
other rooms of the house—these are gene- 
rally 14in. by 9in., kitchen chimney 18 in, 
by 14in., and so on) Cheminée de cuisine— 
pron. shemm-ee-nay deh kweeze-een; Ger. 
Kiichenkaminréhre or -schornstein — pron, 
kuuh-eek-enn-kah-meen-roh-ray or shorn- 
stine. 

Knead or Temper, To, clay for puddling 
purposes, ete. Der. Our word knead (pron, 
need, not nedd) comes from the Old English 
cneden, to press or squeeze together, so as 
to get rid of air, stones or extraneous matter 
from a plastic substance, and make it closer 
or denser. Syn. Fr. Pétrir lVargile—pron. 
pay-treer lahrr-jheel, or Marcher Vargile 
(marchen, to step)—i.e. tread the clay with 
the feet; also Mélanger Vargile — pron. 
may-lahn-jhay; Ger. den Thon kneten— 
pron. dane tone knay-ten, or den Thon 
treten (treten, to tread). 

Kneed Pipe (see text for Knee). A pipe 
having one part bent so as to be at right 
angles or at an oblique angle to the other, 
used in stove pipes, etc. Syn. Fr. Tuyau 
coudée — pron. tweeh-yoh kooh-day; Ger. 
Knieréhre—pron. kneeh-roh-eer-eh. 

Knife, for splitting or splinting or cleaving 
wood, as laths. Der. Our word knife (pron. 
nife, not knife, as is sometimes used) is from 
the Old English cnif, or from the French 
canif (kah-neef), a penknife, or from the 
German kneif (nife), a paring or a clasp 
knife. Syn. Fr. for “splitting knife,” 
Couteau a fendre le bois—pron. kooh-toh ah 
fahng-derr leh bwah; Ger. die Holzspleiss- 
messer (from spleissen, to split, from which 
our word splice comes, and Messer, a knife) 
—pron. holtz-splice-mess-air or -err. 

Knock. Phrases, as “ knock” or “ knock 
up,” frequently, the latter especially, used 
in technical language. The phrase knock 
up indicates that something is to be erected 
quickly for temporary purposes, as to knock 
up a shed, a paling, etc. Der. Our word 
knock comes from the Old English enucian 
or cnucan, to beat or strike heavily or 
forcibly. [.Syn. Hr. for “to cenoeomiae. 
Synonymous with to drive or force in, 
Enfoncer (to drive, to thrust in by blows) 
—pron. ahng-fohng-say, or Ficher (to fix)— 
pron. fee-shay ; also Chasser (to drive out 
or away)—pron. shah-say, or Cogner (to 
knock, to drive in)—pron. kohing-eh or 
kohn-nay; Ger. Hinstossen— literally “ to 


248 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ees in”—pron. ine-stohss-enn; also Lin- 
lopfen (klopfen, to beat, to drive in), or 
-Eintreiben (treiben [tribe-enn], to drive or 
push in). Syn. Fr. for “to knock up,” 
Dresser—pron. dress-eb or dray-say; Ger, 
Zurichten — pron. tzooh-reegh-ten; also 
Aufschlagen (schlagen, to dash up, to drive, 
to beat). 

Knocker, Door. The jointed hammer or 
striking knob fixed to the outside of the 
entrance door of a house by which parties 
outside can draw the attention of those 
inside. Syn. Fr. Heurtoir (from heurter, to 
run, to strike against, from which comes 
our word hurtle)—pron. huuhr-twahr; also 
Marteau de porte (door hammer)—pron. 
mahr-toh deh pohrt, or Porte-boule (door 
ball or bowl)—pron. bool; also Porte-boucle 
(buckle or ring)—pron. booh-kell or bookll; 
Ger. Thirklopfel (Klopfel, a drumstick, from 
klopfen, to beat, to tap at the door)—pron. 
tuuh-err-klohpp-fell, or Thirklopfer(Klopfer, 
a clapper, a beater)—pron. -ferr; also 7hir- 
klappern (from klappern,to clapper, to rattle, 
our word comes from this)—pron.-klah-perrn. 

Knot, Dead, in Wood (see knot in text). 
Syn. Fr. for a “ hard, bad knot,” Neud vicié 
—pron, nuuh or nuuhd veece-yay; Ger. fauler 
Knoten—pron. fowl-air noh-tenn. Syn. F'r. 
for “knot in a rope,” as used in hoisting, 
Halement (from haler [hah-lay], to haul or 
pull)—pron. hall-mahng; also Neud de 
corde—pron. nuuh deh korrd; Ger. Reep- 
knoten, or Strickknoten — pron. streek, or 
Leinknoten — pron. line-eh; also Letn- 
schlinge (Schlinge [shleen-gay], a knot, a 
sling)—from scilingen (shleeng-genn), to 
sling. Syn. Fr. for “knot in slate,” 
Modillon dardoise — pron. moh-deel-ohng 
or moh-dee-yong darr-dwawze, or simply 
Modillon; Ger. Schieferknoten or Schiefer 
schlinge. 


Lacquer Work. Work, generally metal 
or papier maché, varnished with a varnish 
which dries with great lustre or shining 
quality, the varnish being generally of 
shellac dissolved in spirits of wine and 
coloured by some powder colour. Der. The 
word comes from the French laque (lakk). 
Syn. Fr. for “lacquer work,” Ouvrage en 
laque or verni—pron. oohy-rahje ahng lakk, 
vair-nee or verr-nee; Ger. Lackarbeit—pron. 
lakk-arr-bite, or lachirte Arbeit—pron. lakk- 
eer-tay-arr-bite. Syn. Fr. for “to lacquer,” 
Vernisser (to varnish) en laqgue—pron. verr- 
neece-eh ahng lakk ; Ger. Lachirenfernissen, 
or Lachmachen. 

Laid, in Construction. A term frequently 
used to denote the way in which a body, as 
a brick, is placed or deposited in situ. Der. 
Our word “lay” comes from the Old 
English ligan, to lie, to set down; if not 
from the German legen, or the Latin 


ia 
legere, to lay. Syn Fr. for “to lay’’ down 
Poser—pron. poh-zay ; Ger. Legen — pron, 
lay-genn. Syn. Fr. for ‘‘iaid down,” Posé, 
—pron. poh-zay; Ger. Gelegt—pron. gays 
laigt. Syn. Fr. for “laid flat,” Posé a plut 
—pron. ah pluh; Ger. auf die flacher Seit- 
gelegt—pron. owff dare flah-chen zite-eh ; 
also Flach gelegt. Syn. Fr. for “laid on 
edge,” Posé sur le bord—pron. suuhr leh 
bore; Ger. Kantig gelegt, Syn. Fr. for 
“laid true” (level), Posée sur le niveau; 
Ger. Eben gelegt. Syn. Fr. for “laid 
straight,’ Posée directement — pron. dee- 
reckt-mahn, or Posée en ligne droite—pron. 
ahn leen drwaht; also Posée étroit—pron. 
eh-trwah, or Posée droit—pron. drwah ; Ger. 
Gerade gelegt—gay-rah-day, or Eng gelegte— 
pron. eng. 

Lamp-post. Der. Our word lamp is 
almost identical with the French word 
lampe, or the German Lampe. Syn. Fr. for 
“ Jamp-post,” Colonne or Pilier lampadaire— 
pron. koll-onn, pee-lee-eh lahmp-ah-daire, 
or simply Lampadaire; also Montant pour 
une lampe—pron. mohng-tang or mohn-tahn ; 
Ger. Lampenstdénder—pron. lahm-penn-stah- 
een-dare. Syn. Fr. for “lamp-stand,” Pied 
de lampe ; Ger. Lampenstelle or -sténd. Syn. 
Fr. for “table lamp,” Lampe de table—pron. 
lawhmp deh tah-bell; Ger. Tischlampe— 
pron. teesh-lahm-peh. Syn. Fr. for “ hall 
lamp,” Lampe de salle; Ger. die Hallelampe 
or Saallamp. 

Land, Building. Der. Our word land 
is the same as the Old English, meaning 
the earth, the soil. Syn. Fr. for “ building 
land or ground,” Terrain pour les bdatiments 
or construction—pron, terr-ahng poohr lay 
bah-tee-mahng, kohn-struuhx-ee-ohng ; also 
Terrain pour bdtir, or Aire des bdtiments ; 
also Emplacement pour bdtir ; Ger. Bauland 
or -platz or -stelle—pron. lahnt, Syn. Fr. for 
“ made land or ground, of rubbish, soil,” etc., 
Aire or Terrain rapporiée—pron. rah-porr- 
tay (from rapporter |rah-porr-tay], to bring 
back) ; also Terre rapportée— pron. tairr ; 
Ger. geschiittene Erde (from _ schiiten, to 
shoot, to pour out)—pron. gay-schuuh-eet- 
enn-eh err-deh. 

Landing (see text) generally. Syn. Fr. 
Plate-forme, Palier, Repos (rep-poh) ; Ger. 
Vorplatz—pron. fourr-plahts ; also 77reppen- 
absatz (Treppe [trep-peh], a step). 

Larch. A timber much used for mining, 
railway, and other;work. Der. Our word is 
from the Latin lariz, laricis. Syn. Fr. Meleze 
—pron. mell-aize ; Ger. Laérche—pron. layrr- 
chay. Syn. Fr. for “larch wood or timber,” 
Bois de meléze; Ger. Ldrchenholz — pron. 
laar-chen-hollts. 

Lash, To, as timbers together, or brick- 
layers’ poles and putlogs. Der. Our word 
comes from the German Lasche, a flap or 
thong, from Jlaschen, to fit, furnish with 
flaps, or from the French /aisse (lah-eece), 


249 


la 


alash of cords. Syn. Fr. for “to lash or tie 
up or bind together.” <Attacher or Assurer 
avec une corde—pron. ah-suuhr-eh; Ger. 
mit Leine, or Strick, sicher machen. 

Lathe. A machine tool used in cabinet 
making for turning—that is, forming them 
into shapes the sections of which are 
cylindrical or parts of circles—objects in 
wood, ivory, etc. Although the chief 
feature of the lathe is mechanism by which 
objects are made to revolve in lines of a 
circular direction, by an ingenious modifica- 
tion of its mechanism lines eccentric to one 
another can be cut by means of the tools 
used in turning, Der. Somewhat uncertain, 
still there 1s good reason to believe that it 
comes more fram the Welsh liath, which 
means a rod or a staff, than from the Old 
English Jatta, which means the same thing. 
A rod or staff is circular in section, being 
generally formed out of the branch of a 
tree; so that a machine which would enable 
objects of some length and circular in direc- 
tion to be formed would naturally be called 
by the name for a circular rod—a liath— 
easily corrupted or changed into lathe (as 
a corruption or change of words seems 
somehow inevitable when they have to be 
used popularly). Some say that our word 
lathe is taken from another Welsh word, 
akin to liath, a rod—namely, lathru, to 
polish or make smooth; and, as the cylin- 
drical or revolving motion of an object 
placed in a lathe gives great facilities for 
Smoothing its surface, the adoption of the 
word liathru to designate the machine 
which so readily polished would be sug- 
gested. Syn. Fr. for “lathe,” Yowr—pron. 
toohr (from tourner [toohr-nay], to turn 
round, to give a revolving movement) ; Ger. 
Drehlade—pron. dray-lah-deh (from drehen 
{dray-henn], to turn, to twist round, and 
Laden, a counter or shop table, or Lade, a 
press, a chest) ; also, and more precisely, 
Drehmaschine, Syn. Fr. for ‘lathe with 
eccentric chucks” or “ eccentric lathe” (see 
above), Tour a faire les lignes elliptiques or 
a ellipse or excentrique; Ger. Drehmaschine 
mit Eccentrik or eccentrikische Drehmaschine. 

Laundry, in House Arrangement. The 
apartment set apart for the clothes-washing 
of the household, fitted up with boiler, tubs, 
etc., and a separate place to dry, iron, and 
finish the dressing of the clothes. Der. Our 
word comes from the Old English lavendry, 
a place for washing. This is allied or 
akin to the French laver, to wash, which 
again comes from the Latin Javare, to wash. 
Syn. Fr. for “ laundry.” Blanchissage—pron. 
blahn-shee-sahj (from blanchir [blahn-sheer], 
to whiten, to make pure) ; dlanchissage 1s 
“washing,” so that the term is an abbrevia- 
tion of the complete synonym for laundry, 
namely, Chambre pour le blanchissage ; also 
Buanderie — pron.’ bueh-ahn-der-ee (from 


buandiére [bueh-ahn-dee-airr], a washere 
woman—Blanchisseuse is also washerwoman 
—pron. blahn-shee-seuhz; also Lingerie— 
pron. laihng-jhe-ree (from du linge—pron, 
dueh lahnj); Ger. Waschhaus (our “ washes 
house ” is almost identical with this)—pron. 
vaash-honse (from waschen [vaah-shenn], 
to wash); also Waschkammer. 

Lawn, in Laying out House Grounds. 
That part of the ground attached to a 
house, generally in front of it, covered with 
fine grass turf, usually kept closely cut and 
trimmed. Der, Our word comes from the 
Old English or Welsh //an, an open space, or 
from Jlawnt,a rising ground with smooth 
face. Syn. Fr. Gazon, or Massif de gazon— 
i.e. thick turf — pron. mah-seef deh gah- 
zohng; also Pelowse— pron. pay-loose, or 

Clairiére (a glade)—pron. klahr-ee-air; Ger. 

Grasplatz, or Rasenplatt—i.e. turf flat, or 

expanse of grass. Syn. Fr. for “lawn mower,” 
Tondeuse de gazon or de pelouse—pron. tohngs 
duuhze (from tondre [tohng-derr], to shear, 
to clip close) deh gah zong or deh pay-looze ; 
Ger. Rasenmdher (turf mower)—pron. rah- 
senn-mah-ee-her (from mdéhen[mah-ee-henn], 
to mow). 

Lay Down, Lay Gut, To (see text). The 
following are some of the leading technical 
synonyms in which these phrases are used 
or implied. Syn. Fr. for “to lay (set) out 
a line,” Aligner—pron. ah-leen-eh; Ger. 
Aligniren—pron, ah-leen-ce-renn ; also eine 
Linie aufstellen. Syn. Fr. for “to lay down 
the lines of a drawing, or to plot,” Faire 
l’épure—pron. fairr lay-puuhr—z.e. to make 
the draught; Ger. Aufreissen (Reis, a sketch) 
—pron. owff-rice-enn. Syn. Fr. for “to lay 
down flooring or a floor,” Poser wn plancher 
—pron. poh-zay uuhn plahng-shay, or Poser 
un parguet—which term, however, denotes an 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


inlaid floor, patterns being formed by the © 
way in which the pisces are disposed and — 


coloured (from parqueter [paahr-kett-eh], | 


| 


to inlay, from which comes parqueterie 
{paahrk-terr-ee or parr-keh-tree]; Ger. eine 


l’ussboden legen or Dielen legen. Syn. Fr. for 
“to lay out a bed or garden plot,” Haposer 
une couche de terre pour wn jardin — pron, 
koosh; Ger. die Erde bittmachen im eine 
Garten. Syn. Fr. for “to lay down the 
slates of a roof,” Poser les ardoises d'un 
comble — pron. poh-zeh laize arrd-whahze 
duuhn kohm-bell; also Poser le couverture 
des ardoises, or simply Poser le cowverture— 
pron. kooh-vair-tuuhr. Syn. Fr. for “to lay 
down stones, bricks or tiles,’ Poser les 
pierres, les briques, les tuiles; Ger. die Steine 
or Ziegelsteine or Dachziegeln verlegen. 
Layer. A synonym for a stratum, a bed, 
@ substance spread out to cover a surface, 
and which can receive another supply 
superposed upon it, Syn. Fr. for “layer” 
generally, Couche, Lit, Assise, Strate, or 
Zone; Ger. die Lage; also Schicht (from 


250 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, 


schichten, to place—a disposing in rows or 
strata) ; Schichtung, disposition or placing 
of in rows. 

Lead (see text). Syn. Fr, for “ milled or 
rolled lead,” the form in which it is chiefly 
used in building construction, Plomb laminé 
—pron. plohm lah-meen-eh (from laminer, 
to laminate, make in plates or sheets) ; also 
Plomb roule— pron. rooh-lay (from rouler, 
to roll); Ger. gerollte Blei—pron. gay-roll- 
tay bly (bly pronounced as in Clyde)—w.e. 
rolled lead (from rollen, to roll). Syn. Fr. 
for “sheet lead,” Plomb en fewilles; Ger. 
Blattblet. Syn. Fr. for “lead pipe,” Tuyaw 
de plomb; Ger. Bleirohre. Syn. Fr. for 
“‘ white lead,” used in painting, Plomb blanc 
—pron. plohmb blahng; also Cérwse—pron. 
say-ruuhse; Ger. Bleiweiss—pron. bly-vice ; 
also Cerussit. Syn. Fr. for “red lead,” used 
as a paint, and also for making of joints in 
metal work, Plomb anglais; also Minium— 
pron. meen-ee-uhm. Syn. Fr. for “lead 
work,” Plombage—pron. plohm-bajhe, or 
Plomberie—pron. -berr-ee or -bree; also 
Usine a plomb—pron. uuh-zeen; Ger. Blei- 
werk or -arbeit. Syn. Fr, for “lead pencil,” 
in drawing, Crayon de graphite or plombagine 
—pron. kray-ohng deh grah-feet, plohm- 
bah-jheen ; Ger. Bleiriss or -stift. 

Leak. An aperture in a vessel, as a 
cistern, through which water escapes—in a 
roof, through which water passes to the 
interior of the house beneath. Der. Our 
word comes from the Old English lekken, 
to drip. Syn. Fr. Voie d’eau—i.e. water- 
way—pron. vwah doh; also Fuite (escape) 
—pron. fweet or fuuh-eet (from /fuir [fuuh- 
eer], to flee); Ger. Leck—pron. lekk (from 
lecken, to drop, to run out, to leak) ; also 
die Spalt (a cleft, a split) — pron. spahlt 
(from spalten, to split, to cleave); also der 
Riss (a cleft, a split)—pron. reece. Syn. 
Fr. for “ to leak,” Fuir, Couler, Faire eau (to 
leak out), S’échapper, or S’éventer—pron. 
fuuh-eer, koohl-eh, fair oh, say-shapp-eh, 
say-vahug-tay; Ger. Rinnen, Leckaste, 
Tropfeln, Lecken, Auslaufen, Ausrinnen— 
pron. reen-enn, lekk-ahs-tay, tropp-feln, 
lekk-en, owss-lowff (ow as in now), -reen- 
enn. Syn. Fr. for ‘‘ leakage,” Coulage or 
Fuite or Action faire d’cau—pron. kooh-lajhe, 
fwheet, axe-see-ohng fair doh; Ger. Leck- 
werden, Abgang, Leckasie, or Auslecken. Syn. 
Fr. for “leaky,” Qui fuit or coule or fait eau 
—pron. kee fuuh-ee or fwhee, koohl, fay- 
toh ; Ger. Lécherig—pron. lo-eegh-err-eeg. 

Lease. In building agreement, the term 
of years for which a house, etc., may be let 
at a given rent, and on certain conditions. 
Der, Our word is from the French Jaisser, to 
let, and this from the Latin lazxus, loose, 
which is from daxare, to loose. Syn. Fr. for 
“lease,” Bail—pron. bah-eel (from bailler 
[bahl-yea], to give; Ger. Pachtvertrag— 
pron. pacht-ferr-trahg (Pacht, a holding- 


fe 


tenure lease, from pachter, to farm, to take— 
the Scottish word “ pection,” bargain, comes 
from this) ; also Verpachtung, or Pachtzeit— 
pron. pacht-tsite. Syn. Fr. for “ leasehold,” 
a place held by lease, to distinguish it from 
copyhold and freehold, Tenu par bail—pron, 
ten-nueh parr bah-eel; Ger. Pachtung. 

Length (see text), Syn. Fr. Longueur 
— pron. lohng-guuhr; Ger, die Linge — 
pron. deeh lah-eeng-geh. Syn. Fr. for “to 
lengthen,” Allonger — pron. ah-lonn-jhay ; 
also Ltendre—pron. eh-tahn-derr ; also Tirer 
(to draw out)—pron. teeh-ray ; Ger. Lange- 
machen; also Strecken (to stretch out), or 
Zichen (to draw, to pull out)—pron. tsee-en ; 
also Dehnen (to extend)—pron. day-nen. 
Syn. Fr. for “lengthwise,” Ln longueur— 
pron. ahn-lohng-geuhr; Ger. Langweise — 
pron. lang-vy-zeh. Syn. Fr. for “too long,” 
Trop long—pron. troh lohng; also Longueur 
en excés—pron, ex-say, or Longueur excessive 
—pron. ekk-sess-eef; Ger.Ubermiissige Linge, 
or zu grosse Jdnge—pron. tzooh groh-seh, 
Syn. Fr. for “deficiency in length,” Défaut 
or Faute de longueuwr—pron. deff-oh or foht 
deh lohng-guuhr ; also Manque de longueur, 
or Longueur défectueux or insuffisant—pron, 
day-fekk-tue-euh, aihn-sueh-fee-zahn ; Ger, 
Unzuldnglichkeit — pron. oon-tsoo-leng-lich- 
kite; also I/angel an linge. 

Lessen. <A term frequently used in con- 
struction denoting that an object is to be 
reduced in dimensions, or the quality to be 
diminished. Der. Our word less is from 
the Old English Jassa, to loosen, Syn. Fr. 
Diminuer—pron, dee-meen-uuh-eh, or Rac- 
courcir—pron, rah-koorse-eer ; also Amoin- 
drir (moindre, less) —pron. ah-mwahng- 
dreer or -moh-ehng-deer, or Affaiblir—pron. 
ah-fay-bleer; also Allager—pron. ah-lajhe- 
eh, or Rapetisser—pron. rah-peh-teece-eh ; 
Ger. Verkleinern (kleine, little)—pron. fair- 
kline-errn, or Vermindern (minder, less, 
smaller, inferior) — pron. fair-min-derrn ; 
also Schmdlern (from schmdl, small, narrow, 
slender)—pron. shmah-eel-errn, or Herab- 
setzen (set down)—pron. heer-awbb-sait- 
tzenn ; also Kleiner werden (to become less) 
—pron. kline-err fair-den, or Abnehmen (to 
take from) — pron. awbb-nay-men; also 
Diinner (thinner) machen—pron. duuh-een- 
err mah-kenn, or Diinner behauen (hewn 
thinner)—pron. bay-how-enn; also Holz- 
hobeln (to plane down wood)—holtz-hoh- 
belln. Syn. Fr. for “lessening,” Contracture 
—pron. kohng-trakk-tuuhr, or Abaisement— 
pron, ah-behze-mahng ; also Décroissement 
—pron. day-krwahz-mahn or day-kroh-eese- 
mahng, or Diminution—pron. dee-meen-uuh- 
see-ohng; also MRécoupement — pron. ray- 
koohp-mahng ; Ger. Verkleinerung — pron. 
fair-kline-err-oohng, or Verminderung ; also 
Herabsetzung, or Abnahme—pron, ahbb- or 
awbb-nah-may ; also Verdiinnerung. 

Let in. Der, Our word let comes from 


251 


le 


laitan, to allow, to permit, to lease, to give 
leave. Syn. Fr. for to “let in one piece 
flush with another,” Une picce noyée d'un 
Vautre—literally ‘drowned in the other” 
(from noyer [nwoy-ay], to drown)—pron. 
uehn pee-ace nwoy-ay dahn loh-terr; Ger. 
Sticke in einander eingefiigt — literally 
“nieces in section with one another ’’— 
pron. stue-keh inn ine-ahn-derr ine-gay- 
fueght. Syn. Fr. for “to let go,” as for ex- 
ample a rope in hoisting, Laisser libre (to 
let free)—pron. layss-ay or lay-say leeh-berr, 
or Laisser franc or franchement (freely)— 
pron. frahn, frahnshmahn ; also Degayer— 
pron. day-gah-zhay ; also Descendre—pron. 
des-sahn-der; also Baisser (to lower) — 
pron. bayss-eh, or Abaisser—pron. ah-bayss- 
eh; Ger. Niederlassen— pron. neeh-derr- 
lahss-enn ; also Hinablassen—pron. hin-ahb, 

Levelling (see text), in the sense of 
making one surface flush with another. 
Syn. Fr. Aflurement—that is, taking off the 
swell (from flewrer, to swell)—pron. ah-fleuhr- 
mahn, or Deflurement; also Arasement 
(levelling) — pron. ah-rahz-mahn; Ger. 
Abgleichung (gleich, alike)—pron. ahp-gly- 
choong ; also Gleichstiicke—i.e. pieces alike, 
or ebene Gleichsttickhe—i.e. pieces levelled or 
level, alike—pron. eh-bay-nay glyche-stuek- 
eh, Syn. Fr. for “levelling course,” in 
wall building, Cours d'assise-arases—pron. 
koohr dah-seeze-ah-rahse; Ger. Ziegelstein- 
schicht—pron. tzeeh-gell-stine-shicht. Syn. 
Fr. for “plummet for levelling,’ dMJ/uel— 
—pron. muehl; also Niveau a plomb—pron. 
nee-voh ah plohm; Ger. BSleisetzwage — 
literally “ lead-setting level” (see Plummet) 
—pron. bly-zets-vah-geh, or Setzwage only. 

Lighting of a Large Room or a Build- 
ing. Syn. Fr. Allumage or Eclairage dune 
grande chambre or dune bdtiment-—pron. 
ah-luuhm-ajhe, eh-klair-ajhe duuhn grahned 
shawm-berr, duuhn bah-tee-mang; Ger. 
Erluchtung or Beluchtung von grosse Kammer 
or eine Hausbau—pron. air- or bay-luught- 
oorg fonn groh-say kah-merr, ine howse-bou 
(ou as in now). 

Lignum Witz. One of the hardest of 
our hard woods, if not the hardest—teak 
only rivalling it in this respect. Syn. Fr. 
Boissaint—pron. bwah-sahng, or Boisgaiac— 
pron. -gay-akk ; Ger. Gajack- or Guajackholz 
—pron. gah-zhaque-holtz, or Indianischholz 
—pron. een-dee-ahn-eesh. Lignum is the 
Latin for wood: living or live wood is the 
meaning of the term lignum vite, as indi- 
cating that it is so imperishable that it may 
be looked upon as always fresh or living. 

Limb of a Tree. Der. Our word comes 
from the Old English lim, an extremity of 
the human frame, the branch of a tree ; or it 
comes, but little changed, from the Latin 
limbus, meaning the above, Syn. Fr. for 
“tree limb,’ Branche (our branch), Membre 
or Limbe dun arbre — pron. brahngshe, 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Acdenda 


maim-berr or memm-berr, lahmbb duuhn 
ahrr-berr; Ger. der Rand von eine Baum, or 
simply Bauwmrand—pron. bowm-rant; also 
Glied—pron. gleed, Baumglied. 

Loosen—Loosening. As to release the 
bolts or straps of a beam or a truss, to 
free or make open the soil or foundation 
round a tree bole, etc. Der. Our word 
loosen comes from the Old English lysan 
or leesan, to untie a thong or fastening. 
Syn. Fr, for “to loosen,” JLdcher, or 
Reldcher—pron. reh-lah-shay ; also Dégager 
—pron, day-gajhe-eh, or Déserrer — pron. 
day-serr-eh ; also Détacher—pron. day-tash- 
eh, or Démaniller (to undo) —pron. day- 
mann-eel-eh; Ger. Losmachen—pron. loss- 
maw-kenn, or Zrennen—pron. tray-nenn ; 
also Losgehen — pron. loss-gay-henn,. or 
Ablésen — pron. ahwbb-loh-eece-enn; also 
Loshaken (to unhook)—pron. loss-hah-kane, 
Syn. Fr. for “to loosen,” as a bolt and nut, 
ftelacher un écrou—pron. uuhn-ay-krooh ; 
Ger. Trennen eine Schraubbolzen — pron. 
shroubb-boll-tzane. Syn. Fr. for “ loosen- 
ing,” Relachement—pron. ray-lash-mahng ; 
also Dégagement (see above); Ger. Los- 
machenung; also Spielen—ie. to give an 
object, as a bolt, a certain amount of freedom 
to move—technically called “ play ” (spielen 
[speel-enn], to play). Syn. Fr. for “to 
loosen the soil,” as about a tree, Racler le 
sol—pron. rah-klay leh sohl ; Ger. Anflocken 
die Erde (from jflocken, to beat into) : a more 
correct term would be Lésmachen or Ablosen 
die Erde. 

Lopping, as the branches of round 
timber or home-grown hard timber. Der. 
Our word comes from the Danish lubbenn, to 
cut. Syn. Fr. for “to lop,” Hbrancher— 
pron. eh-brahngsh-eh, or #aisser — pron, 
bah- or bah-ee-say; also Emonder (to 
prune) — pron. eh-mohng-day, or Llaguer 
(to prune)—pron. eh-lahgg-way or -uuh-eh ; 
Ger. Beschneiden — pron. bay-shnide-enn ; 
also Kappen (to cut) — pron. kah-penn. 
Syn. Fr. for “loppings” (tree), des Branches 
coupees — pron. day brahngsh koop-paise ; 
Ger. die abgehauene Reste (the hewn or 
cut-off remains)—pron. dee ahwhb-gay-how- 
enn-eh raise-teh. Syn. Fr. for “a lop,” 
Branche coupée ; Ger. das abgeschnittene Holz 
—pron. dass ahwb-gay-shneet-enn-eh holtz, 

Lower (lower story )—Lowering, in Con- 
structive Work (as to lower a street or road, 
a stone, a beam, a truss). Der. Our words 
low and lower are precisely the same as 
the Old English, meaning an object at a 
level below that of another, and to cause a 
body to descend. Syn. Fr. for ‘to lower,” to 
allow an object to descend to a lower level, 
Descendre—pron. des-sahn-derr ; also Abaisser 
—pron. ah-bayss-ay, or simply Baisser ; Ger. 
Niederlassen—literally “to let down”—pron. 
nee-derr-lahss-enn ; also Vermindern—pron. 
ferr-min-dairrn, or Herabsetzen—pron. herr- 


252 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. ° ma 


abb-zet-sen ; also Senken—pron. zenk-en, or 
Abnehmen— pron, abb-nay-men, Syn. Fr. 
for “to lower a wall,” Baisser une mur— 
pron. bayss-ay uuhn muuhr; Ger. eine 
Mauer nzederlassen—pron. ine-eh mow-err. 
Syn. Fr. for “lower story or floor” of a 
house, Ltage infériewre—pron. eh-tahj aihn- 
fair-ee-eunr, or l’Etage den bas (the low 
story)—pron. lay-tajh dahn bah; Ger. das 
untere Stockwerk — pron. dass oon-terr-reh 
stock-vairrk. Syn. Fr. for “lowering,” the 
act of descending, Adbaissement — pron. ah- 
bayss-mahn; Ger. das Senken—pron. dass 
zenk-en. Syn. Fr. for “lowering the tone of 
a colour,” Colorer d’un air sombre; Ger. 
eine Farbe triiben (from triiben, to dim, to 
make muddy )—pron, ine-eh farr-beh trueh- 
ben. 

Lustre (of a metal, wood, etc.). Der, Our 
word comes directly from the French, mean- 
ing gloss, shining brilliancy, this from the 
Latin lustrare, to shine, and this from lucere, 
to be light: some woods when polished 
show a high degree of lustre. Syn. Fr. 
Lustre—pron. loose-terr ; also Satine—pron, 
sah-teen-eh; Ger. der Glanz—pron. dairr 
glahntz, Syn. Fr. for “metallic lustre,” 
Lustre en métallique—pron. may-tahl-eek, or 
Métallescence—pron, may-tahl-aiss-ahngce ; 
Ger. Metallglanz—pron. may-tahll-glantz. 


Magazine. Der, Our word is from the 
French magasin, a place in which articles 
are stored up. Our word warehouse is, 
perhaps, the nearest synonym to the French 
term, although our words “emporium” and 
“ stores” (co-operative) perhaps come more 
closely to the French term—a large shop in 
which a wide variety of goods for domestic 
purposes are kept for sale. Those familiar 
with Paris will remember the vast shop in 
the Rue du Louvre, under the Grand Hotel, 
which gives a good idea of the meaning 
of the term from the French origin. The 
word “magazine,” in military architecture, 
means the building in which the gunpowder, 
etc., is stored for safety. Syn. Fr. A/agasin 
—pron. mah-gah-sehng ; Ger. Waarenlager 
(wares shop), or Packhaus—pron. pakk- 
howse (from packen, to pack, pack up, from 
which comes our word packages) ; also der 
Magazin—pron. mah-gah-tzeen. 

Maintain in good order. A phrase used 
in contracts. Der. Our word comes from 
the French maintenir, this from main, the 
hand, and tenir, to hold, and this latter 
from the Latin tenere, to hold. Syn. Fr. 
Maintenir —- pron. maihn-ten-eerr; Ger. 
Erhalten—pron. err-hahl-ten. Syn. Fr. for 
“to maintain in good condition or order,’ 
Maintenir en bon éetat—pron. ahn bonn eh- 
tah ; Ger. in gutem Zustande erhalten—pron. 
in gooh-tem tsoo-stahnd-eh. 

Make, The. A term synonymous with 


the form or fashion of a thing; to make is 
to form, to construct. Der. Our word 
comes from the Old English maccian, to 
create, to fabricate, to do; or it is from the 
German machen, to make, to form, to fashion. 
Syn. Fr. for “to make,” Faire—pron. fairr, 
or fagonner-—-pron. fah-sonn-eh; also 
Fabriquer — pron. fah-breek-eh, or Con- 
structer — pron. kohng-struuhk-tay; also 
Porter un ouvrage—literally “to carry (on) 
a work”—pron. pohr-tay; Ger. Machen— 
pron. maw-kenn, or Vernichten---pron, fair- 
neeght-enn ; also Veranstalten—pron. fair- 
ann-stahl-tenn, or Bilden-—pron. beel-den ; 
also Leiten—pron. lite-enn, or Sichstellen— 
pron. seegh-stale-enn. Syn. Fr. for “make,” 
that is, the form or fashion of an object or 
body, Fagon—pron. fah-sohng, or Forme— 
pron. forrm ; also Structwre—pron. struuhk- 
tuuhr, or Fabrique—pron. fah-breek ; also 
Construction--pron. kohng-struuhk-see-yong ; 
Ger. Machwerk—pron. makk-vairk, or Mache 
—pron. mah-kay ; also Arbeit—pron. arr- 
bite, or Gestalt—pron. gay-stahlt. Syn. Fr. 
for “to make good,” Faire correct or propre 
—pron. fair-kohrr-aikt, proh-perr; also 
Faire de bon ouvrage—pron. deh bohn or 
bohng ooh-vrajhe ; also Finisser or Com- 
pleter Vouvrage—pron. feen-eess-eh, kohm- 
play-tay loohy-rajhe ; Ger. Vergiiten—pron. 
fair- guuh-eet-enn, or Behaupten — pron, 
bay-howpp-tane (Haupt, high or head) ; also 
vergiiten die Werk — pron. dee vairk, or 
vollstindig machen die Werk-—pron. foll-stah- 
een-deeg-maw-kenn. Syn. Fr. for ‘‘make- 
shift” (what serves a temporary purpose, 
an expedient for the time being, to be 
afterwards replaced by a correct and a per- 
manent thing), Une piéce pour l’occasion-— 
pron, uuhn pee-ace poohr loh-kah-see-yong, 
or Un expédient—pron. aix-pay-dee-ahng ; 
also Défaite—pron,. day-fate, or En défaut 
dun objet propre — pron. ahng deff-oh 
duuhn obb-jhay proh-perr; Ger. die Noth- 
stiick (a needful or necessary piece)—pron. 
nott-stooh-eek, or Liickenbiisser (from Liicke 
[looh-eh-kay], a gap, and biissen [booh-ee- 
sain], to do penance for; penalty—i.e. some- 
thing which readily serves the purpose in the 
meantime) — pron. looh-eek-en-buuh-eece- 
air. Syn. Fr. for “maker,” one who makes 
some speciality, Fabricateur — pron. fah- 
breek-ah-tuuhr; Ger. Arbeiter—pron, arr- 
bite-airr. 

Malachite. A valuable stone or spar 
used for decoration, of a beautiful green 
colour, variegated or mottled, derived from 
the presence of copper. Syn. Fr. Malachite 
— pron. mah-lah-keet; Ger. Kupferspath 
spetog spar)—pron. koopp-ferr-spaht ; also 
Malachit—pron, mall-ah-keet. 

Malleable Iron. A synonym for 
wrought iron. Der. Our word comes from 
the French, and this from the low or debased 
Latin malleare, to beat with a hammer. Syn. 


253 


Fr for “malleability,” Malleabilité—pron. 
mah-iee-ah-beel ee-tay ; Ger. Hammerbarkeu 
—pron, hah-mare-barr-kite. Syn. Fr. for 
“ malleable iron,’ Fer forgé — pron. ferr 
forr-jhay, or Fer malleable—pron. mahl-lay- 
ah-bell ; Ger. Schniedeeisen—pron. shneed- 
eh-ice-enn, or Hammer barkeisen. 

Malt Kiln, in Brewing Architecture. Der. 
Our word malt comes from the Old English 
mealt or malt, from malten, to cook, to dis- 
solve, Barley is, so to say, cooked first, 
wetted till germination begins, and then dried 
ina kiln with artificial heat. Syn. Fr. for 
“malt kiln,” Malterie (Malte, malt)—pron. 
mall-terr-ee or mall-tree ; also Four a dréehe 
(dréche, malt, malt furnace)—pron. foohr 
ah draish; Ger. Malzdérre (malt drier)— 
from dorren, to dry—pron. mailtz-doh-eer-eh. 

Management, as of building works. Der. 
Our word comes from the Old English 
menage, or the French ménager, to keep 
house, from the Latin mansio, a habitation, 
and this from manere, to dwell in a place; 
possibly also from the Italian managgiare, 
to handle, and this from the Latin manus, 
the hand. The word thus has a dual mean- 
ing—to keep a house or an establishment in 
good order, or to keep it in hand. Syn. Fr. 
for “building management,” Ménagement, 
Direction, Administration, or Maniement de 
construction des bdtiments—pron. may-najhe- 
mahng, dee-rexx-see-ohng, ahwd-meen-ee- 
strah-see-ohng deh kohng-struxe-see-ohng ; 
Ger. Bauwerkverwaltung—pron. bow-vairk- 
fairr-vahl-tuuhng, or Bauwerkhandlungsweise 
—literally ‘ knowledge of handling ”—pron. 
hant-loongz-vice-eh ; also Bauwerkfihrung 
(from fiihren, to lead out)—pron. fuuh-eer- 
oohng, or Bauwerkbetragen (from tragen, to 
carry out)—pron. bay -trah-genn, Syn. 
Fr. for “manager,” Directeur—pron. dee- 
rekk-tuuhr, or Administrateur—pron. add- 
meen-eece-trah-tuuhr; also Jfenewr (from 
mener, to lead)—pron. may-nuuhr, or Com- 
missaire—pron. koh-mee-sair ; Ger. Verhalter 
—pron. ferr-hall-terr, or Haushdlter—pron. 
house-hah-eel-terr ; also Factor—pron. fakk- 
tohr, or Ausseher (from sehen [say-enn], to 
see )—pron. ows-say-hen, 

Manor House. The mansion attached to 
a large estate in which the proprietor lives 
whose iegal designation is “lord of the 
manor.” Der. Our word comes from the 
French manoir, a mansion, and this from the 
Latin manere, to remain in a piace, to stay, 
to dwell. Syn. Fr, for “manor house,” 
Manoir—pron. mahn-wahr; Ger. Herren- 
haus or -hof; also Edelhaus, -hof, or -sitz 
(edel, noble). 

Manufactory (or simply Factory), in 
Industrial Construction. A building in 
which certain industrial work is carried on, 
such as cotton spinning, weaving, etc. Der. 
The word manufacture comes from the 
Latin words manus, the hand, and factura, 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, Addenda 


a work, and this last from facere, to make, 
Syn. Fr. Fabrique—pron. fah-breek; also 
Usime—pron, ueh-zeen; Ger. Fabrikgebaiide 
—pron. fah-breek-geh-boy-deh, or die Fabrik, 

Maple, Bird’s-cye. <A fine wood used 
in cabinet making, much prized for its 
beautiful colour and markings or veinings, 
—‘“humour,” as those are technically called, 
—capable of a high polish. Syn. Fr. for 
“maple wood,” Bois d’érable—pron. bwah 
day-rah-bell; Ger. Ahornholz — pron, ah- 
horrn-holtz. Syn. Fr. for “bird’s-eye maple,” 
Broussin dérable (Broussin, an excrescence) 
—pron. brooh-saihn; also Lrable madrée 
(from madre, speckled, spotted)—pron. mah- 
dray; Ger. Ahornmaser — pron. -mah-zerr 
(Maser, a speck). The botanical name for 
maple is Acer campestre. 

Marble, Carrara (see text). A pure 
white marble of the finest quality, obtained 
from Italy. It is used for statues and 
interior house work of the first quality, 
Syn. Fr. Marbre blane or blanc veine; Ger. 
Carrara Marmor. ~ 

Mashhouse, in Brewery Construction. 
The apartment or apartments in which what 
is called the mashing process (malt crushing 
rollers, mash tuns or tubs, being used) is 
carried on. Der, The word “ mash,” to mix, 
to mingle, is from the German maischen. 
Syn. Fr. for “mash or mashing-house,” La 
chambre or Lappartement pour brasser or 
écraser or mélanger—pron. lah shawm-berr, 
lah-parr-teuh-mahn poor brah-say, eh- 
krah-zay, may-lahn-jhay ; also Chambre a 
mélange or fardeau—pron. may-lahnj, farr- 
doh; Ger, Jischhaus—pron. mish-house. 

Mass. A term used to denote a large 
bulk, quantity, or volume of any substance 
collected or pressed together, as a mass of 
soil, of stone, etc. Der. From the Latin 
massa, a lump, or from the German massen, 
to knead, as pressing soil together to form 
a mass. Syn. Fr, for “mass,” Volume— 
pron. voh-luehm ; also J/asse—pron. mahss ; 
Ger. die Masse—pron. dee mahs-seh ; also 
das Volumen—pron. voh-loo-men. 

Match, in Construction. A term used to 
indicate that one piece, as the end of a beam, 
is so cut and of such dimensions as to fit in 
with or to the end of another piece or beam. 
To match may thus be synonymous with “to 
pair’’; hence one of the German synonyms 
for the word. Der. The word comes from 
the Old English maccha, a mate, an equal. 
Syn, Fr. for “to match,” Accouplir (to couple) 
—pron. ah-kooh-pleer, or Proportionner (to 
proportion one part to another)—pron. proh- 
porr-see-ohng-(or-ohn)-eh ; also Egaler—-pron. 
eh-gall-eh, or Faire egal—pron. fairr eh-gall; 
also Assortir (to assort)—pron. ah-sorr-teer, 
or S’accouplir—pron. sah-kooh-pleer; also 
Etre pared (to be equal)—pron. ate-err parr- 
ile, or Trouver un pareil (to find an equal)— 
pron. trooh-vay uhn parr -ile ; Ger. Zusammen- 


254 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


paaren—pron. tzooh-sah-menn-pah-renn, or 
simply Paaren (to pair), or Zusammenpassen 
—pron. pah-senn; also Vergleichen, to make 
like (gleich, like)—pron. fair-glike-enn, or 
Sich verbeirichtung (“itself agreeing”) —pron. 
fair-bire-eeght-oong; also Uebereinkommen— 
pron.ooh-eeh-bare-ine-koh-menn. Syn. Fr.for 
*matchable ” (objects which are capable of 
being made to match or fit together, some 
being obviously, even at a glance, unfitted 
for pairing or matching), Convenable—pron. 
kohn- or kohng-vane-ah-bell, or Proportionée 
(proportioned)—-pron. proh-porr-see-onn-eh ; 
also Assorti—pron. ah-sorr-tee; Ger. Ver- 
gleichbar—pron. fare-glike-barr, or Passend 
—pron. pah-sent; also Aufgemessen—pron. 
owff-gay-mess-enn. 

Maul. A large, heavy hammer of wood ; 
Mallet, a little maul, a wooden hammer to 
use with one hand—a maul being used 
sledge-hammer fashion with both hands. 
Syn. Fr. Marteau de bois massif—pron. mahr- 
toh deuh bwah mah-seef, or Marteaw masse 
de bois; Ger. grosser Holzhammer — pron. 
gross-err hollts-ham-merr. 

Meet, To. A term used in construction 
to denote that two pieces are so arranged 
_ or fitted that their ends come close together. 
| Der. The word comes from the Old English 
metan, to come together, Syn. Fr. Aboutir 
dee [booh], end)—pron. ah-booh-teer, or 
_Rencontrer—pron, rahng-cohng- or -kohn- 
tray; also S’assemblir—pron. sass-ahwm- 
_bleer ; Ger. Treffen, or Anstossen (Stoss, a 
_thrust)—pron. ann-stoss-enn ; also Begegnen 
— pron. bay-gaig-nen, or Antreffen; also 
Sich versammel/n—pyron. seegh-fairr-sah-mell- 
enn, Syn. Fr. for “ meeting face or joint,” 
Jointe or Charnicre rencontre—pron. jwahnt, 
sharr-nee-air rahng-konn-terr; also Face 
rencontre — pron. fahss; Ger. Scharnier- 
versammlung—pron, sharr-nee-air-fair-samm- 
loong. 

Mend. A term sometimes used in con- 
structive work in the sense of repairing or 
putting into good condition or working 
order, as the mending of a lock. Ina wider 
Sense it is synonymous with to improve 
the appearance of an object, as that of a 
ecithe 2 surface which has got defaced. 

his meaning is observed in the derivation 
of our word, which is the first part, with 
the omission of a letter, of the Latin word 
emendare, and this from menda, a spot, a 
blemish—that is, emendare is to take out of or 
to remove a defect or blemish, or to improve, 
mend. Syn. Fr. for “to mend,” Réparer— 
pron. ray-parr-eh (our word repair comes 
from this, and the French word from the 
Latin re, and parare, to prepare); also 
Raccommoder — pron. rah-koh-moh-day, or 
Réformer — pron. ray -fohrr- may; _ also 
Retablir—pron, ray-tah-bleer, or Corriger— 
pron. kohrr-ree-jhay ; also Amender—pron. 
ah-mahng-day, or S’établir—pron, say-tahb- 


mic 


leer ; also Se raccommoder—pron. seh rah- 
koh-moh-day ; Ger. Verbessern, or simply 
Bessern—literally “to better ”’—pron. fair- 
bess-errn; also Sichbessern — pron. seegh. 
Syn. Fr. for “mendable,” capable of being 
mended —some objects not being so, but 
having to be renewed or replaced by a good 
one—Qui peut étre raccommodé or amendé or 
établi, etc, (see above)—pron. key puuht 
ate-err rah-koh-moh-day, ah-mahng-day, 
eh-tah-blay ; Ger. Besserlich—pron. bess- 
sair-leegh, or Verbesserlich—pron. fair. Syn. 
Fr. for ‘‘ mending’ timber work,” Rechange— 
pron. ray-shanjhe, or établir (see above) 
Vouvrage de bois en défaut—pron. ray-tah- 
bleer loove-rajhe day bwah ahng deff-oh ; 
Ger. Holzwerkverbesserung — pron. holtz- 
vairrk - fair; also Freischen Holzeswerk 
zu mdchen—pron. frishe-enn holtz-ace-vairrk- 
tzuuh mah-ee-ken. Syn. Fr. for “to mend 
or reface painted work,” 2épinceauter, to 
brush over again—pron. ray-pangce-oh-tay, 
or &écolorer—pron. ray-koh-loh-ray; also 
pag Re ray-koh-loh-ree-eh ; Ger, 

arben or Colorircn or Beschénigen einmal 
tiber das andere—i.e. to colour or paint one 
over the other—pron. fahr-benn ine-mahl 
ooh-eeh-bare dass ann-derr- or -dair-eh ; also 
Wiederbeschénigen or -coloriren or -farben— 
pron, vee-dare or derr -bay-show-enn-ee- 
gane or -genn, kohl-orr-eer-enn, fahr-benn 
or -bane. 

Mensuration of surfaces, as of walls; of 
solids, as beams. Synonymous with mea- 
suring or calculating the number of square 
feet and inches and of cubic feet and inches 
of surfaces or solid bodies, Der. Our word 
comes from the Latin mensuratum, mea- 
suring, and this from metire, to measure, 
Syn. Fr. Meswrage—pron. mess-uehr-abj ; 
Ger. Vermessung—pron. ferr-mess-oohng, or 
simply Messung (from messen, to measure). 
Syn. Fr. for “ mensuration of surfaces of 
solids, or of solidity,’ J/esurage des super- 
Jicies des solides, de solidité—pron. mess-uehr- 
ahj deh sueh-pare-feece-ee deh soh-leed, 
deuh soh-leed-ee-tay; Ger. Messung der 
Oberfliche or Aussenseite, or der Festighkeit or 
der Dichtheit (measures of solidity)—pron, 
mess-oong dare oh-berr-flech-eh, owss-enn- 
zy-teh, dare fess-tich-kite, dare dicht-hite. 

Merchant, Timber. Dealer in or seller 
of timber used in construction. Der. Our 
word merchant is closely akin to the French 
synonym marchand, and this from the Latin 
mercans, the present participle of the verb 
mercari, to traffic or trade in goods. Syn, 
Fr. for “timber merchant,” Marchand de 
bois—pron. mahrr-shan deuh bwah; Ger. 
Holzhindler (from handeln, to trade)—pron. 
holits-hend-lerr. 

Metal, Road. The hard stones broken up 
into pieces of about a size sufficient to pass 
through a ring some two to two-and-a-half 
inches in diameter, and which are used to 


255 


mi 


spread over and form the traffic surface of a 
macadamised road, are so called. Syn. Fr. 
Cailloutis (from caillou, a flint stone)—pron. 
kahl-you-tee ; also Petits cailloux (or pierres) 
pour la couverture d’une route or d’un chemin 
—pron. pett-ee kahl-you poor lah kooh-vair- 
tuehr duehn root, sheu-main; Ger. kleine 
Steine zum Pflastern der Strassen—pron. kline- 
eh stine-eh tsoom pflast-errn dare strahs-sen; 
also Steinschlag (from Schlagel, a beater, or 
Schlag, a blow, or schlagen, to beat, to strike). 

Middle Post or Rail. Der. Our word 
middle comes almost directly from the Old 
English middel, a point centrally between 
two extremes. The term in its constructive 
sense is synonymous with central. It may 
be from the Latin medius, or from the 
German, which is closely akin to it, mitted. 
Syn. Fr. for “ middle,” Moyen-—pron. mwah- 
yaihn; Ger. Mittel—pron. mit-tell. Syn. 
Fr, for “ middle rail, post, or wall,” Traverse, 
Poteau, Mur moyen—pron. trah-vairrs, poh- 
toh, muehr; Ger. mittelquerfries Pfosten- 
mauer —pron, mit-tell-quairr-freece pfoss- 
ten-mow-err. a 

Milkhouse, in Farm Architecture. An 
apartment in a farm or farm steading in 
which the milk is kept—special construc- 
tive arrangements being adopted to keep 
the milk at “an even temperature, and in 
a fresh, sweet atmosphere. It is closely 
connected with the churning-room or dairy- 
room. The term is often used as synony- 
mous with dairy. Syn. Fr. for “ milkhouse,” 
Chambre pour le lait (lait, milk )—pron.shahm- 
berr porr leuh lay; or Jaiterie (the usual term 
employed)—pron. lay-terr-ee, or popularly 
late-ree; Ger. Milehkammer or -zimmer— 
pron, millch-kah-merr, -tsim-merr, 

Mill, A term used in the manufacturing 
districts in the north of Eugland, with 
factory, chiefly applied to cotton factories. 
Der, The word mill comes from the Old 
English mylen, to rub, to grind, or from the 
French moulin (mooh-laihng), and this from 
the Latin mula,a mill. Syn. Fr. for “ mill,” 
as explained above,” Usine—pron. ueh-zeen ; 
also Fabrique—pron. fah-breek ; Ger. die 
Fabrik—pyron. fah-breek. 

Minaret, in Architecture. A tall, slender 
tower, finishing certain parts of the upper 
region of a building. Minarets are a pecu- 
liar and striking feature of Arabian or 
Mohammedan architecture, the special use 
to which they are put being commanding 
places from which “ the faithful” are called 
to prayer, thus answering to our church- 
bell towers or spires. Der. Our word is 
from the Arabic manarat, this from the 
Arabic verb nara, to shine, and this from 
nar, a fire. The Arabic word means literally 
a lantern set up in a conspicuous place to 
send out light afar, as the priest or holy 
man sends out his voice from the top of the 
minaret. Syn. Fr. for minaret, Minaret— 


25 


' faulty work. Der. The word is a ¢ 


- 


a 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


pron. meen-ahrr-eh ; also Petite tour (a little 
tower)—pron. pett-eat toohr; also Tourelle 
(a turret)—pron. too-rell; Ger. Minaret— 
pron. meen-arr-ate; also Thtirmchen—pron, 
tuerrm-chen (from thiirmen, to keep up, to 
rise high). ad 

Mirror, in Cabinet Making. The large 
looking-glass sheet fitted into framework 
more or less ornate, and fixed on the walls 
of entertaining rooms in a house, chiefly 
over the mantel- or chimney-piece ; - but 
frequently adapted to pieces of furniture, 
as doors of wardrobes. Synonymous with 
looking-glass, though this term is generally 
used to denote small mirrors for dressing or 
toilet tables, etc. Der. From the French 
miroir, and this from the Latin mirari, to 
wonder. Syn. Fr. Miroir—pron. meer-wahr ; 
Ger. der Spiegel (from spiegeln, to shine, 
reflect)—pron. speeh-gel. 

Misfit. A term used to indicate that the 
part is not well adjusted to the place which 
it is designed to occupy. It is synonymous 
with the terms badly done and -bad or 
:pound 
one, the prefix mis, and jit, whichis from the 
French fait, made, meaning that a thing is 
not made at all, in the true sense of the 
term, if not made correctly. Syn. Fr. for 
“to misfit,” Faire mal—pron. fairr mahhl, or 
mal facon—literally “bad fashion ’”’—pron, 
fah-song; also Ajustement en défaut (defective 
adjustment) — pron. ah-jhuest-mahn ahn 
deff-oh, or Ajustement defectif ; Ger. Schlechte- 
werk gemdchen—pron. slegght-eh-vairk gay- 
mah-eek-enn ; also Verunstalten (to deform, 
misshape)—pron. ferr-oohn-stahl-ten. 

Mobile Soil, as in foundation work. 
Synonymous with shifting or moving from 
place to place. Der, The word comes from 
the Latin mobilis, a substitution for movilis, 
from movere, to move. Syn. Fr. for “mobile 
or quick soil,” Terrain mobile—pron. terr- 
aihng moh-beel; Ger. Beweglichegriinde— 
pron. bay-vaig-leegh-eh-gruuh-een-tay ; also 
Mobilgriind—pron. moh-beel. 

Modeller. The artist or artisan who 
works largely in clay or a plastic substance 
in forming ornamental parts from which 
afterwards matrices or moulds are made to 
give plaster castings. The modeller may 
also of course work in wood, as in making a 
model—as a reduced facsimile of a building ; 
but the distinction between modelling and 
carving generally is that, while the carver 
cuts or carves out from solid wood the 
forms he designs to show, each piece of 
work standing by itself as a single specimen 
of his skill and artistic taste, the modeller 
works in a plastic substance, generally white, 
known as _ pipe-clay, by which he makes 
ornamental forms which are the basis of 
“moulds” from which a long range of 
repetitions or copies of the object may be 
had if desired. Der, Our word model comes 


6 


ATAU Arhepea® 0: 
emery Cates By 


' er ., ' y ae 
< 


Us . 


2 


il 2a 
| 
il 
¢, a 
' 


I 
f ! 
: ! 


Zz 
J 


! 
' 
| 
| 


=, 


| JODO 


\ 
LMMUULUULULUOLLLLLLLOOOLLL 


Fg 


_—_———— == GY 
WM 


yyy i /; 
RO 7 


Plate XXIII.—Terms in Bricklaying:—Bricks ; in Carpentry :—Deafening Boards 
in Joinery :—Window Sills. 


Fig. 4 


) Cay 


Yj 


Wily; 
Yj Y 
Fig. 3 


Plate XXIV.—Terms in Carpentry :—Purlins—Joinery—Joints. 


‘ 
f é 


eo 


Ara) oe 
ety. 


Siw. e. 
a —_ : 
ip ae 


» 
J 

Ce a 

4 ae 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


almost without change from the French 
modele, this from the Latin modulus, and this 
from modus, a fashion, a form. Syn. Fr. 
for “model,” MJodéle—pron. moh-dale ; Ger. 
Modell or die Form. Syn. Fr. for modeller,” 
le Modeleur — pron. moh-deuh-leuhr, or 
popularly modd-leuhr; Ger. MJodelmacher 
or -arbeitter—pron, moh-dale-makk-err, ahr- 
bite-err. 

Mould, in laying out of garden ground of 
domestic houses. The fine, well-pulverised, 
soft soil or earth, technically termed free 
soil or loam, or soil in good tilth, in which 
flowers and vegetables can be cultivated. 
Der. The word comes from the Old English 
molde, fine earth. Syn. Fr. for “ garden 
mould,” Terre végétale—pron. tairr vay-jhay- 
tall—vegetable soil, referring to the finest 
and richest soil, that produced from decayed 
leaves and branchlets of trees and vegetable 
matter, as grass, ordinarily called virgin 
soil; also Sol arable—pron. soll ah-raw-bell ; 
Ger. Vegetabilichland or -erde—pron. vay- 
jay-tah-beel-eegh-lant, -err-day, or Gudeland 
or -erde (good or fine soil)—pron. guuh-day ; 
also Krumenland or -erde—pron. krooh-men ; 
also Acker- (a field) krume (from Krume, a 
crumb—that is, crumbly or easily worked 
soil)—pron. ah-kare-kroohm, 

Mouldings (see text), Syn. Fr. for 
“bolection or projecting mouldings,” 
Moulures sacome — pron. mool-uehrr_ sah- 
komm, or simply Sacome; Ger. vorstehen- 
des Leistenwerk or Simswerk — pron. fore- 
stay-en-dess lice-tenn- or zims-vairrk, Syn. 
Fr. for “raking, sloping, or obliquely placed 
mouldings,” Moulures posces obliquement — 
pron. poh-zay oh-bleek-mahn; also Moulures 
taillées (obliquely cut) or rampantes—pron. 
tahil-yea, rahm-pahnt ; Ger. Giebelleistenwerk 
or -simswerk — that is, mouldings on the 
slope, like the gable of a roof—pron. gee- 
bell. Syn. Fr. for “circular mouldings,” or 
“mouldings going round a circular, segmen- 
tal, or elliptical part,’ Moulures circulaires, 
a tour, & segmentale, « elliptique, a oreille, or 
oreillées—pron. mool-uehrr_ seer-kueh-lairr, 
ah tour, saig-mahn-tahl, eh-leep-teek, orr- 
aile, orr-ail-yea; Ger. das runde (round) 
Leistenwerk—pron. roon-deh, or Ohr- (ear) 
leistenwerk. Syn. Fr. for “weathered mould- 
ings,” Moulures taillée obliquement, en face— 
pron, ahn fahss; Ger. abgewidssertes Sims 
—pron. ahb-geh-vayss-err-tes zims. 

Mouth, as mouth of a drain. Der, Our 
word comes from the Old English mudh. 
Syn. Fre for “ mouth,” Bouche, Gueule, 
Orifice, Embouchure — pron. boosh, guehl, 
orr-ee-feece, ahm-booh-shuehr ; Ger. der 
Mund, die Oeffnung, das Mundstiick—pyron. 
mooud, oeff-noong, moond-stuek. Syn. Fr. 
for “mouthpiece of a pipe,” Embouchuze de 
tuyeau; Ger. Réhrenmundstiick—pron. roeh- 
ren. 


Move—Movement. Terms used often in 


257 


constructive work. Der. Our word comes 
from the French mouvoir, and this from the 
Latin movere, to change the position of a 
body—movement changing the position or 
place of a body. Syn. Fr. for “move to,” 
Mouvoir—pron. mooh-voh-eer or -vwahr ; 
Ger. Bewegen —pron. bay-vay-genn. Syn. Fr. 
for “movement,” J/ouvement—pron.moohve- 
mahng or -mahhn; Ger. Bewegung —pron. 
bay-vay-guung. Syn. Fr. for “movable,” 
Mobile—pron. moh-beel; Ger. Beweglich— 
pron. bay-vaig-leegh. 

Mud, in Loundations, Mud Walling, ete. 
Der. Our word comes from the German 
moder, soil largely saturated or mixed with 
water, so as to be more mobile than the soil 
itself : a pool of mud has been said to “ have 
surface but not stability,” which gives a 
good indication of the physical condition of 
the substance. Syn. Fr. for “mud,” Boue— 
pron. booh, or Bourbe (mire or mud) ; also 
Vase—not often used, asit is identical with 
vase, a vessel (our word vase)—pron. vahze, 
or Torchis—pron. torr-shee ; Ger, Moder— 
pron. moh-dair, or Lehm—-pron. lame ; also 
Schlamm — pron. shlamm. Syn. Fr. for 
“mud wall” (see text), Mur de boue or de 
terre—pron. muuhr deh booh, tair; also 
Mur a torchis; Ger. die Lehmwand—pron. 
lame-vahnt ; also schlamm Mauer. Syn. Fr. 
for “‘muddy,” as muddy water in sanitary 
arrangements, de l’Eau bowewx—pron. dch 
loh booh-yuuh; Ger. Wasserschlammig or 
-moderig or -kothig—pron. vass-air-shlamm- 
eeg, -moh-derr-eeg, -koh-teeg. 

Mulberry-tree Wood. Botanical name 
murus; hence the French synonym Bois de 
murier—pron. muuhr-ee-ay ; Ger. J/aulbeer- 
baumholz—pron. mowl-beer-bowm-holtz, or 
Holz von die Maulbeerbaum. 


Narrow. A term often used in construc- 
tive work—the converse of broad or wide. 
Der. From the Old English narwe, having 
little width or breadth. Syn. Fr. for 
“narrow,” Etroiw—pron. eh-trwah, or Hxigu 
(this means more as being small than 
narrow) — pron. ex-ee-gueh ; also Borné — 
pron. borr-nay; Ger. HLng—pron. eng, or 
Klein — pron. kline; also Schmal — pron. 
shmah . Syn. Fr. for “to narrow,” to 
make of less width or breadth, Rétrécir— 
pron. ray-trace-eer; also Se rétrécir ; Ger. 
Schmdlern—pron.shmay-lerrn ; also Verengen 
— pron. fer-eng-en; also Enge werden or 
machen—pron. eng-eh vairr-den. 

Nature of the Ground, Der. Our word 
nature comes from the Latin natura, and 
this from natus, born—nature, things as they 
exist or are made or created. Syn. Fr. for 
“nature of the ground,” a phrase used 
chiefly in relation to foundation work, 
Nature or Condition de terrain—pron. nah- 
tuuhr, kohn- or kohng-dee-see-yong deh 
17 


ne 


tair-ane ; Ger. Grund- or Land- or Boden- 
beschaffenheit—that is, ground, land or soil 
condition — pron. gruuh-unt-bay-shaff-enn- 
hite, 

Neat (neatly finished). Terms used 
in connection with constructive work, as 
joiner’s work—all neat and clean or all 
neatly finished. Der. Our word neat 
comes from the French net, and this from 
the Latin nitidus, clean, tidy, and this again 
from nitire, to shine. Syn. Fr. for “ neat,” 
Net—pron. nett; also Propre—pron. proh- 
perr; Ger. Nett, or Zierlich—pron. tseer- 
lich. Syn. Fr. for “neatly done or executed,” 
Fait proprement—fay proh-perr-mahn ; also 
Exécuté net—pron. aix-eh-kueh-tay ; Ger, 
mit Nettigkeit machen, or nett ausftihren — 
pron. owss-fuehr-en. 

New Work, in Specification. A term 
often used where repairing or restoring 
work is being done, so as to keep up a 
distinction between the original and retained 
work and the new being added. Der. Our 
word new is from the Old English neawe, 
and this is said to be from the Latin novus, 
meaning recent, or, as we say, fresh. Syn. 
Fr. for “new work in brick, stone, or timber,” 
Ouvrage nouveau or neuf en brique, pierres, 
or bois—pron. ooh-vrah} nooh-voh or neuff 
ahn breek, pierre, bwah; Ger. neues Werk 
in Ziegelsteinen, Stein, or Holz. Syn. Fr. 
for “new work in painting” (to repaint), 
Repeindre — pron. reh-paihn-derr; Ger. 
Uebermalen. Syn. Fr. for “ renewing,” 
Rénouvellement ; Ger. Erneuerung. 

Noose (in hoisting work, in tying timber 
together temporarily, etc.) A running 
knot, the rope or cord so twisted that the 
greater the pull or strain made upon the 
“tie”? the closer and tighter the noose or 
knot becomes. Der. From the Latin nodus, 
a knot, or from the French synonym Neud 
—pron. nuuh or nuuhd; other synonyms 
are Collet, Lacet, Coulant —pron. koh-lay, 
lah-say, kooh-lahng; Ger. die Schlinge— 
pron. deeh shleeng-eh (our “sling” comes 
from this). Syn. Fr. for “to make a noose,” 
Faire un coulant ; Ger. eine Schlinge machen. 


Oblique. Synonymous with angular, 
aslant, or off the vertical. Der. Our word 
comes from the Latin obliquus, and this from 
ob and liquis, awry or aslant. Syn. Fr. 
Oblique — pron. oh-bleek; Ger. Schief or 
Schrdg. Syn. Fr. for “ obliquity,” Obliquite 
—pron. oh-bleek-eeh-tay ; Ger. Schrdgheit 
—pron. shrayg-hite. 

Obstruction, in Drainage Work, ete. 
Obstruction, as to the flow of sewage 
matters in drain tubes, arises from many 
causes—defective form alike in section and 
in plan, defective construction and the like. 
Der. Our word comes from the Latin 0é- 
structum, this from odstruere, and this again 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


from the compound of ob, and strwere, to 
heap up, pile up against, just as the solid 
matter 1n sewage is first precipitated behind 
and then piled up against an extraneous 
body present in the drain tube or sewer. 
Syn. Fr. for “obstruction in a pipe,” 
Engorgement dans une tuyau—pron,. ahng- 
gorjhe-mahng (from gorger, to choke, to 
cram, to glut), this latter meaning is taken 
from the French term in our word gorging ; 
Ger. eine Réhre stockung or verstopfung 
(from stocken, to fill with sticks, to stag- 
nate, and from stopfen, to stuff); also Ver- 
schleimen (from schletmen, to fill with 
slime). ; 

Office, in large building works, The 
small building, gener: lly of wood, set up 
in some convenient part of the ground, in 
which the clerk of the works does his work, 
and in which the drawings and papers are 
kept. Der. Our word comes from the Latin 
oficium, and this from ob, and facere, to 
make. Strictly speaking, the term office 
means the work to be performed, the duty 
to be applied ; but in course of time it has 
come to be applied to the place, the room 
in which the work is done. Syn. Fr. Bureau 
—pron. buuh-roh; also Office — pron. oh- 
feece; Ger. das Amt, or der Dienst—pron. 
deenst; also Schreibstuwbe— pron. shribe- 
stooh-bay, or Expedition — pron. aix-pay- 
dee-shee-ohn; also Anrichtezimmer—pron. 
ann-reeght-eh-tzee-merr. 

Oil colour, as opposed to whitewashing, 
sized colour, or distemper. Der. Our word 
oil comes from the Latin olewm, or the 
Anglo-Saxon ele, an inflammable, thickish, 
unctuous liquid obtained from animal fat 
and various vegetable substances, as lint seed 
or flax seed, and from minerals such as shale, 
or from subterranean petroleum. Syn. Fr. 
for “oil colour,” Couleur a UVhuile—pron. 
cooh-leuhr ah lwheel; Ger. Ocelfarbe—pron. 
oehl-fahr-beh. Syn. Fr. for “oil varnish,” 
Vernis « Vhuile—pron. vair-neeh ah lwheel ; 
Ger. Oel- or Fettfirniss—pron. oehl-, fett-feer- 
niss. 

Open Up (see text). Der. Our word 
comes from the Old English eopen, an un- 
covered object or place not concealed. Syn. 
Fr. for “to open up a foundation or a 
drain,” Ouvrir or Découvrir le fondement, la 
fondation—pron. ooh-vreer day-koohv-reer 
leuh fohnd-mahn, lah fohn-dah-seeon ; Ger. 
den Grund 6ffnen—pron. dane groond oeff- 
nen. Syn. Fr. for “to open up a new 
street,” Ouvrir or Percer une nouvelle rue 
—-pron. pair-say nooh-vell rueh; Ger. 
eine neue Strasse durchbrechen. Syn. Fr. 
for “open work,” as in perforated para- 
pets, ventilating apertures in brickwork, 
etc., Ouvrage a claire-voie — pron. ooh- 
vrahj ah klairr-vwah; Ger. durch- or aus- 
gebrochene Arbeit—pron. doorch- or owss- 
geh-broch-en-neh ahrr-bite. Syn. Fr. for 


258 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


“the open space,” Espace ouverte—pron. 
es-pahss ooh-vairt; Ger. offener or freier 
Raum—pron. of-fenn-er or fry-err rowm. 

Organ, in Church Architecture. The 
musical instrument used to accompany 
singing or chanting in public worship. Der. 
Our word comes from the Latin organum, 
and this from the Greek organon, from 
orgein, to work. Syn. Fr. Orgue —- pron. 
orrg ; Ger. der Orgal—pron. or-gall. 

Orifice. A term often used in construc- 
tion, as the orifice or mouth or opening of a 
drain, in a wall, ctc. Der. The word comes 
from the Latin orificium, an opening, a 
mouth, from oris, a mouth, and facere, to 
make, Syn. Fr. Orifice — pron. ohrr-ee- 
feece ; Ger. die Miindung (a mouth)—pron. 
muth-een-duuhng; also die Ogffnung—pron. 
oh-eef-nuuhng. 

Ornamentation, in Architecture and 
Building. The parts which are decorative 
or embellishing either by their form or 
outline or shape, or the surfaces of which 
are provided or furnished with decorative 
lines and parts, either carved or sculptured 
or painted in oil or distemper. Der. The 
word ornament comes from the Latin orna- 
mentum, and this from ornare, to adorn or 
supplement with a something which men 
agree to call beautiful or pleasing to the 
eye. Syn. Fr. for “ ornamentation of work,” 
Decoration, Ornage (from orner, to adorn), 
Ornamentation, or Parage (from parer, to 
deck out, to adorn) de l’owvrage—pron. day- 
korr-ah-seeon, orr-najhe, orr-neu-mahn-tah- 
seeon, or pah-rahj deh looh-vrahj; Ger. 
Verzierung—pron. ferr-tsee-roong. Syn. Fr. 
for “ornamental painter,” Peintre d’ornement 
— pron. paihn-terr dorr-neu-mahn; Ger, 
Ziermaler—pron. tseer-mah-lerr, or Schdén- 
maler—pron. shoen. 

@utlet of a drain or ditch. The part at 
the termination of a length of tubing or 
drain pipes at which the liquid leaves the 
system, flowing out from the orifice of the 
tubes, etc. Syn. Fr. Voie découlement, the 
flowing out of, way (écouler, to flow out of 
—pron. vwah day-kool-mahng; also De- 
bouchée d’une tuyeau— pron. day-boosh-eh 
duuhn twee-yoh; Ger. eine Réhre Abzug or 


Rohreabzugsloch--pron, roh-ray-ahwb-tzoogs- 


logh, 

Outside Work, as distinguished from 
interior work, as joiner’s fittings, etc. The 
term is applied to all work going on without 
special shelter. Still, to this there are 
exceptions, as stone-cutting work, which, 
while it is done outside, is frequently done 
under the shelter of a shed. Syn. Fr, 
Ouvrage en extérieur—pron. ooh-vrahj ahn 
aix-tare-ee-euhr, or Ouvrage de construction 
extérieur ; Ger. dussere Arbeit. 

Oven, in House Ironmongery. That part 
of a kitchen cooking-range in which baking, 
broiling, etc., are done; in large, asin farm- 


ov 


houses, the special structure fired or heated 
separately, and brick lined, in which baking 
on the large scale is carried on. Der. The 
word is from the Old English ofen, a recep- 
tacle with arch over, and fired or heated 
either by a special furnace or by fuel burned 
in small iron baskets or. grilles, called 
generally chauffers, which are placed at 
certain points as desired on the floor of 
the oven. Syn. Fr. for “kitchen oven,” for 
baking, etc., Kowr—pron. foohr, or Four de 
cuisine ; Ger. Backofen—i.e. a baking oven 
—pron. bahk-oh-fenn, or simply Ofen; 
sometimes Flammenofen, an oven heated by 
flame; also Bratréhre—literally “roasting 
tube ”—pron. braht-roeh-reh. 

** Overall.” A term frequently used, as 
“so many inches overall,’ meaning a fair, 
full measurement of the length of a body 
from end to end, of the width or breadth 
from edge to edge, or of depth or thickness 
from top to bottom. Generally speaking, 
the term means that the measurement 
named must not be less—full measurement. 
Syn. Fr. for “measurement overall,” 
Meésurage de bout a bout (from end to end), 
de bord a bord (from side or edge), or de 
Jace a dos (from front to back)— pron, may- 
zueh-rahj deh booh tah booh, deh bore dah 
bore, or day fahss ah doh; Ger. die Messung 
von Ende zu Ende—pron. mess-oong fonn 
enn-deh tsoo enn-deh, or Messung von Ecke 
zu Ecke (edge to edge)—pron. ekk-eh; also 
Messung von der Vorder zur Riickseite — 
pron. vorr-derr tsoor rueck-zy-teh. 

Overhanging. A term in construction 
which indicates that a part projects before 
another, as the eaves of a roof, which are 
brought so low down that they are in 
advance of and above the vertical face of 
wall. Syn. Fr. for “overhanging work,” 
Ouvrage en surplomb—pron. oohy-rajhe ahng 
suuhr-plohm, or Ouvrage suspendu au-dessus 
—pron. suuhs-pahng-duuh, day-suuh; also 
Ouvrage en porte a faux (work having a 
false support—that is, apparently hanging 
without support)—pron. porr-tah foh; Ger. 
Arbeit tiberhangend—pron. arr-bite ooh-eeh- 
bare-hang-end. 

Overlapping, as of slates, beams, etc. 
Der. Our word lap comes from the Old 
English lappa, a border, a flap, something 
loose, a foldin a fabric. Syn: Fr. for “ over- 
lapping of slates,” Recouvrement des ardoises 
—pron, reh-koove-err-mahn days arr-dwahz ; 
also Enclavement—pron. ahn-klahve-mahn ; 
Ger. Uberziehen mit Schiefer—pron., ooh-berr- 
tzee - henn mit shee-ferr. Syn. Fr. for 
“overlapping of beams” (the more correct 
term would be overlaying, inasmuch as 
lapping consists in placing one part of a 
beam upon or above another part), Recowvre- 
ment des poutres—pron. day pooh-terr ; also 
Poutres coupées & mi-jointe (half-jointed 
beams, half-lap)—pron. kooh-pay ah mee- 


259 


pa 


jwahnt; Ger. Balken tiberzogen mit Halb- 
scharnier ; also idberdldttete Balken. 


Parquetry. The art of inlaying floors 
with woods of different forms and colours, so 
as to form patterns, making up, in large 
floors, as those of public halls, a general 
design. The art may otherwise be called 
floor mosaics. Syn. Fr. Parqueterie (the 
English word is very closely allied to this, 
being simply altered in accordance with the 
genius or national peculiarity of the English 
language)—pron, park-ett-ree (the term is 
from the verb parqueter—pron. parr-kett- 
eh); Ger. Parquet, or Tafelwerk—that is, 
table-work or work of the same class as 
inlaying table tops with wood — mosaic 
work—pron. tah-fell-vairrk. 

Passage, in Domestic Architecture. A 
narrow space much longer than broad or 
wide, between two walls, serving as a means 
of communication between one part of the 
house and another. If at the back part of 
the house in a large structure it is called 
a back lobby, or, more generally, simply 
passage. Der. Our word is from the French 
passer, to pass, and this from the Latin 
passus, a step. Syn. Fr. for “ passage,” 
Allée— pron. ah-lay, or Coulissoire — pron. 
koohl - eece- wahr; also Passage dégagé 
(private passage)—pron. pah-sahj day-gah- 
jay, or Allée laterale (side passage)—pron, 
lah-tay-rahl; Ger. der Gang (from gehen, to 
go), or geheime Gang (geheim, secret) —pron. 
gay-hime-eh gahng, or Seitengang (side or 
lateral passage)—pron. zite-enn. 

Patch up, To. A phrase often used in 
constructive work to indicate that some 
repairing work is done in a way more or 
less temporary. It is synonymous with the 
phrase “to mend.” Der. The word comes 
from the German patschen, to dabble, or less 
directly from pfufchen, to botch or bungle. 
Syn. Fr. for “to patch,” Rapiécer—pron. 
rah-pee-ace-eh ; also Raccommeder (this 
more correctly means to mend)—pron. rah- 
koh-moh-day; Ger. Flicken—pron. flee-kenn, 
or Stiicken—pron. stooh-eek-enn ; also Aws- 
bessern—pron. owse-bess-errn. Syn. Fr. for 
“to patch up,” Pldtrer—pron. plah-tray ; 
also Bacler—pron. bah-klay ; Ger. Zusammen- 
stoppeln—pron. tzuuh-sah-menn-stopp-elln ; 
also Hinsudeln—pron. heen-suuh-delln. 

Perforate a body, as a stone, is to make 
a hole or aperture through it. Der. The 
word comes from the Latin per, and forare, 
to bore. Syn. Fr. Percer d'autre en autre 
{from the one side to the other) — pron. 
perr-say doh-terr ahng oh-terr, or Perforer 
(which is the Latin word), to bore through 
—pron. per-forr-eh ; also Creuser (but this 
refers to the work of hollowing out)—pron. 
kruuh-zay, or Trouer (from trou, a hole)— 
pron. trooh-ay ; Ger. Ldchen—pron. loh-eek- 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


enn (from Loch, a hole), or Durchléchen— 
pron. duurshe (to through-perforate) ; also 
Durchbohren (bohren, to bore)—pron. -bohe 
renn. Syn. Fr. for “perforation” (same 
word as ours)—pron. perr-foh-rah-see-ohng ; 
also Zrou—pron. trooh; Ger. das Loch— 
pron. dass logh ; also das Durchbohrung or 
-l6chung—pron. -boh-ruuhng, -loh-eek-oohng, 

Perspective drawing of a building. A 
drawing distinguished from other kinds of 
drawings, such as plan, elevation, or section, 
in so far that it gives a view of different 
sides of the building, such as front, end and 
roof in one drawing ; whereas in ordinary or 
orthographic drawings, a drawing can only 
show one part, as a side elevation or front 
view, at a time. In popular phrase a 
perspective drawing is a picture drawing 
showing on paper a view of the structure 
as it would appear if actually built. <As 
different parts of a drawing of this kind 
show different sizes and angles of receding 
lines, measurements to scale cannot be taken 
from them and applied to or read off from 
ordinary scales of equal parts. Der. From 
the Latin perspicere, from per and specere, to 
look. Syn. Fr. for “perspective drawing,” 
un Dessin perspectif—pronu. euhn dess-aihn 
pairr-spekk-teef; Ger. perspectivische Zeich- 
nung — pron. pair-spek-teeve-ish-eh tsych- 
noong, or Fernzeichnung (from fern, distant, 
and zeichnen, to draw, showing the distance). 

Pew, in Church Building. The place in 
which the worshippers sit, being a compart- 
ment having a bench or seat to accommodate 
several persons. Der. The word is from 
the Old French put, and this from the Latin 
podum, ahigh place. Syn. Fr. Bane or Siege 
or Loge or Place or Chaise d’ église—pron. 
bahng, see-age, logjh, plass, shaize day- 
gleeze; Ger. Kirchenstuhl or -sitz (church 
stool)—pron. -seetz. 

Plumbline. The line used to test the 
vertical accuracy of a wall or of timber- 
work, as of posts fixed in the ground. To 
the end of a stout cord a piece of lead is 
attached, and as this, in obedience to the 
law of gravitation, when freely suspended 
from a point above forms a line at right 
angles to the line of the horizon, it is, 
therefore, vertical. To test the accuracy of 
a wall, or, to use the technical expression, to 
see “if it is out of or off the plumb,” the 
cord is held firmly against the upper part of 
the wall or post, and if its length exactly 
coincide with the face of the wall or post, 
it is vertical; if the line and lead hang so 
that a space is left between it and the lower 
part of the wall, it shows that the wall is 
not vertical, Der. The term plumbline is 
directly from the Latin plumbum, lead, lead 
being the easiest metal to form a “ bob” or 
weight of, being, doubtless, used from the 
earliest times to form the weight (see Dis- 
sertation). Syn. Fr. for “plumbline,” Fil 


260 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, 


& plomb (cord with lead) — pron. feel ah 
plohmmb, or simply Plomd; also Sonde—this 
term, however, is more applicable to the 
sounding-line of the seamen (from sondiren, to 
sound, to probe); Ger. Senkblei, lead sinker 
(from senken, to sink, to drop, to lower, and 
Blei, lead)—pron. zenk-bly ; also Bleiloth— 
i.e. « lead plummet or lead line—pron. bly- 
lote. ‘“ Mason’s plumb-level.” In this ap- 
pliance advantage is taken of the vertical 
hanging of a heavy mass, as lead, attached 
to the lower end of a cord freely suspended 
from a point above to test the accuracy of a 
horizontal surface, just as the plumbline is 
used to test the vertical accuracy of a wall. 
In the mason’s level, the lower part of a 
wooden framing is placed upon the surface, 
as the upper course of brickwork, and if the 
plumbline, suspended from an upper point 
of the frame central to its length, coincides 
with the vertical line of the frame, the wall 
is level; if it drops or appears to drop to 
the right or to the left, the wall is off the 
level in one direction or the other. Syn. Fr. 
Plomb & niveau—pron. plohmmb ah nee-voh, 
or simply Niveau ; Ger. Bleischeit (Scheit, a 
billet or log of wood)—that is, a lead [line] 
wood frame—pron. bly-shite ; also Bleimasz 
(Masz, a measure) a lead [line] measure. 
Prime, To. <A term used in painting to 
indicate a preliminary process to which 
wood surfaces are subjected before they are 
painted, the object of which is to “kill” 
the resinous matter present in the wood, 
and prepare its surface for the succeeding 
coats of paint. Der. The word is from the 
Latin primus, first. Syn. Fr. for “to prime 
wood for painting,” Abreuver (to water, to 
soak) or Appréter (to prepare, to dress) le 
bois pour peinturage—pron. ah-brew-vay leh 
bwah poor paihng-tueh-rahj ; Ger. fiir Holz- 
malerei grundiren—pron. fuer hollts-mahl- 
err-eye groon-deer-en. Syn. Fr. for 
“priming by rubbing the surface or knotted 
parts with pumice-stone, chalk, or plaster 
of Paris,” Frotter avec la ponce—pron. froh- 
tay ah-veck Jah pohnss, or simply Poncer— 
pron. pohn-say ; also Polir a la pierre-ponce 
—pron. poh-leer ah lah pee-airr-pohnss ; 
Ger. die Reibung mit Bimstein (from reiben, 
to rub)—pron. dee ribe-oong mit bim-stine, 
Proportion, in Architectural Design. A 
term used to indicate that all the parts are 
in harmony, or what might otherwise and 
graphically be described as well balanced, 
no one member having an undue promi- 
nence given to it, so as to dwarf any other 
part. A good idea of the term may be had 
from its derivation, it being formed by 
two Latin words pro, for, and portio, a 
portion; so that a building well propor- 
tioned means that each member of the 
design has given to it neither more nor 
less than its fair share or portion of 
prominence. The term is applied to the 


details or parts taken separately of a design, 
as well as to the arrangement or assemblage 
of these in relation to each as a whole. 
Thus the pilasters of doors, taken as parts 
or individual members of a general design, 
may be very ill proportioned—as, for example, 
in respect of breadth to height, or of the 
dimensions of mouldings, or of cap or base 
to general dimensions of the pilaster ; while 
the doors themselves or their voids may be 
well proportioned, considered as parts of the 
general design or as showing in the facade 
or elevation. In this case the pilasters are 
said to be “ill proportioned” or, in relation 
to the door they adorn, “ out of proportion.” 
The principle applies to all details, however 
minute, such as mouldings and the like. 
There are certain “rules” regulating the 
proportion of certain members of a design, 
and also of the individual parts of each 
member. But these are not slavishly followed 
by those who seem to have naturally the 
accurate idea of what constitutes true pro- 
portion in the general as well as in detail. 
Those intuitively, as it were, at once hit 
upon what are the right dimensions to give, 
so that the whole design throughout when 
executed will be felt by all to be well 
proportioned or balanced ; or, to follow the 
derivation we have named, it is seen that each 
part has precisely its own share or portion 
of prominence given to it. Students, while 
paying attention to the established rules 
which assign definite proportion to certain 
parts, will do well to study “ proportion” in 
the well-known works of architects whose 
designs are acknowledged to be what are 
more or less perfect. The Greeks were the 
most advanced artists in “proportion,” con- 
sidered as an essential part of architectural 
design. Syn. Fr. Symétrie—pron. see-mate- 
ree, or Harmonie—pron. haar-moh-nee ; also 
(our own word) Proportion, only pron. proh- 
pohr-see-ohng ; Ger. die Symetrie—pron. dee 
seem-ee-tree; also die Form or Antheil— 
pron. ann-tile; also Gleichmass (lit. “like 
mass ”—pron, glike-mass. 

Propyleum or Propyleum, in Archi- 
tectural Design. A term used to indicate a 
portico placed before a gate. Syn. Fr. 
Propylée—pron. proh-pee-lay ; Ger. Vorhalle 


(front hall)—pron, fore-hahl-leh; also 
Propylium—pron. proh-pee-lay-oom, 
Prostylus, in Architectural Design. A 


term used to indicate that a portico has 
columns projecting from the building with 
which it is connected. Syn, Fr. Prostyle— 
proh-steel. 

Prothyra (called also Diathyra) in 
Architectural Design. A term used to denote 
the vestibule placed in front of the doors of 
a house. It may be likened to the well 
known “porch” (which see). Syn. Fr 
Baniere — pron. bah-nee-air; also <Avant- 
porte—pron, ah-vahn-pobhrtt. 


261 


s 


pr 


| 


pr 
Prothyrides, .in Architectural Design. 
A term synonymous with ‘“concones,” 


another term used to denote the ornaments 
which hang or are suspended from the 
doorways designed in the [onic style. 
They are otherwise known as consoles and 
trusses. Syn. Fr. Console—pron. kohn-soll ; 
Ger. Kragstein—pron. krahg-stine. 
Protractor, in Drawing Instruments 
(called sometimes a “circumferenter”). An 
instrument employed to set out angles in 
building surveys and plans, and in working 
drawings. Jer. Its name is.taken from the 
Latin protractum, of the verb protrahere, 
and this from pro, for, and trahere, to draw. 
There are two forms of protractors: the 
semicircular the older, and the plain-scale 
protractor the newer fashioned form of the 
instrument ; the semicircular being usually 
made of plate brass and the plain scale of 
ivory or of boxwood. In both, from the 
centre of the lower edge or side a line is 
drawn at right angles to the edge or side, 
dividing the protractor into two equal parts. 
On the right-hand side of the centre line, 
say in the semicircular form, the points or 
lines of angles all converge to or radiate 
from the central point on lower edge, de- 
noting angles from 0° up to 90°, or a right 
angle. On the left-hand side of the central 
line the angle points are marked off, all 
converging to the central point from the 
upper end of central line or-point of angle 
of 90° down to the left-hand end of lower 
edge, terminating at 180°. The protractor 
thus takes in 180° from the extreme point, 
0° on the right hand of lower edge, round 
the outer edge of semicircle to the extreme 
point left hand of lower edge to 1809, 
in half a circle. In the plain protractor 
the angle points are marked on the outer 
edges of the two ends right and left, 
and the outer edge of upper side of pro- 
tractor. In using the protractor, the lower 
edge is made to coincide precisely with the 
line in which another line at a given angle 
to it is to be drawn, the centre point of 
protractor’s edge coinciding also with the 
point from which the angular line is to be 
drawn or to start from. Suppose the angle 
is 30°, or below a right.angle, the angle 
point marked or figured 30° is found on the 
right-hand side of the protractor’s centre 
line ; a mark with pencil or pricker point is 
next made on the paper at this 30° point. 
The protractor is then removed from the 
paper or board, and a line drawn through 
the centre point or base line, and the point 
marking place of 30° will give a line drawn 
at an angle of 30° to the base line. Syn. 
Fr, Rapporteur pour les angles—pron. rah- 
pohr-tuuhr, poor laize ahn-gell, or simply 
Rapporteur ; also Instrument pour mesurer 
les angles—pron, ahng-struuh-mahng poor 
may-suuhr-eh laize ahn-gell: Ger. Winkel- 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


trdger (angle drawer) —pron, veenk-ell- 
trah-eeg-err; also Winkelfasser (angle con- 
tainer) —pron. fass-err. 

Pseudo-dipteral, in Architectural Design. 
A term used to indicate an arrangement.of 
columns in which the inner row'of columns 
is omitted. The term “dipteral” indicates 
a columnar arrangement in which there are 
two rows of columns. Der. The term 
dipteral is from the Greek dipteros, from 
dis, double, and pteron, a feather—two- 
winged. Syn. Fr. Dipteére—pron,. deep- 
taire; Ger. Doppelfliiglig (double-winged)— 
pron. dop-pel-fluehg-lich, or Doppelsdulig 
(double columned)—pron. zoy-lich. Syn. Fr. 
for “ pseudo-dipteral,” Pseudo-diptére—pron. 
sueh-doh-dip-taire, or Fauax- (false) diptére 
—pron. foh-dip-taire ; Ger. Falsch-doppel- 
Jliiglig—pron. fahlsh-dop-pel-fluehg-lich, 

Pseudo-peripteral, —in Architectural 
Design. A term used to indicate the 
columnar arrangement in which the columns 
are attached to the walls in place of being 
arranged as in the style known as “ perip- 
teral” (which see)... Syn. Fr. , Pseudo- 
périptere — pron, pseuh-doh-perr-eep-taire, 
or Faux-périptere—pron. foh. 

Pteroma, in Architectural Design. <A 
term used to indicate a colonnade tormed 
by columns ranged round and at a distance 
from the main or central building. Der. 
The term is from the Greek pteron, a wing. 
Syn. Fr. Colonnade autour d’un temple— 
pron. koh-loh-nahd oh-toor deuhn tahm- 
pell; Ger. Saiilengang ringsum einen Bau— 
pron, zoy-len-gahng rings - oom ine-en 
bough. 

Pull Down. A term used in building to 
indicate that a building or part of a building 
is to be taken down, either to clear the 
ground on which if stands, or to make room 
for a new building or part of a building. 
Der, The term “pull” is from the. Old 
English pullian, to draw an object towards 
one, to drag along. Syn. Fr. for “to pull 
down a building,” Déemaconner—pron. day- 
mah-sohn-nay, or Détruire — pron. deh- 
trweer ; also Débdtir—pron, day-bah-teer, or 
Abattre—pron. ah-bah-terr ; Ger. Mauer- 
arbeit einreissen—pron. mow- (ow as in now) 
err arr-bite ine-rice-enn ; also Niederreissen 
(to tear down)—pron. nee-dare-rice-enn. 

Pulvinated, in Architectural Design. A 
term employed to indicate the curved outline 
or swelling edge of the frieze of the Ionic 
order of architecture... It is applied also to 
any part of an order or style in which the 
edge or profile is curved outwards, convex 
or “swelled out,” in place of being in a 
straight line, as the vertical line of an 
ordinary frieze. It is so called from its 
fancied resemblance to the pressed out or 
swelling end of a pillow, the Latin word for 
which is pulvinar, the root of the term. 
Hence also the synonymous term sometimes 


262 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


employed for work of this kind—“ pillowed.’ 
Syn. Fr. Frise or Platebande en forme—pron. 
freeze or plaht-bahnd ahn forrm; also Profil 
dun oreiller (oreiller, a pillow or part on 
which the “ears” (oreil/e, the ear] press in 
Pet! A aay ON proh-feel duehn orr-ail-yeh: 
Ger. Polsterfriess — pron. poll-sterr-freece ; 
also der antike Jonische Frriess--pron, dare 
ahn-tee-keh eeh-oh-nish-eh freece. 

Pump. The mechanical contrivance by 
which water is lifted or forced from a low 
to a high level; used to pump water from 
foundation trenches and the like, or to 
obtain a supply of water froma well. Der. 
Doubtful : some take it to come from the 
Italian pompa, and this is supposed to come 
from the verb bombare, to drink. Others 
(and we think more accurately) believe the 
word to be a purely Old English one, 
spelled almost identically the same as our 
word, pwmp, and which means round or 
cylindrical, as a pump barrel is. Pumps 
are of two kinds: the “lifting” and the 
“force.” In the lifting, the height to 
which the water can be raised is limited— 
dependent upon the pressure of the atmo- 
sphere and the perfection of the vacuum 
created by the plunger or piston rising or 
lifted in the pump barrel or tube. This 
practically places the height to which the 
water can be lifted considerably below the 
theoretical height, which may be taken at 
‘from 30 to 32 ft. In the lifting pump there 
is a valve or clack placed in the plunger or 
piston opening upwards, and another valve 
also opening upwards at the foot of the 
pump barrel. On the plunger being raised 
by its rod, worked either directly or by a 
lever or pump handle, the valve closes by 
the pressure of the air on its upper side, and 
a vacuum more or less perfect is created 
below the piston ; and by the atmospheric 
pressure on the surface of the water in the 
well the water is forced up the pump 
barrel, passing through the valve-opening 
made by the valve rising, and thus following 
- the under side of piston closely. On the 
piston or plunger being forced downwards 
on its return stroke by the rod or handle, 
the valve at foot of barrel closes, retaining 
the water in the barrel space, and the valve 
in pump plunger opens upwards, allowing 
the water to pass from the under to the 
upper side of piston or plunger. On the 
down-stroke being completed and the up- 
stroke commenced, the valve closes in the 
piston, being pressed on its upper side by 
the water above it; and this is then lifted 
up by the continued upward rise of the 
plunger till the exit or delivery pipe or 
mouth at top of pump is reached, when the 
water flows out and is led away as desired. 
The lifting pump was originally, and is 
still often called, though erroneously, the 
“suction pump,” from the notion, first and 


. pu 


for long held, that the plunger sucked up or 
drew up the water after it,in place of the 
atmospheric pressure on the surface of the 
water in which the pump barrel is placed 
forcing the water into the vacuous space 
formed below the plunger or piston. In 
the second class of pump, the “force” cr 
“forcing pump,’’ which gives a constant in 
place of an intermittent flow or supply of 
water at its upper part, is provided witha 
valve opening upwards at the lower part 
of the pump barrel. At the upper part of 
the barrel a branch pipe is led off from the 
main barrel, and is provided with a valve 
also opening upwards; and the branch pipe 
above the valve is taken to and connected 
with a receiver or air vessel. In this form 
the plunger or piston is solid, having no 
valve placed in it; and by repeated work- 
ing up and down in the barrel, the water 
alternately rises and fills the space below 
the piston, passing through the lower valve 
from the source of supply, and is forced out 
of the barrel by the next or descending 
motion of the piston, through the valve in 
branch pipe, and by this to the receiver, a 
closed air-tight vessel. The pipe conveying 
the water from this to where the supply is 
needed is passed into the interior of the 
receiver, and terminated near the lower 
part of it. There is, then, always a supply 
of air at the upper part of the receiver, 
and as the water is forced into the 
interior by the action of the pump piston 
or plunger, the air is the more compressed 
at the upper part of the receiver the 
greater the supply of water to it. And 
thus the compression of the air rendering it 
very expansive, it presses upon the surface 
of the water in the receiver, and forces 
the water to flow out, not only in a con- 
tinuous stream, but to great heights, 
dependent upon the force applied to the 
pump plunger, friction of the water in 
the pipes, etc.—a force or forcing pump 
thus useful in supplying water to heights 
and at distances from the source of 
supply, as a well, river, or the like, not 
available by the ordinary lift pump. A 
third class of pump, applicable where steam 
power is used to force water from a low to 
a high level, is the centrifugal pump. This, 
simply described, is a circular drum or disc 
supplied with flat or curved vanes or arms 
made to revolve with great velocity within 
a case, the lower part of which is connected 
with a pipe leading to the source of supply, 
as a reservoir, etc.: the water by the rapid 
revolution of the disc and vanes is brought 
up the supply tube and passed on to the 
delivery tube. Syn. Fr. for “pump,” Pompe 
—pron. pohmp (drawing out or dwelling 
upon the o-h) or poghmp; Ger. die Pumpe 
—pron. dee poom-pay. Syn. Fr. for “ lift or 
lifting pump,” popularly called a “suction 


263 


pu 


pump.” Pompe élévatoire et aspirante—pron. 
ale-eh-vah-twahr ate ass-pee-rahnte, or 
simply Pompe aspirante ; Ger. die Hebe- und 
Druckwerk-pumpe (from heben, to lift, or 
Hebe, a lever, and Druck, pressure, or driicken, 
to press or compress)—pron. dee heeb-eh- 
oont drook-vairk poom-pay ; also die Saug- 
pumpe, sucking or suction pump (from 
saugen, to suck)—pron. saugg. Syn. Fr. for 
“ forcing or force pump,” Pompe aspirante et 
foulante—pron. poghmp ass-pee-raghnt eh 
fooh-lahngt (from fouler, to put a pressure 
upon, as the solid piston compresses the 
water in the pump barrel, forcing it through 
the valve in the branch delivery pipe); Ger. 
die Saug- und Druckwerk-pumpe, Syn. Fr. 
for “centrifugal pump,” Pompe a force 
centrifuge—pron. pohmp ah forss sahng- 
tree-foojh ; also Pompe rotative or a 
rotation—pron. roh-tah-teeve, roh-tah-see- 
yohng; Ger. die centrifugal Pumpe—pron. 
dee saint-tree-fooh-gall pom- pay; also 
rotirende Pumpe pron. roh-tee-rain-day. 
Syn. Fr. for “ pump handle or lever,” Levier 
de pompe—pron. leh-vee-eh deh pohmp ; 
also Balancier or Bascule de pompe—pron. 
bah-lahng-see-eh, bah-skuuhl; Ger. die 
Pumpenhandhabe—prou. poohm-pane-hant- 
hah-bay, or Pumpenhdndel, Syn. Fr. for 
“pump maker,’ Pompier—pron. pohm-pee- 
ay ; Ger. Pumpen- or Spritzenmacher (from 
Spritze, a syringe) — pron, spreets-zane- 
maw-kerr. Syn. Fr. for “ pumping” of water 
from a pit or well, etc., Hpuisement—pron. 
eh-pweeze-mahng (from épuiser, to drain or 
draw off). 

Purfled or Purfle Work, in Architectural 
Design. A term used to denote that parts 
are highly decorated with sculptured work. 
Der. From the Old French pourfiler, to 
embroider with thread, from pour, for, and 
Jil, a thread. 

Puzzolano, in Building Materials. A 
sand of volcanic origin much used by the 
Romans, and still used in some districts as 
an ingredient in the formation of a building 
(hydraulic) cement, capable of hardening 
under water. It derives its name from the 
town of Puzzoli, near Vesuvius, the cele- 
brated volcano in the Bay of Naples, and 
from which the ancient Romans found their 
first supply. Puzzolano (poot-zoh-lah-noh) 
appears to be a clayey earth which has been 
calcined in all probability by volcanic heat, 
ejected from some active volcano, and 
deposited in mass in its neighbourhood. 
The constituents are silica, alumina, lime, 
and oxide of iron. In physical character- 
istics it is met with in the form of a sand 
or powder, or in coarse granular pieces, 
frequently in pumice-stone and tufa. Its 
colour varies from a brown or violet-red to 
yellow and grey. The only preparation 
required to make it applicable to the for- 
mation of a cement is grinding to a fine 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


powder, which is then mixed with lime in 
varying preportions, and applied in the 
usual way. 

Pycnostylos or Pycnostyle, in Architec- 
tural Design. A term used in column or 
pillar work to indicate that the columns or 
pillars are interspaced to the distance or 
extent equal only to one-and-a-half times 
the diameter of the column or pillar. Der. 
From the Greek piknos and stilos (a column), 
signifying that the columns were placed 
close together or closer than in the usual 
arrangements. Syn. Fr. Pycnostyle—pron. 
peek-noh-steel; Ger. Dichtsdulig (dicht, close, 
thickly set), ‘‘close-set pillared””— pron, 
dicht-zoy-lich. 

Pyramid, in Architectural Design or Con- 
struction. A solid body, of which the base 
is generally a square, but may be triangular 
or polygonal, as a hexagon or octagon. 
The sides gradually slope or batter inwards. 
from the base equally all round, till they 
all meet in a singlepoint called the apex. 
Der. The term is from the Latin pyramis, or 
the Greek puramidos or puramis, from the 
Greek word pir, fire, denoting that the 
pyramid resembled in form the flame of a 
fire (see the German synonym meaning & 
“flame pillar”). The Egyptian term was 
piromi, the name given to the building 
which formed one of the most striking of 
the structures of that singular people. Syn. 
Fr. Pyramide — pron. peer-ah-meed; Ger. 
die Pyramide—pron. dee peer-ah-mee-day, 
A “truncated pyramid” is what would 
popularly be called a pyramid cut short— 
a portion of the upper part or apex being 
cut off either by a line parallel to the base 
or oblique to it—generally the former. The 
term truncated is derived from the Latin 
troncus, the stem or bole (or trunk) of a 
tree. Syn. Fr. Pyramide tronquée—pron. 
pee-rah-meed trohng-kay; also Pyramide 
coupée (cut pyramid)—pron. kooh-pay ; Ger. 
Pyramide durchschnitt (cut through)—pron. 
doorsh-shneet. 


Quadrangle, in Architectural Design. 
A square, equal-sided, right-angled space on 
all sides of which buildings are erected, 
thus giving four faces or facades to the 
general structure. The form is that gene- 
rally employed in colleges and ecclesiastical 
buildings. Der. The term is from the Latin 
quadrangulum, and this from quatuor, four, 
and angulus, an angle. The angles are all 
right angles, and therefore all the sides are 
equal. Syn. Fr. Quadrangle — pron. kah- 
drahn-gell; also Bdtiment quadrilatere — 
pron. bah-tee-mahn kwah-dree-lah-tairr ; 
Ger. Viereck—pron. fear-eck. 

Quarter-stone Work, in Masonry. 
A term sometimes used synonymous 
with quarry-stone or dry-stone wall (see 
Quarters). 


264 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, 


Quarter-stuff, in Materials. A term used 
to signify in joinery planks or deals one- 
fourth of an inch in thickness. Syn. Fr. 
Planches d'une quatrieéme— pron. plahush 
duehn kah-tree-aim; also Quartier d’une 
pouce d’épaisseur—pron. karr-tee-ay duehn 
pooce day-paiss-seuhr; Ger. die viertel- 
zolligen Bretter—pron. dee fear-tel-tsoell- 
ig-en brett-err. 

Quartz. A stone or crystal allied to the 
precious stones sometimes used in coloured 
architectural decoration. It is pure silica 
or silex, generally in acrystallised and trans- 
parent state. Syn. Fr. Quartz; Ger. der 
Quarz—pron. kwahrts. © 

Quatrefoil, in Architectural Design. An 
ornament representing in conventionalised 
form a four-leaved, or what is botanically 
called a cruciform flower. It is a charac- 
teristic feature of the mouldings of the 
Decorated and Euarly English styles of 
Gothic or Pointed architecture where mould- 
ings are not plain but ornamented. Der. 
The term is from, or rather a corruption of, 
the French term or synonym Quatre-feuille 
—i.e. four-leaved — pron. kah-terr-feull ; 
Ger. das Vierblatt—pron. feer-blaht._. 

Quay, in Marine Architecture. The wall 
which borders a navigable river, the area of 
a dock or the sides of a harbour, the wharf 
on which and from which to unload and 
load goods brought up to the wall by ships, 
barges, etc. The English pronunciation of 
the word is key, not gway. Syn. Fr. Quai 
—pron. kay; Ger. der Kai—pron. kay ; 
also Landungsplatz (ship landing) — pron, 
lahn-doongs-plahts. 

Quenching. A term sometimes used as 
synonymous with “slacking” or slaking 
of lime, by pouring water on the calcined 
or burnt shells. Der. The word is from the 
Old English cwencian, to extinguish or put 
out, as a fire by pouring water upon it. 
Syn. Fr. for “quenching tub,” used also in 
blacksmith’s work for cooling his hot irons, 
etc., Eteignoir—pron. eh-tain-wharr. 

Quicken. A term used in building, as 
in renewing the activity of a mortar some- 
what spent by mixing it with a little fresh 
lime and water. The root derivation of the 
term is the same as in last term. Syn. Fr. 
Egayer—pron. eh-gahe-yea ; a better term is 
Vivifier (to make alive)—pron. veeve-eef- 
ee-eh ; also Animer — pron. ah-nee-may ; 
Ger. Freier machen (to set or make free)— 
pron. frihe-air-mah-kane; also Belaben — 
pron. bay-lah-benn. 

Quicksand, in Building Foundation Work. 
A term used to signify a foundation soil 
composed of sand so mingled or mixed with 
water from a spring or springs as to render 
it unstable and liable to lateral movement 
under pressure at any point. It constitutes 
one of the most difficult and harassing 
foundation soils with which the builder 


265 


ra 


has to deal. Der. The word quick is from 
the Old English cwic, pronounced like our 
word, meaning lively, active. Syn. Fr. 
Sable mouvant or mobile — pron. sah-bell 
mooh-vahn, moh-beel; Ger. Flugsand (from 
Fluge, flight), a flying sand—pron. floog- 
zahnt ; also 7reibsand (from treiben, to push 
or drive), sand easily pushed or moved aside 
—pron. tribe-zahnt, 

Quire, in Church Architecture. A term 
sometimes used in place of ‘‘ choir,” the part 
of the building in which the singers are 
placed. Syn. Fr. Chaur—pron. koh-euhr ; also 
Ambon—-pron, ahm-bohng ; Ger. das Chor. 


Radius, in setting out work in working 
drawings or on the ground. The name 
given to the line which extends from the 
centre of a circle or of a part of a circle as 
an arc, to the periphery or circumferential 
line of the circle. This extent is equal to 
half the diameter of the circle. Der. It is a 
Latin word, signifying a beam or pencil of 
light, The word ray, as in the phrase ray 
of light or heat, comes from the same word. 
Syn. Fr. Rayon—pron. ray-yohng or ray- 
ohng; also le Semi- or Demi-diamétre d’une 
circonférence—pron. lay semmi- or say- 
mee- demm-eeh-dee-ah-meh-terr duehn 
seer-koong-fair-ahngse ; Ger. Radius—pron. 
raw-deeh-oose, or Halbmesser. Syn. Fr. for 
“yadiation,” the diverging lines, as in the 
divisions of a rose window, the sash-bars of 
a door, semicircular window, etc., Rayonne- 
ment—pron. rah-yohng-mahng; Ger, Aus- 
strahlung—pron. owsse-straw-loohng. Syn. 
Fr. for “ radius line,” in setting out carpentry 
work, Simbleaw— pron: seem-bloh; Ger. 
Zirkelschnur (Schnur, a cord)—pron. tzeer- 
kale-shnuur ; also Radiuskette (Kette, a chain) 
pron. kett-eh. 

Ragstone Work, in Masonry. <A peculiar 
method of building a wall, frequently termed 
Kentish ragstone, in which flattish, irregular- 
sized stones are placed at irregular intervals 
with layers of mortar—often, in rough work 
of the kind, of clay or adobe. The pieces are 
generally about the thickness of a brick, and 
although generally laid in horizontal courses, 
are often placed irregularly, some at an 
angle or oblique, others vertical or at right 
angles, to the base line. The distinguishing 
feature between ragstone work and rough 
or ordinary rubble-work (which see), is that 
in the latter the stones are generally large 
and of all sizes and shapes, but possessing 
considerable sectional area, with no attempt 
at regular courses; whereas in ragstone 
work the stones are thin and flat, of fairly 
uniform thickness, and where the horizontal 
disposition is employed the courses are 
pretty uniform. Kentish ragstone work is 
often used in church building ; and with the 
joints generally deep or large, the appearance 
is somewhat striking and effective. Der. 


a 


ra 
The word “rag,” which gives its name to 
this method of building, and which denotes 
something irregular or rough at edge, comes 
directly from the Gaelic rag, a tattered 
garment, Syn. Fr. for “ragstone,” Moellon 
maneaux (clayey or marly rubble-stone) 
— pron, moh-ell-ohn man-noh, or simply 
Moellon ; also Moellon laminaire (laminated 
rubble) — pron. lah-mee-naire, or JMoellon 
feuilleté (leaf-shaped rubble-stone) — pron. 
feul-yet-tay ; Ger. Bruchstein (broken or 
fractured stone)—pron. brooch-stine. Syn. 
Fr. for “ragstone wall,” Mur en moellon 
maneauc or laminaire or fewilleté; Ger. 
Bruchsteinwand or -mauer — pron. brooch- 
stine-vahnt, -mow-err, 

Rain-water Cistern, in House Fittings. 
The cistern fitted up in a convenient part of 
a building into which the eaves, gutters, 
and down pipes or spouts lead the water 
shed of the roof. In some cases, in place of 
an open or exposed cistern, the rain-water 
passing from the roof is often stored up in 
brick-lined, underground tanks, generally 
called “ terra” cisterns, so named from their 
being at one time lined with, or the bricks 
set in the cement called, “terra.” In all 
cases where regard is had to a supply of 
water peculiarly valuable for personal wash- 
ing and for clothes, rain-water should never 
be passed into the drains as it so often is, 
and thus wantonly wasted. The shrewd 
people of the North of England, for example, 
know the value of rain-water, and even the 
smallest houses will have some convenience 
fitted up to catch and store the rain-water, 
so delightfully pleasant for personal ablution, 
and so economical in laundry work. Der. 
The word rain comes from the Old English 
ren, water coming in drops from the atmo- 
sphere. Syn. Fr. for “rain-water,” Eau de 
pluie—pron, oh day pluuh-ee; Ger. Regen- 
wasser—pron. ray-genn-vass-err. Syn. Fr. 
for “ rain-water cistern or chamber,” Reser- 
voir or Chambre a pluie — pron. ray-zare- 
vwahr or simply Fontaine (in connection 
with a house}— pron. fonn-tane; Ger. 
tegenfass—pron, ray-genn-fahss, 

Rake, in Tools and Appliances. A tool 
used for mixing concrete, somewhat like a 
similar instrument for mixing lime and hair 
for plastering (see Hawk). Der. The word 
rake comes from the Old English race, or 
the Icelandic racca, to scrape together. Syn. 
Fr, for “ rake,” for mixing concrete, Griffe— 
pron. greeff ; also Rateau pour le béton—pron. 
rah-toh poor lay bett-ohng; Ger. Beton- 
haken—pron. bay-tonn-hah-kenn, 

Range, To. A term used in construction 
to indicate that one part of a structure is in 
line with another part, or where several 
structures are built in connection with each 
or contiguity to one another, the whole are 
piaced in line; as, for example, the counter- 
feits or buttresses or set-offts of a brick wall. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


A synonym is “to set inarow.” Der. The 
word range comes from the French ranger, 
to put in order, or from rang,a row. Syn. 
Fr. for ‘‘ranging,” Allignement—pron. ah- 
leeng-mahn ; Ger. Anordnung—pron. ahn- 
orrd-noong. 

Rat-tail File. So called from its resem- 
blance to the long thin tail of the rat, 
indicating that it is circular in shape, of 
considerable length, and smaller at one end 
than the other. It is used to enlarge holes, 
etc. Syn. Fr. Lime queue de rat—pron. 
leem gquuh day rah; also Lime ronde 
allongée—pron. leem rohngd ah-long-geay ; 
Ger. Rattenschwanzfeile — pron. rah-tenn- 
shwantz-file-eh, 

Raw Materials. A term used to indi- 
cate the condition in which materials of 
one kind or another are supplied by the 
dealer, and before they are worked up or 
tooled. Der. The word comes from the 
Old English hreaw, or the German rok. 
Syn. Fr. for “raw materials,” Matériel non 
travaillé or fabriqué—pron. mah-tare-ee-ell 
nohng trah-vah-eel-eh, fah-breek-eh; Ger. 
unbearbeitete Materialien. 

Rebuild. A term used in construction 
to denote that a structure or some part of a 
structure, which is defective or wrongly 
placed, is to be taken down and restored, 
as in the phrase “take down and rebuild,” 
or build anew. Syn. Fr. feddtir—pron. 
ray-bah-teer , Ger. Wiederbauen—pron. vee- 
derr-bow- (ow as in now) enn ; also Wieder- 
aufbauen—pron. owst-bow-enn. Syn, Fr. 
for “to rebuild thexfoundation,” Rebdtir le 
sous-e@uvre or le fondement—pron. ray-bah- 
teer lay sooze-ooh-verr, fohngd-mahng ; 
Ger. das Fundament wiederbauen — pron. 
dass foon-dah-ment veeh-derr-bow-enn. 

Receptacle. A term sometimes employed 
to indicate that a place is set apart in 
which materials are to be kept, as the ash- 
pit is sometimes called a receptacle for 
domestic refuse. Der. The word comes 
from the Latin receptaculum, and this from 
receptare, to receive or hold. Syn. Fr. Ré- 
ceptacle—pron. ray-sepp-tah-kell; Ger. das 
Behidltniss—pron. dass bay-hah-eelt-neece. 

Rectangie. A four-sided figure or 
surface, as the outline of a building, in which 
the angles are all right angles. A square, 
all the sides of which are equal, is a rect- 
angle; but the term is more generally 
employed as indicating a figure of which 
all the angles are right angles, but of which 
only two and opposite sides are equal, the 
ends being narrower than the sides. In this 
sense a parallelogram is the correct name 
for the figure. Der. The word comes from 
the Latin rectum, right, and angulus, an 
angle. Syn. Fr, Rectangle; also Parallélo- 
gramme; Ger. Rechteck, Syn. Fr. for 
* rectangular,” Rectangulavre— pron, rake- 
tan-guuh-lare; Ger. Rechtangelig — pron. 


266 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


recht-ang-gell-ich, or Rechtwinkelig — pron. 
recht-vink-ell-ich. 

Rectilineal. Right or straight lined in 
the converse of circular or curved. Der. 
The term is from the Latin rectum, right, 
and linea, a line. Syn. Fr. LRectiligne — 
pron. rake-tee-leen ; Ger. Geradlinig—pron. 
gay-rahd-leen-eeg. 

Reflexibility, in Materials. The quality 
which a body has of returning to its original 
position when bent out of it by some force 
or pressure. It is synonymous with “ resi- 
liency,” a bending or turning back. Der. 
The word comes from the Latin reflexus, 
past participle of reflectere, and this from re, 
again, and jlectere, to bend or turn back. 
Syn. Fr. Reflexidilité—pron. ray-flakes-eo- 
bee-lee-tay ; Ger. Reflectibilitdt—pron. ray- 
fickk-tee-beel-ee-tayt; also Zuriickstrahl- 
barkeit — pron. tzooh-ruek-strahl-barr-kite ; 
also das Zuriickspringen. 

Refuse Materials. Materials rejected, 
or, literally, refused as unfitted for use; a 
synonym for “ waste substances.” Der. The 
word is from the French refuser, and this 
from the Latin recusare, to decline. Syn. 
Fr. Rebut—pron, reh-bueh; Ger. Ausschuss 
—pron. owss-shooss. 

Register Grate or Stove. The name 
given to that form of grate in which at the 
upper part of the inclosed top an opening 
at the back is made which is supplied with 
a flap or hinged valve, It is fitted with the 
degree of opening by which the draught of 
the fire in the grate is supposed to be regu- 
lated, and by which, when the grate is not 
in use, as in summer-time, all communication 
between the interior of chimney and fire- 
place or grate is cut off, by bringing down 
or closing the valve or flap. What is called 
a “full register grate” has the front, back, 
and top, with their flap and valve, all in 
one piece, so that the fireplace or fire-grate 
proper, in which the fuel is consumed, is 
entirely surrounded with iron ; and when 
the grate is in place in the chimney recess 
there is a vacant space behind, the air of 
which gets heated, but for no economical 
use, as itis simply passed up the chimney- 
flue and out into the atmosphere. It may 
warm the back wall, but it does no office of 
the kind for the room. From the abundance 
of iron surrounding the fuel grate, the fire 
burns dead and dull, the heat being rapidly 
conveyed away by the metal, and little 
reflected into the room. Where a bright, 
cheery fire is desired, a “ full register grate” 
should never be used; it can only be said 
to be economical in the sense that it 
prevents proper combustion going on. 
What is called a “sham” or “half-register”’ 
grate, although cheaper—and not so es- 
teemed by those who value a thing only or 
chiefly because it is costly—is by far the 
best where a bright and a truly economical 


re 


room-warming fireplace is required. In the 
sham register grate the front only is of 
iron, the back being filled in with fireclay 
lumps or bricks. These promote clea: and 
complete combustion, and, getting highly 
heated and conserving the heat, radiate 
much of this into the room in place of heat- 
ing uselessly, as does the “ full register,” the 
void space at the back. The term “ register” 
presumably has been applied to this form of 
grate from the fact that, a valve being 
supplied to it, the opening of which may be 
graduated, the degree of “draught” or cur- 
rent through the opening, or that of the fire, 
is recorded, known, or registered. Der. The 
term register is from the French registre, and 
this from the Latin regerere, from re, again 
or back, and gerere, to carry—io carry back. 
Syn. Fr. for “register stove,” Fourneau & 
registre—pron, foor-noh ‘ah ray-jees-terr; 
Ger. der Registrirofen. ‘Syn. Fr. for “ regis- 
ter grate,” Grille a registre—pron. greel; 
Ger. Registrirrost. 

Relay (see text). Der. The word lay 
comes from the Old English leegen, or tie 
German ligein, and this from the Latin 
legere, to put or place down. Syn. Fr. for 
“to relay a roof,” Remanier une toiture— 
pron. ray-mann-yeh uuhn twah-tuuhr; Ger, 
ein Dach umlegen—pron. ine dakk oom-lay- 
genn. Syn. Fr. for “to relay a pavement,” 
Remanier un pave-—pron. pah-vay; Cer. 
ein Pflaster’ umlegen—pron. flah-stare. Syn. 
Fr. for “ relaying,’ Remantement—pron, ray- 
mann-ee-mahng; Ger. Umlegung — pron. 
oom-lay-goohng. 

Replaster, in Construction. To replace 
old with a new. coat of plaster. Syn. Fr. 
Replatrer—pron. ray-plah-tray ; Ger. Uder- 
gypsen—pron. ooh-eeh-berr-geep-senn. Syn. 

r. for “replastering,” Repldtrage — pron. 
ray-plah-trahje ; Ger Uebergypsung. 

Repointing, in Bricklaying. The 
replacing of old with new pointing. Syn. 
Fr, for “to repoint,’’ Repointir—pron. ray- 
pwahng-teer ; Ger. Anspitzen — pron. ann- 
speetz-enn.. Syn. Fr. for “repointing,” 
Repointage—pron. ray-pwahng-tahje ; Ger. 
Anspitzung. 

Resiliency, in Materials. The quality, 
as in a wooden beam, which enables it to 
spring back or return to its original position 
when relieved from a weight or pressure 
put upon it. The term is synonymous with 
“reflexibility” or “elasticity.” Der. From 
the Latin resiliens, the past participle of 
resilere, to leap back, and this from re, 
again, and salere, to leap. Syn. Fr. for 
‘resiliency,’ Elasticité — pron, eh-lass-tee- 
see-tay ; also la Force ¢lastique—pron. lah 
forss ale-ass-teek ; Ger. Hlasticitat — pron. 
eh - lass - teece-ee-tayt; also Springkrafs 
—pron. spring-krafft. 

Resistance, in Materials, The power to 
meet or bear up under a weight, force, or 


267 


re 


pressure put upon them, as the resistance to 
compression or a crushing force in the case 
of a stone block, or a timber post or pillar ; 
the resistance to tension or a pulling-asunder 
strain, as in a timber tie-beam or a wrought- 
iron tie-rod. Der. From the Latin resistere, 
to oppose or stand against, and this from re, 
again, and sistere or stare, to stand. Syn. 
Fr. for “resistance,” ésistance—pron. ray- 
seese-tahngse ; Ger. Widerstand—pron. vee- 
derr-stant. Syn. Fr. for “resisting strength,” 


Force de résistance; Ger. widerstehende 
Kraft. 
Restoration. A term in construction, 


the equivalent of which is “renovating” 
(which see in text). Der. From the Latin 
restaurare, from re, again, and stare, to 
stand. Syn. Fr. Rénouvellement—pron. ray- 
nooh-vell-mahng; also Rectification, making 
right (from rectum, right, and jfacere, to 
make or do)—pron. rake-tee-fee-kah-secon ; 
Ger. Wiederherstellung — or (more directly 
from the Latin) Restauration—pron. ray- 
stower-ah-see-ohn; also Restawrirung— 
pron. race-tow-rear-oong, 

Retentive, in Jlaterials and Construction. 
Indicating the capability of holding or 
retaining, as a retentive clay, a clay holding 
the water, resisting the power to filter or 
pass through it; or, as in the case of a 
cistern, capable of retaining or keeping up 
the water stored up in it. Der. From the 
Latin retentum, and this from retenere, to 
hold. Syn. Fr. for “retention,” Etanche 
(from étancher, to stop, to quench)—pron. 
eh-tahnsh ; Ger. Festhalten—pron, fesst-hall- 
ten. 

Revetment, in Building. A term synony- 
mous with “retaining wall.” The term has 
its special application in military architec- 
ture or building, as it applies to the wall of 
masonry built in front or in the face of the 
earthwork of a fortification rampart, to 
sustain the soil. Der. The term is purely 
French, and means literally clothing or re- 
clothing, and this from revéter, to clothe. 
Syn. Fr. Mur de revétement—pron. muehr 
deh ray-vett-mahn, or simply Revétement ; 
Ger. Breschmauer (a breach wall)—pron. 
bresh-mow-air. 

Rigidity, in Materials. Synonymous with 
stiffness, stability : the quality which gives 
steadiness under strains or shocks, as in the 
case of abeam. Der. From the Latin rigidus, 
stiff, from rigere, to be stiff. Syn. Fr. 
Rigidité—pron. ree-jee-dee-tay ; Ger. Steif- 
heit—pron. stife-hite. 

Rim-lock, in Ironmongery. A lock which 
is fastened outside of the lock “style” ofa 
door, generally on the side of the door towards 
the interior of the room, the handle showing 
only on the outside of the door, as on the 
lobby or passage side. <A rim-lock is used 
only in lower-class houses or in ordinary 
rooms; they are much cheaper and much 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


more easily applied to a door than a 
“ mortise” lock, which does not show on 
either side of the door, nothing being seen 
but the handles, the keyhole escutcheon, 
and the bolt handle. Rim-locks are of two 
kinds: the rim-lock proper, by which the 
door can be secured by lock and key, and 
the sham rim-lock, which has no lock proper, 
but only the ordinary latch-bolt, the door 
being capable of being securely fastened by 
the door-bolt, and the knob or finger-plate 
accessible only on the inside of the door. 
Der. The term “rim” is given to the lock 
inasmuch as, being fastened generally by 
two screws to the outside of the lock-style, 
and projecting therefrom, it shows an edge 
or “rim” all round. Syn. Fr. Serrure— 
pron. say-ruehr ; Ger. Kastenschloss—pron. 
kah-sten-shloss. 

Ripping Saw, in Tools. A hand-saw so 
set that it saws the fibre of wood quickly, 
or “rips” planks up in the direction of the 
fibres, contradistinguished from the “ cross- 
cut’’ saw, the teeth of which are set so as 
to cut the plank, etc., across the fibres. 
The cross-cut saw chiefly used on the Con- 
tinent is the form known as the bow-saw, 
with a narrow blade extending between the 
ends of the bow or bent frame; the ripping 
saw used is the English well-known form 
of saw, with a broad blade narrower at one 
end than the other, and witha handle at the 
broad end, with cross aperture to allow the 
hand to grasp it. Syn. Fr. Scte anglaise a 
main (English hand-saw) — pron. see ang- 
glaize ah maihn; Ger. die englische Hand- 


sige — pron. dee eng-lish-eh hant-zay- 
geh. 
Rivet. A mechanical appliance used in 


wroaght-iron work, such as roofs, beams, or 
iron bressummers, to connect closely and 
secure firmly together the plates and parts 
of the construction. <A rivet is made out of 
a wrought-iron rod or circular bar of the 
dimensions or section required. <A “head” 
is then formed or forged at one end, with 
the outside finished in the form of a cone 
or flattened hemisphere—generally, in hand- 
made rivets, conical. The inner side of the 
head is flat, and, being of greater diameter 
than the rod, forms a neck or shoulder. The 
other part of the rivet is called the “tail” 
or shank, the part left of the original dia- 
meter of rod used, and the length of which 
is sufficient to pass completely through 
holes made in the two or more iron pieces 
to be secured together, with a part in addi- 
tion sufficient when hammered up to form 
a second head, which is hammered tight up 
against the outer surface or part of the 
iron. This formation of the second or 
clenching head is facilitated by heating 
the rivet red-hot before passing it through 
the hole in the pieces to be joined, and 
while one attendant presses up against the 


268 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, 


“ head” proper with a hammer, the second 
attendant, using a iight riveting hammer, 
forms the projecting end of the tail intoa 
conical head, or by using a hollow or cup 
swage gives the head a hemispherical form. 
Der. The term is from the French river, to 
clench or rivet, or from the Italian ribadire 
ree-bah-deer-eh), to strike or beat, and 
this from the Latin re, again, and batuere, 
to strike. Syn. Fr. for “rivet,” Clou a 
river—pron. klooh ah ree-vay, or (as in our 
word) /ivet—pron. reeve-eh ; Ger. Nietnagel 
(rivet nail or clenching nail)—pron. neat- 
nah-gell, Syn. Fr. for “riveting,” Rivetage 
—pron. reeve-tahj, or Revure—pron. reh- 
vuehr; Ger. Nietnagelung. Syn. Fr. for 
“countersunk” or “ flush rivet,” Rivet noyé 
—literally “a drowned or diluted rivet” 
—from noyer, to drown or dilute, the head 
disappearing from above the surface of 
metal (see below)—-pron. reeve-eh noh-you; 
also Rivet & téte braisce, head sunk or planted 
below level (from braiser, to plant, counter- 
sink); Ger. Niete mit versenktem Kopfe — 
pron. neet-eh mit ferr-zenk-tem kop-feh. To 
countersink a rivet, the end of the hole 
towards the side of plate, etc., in which the 
rivet is to show flat, is enlarged so as to 
form a conical depression, the small end 
downwards. The end of the rivet is made 
to project of just sufficient length that when 
hammered down it fills exactly the conical 
depression, leaving a flat surface flush with 
the surface of plate or part of structure. 
If the end more than fills the conical 
depression, the part projecting above the 
general surface is chopped off and filed 
down till it is flush with the general surface. 
Syn. Fr. for “rivet hammer,” Marteau a 
rwets—pron. mahr-toh ah reeve-eh; Ger. 
Niethammer. 

Rubble Wall (see Rubble in text). Mur 
en moellon—pron. muehr ahn mobh-ell-on, or 
Mur de hourdage (hourdage, rough masonry) 
—pron, deh hoor-dahj; Ger. rauhe Mauer— 
pron. row-eh mow-err (ow as in now), Syn. 
Fr, for “rubble work,” Joellons bruts—pron. 
brueht ; also Hourdages en galets—pron. ahn 
gah-lay ; also Limonisage—pron. lee-mon- 
eese-ahj , Ger. rohes Bruchstein Gemiuer. 

Rugged (a synonym for “rustic work ”), 
in Architecture. Der. The word comes from 
the Old English rug, rough, shaggy. Syn. 
Fr. Jarreté—pron. jah-rett-eh ; also Raboteux 
—pron. rah-boh-teuh ; Ger. Héckerig—pron. 
a ae also Uneben—pron, oohn-ay- 

n. 

Running, as running water on an estate, 
Syn. Fr. Cowrant—pron. kooh-rahng; Ger. 
Fliessend — pron. flee-sent. Syn. Fr. for 
“running water,” Eau couwrante—pron. oh 
kooh-rahnt; Ger. fliessendes Wasser—pron. 
fleece-end-ess vahs-serr. Syn. Fr. for “a 
running or continued pavement,” Trottoir— 
pron. troh-twahr; Ger. Stadtsteig — pron. 


sa 


statt-styg, Biirgersteig — pron. bu-er-gerr- 
styg; also gepflasterter Weg, or Steinweg. 

Rupture, as of a beam or stone, Synony- 
mous with a breakage or an interruption of 
the continuity of the fibres or the coherent 
parts of the stone, or, as in the case of a 
wall, of the bricks or stones which make 
up the structure. Rupture or separation 
of one part of a wall from another is 
generally caused by inequalities in the 
settlement of the foundations, one part 
sinking lower than another. Der. From 
the Latin ruptura, the condition of being 
parted asunder, and this from rwmpere, to 
break, ruptum, broken. Syn. Fr. Rupture 
(same word-as ours) — pron, ruep-tuehr ; 
Ger. Riss—pron. riss. Syn. Fr. for “line of 
rupture,” or the line which a rupture is 
likely to follow in a body, as a beam, or the 
direction of the line of actual rupture, Ligne 
de rupture—pron. leeng deh, Ger. Risslinie, 
or Bruchlinie—pron. brooch-leen-yeh. 

Rut, in Roads, Walks, or Pavements. 
Depression on the surface, the length of 
which is greater than the width, and the 
width comparatively narrow, as the track 
or depression made by the tire of a wheel or 
of a wheelbarrow. A rut is thus distinct 
from a hole, which is generally roundish or 
unequal-sided, and which measures nearly 
the same distance at any point across it. 
Der, Our word rut comes from the French 
route, or the Latin rupta, or the debased 
Latin ruta, a wheel track in a road surface. 
Syn. Fr. Jrace—pron. trass, or Trace d'une 
voiture; Ger, Spur—pron. spoor, or Wagen- 
spur. 


Saddle Roof, in Building. Sometimes 
also called a barrel or curved-back roof, 
from the section being rounded, as the 
riding surface of a saddle is rounded. Der. 
The word comes either from the Latin 
sedere, to sit, or the Old English saedal, 
the movable seat placed on a horse for the 
rider tositin. Syn. Fr. for “saddle roof,” 
Comble or Toiture a selle--pron. sell; also 
Toiture or Comble a fronton—pron. frohn- 
tohn ; Ger. Satteldach—pron. zaht-tel-dach, 
Syn. Fr. for “saddle- or harness-room,” in 
stable construction, Sed/erie—pron. sell-err- 
eeh; Ger. Sattel- or Geschirrkammer. 

Safe. The securely made and fastened 
chamber or receptacle, movable as a box, in 
which valuables are placed for security. 
Der. Our word comes from the Old French 
sauf, sure, secure. Syn. Fr. for “safe,” 
Coffre fort—iiterally “strong box’”’-—pron. 
kof-ferr foar; Ger. Geldschrank — literally 
“gold or money cupboard or press ”—pron. 
gelt-shrahnk, Syn. Fr. for “fire - proof 
safe,” Coffre-fort a UVépreuve de feu—pron. 
ah lay-preuve deh feuh; Ger. fuer/ester 
Geldschrank — pron. foy-err-fest-err. Syn. 


269 


s2 


Fr. for “safety lock,” Serrure de sureté— 
pron. say-ruehr deh suehr-tay ; Ger. Sicher- 
heits- (Scotch sicker) schloss—pron. zich-err- 
hites-shloss. 

Salient feature of a structure—that is, 
the most striking part of the general design, 
as an entrance door or porch, a tower, etc. 
Der. The word comes from the Latin saliens, 
the present participle of the verb salire, to 
leap, or move forward by leaps, or coming 
forward, projecting. Syn. Fr. Saillant — 
pron. sahl-yahn, or sah-eel-ahngt ; Ger. Vor- 
ragend—pron. fore-rah-gent. Syn. Fr. for 
“a salient foundation or wall”—that is, a 
wall defective or projecting out of the true 
line, Monter de fond or mur; Ger. Grundauf- 
steigen. 

Saloon, in Architecture. A large hall or 
apartment for the display of pictures, public 
reception of company, or for dancing. Der. 
Our word is almost the same as the French 
lsaon—pron. sah-lohn, or it may be from the 
Old English sal, or German saal, a large 
room. Syn. Ger. Fest- or Balsaal—i.e, a 
feasting or dancing large room. 

Salt, in mortar or plaster, caused chiefly 
by using a sand taken from the sea-shore, 
or, if not actually from the present sea 
margin, from within the line of old or 
ancient sea margin—land left by receding 
waters, and in which salt is often present, — 
or, as is much less frequently the case, from 
inland deposits in which certain salts are 
present. As salt present in mortar is always 
an agent more or less but always mis- 
chievously active in causing efflorescence 
and dampness with almost every change of 
weather, it should be the object of every 
builder to secure in the sand he uses almost 
absolute freedom from salts of all kinds. 
To secure this it is generally specified that 
the best “river sand” (fresh water) be alone 
used, and in first-class buildings that this 
even should be “well washed” with soft 
water to make sure that the smallest per- 
centage of saline matter is got rid of. 
Nothing can be more reprehensible than 
the act of a builder using sand known as 
likely to be impregnated with salt, even if 
but in small proportion. We have known 
cases where even mansions near to the sea- 
shore have been rendered almost valueless 
from being so damp through the use of 
mortar made with sand highly salted. Der. 
The word salt comes either from the Old 
English sealt, or the Latin sal. Syn. Fr. 
Sel — pron. sell; Ger. das Salz — pron. 
dass zahlts. Syn. Fr. for “salt of lime,” 
Sel marine calcaire — pron. sell mah- 
reen kahl-cair ; Ger. Kalksalz—pron. kahlk- 
zahlts. Syn. Fr. for “salt efflorescence of 
a wall,” sometimes caused by salts of one 
kind or another present in the sand or lime 
from which the plaster has been made, 
Fleurs du sei d’un mur—pron. fleuhr dueh 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


sell duehn muehr; Ger. Salzblumen an einer 
Mauer—pron. zahlts-blooh-men ann ine-err 
mow-err. 

Satin Wood. A valuable wood used in 
expensive work and in certain classes of 
cabinet making. It is an oriental timber, 
and is composed chiefly of two kinds—one 
with the grain or humour white, the other 
yellow. Syn. Fr. for “satin wood” gene- 
rally, Bois satiné—pron. bwah sah-teen-eh ; 
Ger. Atlasholz—pron. aht-lahs-hollts, Syn. 
Fr. for ‘‘ white satin wood,” Bois satiné 
marbré ; Ger. Atlasholz mit weissem Grunde— 
pron, mit vice-emm groon-deh, Syn. Fr. 
for “ yellow satin wocd,” Bois satiné colorié 
—pron. koll-orr-ee-eh; also Benoit fin—pron. 
ben-wah faihn; Ger. Atlasholz mit gelbem 
Grunde. ; 

Scaffold (see text). Syn. Fr. for “to 
erect a scaffold,’ Echafauder—pron. eh-shah- 
foh-day, or Monter un échafaud—pron. mohn- 
tay euhn eh-shah-foh; Ger. ein Geriist 
machen or aufrichten—pron. ine geh-ruesst 
mach-enn, owff-reech-ten. Syn. Fr. for “ to 
take down a scaffold,” Démonter un échafaud 
—pron. day-mohn-tay. 

Scape. A synonym for the part or 
moulding of a shaft generally known as the 
“apophyge ” (which see), Syn. Fr. for 
“scape of a column or shaft,” Fut d'une 
colonne—that is, the stock or beginning of a 
shaft, where the shaft joins the base of 
column—pron. fueh duehn koll-onn; also 
Congé—which is also another synonym for 
the term “apophyge,” as also is “apothesis” 
(ah-poh-tay-zees) and “apophysis” (ah-poff- 
ee-zees)—pron. kohn-jay ; Ger. Anlauf eines 
Sdulenschafts (shaft of a column)—pron. ahn- 
lowff ine-ess zoy-lenn-shaffts, or simply 
Sdulenschaft. 

Scapple, To, a stone. Squaring or dress- 
ing a stone by means of a special double- 
pointed pick or picker is sometimes called 
scappling. Syn. Fr. for “scappling a stone,” 
Equarrir une pierre—pron. eh-karr-eer uehn 
pee-airr ; Ger. einen Stein winkelrecht (right 
angle) dehawen—pron. ine-en stine vin-kell- 
recht beh-how-en. Syn. Fr. for “ scapple 
pick,” Smille--pron. smeel; Ger. Doppel- 
spitzhaue. 

Schisty foundation soil. That in which 
the soil is laminated or in sheets or plates 
like slate. Der. The word schist is from 
the Greek schistos, from schizein, to cleave 
or cut in twain—cleavage being the charac- 
teristic of the mode of separating slaty or 
laminated material. Syn. Fr. for “ schist,” 
Sol or Terrain schiste—pron. soll- or tair- 
ahn, sheest; Ger. Schist- or Schiefergrund— 
pron. shee-ferr-groond, Syn. Fr. for “cal- 
careous soil,” Schiste calcaire—pron. kall- 
kair, or Chaux concretionée (concreted lime) 
—pron. show cohn-crate-ye-on-nay; or 
Chausx carbonatée or lamellaire or laminé—e 
pron, karr-boh-nah-tay, lah-mee-lair, lah- 


270 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


mee-nay ; Ger. Kalkschist or -schiefer—pron. 
kalk-shist, shee-ferr. Syn, Fr. for * silicious 
or sandy schist soil,” Schiste siliceuwx— 
pron, seel-eeh-seuh; Ger. Kiesest—schil 
pron. kee-zel-sheest, Syn. Fr. for “schistous 
soil,” Terrain or Sol shistewe—pron. tair- 
aihn, soll sheest-yeuh; Ger. schieferiger 
Grund—pron. sheef-err-ich-er groond. 

Scour of a drain or sewer or of a water- 
course. The action of the sewage or water 
in carrying away or cleaning out solid or 
sedimentary matter deposited in the interior 
of the drain or sewer or bed of watercourse. 
Der. Our word scour comes from the Old 
English secur or the Danish schuren, to rub 
away a surface by something hard or rough 
in order to get rid of something adhering to 
it. Syn. Fr. for “scour of a river or water- 
course,” Répamage — pron. ray-pah-mahj ; 
also Nettoyage — pron. nett-wy-ahj; Ger. 
Abschlag von jliessendem Wasser—pron. ahb- 
shlahg fonn fleece-en-dem vahs-ser. Syn. Fr. 
for “scour of a drain,” Dégorgement d’un 
égout — pron. day-gorrge-mahn deuhn eh- 
gooh ; Ger. die Ausschwemmung eines Abzuges 
—pron, deeh owss-shvem-oong ine-ess ahp- 
tsoo-gess. 

Scratch, To, in Joinery, Painting, and 
Glazing. To scour or roughen surfaces by 
special tools and appliances. Der. Our 
word “scratch” comes either from the Old 
English cratch, to tear or roughen a surface 
with something rough-toothed or jagged, or 
from the German kratzen. Syn. Fr. for 
“to scratch,” Griffer—pron. gree-fay ; also 
Egratigner —- pron. eh-grah-tee-nay ; also 
Racler — pron, rah-klay ; Ger. Kratzen — 
pron. krahts-enn. Syn. Fr. for “to scratch 
wood with the plane” (toothing), Bretter le 
bois— pron. brett-eh leh bwah; Ger. das 
Holz abzahnen—pron. das hollts ahp-tsah- 
nenn. Syn. Fr. for “to scratch the paint,” 
Egratigner la couleur—pron. eh-grah-tee-nay 
lah coo-leuhr ; Ger. Malerei kratzen. 

Screw (see text). Syn. Fr. for “screw 
window fastener,” Fermeture de fenétre— 
pron. fairr-meh-tuehr deh fay-nay-terr ; 
also Visailée pour la fenétre—pron. veeze- 
all-eh poor lah fay-nay-terr; Ger. Fenster- 
schraube — pron. fenn-stair-shrow - beh. 
Syn. Fr. for “screw ferrule,” Cuivrot a vis— 
pron. qweeve-roht ah vee; Ger. Schraub- 
rolle—pron. shrowb-rol-leh. Syn. Fr. for 
“screwlike” (as a twisted pillar). En hélice 
—pron, ahn hay-leece; also En forme a vis 
—pron. ahn forrm ah vee; Ger, Schraub- 
formig—pron. shrowb-foerr-mich. Syn. Fr. 
for “countersunk or flat-headed screw,’’ 
Vis avec téte perdue—pron. veeze ah-vekk 
tayte pair-dueh; Ger. Schraube mit plattem 
Kopfe—pron. mit plaht-tem kop-feh.. Syn. 
Fr. for “ screw hook ” (tenter), Tenaille & vis 
—pron. tenn-ah-eel ah veece; Ger. Schraub- 
haken—pron, shrowb-haw-kenn. Syn. Fr. 
for “screw key” or “screw wrench,” Tourne- 


se 


vis—pron, toorn-vee, or Clef & vis—pron, 
klayf ah vee; also Clé & écrou—pron. kla 

ah eh-krooh: Ger. Schraubenschliissel— 
pron. shrow-benn-shlues-sell. Syn. Fr. for 
“screw knob or head,” Téte de vis—pron. 
tayte deh vee; Ger. Schraubenkopf. Syn. 
Fr. for “screw (lifting) jack,” Cric & vis— 
pron. kreek ah vee ; Ger. Schraubenwinde— 
pron. vinn-deh. Syn. Fr. for “screwed 
mouldings,” Moulures hélicés—pron. mooh- 
luehrs hay-leece-eh ; also Moulures en forme 
a vis; Ger. schraubenformige Leisten. Syn, 
Fr. for “ screw pile,” Pilotis 4 vis—pron. pee- 
loh-teece ah vee ; Ger. Pfahl mit Schraube 
—pron. fahl mit shrow-beh. Syn. Fr. for 
“screw plug,” Cheville vissée—pron. shay- 
veel veece-eh; also Bouchon a vis—pron. 
booh-shong ah vee; Ger. Schraubenstépsel 
—pron. shrow-benn-shtoep-sell. Syn. Fr. 
for “screw stairs,” Escalier a vis—pron. 
aice-kall-yea ah vee; Ger. Schraubenfirmige 
Treppe—pron.treppeh, Syn. Fr. for “screw 
tap,” Taraud—pron. tarr-oh; Ger.Schrauben- 
klappe. 

Seam. A synonym for “joint,” more 
frequently used for textile fabrics, as the 
“seam” of widths or breadths of asphalted 
felt for covering roofs. Der. Our word is 
the same as the Old English, and comes _ 
from the Old Saxon word seowian, to sew. 
Syn. Fr. for “seam,” Coutwre— pron. kooh- 
tuehr; also Jointwre — pron. jwahn-tuehr ; 
Ger. Naht or Fuge or Narve—pron. naht, 
fooh - geh, narr- veh; also Scharnier — 
pron. sharr-neerr. Syn. Fr. for “round 
seam,’ as in zinc roofing-plates, Jointure or 
Couture ronde—pron. rohnd ; Ger. die runde 
Fuge—pron. dee roon-deh fooh-geh. Syn. 
Fr. for “flat seam,” Jointwre or Couture 
platte; Ger. die flache Fuge or Naht. Syn. 
Fr. for “turned in a lap-seam,” Jointure or 
Couture rabattwe—pron. rah-bah-tueh ; Ger. 
Kappfuge or -naht. Syn. Fr. for “seamy 
wood or stone,” Bois or Pierre a coutures— 
pron. bwah or pee-airr ah kooh-tuehr ; Ger. 
Holz mit Fugen—pron. hollts mit fooh-genn. 

Sediment in water. The solid matter or 
matters held in solution which sinks or falls 
to the bottom when the liquid is at rest. 
Der. Our word comes from the Latin sedi- 
mentum, and this from the verb sedere, to 
sit ; or more correctly from sedare, to settle 
down. Syn. Fr. for “sediment of water,” 
Sediment or Considence de l’eau—pron. said- 
eh-mahng, kohn-see-dahnce deh loh; Ger. 
Bodensatz im Wasser, or Wasserbodensatz. 

Self-acting, as a self-acting water-closet 
-—water waste preventer. ‘The term is 
synonymous with “automatic,” which 
comes from the Greek awtos, self, and 
masein,tomove. Syn. Fr. for “ self-acting,” 
Automateur—pron. oh-toh-mah-teuhr; also 
Automatrice—pron. oh-toh-mah-treece ; Ger. 
Selbstthitig—pron. sellbst-tah-ee-teech. Syn. 
Fr, for “ self-closing” (as a door with falling 


271 


sh 


helical hinges or spring hinges), Autoclave 
—pron. oh-toh-klahv ; Ger. Selbstverschlies- 
send—pron. ferr-shleess-end. 

Shambles. A synonym for “abattoir” 
(which see). Der. The word is Old Eng- 
lish scamal, a bench or stooi on which goods 
—chiefly meat—are set out for sale. 


Shamfer. A synonym for “chamfer” 
(which see). ; 
Shape. <A term synonymous with to 


form, to mould, to fashion. Der. The word 
is from the Old English scapan, having this 
meaning. Syn. Fr. for “to shape,” Former 
—pron. forr-may, or /aconner—pron. fah- 
sonn-eh ; also Figurer—pron. fee-guehr-eh, 
also Organiser — pron. ohrr-gah-neeze-eh ; 
Ger. Bilden—pron. bil-denn; also Fugen— 
pron. fueh-genn. 

Sharp. Svnonymous with “acute,” as 
with sharp edges; or keen cutting, as with 
a cutting tool. Der. The word comes from 
the Old English scearp, having a keen, fine 
edge. Syn. Fr. Atgii — pron. ah-guuh, or 
Acéré — pron. ah-sair-eh ; also Azgueuse— 
pron. ah-gheuze, or Affilé—pron. ah-feel-eh ; 
Ger. Scharf — pron. sharrf, or Spitzig 
(pointed)—pron. spits-eegh ; also Schneidend 
—pron. shnide-end. Syn. Fr. for “sharp- 
cornered,” Avec angles saillants—pron. ah- 
vekk ahn-gell sah-eel-ahn ; Ger. Scharfechig 
(sharp-angled)—pron. sharrf-ekk-eegh. Syn. 
Fr. for “sharp-edged,” A vive aréte or fil— 
pron. ah veeve ah-rate; also Aréte aigue ; 
Ger. Scharf- or Spitzkantig—pron. sharrf, 
speets-kahn-teegh. Syn. Fr. for “to sharpen,” 
synonymous with to put a fine cutting or 
sharp edge on, Aigwiser—pron. ah-gweeze- 
eh; also Affiler—pron. ah-feel-eh, Syn. Fr. 
for ‘‘to sharpen a saw,” Affiler une scie— 
pron. ah-feel-eh uehn see; also Limer (to 
file) les dents de la scie—pron. lee-may lay 
dahn deh lah see; Ger. die Stige schiérfen— 
pron. dee zay-geh shah-eer-fen. Syn. Fr. for 
“sharpening,” Aiguisement — pron. ah- 
gweeze-mahng; also Fillement; Ger. Scharfen. 
Syn. Fr. for “sharpness,” Acuité — pron. 
ah-kweeh-tay; Ger. Schdrfe — pron. 
sharr-feh. 

Shavings, in Joinery Work. Der. The 
word shave comes from the Old English 
scafen. Syn. Fr. for “to shave,” as witha 
spokeshave, Planer—pron. plah-nay; Ger. 

laniren—pron. plah-neer-en. Syn. Fr. for 
“shavings,” Copeauz—pron. koh-poh; also 
Alésure—pron. ah-lay-suuhr; Ger. Adfdlle 
—pron. ahb-fell-ch. 

Shell (see text). Der. Our word comes 
from the Old English scell, a hard outside 
covering. Syn. Fr. for “shell of a building ” 
(used sometimes as synonymous with “ car- 
cass of a building,” the outside walls and 
roof before the interior is finished), Corps ; 
also Carcasse ; Ger. Gebiiudemasse. Syn. Fr. 
for “shell auger,” Foret cuiller—pron. forr- 
eh kweel-yeh, or Tariére & cuiller—pron. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


tarr-eh-air-ah ; Ger. Zahnhohlbohrer—pron, 
tsahn-hole-boh-rerr. 

Shining. A synonym sometimes used 
for polished, as shining marble. Der. Our 
word shine comes from the German scinan. 
Syn. Fr. for “shining,” Luisant — pron. 
lweeh-sahnt; also Lclatant—pron. eh-klah- 
tahng ; Ger. Glainzend—pron. glent-sent. 

Side (see text). Der. Our word comes 
from the Old English—is, in fact, the same 
word precisely, meaning the outer surface or 
margin of a body. Syn. Fr. for “side channel,” 
Rigole latérale or longitudinale—pron. ree- 
goll lah-tare-ahl, lohn-jhee-tueh-dee-nahl ; 
Ger. Seitenrinne or -kanal — pron. zite-enn- 
rin-neh,-kah-nahl, Syn. Fr. for “side cutting,” 
as of a road, Tranchée longitudinale or latérale 
— pron. trahn-shay; Ger. Anschnitt or 
Anstrich eines Weges—pron. ahn-shnitt ine- 
ess veh-ges. Syn. Fr. for “side face,” Profi? 
—pron. proh-feel; Ger. same word, or Halb- 
gesicht (half-face) — pron. hallb-geh-zicht. 
Syn. Fr. for “side gable,’ Traversier or 
Pignon a cété—pron. trah-vairr-see-eh, peen 
yon ah koh-tay; Ger. Seitengiebel—pron. 
zite-enn-ghee-bell, Syn. Fr. for “ side rail,” 
Garde-corps « coté, or simply Garde-corps ; 
Ger. Brustgelinder — pron. broost-geh-len- 
derr, or simply Geldnder. Syn. Fr. for “side 
piece,” Piece de cdté—pron. pee-ace deh koh- 
tay; also Montant de chassis—pron. mohn- 
tahn deh shah-see; Ger. Settenstiich—pron. 
zite-en-stuek. Syn. Fr. for “side room,” 
Chambre. débarras—pron. shahm-berr day- 
barr-ah, or simply Debarras, or Décharge— 
pron, day-sharjh ; Ger. Nebenzimmer—pron. 
nay-ben-tsim-mer, 

Sliding of one part upon another. Der. 
Our word comes from the Old English 
slidan, to slip or move along a surface, to 
glide. Syn. Fr. for “sliding face,” Face au 
cété glissant—pron. fahss oh koh-tay glees- 
sahng, or Face coulante (from couler, to flow) 
—pron. kooh-lahnt ; Ger. gleitende Oberfliche 
—pron. gly-ten-deh oh -berr - flah - eek - eh. 
Syn. Fr. for “sliding sash,” Chdssis & coulisse 
—pron. shah-see ah kooh-leece ; Ger. gleiten- 
des Fenster. Syn. Fr. for “ sliding shutter,” 
Volet & coulisse—pron. voh-lay; Ger. gleiten- 
der Laden —pron. lah-den, or gleztender 
Fensterladen. Syn. Fr. for “sliding door,” 
Porte glissante ; Ger. gleitende Thiir—pron. 
tuehrr. 

Slip, synonymous with “slide.” Der. 
The word comes from the Old English 
slipan, to move along the surface without 
vertical motion or movement or rolling. 
Syn. Fr. for “to slip,’ Glisser—pron. glee- 
zay ; Ger. Gleiten—pron. glite-en. Syn. Fr. 
for “slip or fall of earth or soil,” Chute 
du terrain—pron. shuut duh terraihn, or 
simply Chute; also Eboulement—pron. eh- 
bool-mahn; Ger. L£rdschlipp—pron. errd- 


shleepp. 
Der. 


Slit. Synonymous with “split.” 


272 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


Our word comes from the Old English slitan, 
td cut or separate in the direction of the 
length of a body, as to cut a cane into 
narrow strips. Syn. Fr. for “to slit,” 
Taillader — pron. tahil-yah-day; also Se 
fendre (which, however, more properly is 
to cleave, which some use as synonymous 
with slit); Ger. Schlitzen—pron. shlits-en, 
Syn. Fr. for “a slit,” part of a body partially 
separated from the main portion, Rainure- 
pron, ray-nuehr; Ger. Nath—pron. naht ; 
also Falz—pron. fahlts; also ein Schlitz— 
pron. ine shlits. Syn. Fr. for “slitting,” 
Fendage—pron. fahn-dahj, or Fendillage— 
pron. fahn-deel-yahj ; Ger. Schlitzung—pron. 
shleets-oong. 

Smear. To rub over with an unguent or 
a paint or tar, etc. Der. Our word comes 
from the Old English smerian, from smeir, 
fat, grease. Syn. Fr. for “to smear,” asa 
bolt or a key with grease to make it drive 
more easily, Lnduire — pron. ahn-dweer ; 
also Yacher—pron. tah-shay; Ger. Be- 
schmieren—pron. beh-shmeer-en, 

Snap, To. When a piece of timber, sub- 
jected to a great strain, breaks suddenly in 
two, itis said to snap. The term, however, 
applies rather to small pieces of material 
than to large, the term break or rupture 
being generally applied in the latter case. 
Der. The word comes from the German 
schnappen, or the Icelandic snappa, to break 
in two suddenly. Syn. Fr. for “to snap,” 
Casser subitement—1e. to break suddenly 
— pron. kah-say sueh-beet-mahn; Ger, 
Abbrechen. Syn. Fr. for “to snap off,” Se 
detacher subitement—pron. seuh day-tash-ay ; 
also Se casser, or Se rompre; Ger. Kurz 
abbrechen—pron. koorts ap-brech-en. 

Soaking Soil, A soil saturated with 
water. A soaked soil or timber, etc., is 
a condition designated by the synonym 
“saturated”—that is, in which the pores 
of the body are filled with the liquid, as 
timber is preserved by being saturated 
with some chemical substance, as corrosive 
sublimate, or under pressure with tar. Der. 
The word saturated is from the Latin 
saturare, to fill or impregnate with water 
or other liquid. The derivation of the 
word soak is doubtful, unless it be a 
corruption of the word suck, as a body 
saturated or soaked becomes so from having 
sucked in so much liquid. Syn. Fr. for 
“to soak,’ Tremper—pron. trahm-pay ; 
Ger. Weichen—pron. vy-chen. Syn. Fr. for 
“soaked soil,” Terrain or Sol trempé—pron. 
taihr-aihn, soll trahm-pay; Ger. einge- 
weichter Grund — pron, ine-geh-vych-ter 
groond. 

Socle. A synonym borrowed from the 
French, synonymous with plinth, pedestal 
beer see) ; Ger. Grundstein or Theil unter 

en Sdulen—pron. groond-stine, tile oon-ter 
dane zoy-len, or simply Sdulenstuhl—pron. 


273 


sp 


-stool, Syn. Fr. for “sockle of a wall,” 
Pied de mur—pron. pee-ay deh muehr; Ger, 
Untersatz einer Mauer—pron. oohn-terr-zahts 
ine-er mow-er. 

Sod. A synonym for “ grass turf.” Syn, 
Fr. Gazon—pron. gah-zohn, or Végétale— 
pron, veh-jhay-tahl; also Motte de gazon or 
terre-—pron,. mott deh gah-zohn, tairr; Ger. 
Rasen— pron. rah-zen; also Erdscholle— 
pron. airrd-shol-leh, Syn. Fr, for “sod- 
work or turfing,” as the terrace of a house, 
Fe aan — pron. gah-zoh-nahj; Ger, 
Rasenarbeit — pron, rah-zen-arr-bite. Syn. 
Fr. for “to cut the sod,” Couper le gazon— 
pron. kooh-pay leuh gah-zon ; Ger. den Rasen 
schneiden—pron. dane rah-zen shnide-enn. 

Soften, To (see Soft in text), as putty. 
Syn. Fr. Amollir—pron. ah-moll-ee; Ger. 
Weich machen—pron. vych mach-en, Syn. 
Fr. for “softening,” Amollissement— pron. 
ah-moll-eess-mahng ; Ger. Erweichen. 

Spar. A mineral used in garden work 
for ornamental rockeries, or in a crushed or 
dowdered state for the upper covering or 
surface of garden walks. Der. Our word 
comes from the Old English sparstan, white 
or chalk stone. Syn. Fr. for “spar,” Spath 
—pron. spahtt; Ger. Spath. Syn. Fr. for 
“calcareous spar,” Spath calcaire—- pron. 
spahtt kahl-kare; also Spath or Chaux car 
bonatée cristallisee — pron. show karr-boh-. 
nah-tay kreess-tah-lee-zay ; Ger. Kalkspath 
—pron. kahlk-spahtt. Syn. Fr. for “spar 
rafter of a roof,” Chevron de ferme or de 
comble—pron. shey-rohn deh fairm, kohmbel; 
Ger. Dachsparren — pron. dach-spahr-renn 
Syn. Fr, for “sparring,” Spathique — pron. 
spahtt-eek ; Ger. Spathig—pron. spah-teeg. 

Spare Room, in House Architecture. A 
room set apart for emergencies, as for a 
visitor. Der. Our word spare comes from 
the Old English sparian, to be frugal with, 
to hold as valuable. Syn. Fr. for “spare 
room ” (generally applied to bed-chamber), 
Chambre a dérobée or a coucher dérobée— 
pron, shahm-berr ah koo-shay deh-roh-bay ; 
Ger. Gastzimmer (guest room)—pron. gahst- 
tsim-mer. Syn. Fr. for “spare materials,” 
Matériaux de secours or pour rechange-— 
pron. mah-tare-ee-oh deh say-koor, poor 
ray-shahnj; Ger. ibrig gelassene or reser- 
virte or Nothdurft Materialien—pron, geh- 
lass-en-neh mah-tare-ee-ahl-yen. 

Spatter, To—Spattering. Terms some- 
times used in building and painting to 
indicate that materials, as lime and small 
gravel, as in rough casting, or paint is 
scattered or sprinkled over a surface. Der. 
Uncertain ; one view is that it is a corruption 
of scatter, another that it is a corruption of 
spitter, Syn. Fr. for “to spatter,” Cracher 
—pron, krash-eh; also Lclabousser—pron. 
eh-klah-booh-zay ; Ger. Bespritzen— pron. 
beh-spreet-sen. 


Speckled Wood. Der. Our word speck 


18 


sp 


comes from the Old English specca, a spot, 
a stain. Syn. Fr. for “speck,” Tache— 
pron. tahsh; also Point — pron. pwahn ; 
Ger. Fleck—pron. flekk. Syn. Fr. for “to 
speckle,” Tacheter — pron. tah-sheh-tay ; 
Ger. Beflecken — pron. beh-flekk-en. Syn. 
Fr. for “speckled wood,” Bois tacheté or 
pointé— pron. bwah tah-sheh-tay, pwahn- 
tay ; Ger. Fleckig—pron. flekk-ich, 

Spring (see text for derivation and certain 
terms). Syn. Fr. for “spring well or foun- 
tain,” Pwits—pron. pweet; Ger. Brunnen— 
pron, broon-nen ; also Quelle—pron. quell-eh. 
Syn. Fr. for “spring water,” Hau de puits or 
source—pron. oh deh pwee, soorce; Ger. 
Brunnen- or Queéllwasser. Syn. Fr. for 
“underground (as of a foundation) spring,” 
Veine de l’eau—pron. vain deh loh, or simply 
Veine; also Puits souterrain—pron, sooh- 
tare-ayng; Ger. unterirdischer or -dische 
Brunnen or Quelle—pron. oohn-terr-ear-dish- 
er. Syn. Fr. for “furnished or fitted with a 
spring,” @ Ressort—prou. ah ray-zorr ; Ger. 
mit einer Feder—pron. mit ine-er fay-der, or 
mit Federn—pron. fay-dern. Syn. Fr. for 
‘““the spring barrel or box of a window 
blind,”, Botte du ressort pour la jalousie d’une 
JSenétre—pron. bwaht duuh ray-zorr poor lah 
jah-loo-zee duuhn fay-nay-terr ; Ger. Biichse 
or Kasten fiir die Feder des Fensterrouleaus 
—pron. buekk-seh, kahs-tenn fuerr dee fay- 
der dess fenn-sterr row-loce. Syn. Fr. for 
“spring of a beam,” Elasticité d’une poutre— 
pron. ale-ah-steece-ee-tay duuhn pooh-terr ; 
Ger, Elasticitdt eines Balkens—pron. ale-ass- 
teece-eeh-tatt ine-eece bahl-kens. Syn. Fr. 
for “spring dividers” (or compasses or draw- 
ing instrument), Compas a vis or & ressort— 
pron. kohmm-pahss ah vee, ray-zorr; Ger. 
Federzirkel—pron. fay-derr-tseer-kel. Syn. 
Fr. for “ spring door,” Porte a ressort—pron. 
pohrt; Ger. Federdruckthiir — pron. fay- 
derr-drookstuehr. Syn. Fr. for “springy,” 
as applied to a beam, Hlastiqgue—pron. eh- 
lass-teek; also Qui fait un ressort—pron. 
keeh fayt uuhn ray-zorr; also (as applied to 
a soil or site which has an abundance of 
water sources), Terrain avec abondance de 
sources or puits—pron. tare-raihn ah-vekk 
ah-bohn-dahnce deh soorrs, pweet; Ger. 
Federhart—pron. fay-der-hahrt, or Elastisch 
— pron. eh-lass-tish ; also Federkraftig — 
pron. -krah-eef-tich, or, for the second appli- 


cation, Grundquellenreich—pron. groohnt- 
quell-en-rych, 
Sprinkle. Der. Our word comes from 


the Old English sprinke, to spread or scatter 
a liquid in drops. Syn. Fr. for “to sprinkle,” 
Arroser—pron, ah-roh-zay ; also Pleuvoir— 
pron. pleuh-vwahr; Ger. Sprengen—pron. 
spreng-en; also Anstreuen —pron. ann-struyh- 
enn. Syn. Fr. for “to sprinkle paint ” 
(marbling otherwise called), Chiqueter — 
pron. sheek-tay; Ger. Marmorfarben 
sprengen—pron, marr-morr-farr-benn. Syn. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


Fr. for “ sprinkling brush,” Arrosoir—pror. 
ar-roh-swahr; also Hcouwvette—pron. eh-kooh- 
vett ; also Ventelle—pron. vahng-tell; Ger. 
Sprengwedel — pron, spreng-vay-del. Syn- 
Fr. for “sprinkling,” Arrosage—pron. ah- 
roh-zahj; Ger. Besprengung — pron. bay. 
spreng-oohng. 

Squeeze. A synonym for to crush or 
press forcibly, as a timber wedge is crushed 
or squeezed under great pressure. Der. Our 
word comes from the Old English cwisan, to 
crush or press between two bodies. Syn. 
Fr. for “to squeeze,” Presser—pron. press- 
eh; also Kaprimer—pron. aiks-pree-may ; 
Ger. Quetschen—pron. quett-shen; also Aus- 
pressen — pron. Owss-press-en, or simply 
Pressen. Syn. Fr. for “ squeezing or crush- 
ing,” Froisse- or Pressement—pron. frwahss-, 
press-mahn; Ger. Quetschung—pron. quett- 
shoong. 

“S-shaped Bracket or Bearing Plates. 
For staying or strengthening buildings by 
means of iron tie-rods, stretching from side 
to side; the screw-nuts used to tighten up 
the rods are made to butt against iron 
plates to give a large bearing surface. These 
are made generally of cast-iron of neat form, 
sometimes of wrought-iron. In old build- 
ings a form much used, and still adopted in 
some instances, was narrow wrought-iron 
bands, formed ornamentally into a curve of 
contrary flexure ; hence called “ S-shaped.” 
Syn. Fr. Plaque de fer aS, or simply Fer a 
S; also Plaque de mur (wall-plate), un fer en 
forme S—pron. plahk deh muehr, uhn ferr 
ahng formm s; Ger. S Lisen ; also S-férmige 
Mauerplatte von Eisen—pron.s foerr-mich-eh 
mow-err-plat-teh fonn i-zen or S-férmiger 
Mauerhaken (wall-hook), or simply §S 
Haken. 

Stationary, in Construction. An object 
or body which is designed to remain in one 
definite position, to be fixed or permanent. 
Der. Our word comes from the Latin statio, 
and this from stare, to stand, or Old English 
standian, standing. Syn. Fr. Fixe—pron. 
feeks; Ger. Stehend—pron. stay-ent. The 
term stationary applies also to the drawing 
paper, account books, memoranda required 
by the builder and architect. Syn. Fr. for 
this term, Articles de papeterie—pron. ahrr- 
teek-ell deh pahp-terr-eeh, or pahp-treeh ; 
Ger. Schreibund Reiszmaterialien — pron. 
shribe-oohnt rice-mah-tear-eeh-ahl-ee-en. 

Stay (see text for certain terms). 
Syn. Fr. for “roofing stay,” Contrevent— 
pron. kohn-terr-vahn ; Ger, Windstiitze — 
pron, vind-stuett-seh. Syn. Fr. for “stay 
bar,” Vitrigre — pron. veeh-tree-airr ; Ger. 
Stehbalken—pron. stay-bahl-ken. Syn. Fr. 
for “stay bolt,” Boulon montant — pron. 
booh-lohn mohn-tahn; also tat — pron. 
eh-tay; Ger. Stehbolzen—pron. stay-boll- 
tsen, Syn. Fr. for “stay plank,” Planche 
pour renforcement — pron. plahnsh poor 


274 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


rahn-forss-mahn; Ger. Stehdiele—pron. 
stay-dee-leh. 

Steam-engine, Portable, for builders. 
A steam-engine of small horse-power (from 
four to six or up to ten horse-power) capable 
of being transported from place to place on 
a wheeled framework, which carries the 
engine and boiler, or placed upon a foun- 
dation forming part of the whole machine, 
so that it can be at once set down at any 
convenient spot without incurring the 
necessity of making specially prepared 
foundations. The form of portable engines 
generally used by contractors for buildings 
is that in which both the boiler and the 
engine are vertical—the two being always 
combined in engines of this class—and 
which is very generally known by the 
name of “coffee-pot” engines, from the 
supposed resemblance of the boiler to this 
domestic utensil. Syn. Fr. for “ portable 
steam-engine,” Machine a vapeur portative or 
locomobile—pron. mah-sheen ah vah-peuhr 
porr-tah-teef, loh-coh-moh-beel; Ger. 
locomobile Dampfmaschine — pron. loh-coh- 
moh-beel-eh dahmpf-mah-sheen-eh. 

Stick. A term having a double meaning: 
first, as indicating small pieces or portions 
of wood, or parts of small branches of 
trees termed sticks; and second, as syno- 
nymous with to cause to adhere or 
remain fixed. Der. Our word comes from 
the Old English sticca, a staff of timber, 
part of atree branch. Syn. Fr. for “ stick,” 
as part of a faggot or bunch of small 
tree twigs or branches, Bois a fagotin — 
pron. bwah, ah fah-goh-taihn; Ger. diinnes 
Reisholz—pron. duenn-ess rice-hollts. Syn. 
Fr. for “polishing stick,” a piece of flat 
wood used asa burnisher, Rodet—pron. roh- 
day ; Ger. Polirholz—pron. poh-leer-hollts. 
Syn. Fr. for wood made into what we call 
sticks, Bois batonnée — pron. bah-toh-nay : 
Ger. Verarbeitung in Stdibchen — pron. ferr- 
arr-bite-oong in stayb-chen. Syn. Fr. for 
“to stick to,’ in the sense of adhering or 
becoming fastened, Coller —pron. koh-lay ; 
also Attacher—pron. ah-tash-ay; Ger. 
Kleben—pron. kleh-benn. Syn. Fr. for “to 
stick fast or close to,” Adhérer—pron. ahd- 
hare-eh ; Ger. Zusammenkleben—pron. tzooh- 
sahm-men, 

Stirrup. The iron strap used sometimes 
to connect the foot of a king-post of a roof 
with the tie-beam, or its head with the 
rafters—so called from its resemblance to 
the curved foothold of a horse saddle. Der. 
Our word comes from the Old English 
stigerap or stirrap, from rap, a rope, and 
stigan, mount, as a horse—a cord passing 
round the back of the horse and terminating 
at the hanging ends by loops in which the 
rider puts his feet. The loops are now made 
of iron called stirrup-irons, suspended by 
straps from the saddle. Syn. Fr. for “ stir- 


st 


rups of a tie-beam,” /’Etrier a fer d’un tirant 
—pron. late-ree-ay ah fairr deuhn tee-rahn ; 
Ger. Balkenknieriemen von Eisen — pron, 
bahl-ken-knee-ree-men fon i-zen. 

Stop Piece or Stopping. A filling up of 
ahole. Syn. Fr. Etanchement (from étancher, 
to stanch, to stop)—pron. eh-tahnsh-mahn ; 
also Bouchement (from boucher, to cork or 
stop up)—pron. boosh-mahn ; Ger. Ausstop- 
Jen; also Hemmung, or Stillung. Syn. Fr. 
for “to stop up a hole,” Rebcucher un trou 
—pron. ray-boosh-eh euhn trooh ; Ger. eine 
Hohle or ein Loch ausfillen— pron. ine-eh 
hoeh-leh or ine loch owss-fuell-en. Syn. 
Fr. for “a stop or stopping knife,” used by 
glaziers to fill up holes or make joints with 
putty, etc., Couteau de mastic—pron. kooh- 
toh deh mah-steek; Ger. Messer fiir Glass- 
kitt, or, inverted, Glasskittmesser — pron, 
glahss-kit-mess-er. 

Stop Walve, for a Water Hydrant or 
Supply Pipe. This is a mechanical con- 
trivance for controlling the supply of water, 
and consists usually of a circular conical 
valve fitted to a conical seat, terminating 
the pipe through which the water supply 
comes. Above the valve is a chamber, at 
the side of which there is a branch pipe 
delivering the water at any point desirable, 
The stem of the valve is continued upwards, 
and is raised or depressed by the rise or 
fall of a screw worked by a handle or hand- 
wheel at the upper side and outside of the 
chamber. By turning the hand-wheel in 
one direction the stop valve is pressed into 
its seat, shutting off the water from the 
point of delivery. By turning in the other 
direction the stop valve is released, and the 
pressure of water on its inner side raises it 
from its seat and allows the water to rush 
into the chamber, and from thence to the 
point of delivery. Syn. Fr. Soupape darrét 
d'un tuyau d'alimentation service de leau— 
pron. sooh-pahp darr-eh duehn twee-yoh 
dah-lee-mahn-tah-seeon serr-veece day loh, 
or simply Soupape pour un tuyaw de Veau ; 
Ger. eine Haltklappe fiir eine Wasserréhre— 
pron, ine-eh hallt-klah-peh fuehr ine-eh 
vahs-ser-roeh-reh. 

Stratum. The term used to denote the 
layers or beds in which soil and geological 
formations are placed in relation to one 
another. Der. The term is purely Latin, 
which we have borrowed without change : 
it signifies a layer. A synonymous term 
sometimes used is “couches.” This is from 
the French couche (from coucher, to lie down, 
to go to bed). The French use this, and not, 
as we do, the Latin word. Other synonyms 
are simply bed, or layer. Syn. Fr. Couche— 
pron. koosh; Ger. Lage (from Lager, a bed 
or couch, or lagern, to lay down)—pron, 
lah-geh; also Schicht (from schichten, to put 
into layers, rows, or beds)—pron, shicht. 
Syn. Fr. for “strata,’’ Couches—pron. koosh ; 


275 


su 


Ger. von Strata — pron. fonn strah-tah. 
Syn. Fr. for a body, as a stone, disposed 
with or parallel to or in line with the 
strata, Sur couche — pron. suehr koosh; 
also Dans le sens des couches—pron. dahng 
leh sahn day koosh; Ger. in der Richtung 
der Lage or Schicht—pron, in dare richt-oong 
dare lah-geh. Syn. Fr. for “against the 
strata,” Contre les couches—pron. kohn-terr 
lay koosh, or Contre le couche; Ger. der 
Lage or Schicht entgegen—pron. dare lah-geh, 
shicht ent-gay-gen. Syn. Fr. for ‘‘stratifi- 
cation,’ same word, but pron. strah-tee- 
feeh-kah-seeon ; Ger. Lagenweise or nach 
Schichtung — pron. lah-genn-vize-eh, nach 
shicht-oohng, Syn. Fr. for “stratum or 
layer of soil or earth,” Couche or Lit de terre 
—pron. koosh, lee deh tairr; Ger. Erdlage 
or -schicht. Syn. Fr. for “stratified,” Couchée 
—pron. kooh-shay; Ger. Aufschichtung — 
pron. owff-shicht-oohng. 

Subside, in Construction. A synonym 
for to sink or sink into, as a wall or the 
foundation of a wall subsiding—i.e. sinking 
into the soil, the weight or pressure of the 
wall overcoming or being greater than the 
resisting power of the soil. Der. The term 
comes from the Latin sub, under, and sedere, 
to sit—to sit under, to fall or sink to the 
bottom. Syn. Fr. Tomber au fond (to fall 
to the bottom);- also Baisser (the more 
correct term in construction, and this mean- 
ing to let down)—pron. bayss-ay ; also, and 
generally in the case of muddy liquids, as 
in filtration of water, Laisser déposer (to 
let it be deposited)—pron. layss-eh day- 
poze-ch ; also, in this sense, Se précipiter— 
pron. seh pray-see-pee-teh ; Ger. Sinken— 
pron. zin-ken, or Fallen— pron. fahl-len ; 
also Nachgeben—pron. nach-geh-ben. Syn. 
Fr. for “subsiding,” Abaissement—pron. ah- 
bayss-mahn ; Ger. Hinsinken. Syn. Fr. for 
“subsidence,” Chute au fond—pron. shuet 
oh fohnd, or Précipitation—pron. pray-see- 
pee-tah-seeon; also Affaissement—pron. ah- 
fayss-mahn, or Abaissement ; Ger. das Sinken 
or Fallen. 

Subsoil. The soil lying immediately 
under the upper layer or stratum of earth 
or the natural surface-soil. Syn. Fr. Soussol 
—pron. sooh-soll, or Sol sous la premiére 
couche — pron. soll sooh lah prem-yare 
koosh; Ger. Untergrund—pron. oohn-terr- 
groond. 

Substance. A term used as synonymous 
with a solid body, as contradistinguished 
from a liquid, which, however, is a sub- 
stance, but generally designated a liquid 
ubstance to distinguish it from a solid. 
The word is also used to denote that a body 
is of good quality, as in the phrase “ good 
substance.” Der. The word is from the 
Latin substantia, and this from sub, under, 
and stare, to stand, to stand under, to be 
firm, solid, Syn. Fr. (same word as ours)— 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. A denda 


but pron. suhb-stahnce; Ger. Sudstans— 
pron. soohb-stants ; also Stoff- 

Substantial. A term much used in the 
specification of building work, as “the whole 
to be built or constructed in a sound and 
substantial manner,” the meaning of which 
is obvious, bearing in mind the origin of 
the term. Der. From the Latin substantia, 
and this from sub, under, and stare, to stand : 
to stand under, to be firm, solid. Syn. Fr. 
Substantiel—pron. suehb-stahn-see-ell ; also 
Fort solide—pron. forr soh-leed; Ger, Selbst- 
sténdig—pron. zellbst-stend-ich. 

Superposed. A term used to indicate 
that one body is placed upon the top of 
another. Of two bodies, one of which rests 
upon another, the uppermost is said to be 
superposed. Der. The term comes from the 
Latin supra, above, and ponere, to place. 
Syn. Fr. for “to superpose,” Superposer— 
pron. sueh-pare-poh-zay ; Ger. Ueberlegen— 
pron. ueb-err-lay-genn. Syn. Fr. for “super- 
posed,” Superposce — pron. sueh-pare-poh- 
zay; Ger. Ueber einander liegend — pron. 
ueb-err ine-ahn-derr lee-gend. Syn. Fr. for 
“ superposition,” same word as ours, but 
pron. sueh-pare-poh-zee-seeon ; Ger. Ueber- 
lagerung—pron, ueh-berr-lah-gerr-oohng. 

Surface (see text). Der. Our word comes 
from the French sur, upon, and face, face, 
or from the Latin szper, above, and facies, 
a form or shape-—“ the above or upper form 


or shape.” Syn. Fr, for “surface,” Surface 
—pron, suehr-fahss; Ger. //déche— pron. 
flech-eh. Syn. Fr. for “convex surface,” 


Surface convexe— pron. suehr-fahss kohn- 
vaix; Ger. Convere Fldche. Syn. Fr. for 
“concave surface,” Surface concave—pron. 
kohn-kahv; Ger. Konkave Fldche. Syn. Fr. 
for “plain or even surface,” Surface dé- 
gauchie— pron. day-goh-shee, or Surface 
plate—pron. plahte; Ger. Platte Fldche or 
Ebene Fldche — pron. eh-ben-eh flech-eh. 
Syn. Fr. for “to take off the surface,” as of 
wood, Effleurer la surface—pron. eh-fleuh- 
ray lah suehr-fahss ; Ger. Fldche abnehmen. 
Syn. Fr. for “oblique surface,” Surface 
oblique—pron. oh-bleek ; Ger. schrige Fldche 
—pron. shray-geh flech-eh. 

Suspension. Der. Our word suspend 
comes from the Latin sws, under, and pendere, 
to hang. Syn. Fr. for “to suspend,” Sus- 
pendre—pron, suehss-pahn-derr ; also Fate 
dépendre—i.e. make to hang from—pron. 
fare day-pahn-derr; Ger. Suspendiren— 
pron. soos-pen-deer-en; also Aufhdingen— 
pron. owff-heng-en. Syn. Fr. for “suspen- 
sion bridge,” Pont en chaines—pron. pohnt 
ahn shain or shenn; also Pont suspendu 
avec chaines—pron. suehss-pahn-dueh ah- 
vekk shains; Ger. Héngebriicke—pron. ha- 
eng eh-bruek-eh, Syn. I'r. for “suspension ” 
(same word as ours)—pron. suehss-pabn- 
seeon; Ger. Suspension—pron. soos-pen- 
zee-ohn, Syn. Fr. for “suspension beam,” 


276 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


Soupente— pron. sooh-pahnt; Ger. LHdnge- 
balken—pron. heng-eh-bahl-ken. 

Sustain, To. Der. Our word comes from 
the Latin sustinere, to hold, to keep up, 
from sud, under, and tenere, to hold. Syn. 
Fr. for “to sustain,” Sowtenir—pron. sooh- 
ten-eer ; also Supporter — pron. sueh-porr- 
tay; Ger. Stiitzen—pron. stueht-sen, or 
Unterstiitzen—pron. oohn-terr. Syn. Fr. for 
“sustainer,’ Support — pron. sueh - pohr; 
Ger. Stiitze—pron. stuet-seh. Syn. Fr. for 
“ sustained,” Supporté— pron. sueh-pohrr- 
tay ; also Sowenu—pron. sooh-ten-ueh, 

Sward. A synonym for the grass- 
covered turf, as that of a Jawn. Der. The 
word comes from the Old English sweard, 
grassy land or turf. Syn. Fr. for ‘“sward,” 
Gazon — pron. gah-zohn; also Pelouse— 
pron. pay-looze; Ger. Jasen—pron. rah- 
zen. Syn. Fr. for “cutting (the grass of) 
a greensward,” trepage—pron. eh-terr- 
pah]; also Gazonage—pron. gah-zonn-abj ; 
Ger. den Rasen shales (from schalen, to pare) 
—pron. denn rah-zen shah-len ; also Scheidene 
den Rasen—pron. shide-enn. 

Swing, To. A synonym for to oscillate, 
vibrate, or move to and fro. Der. The 
word comes from the Old English swingan, 
having the last-named meaning; it may 
come from the German word now to be 

iven. Syn. Fr. Se balancer—pron, seuh 

ahl-ahn-say; also Tournoyer—pron. toohr- 
nwah-yea; Ger. Schwingen—pron. shving- 
en. Syn. Fr. for “aswing,” in garden or 
playground fittings, Bascule— pron. bah- 
skuehl; Ger. Schwung — pron. shvoong. 
Syn. Fr. for “swing bridge,” Pont balance 
or tournant-aussi or  flottant—pron. pohn 
bah-lahn-say, toohr-nahn-oh-see, floh-tahn ; 
Ger. Schwingbriicke — pron. shving bruek- 
eh; also Drehbriicke (from drehen, to draw). 
Syn. Fr. for “swing door,” Porte balancée or 
tournant-aussi or flottant—pron. pohrt ; Ger. 
Schwingthiir—pron. shving-tuehr. Syn. Fr. 
for “swing window,” Fénetre flottante—pron. 
fay-nay-terr floh-tahnt; Ger. Schwingfenster 
—pron. fenn-sterr. Syn. Fr. for “swing 
gate,” Porte a claire voie coulante — pron. 
pohrt ah klaire vwah kooh-lahnt; Ger. 
Schwinggatterthiir — pron. shving-gah-terr- 
tuehr. 

Swivel. A term used as synonymous 
with to turn round, move on a point, as a 
centre. Der. Our word comes from the Old 
English swifan, to move quickly round, to 
revolve. Syn. Fr. for “a swivel,” Anneau 
mobile (a movable ring)—pron. ah-no moh- 
beel; also Pierrier—pron. pee-err-ce-yea ; 
Ger. Wirbel—pron. veer-bell. Syn. Fr. for 
“ swivel bridge ” (see term “swing bridge”). 
Syn. Fr. for “swing table,” Table a rotule— 
pron. tah-bell ah roh-tuehl; Ger. Schwing- 
tisch—pron. shving-tish. 

Symmetrical, in Architectural Design. 
A term used to indicate that the parts are 


ta 


well proportioned—i.e. well arranged or 
balanced. Der. A good idea of the term will 
be gained from the derivation of the word 
symmetry, which comes from the Latin 
symmetria, and this from the Greek sin, 
with, and metron, a measure, arranged 
according to measure or proportion. A 
part is said to be symmetrical with another 
when the two are well proportioned in 
parts, or properly disposed in relation to 
each other—the whole giving the idea of 
what is known as a well balanced design— 
no one part having an undue preponderance 
over the other. Syn. Fr. for “symmetry,” 
Harmonie—pron. arr-moh-nee, or Symétrie— 
pron. seem-eh-tree ; also Proportion—pron. 
proh-por-seeon; also Hurythmie — pron. 
oohr-eet-mee ; Ger. Ebenmass (“even mea- 
sure”)—pron. eh-ben-mahss; also Gleichmass 
(like measure)—pron. glych-mahss. Syn. 
Fr. for “symmetrical,” Symétrique—pron. 
seem-eh-treek ; Ger. Gleichmissig. 

Systematic order or arrangement. Der. 
The word comes from the Latin systema, 
and this from the Greek sustema, which is 
from sunistemi, to place together in ac- 
cordance with some definite arrangement. 
System, plan, or order is indispensable to 
the right doing of work of all kinds ; without 
it time is lost, materials and money wasted, 
and the work likely to be done in a faulty 
way. Syn. Fr. for “system,” Systeme — 
pron. seece-tame ; Ger. System—pron. seece- 
tame. Syn. Fr. for “systematical” (often 
used as a synonym for “ symmetrical”), 
Systématique — pron. seece-tame-ah-teek ; 
Ger, Systematisch—pron. sis-tame-ah-tish,. 

Systyle, in Architecture. That arrange- 
ment of columns or pillars in which the 
distance between the pillars is equal to 
twice the diameter of the pillar or column. 
Der, The word comes from the Latin systelos. 
Syn. Fr. Systyle— pron. see-steal; Ger. 
Nahsdulig (“near pillared”) — pron, nah- 
zoy-lich. 


Tar. A black viscid, glutinous liquid, 
used in constructive work to preserve timber, 
or cover wall surfaces with to keep them 
dry. Tar is of two kinds—vegetable and 
one of the by-products of coal-gas making, 
to which may be added a third variety, 
bituminous pitch or asphalte tar. Vegetable 
tar, the product of resinous trees, such as 
the pine and fir, is the finest; that known 
as Archangel tar, a north-of-Europe port, 
has perhaps the highest reputation. Der 
The word comes from the Old English terw. 
Tar in construction, and generally coal gas- 
tar, is used to cover or paint timber-work, 
as roofs of sheds, When mixed with fine 
dry, clean sharp, river sand, or if this be 
sprinkled pretty thickly over the newly put- 
on tar, the protecting covering thus afforded 


277 


te 


lasts much longer, and is more effective in 
turning wet, resisting damp, etc., than a 
covering of tar only. Asphalte tar or melted 
asphalte or bitumen is largely used in the 
making of pavements, etc. Syn. Fr. fer 
“tar,” Goudron—pron. gooh-drohn; Ger. 
Theer—pron. tare. Syn. Fr. for “ resinous 
or vegetable tar,’ Goudron résinique or 
végétal—pron. ray-zeen-eek, vay-jay-tahl ; 
Ger. Harztheer—pron. harrts-tare. Syn. 
Fr. for “mineral tar,’ Goudron minéral or 
bitume -— pron. mee-nare-all, beeh-tuehm ; 
Ger. Asphalttheer, or Bergtheer. Syn. Fr. for 
“tar brush,” Guipon—pron. gwee-pohn ; also 
Brosse pour goudronner—pron. bross poor 
gooh-dronn-eh; Ger. Theerpinsel—pron. tare- 
pin-zell, Syn. Fr. for “a tarred wall,” Une 
mur goudronnée ; Ger. betheerte Mauer— 
pron. beh-tairr-teh mow-err. 

Temple, in Grecian and Roman Architec- 
ture. A building erected in honour of one 
or other of the deities of the Greeks or 
Romans, 01 which they lavished all the 
riches of their architectural styles. The 
subject is here alluded to as it was in con- 
nection with the Grecian temple that the 
peculiarities of columnar arrangement, or 
of the position which the pillars, used to 
decorate the building, held in relation to 
it and to one another, originated and were 
displayed. The following is a brief de- 
scription of the peculiarity of the different 
classes of temples. (1) When the main 
building had pilasters at the angles, which 
terminated the side walls, and projected 
beyond the surface of end wall, the arrange- 
ment was termed “in antis”—in this the 
pilasters were called “ante,” sometimes 
“parastate.” (2) When the main structure 
had only a portico formed with pillars at 
the front or fagade, the arrangement was 
known as “prostyle” (pro, before, and 
stylos, a pillar or column). (3) When the 
building had a portico not only at the front 
but at’ the back or other end, the arrange- 
ment was termed “amphiprostyle,” from 
the Greek word amphi, both, and pro- stylos. 
(4) When the temple had a series of pillars 
or columns in single row or range—termed 
a colonnade (which see)—all round, the 
style was called “ peripteral,” from the 
Greek word zeri, around, or from peéripatein, 
to walk about. (5) When the structure 
had a double colonnade, or two rows or 
ranges of columns all round it, the arrange- 
ment was called “ dipteral,” from the Greek 
words dis, double or two, and pteron, a 
feather, double winged. (6) When the 
inner row or range of pillars was omitted, 
or the dipteral was imperfectly developed, 
the style was called ‘“ pseudo-dipteral,” 
from the Greek word pseudos, a falsity, a 
counterfeit—false dipteral. (7) When the 
building had the space which it enclosed 
roofless, or the interior space open to the 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


sky, it was called “hypethral.” (8) When 
the structure was round and without a 
cella, the arrangement was called “ mono- 
pteral,” from the Greek word monos, alone 
or single. Temples were also classified or 
distinguished by the arrangement of their 
pillars. The different arrangements were 
as follows :—(1) When the columns were 
set very closely together, a space equal to 
1} times the diameter of the column being 
placed between each two, the arrangement 
was called “pycnostylos.” (2) When the 
columns were placed round the buildings at 
distances from each other of two diameters, 
the arrangement was called “systylos.” 
(3) When the columns were interspersed at 
24 times the diameter, the style was called 
“ eustylos,” this being held to be the best or 
purest style. (4) When the pillars were 
placed at distances apart equal to their 
diameter, the style was called “ diastylos.” 
(5) When placed at intervals greater than 
in the last-named style, as four diameters, 
the style was called “araeostylos.” Der, 
The word temple comes from the Latin 
templum, meaning a space marked out, 
and this from tempulum, the diminutive of 
tempus, a portion or part cut off. Syn. Fr. 
(same word as ours)—pron. tahm-pell ; Ger. 
Tempel—pron. tem- or tame-pell. 

Tendency. A term often used in con- 
nection with materials and construction, as 
a beam having a tendency to deflect or 
bend, or a stone to break or rupture; 
synonymous with having an inclination for, 
or aS possessing some characteristic, as 
weakness from defective size, or some pecu- 
liarity, as softness, tending to a certain 
result, as rupture. Der. The word comes 
from the Latin tendere, to incline to, to bend 
towards, to tend to. Syn. Fr. for “ ten- 
dency,” Tendance—pron. tahn-dahnce; Ger. 
Tendenz—pron, ten-dents ; also Richtung— 
pron. rich-toong. 

Texture. A term sometimes used in 
connection with materials, as stone or 
timber, etc.,as synonymous with grain or 
vein or composition, a fine-grained wood, 
wood of fine texture—stone of fine texture 
meaning of finegrain. Der. From the Latin 
textura, and this from tertere, to weave, 
textum, woven. Although often used, the 
term is inapplicable to any solid material 
used in construction, such as stone or 
timber, and is only applicable to substances 
spun and woven, as will be seen from the 
derivation. Hence, so far as the materials 
of construction or of house fitting are con- 
cerned, it is only properly applicable to the 
materials used by the cabinet maker or 
upholsterer, such as hangings for windows, 
haircloth, and the like. The term may 
be allowable in relation to leather used by 
most trades, which, although not a woven 
fabric, may be classified by its texture— 


278 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILLING CONSTRUCTION, 


a term in such a casé synonymous with 
rain, Syn. Fr. Jisswu— pron. tee-sueh; 
er. Gewebe—pron. geh-vay-beh, one of 

the meanings of which is “a web” (as of 

cloth)—from weben (vay-benn), to weave; 
also Verbindung— pron. fare-been-duuhng, 
which as applied to stone or timber is more 
applicable than the word (Gewede, texture, 
inasmuch as it means a binding together or 

a union, as of particles or fibres—strictly, 

however, threads or yarns. The word 

“texture” is often applied to soil of geo- 

logical strata to indicate the condition of 

the layers—that is, their thickness or thin- 
ness ; as, for example, the texture of slaty 
soil or of slate itself, the thinness of the 
lamina or plates. Syn. Fr. for texture in 
this connection, Cowche—pron. koosh ; also 

Tissu du sol or terrain; Ger. Textur, or 

Erdetextur—pron, taix-tuuhr, 

Tholobate. A term of comparatively 
recent introduction in architectural nomen- 
clature, to denote the part of a building on 
which a cupola or a dome is supported, or 
on which the timbers of its framework if of 
wood, or the blocks of stone, rest. Der. The 
word is taken from the Greek tholos, a 
dome or a circular building. Syn. Fr. 
Tholobate—pron. toe-loh-baht ; also Tambour 
de dome (“drum of the dome ”)—pron. tahm- 
boohr deh dome; also Tholus—pron. toe- 
lueh ; Ger. Kuppel — pron. koop-pel, or 
Kuppelbau— pron. bow (ow as in now); 
also Kugelgewilbe—pron. koo-gel-geh-voell- 
beh ; also (which is the more correct term) 
Kuppeluntersatz—literally “the underseat, 
foundation, springing, or supporting point 
of the cupola”—pron. koop-pel-oohn-terr- 
zahts ; and finally, as applied to a circular 
building, Rotwnde—pron. roh-toon-deh. 

Thorough. A synonym for “through,” 
a term in masonry (which see). Syn. Fr. 
for “thoroughfare,” Une passage — pron. 
uehn pah-sajhe; Ger. Durchfahrt—literally 
“through walk or passage ’’—pron. doorch- 
fahrtt. Syn. Fr. for a “through light or 
aperture,” as distinguished from a false or 
sham opening, as a dead window, Jour & 
travers—pron. jhoor ah trah-vair; Ger. 
Durchstreichendes Licht — literally ‘‘a 
through - striking light” — ie. daylight 
striking through—pron, doorch-striche-en- 
des licht. 

Tilt, To. Der. The word comes from the 
Old English tealtian, to waver, meaniig 
generally, as in the phrase tilt up, to raise 
one end of the body higher than the other, 
as in dealing with a block of stone or a 
timber beam, where each is laid at an angle 
or oblique to a given line. Syn. Fr. for 
“to tilt a beam,” /ncliner wn poutre en avant 
—pron, aihn-klee-nay uuhn pooh-terr ahn 
ah-vahn; also Bacher—pron. bah-shay ; Ger. 
einen Balken stechen—pron. ine-en bahl-kenn 
stech-en, or turnieren einen Balken—pron. 


tr 


toohr-near-en. Syn. Fr. for “ tilted beam,” 
une Poutre bachee—pron. bah-shay, or une 
Poutre inclinée en avant; Ger. ein turnierter 
Balken. 

Tinselling, in Cabinet Making and 
Painting. The covering of a surface with 
a material or substance having a shining, 
glistening, sparkling appearance. Der. Our 
word tinsel comes from the French étincelle, 
a spark, and this from the Latin scintilla, a 
spark, meaning something very shining, 
Syn. Fr. for “tinsel,” Clinqguant — pron. 
klaihn-kahn ; also Oripeau—pron. or-ee-poh ; 
Ger. Flittergold (from flittern, to glitter)— 
pron. flit-terr-gollt. Syn. Fr. for ‘to 
tinsel,” Orner de clinquant—pron. orr-nay 
deh klain-kahn; Ger. mit Flitterwerk zieren 
—pron. mit flit-terr-vairrk tseer-en. Syn. 
Fr, for “ tinselled,” Orné de clinquant. 

Tissue. A term synonymous with 
texture or vein, as of wood, or in con- 
nection with woven fabrics, as window 
hangings in upholstery work, meaning the 
character of the fabric, its body, fineness, or 
the reverse. Syn. Fr. for “ tissue,” Tissu— 
pron, tee-sueh, or 7issage—pron. tee-sahj; 
also Corps détoffe—literally ‘‘body of the 
stuff ”—pron. coarr day-toft; Ger. Gewirk— 
pron. geh-veerk, or Gewebe—pron. geh-vay- 
beh. Syn. Fr. for the ‘‘cellular tissue” of 
wood, J%ssu cellulaire de bois—pron. cell-ueh- 
laire deh bwah; Ger. das Gewebe des Holzes 
—pron. dass geh-vay-beh dess_holl-tsess, 
Syn. Fr, for “ tissue paper,” Papier de soie— 
literally “silk paper,’ one of our synonyms 
for this extremely thin and light paper, 
used for a great variety of purposes—pron. 
pah-peeay deh swah ; also Papier a serpente, 
or simply Serpente—pron. serr-pahnt—from 
serpent, a serpent, or from serpenter, to wind 
(see below) ; Ger. Seidenpapier, silk paper 
(from Seide, silk)-—pron. zy-den-pah-peer ; 
also Schldngelpapier (from schldngeln, to 
wind, or from Schlange, a snake, meaning 
that the paper is easily wound round a 
body, referring to its use in wrapping : the 
latter derivation is seen in the French 
synonym of serpente, as above) — pron. 
shleng-el. 

Transmit, To. A term used in the 
mechanics of architecture or building, as 
one beam is said to transmit the force or 
pressure put upon it to another beam on 
which it rests or by which it is supported. 
Der. The word comes from the Latin trans, 
through, and mi‘tere, to send. Syn. Fr. for 
“to transmit a pressure,” Jransmettre une 
pression—pron. trahns-met-terr uehn press- 
ee-on; Ger. einen Druck durchlassen—pron. 
ine-en drookk doorch-lahss-en, Syn. Fr. for 
“transmission of a pressure,” Zransmission 
de pression—pron. trahns-meess-ee-on ; Ger, 
Durchlassung des Druckes — pron. doorch: 
lahss-oongh dess drook-es. 

Transparent. A term, as applied to 


279 


tr 


glass, for example, to indicate that objects 
can be seen through it, or that it transmits 
or conveys light through it. Der. The 
word comes from the Latin trans, through, 
and parare, to appear. Syn. Fr. for “ trans- 
parent,” same word as ours, but pronounced 
trahns-pah-rahn ; aiso Diaphane—pron. dee- 
ah-fahn, and this, the synonym for our 
word diaphanous, comes from the Greek 
diaphanes, from dia, through, and phanein, 
to shine, to show through; Ger. Durch- 
sichtig (seen through)—pron. doorch-zich- 
tich. Syn. Fr. for “transparency,” 7’rans- 
parence — pron. trahns-pah-rahnce ; also 
Translucidité — pron. trahnce-lueh-see-dee- 
tay; Ger. Durchsichtigkeit—pron. doorch- 
zich-tich-kite. The word “translucent” is 
often used, but not with absolute correct- 
ness, aS Synonymous with transparent—as 
in the last-named term from the French. 
This word comes from the Latin trans, 
through, and duceo, I shine. Syn. Fr. (see 
above); Ger. Durchscheinend—pvron, doorch- 
shine-ent. ‘ 

Treatment. A term used in connection 
with architectural design, as the treatment 
of the subject on the design of a building, 
applied also to its details. Der. The word 
comes from the Latin tractare, or from 
trahere, to draw, or from the French traiter 
(to draw)—pron. tray-tay; Ger. Behandeln 
—pron. beh-hahn-delln. Syn. Fr. for 
“architectural treatment,’ Traitement archi- 
tecturale — pron. trayt-mahn arr-kee-teck- 
tueh-rahl; Ger. Behandlung in der Baukunst 
—pron. bay-hahnd-loohng in dare bough- 
koonst. 

Tunnel. A subterranean passage or way, 
either cut through the solid rock or if 
through soil lined with masonry or brick- 
work, Tunnels of comparatively small 
dimensions, as for the conveyance of water 
or sewage liquid, are generally in building 
termed culverts or large sewers or drains; 
but earth or rock pierced for the work is 
almost always said to be tunnelled. Der. The 
word tunnel comes from the Old English 
toenel, a synonym for a funnel throurh 
which a liquid (as in quickly filling a vessel, 
as a barrel, through a small hole) is poured ; 
it also meant an excavation or a hole bored 
through, a hole or a subway under a fort 
or tower in besieging it. Syn. Fr. for “a 
tunnel,” same word as ours, being borrowed 
from our language at the period of the 
introduction of railways by the English, 
the term being an important one in the 
nomenclature of railway engineering—pron. 
tuch-nell; also Souterrain—pron. sooh-terr- 
aihn; Ger. Tunnel—pron. toon-nell ; also 
Untergrundbau — pron. oohn-terr-groont- 
bough ; also Untergrundbauweg. Syn. Fr. for 
‘*to tunnel,” Construire un tunnel—pron. 
kohn-strweer euhn tuehnell; Ger. einen 
Untergrundbauweg machen. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


Turf. <A term used as synonymous with 
a grass sod, the top layer of soil covered 
with grass, and the particles of which are 
held together by the matted roots of the 
grass, so as to form a solid mass capable of 
being cut or stripped from the ground and 
removed from place to place. Der. Our 
word comes unchanged from the Old English 
word, signifying the upper grass-covered 
layer of soil. In another direction the word 
turf is synonymous with our word peat, the 
consolidated remains of deposited decayed 
vegetable matter in marshes or bogs. The 
French synonym for “turf” in the first 
meaning given above is Gazon, the name 
for “sod”; for the last-named meaning, 
Tourbe—pron, toohrbb; Ger, Torf—pron. 
toarff. 

Turpentine. <A resinous oil, the product 
of resinous trees, as the pine, fir, etc., 
largely used in the arts, specially in that of 
house-painting. Der. The word is from the 
German terpentin, or from the Latin terebin- 
thus, or from the Greek terebinthinos, from 
which the French synonym comes. Syn. Fr. 
Térébenthine—pron. tare-eh-bahn-teen ; Ger, 
Terpentin—pron. tare-penn-teen. 

Twine Ornament. An interlaced line 
ornament for surface decoration, like the 
interlacings of cord, or so called because the 
lines interlace or intertwine with each other. 
Der. The word twine comes from the Old 
English twinan, from twi, two, as two 
strands wound round each other, from the 
cord called twine. Syn. Fr. for “twine 
ornament,” Hntrelac—pron, ahn-terr-lakk ; 
Ger. Netzwerkornamente—pron. netts-vairrk- 
orr-nah-main-teh. Syn. Fr. for “to twine,” 
Retordre— pron. ray-torr-derr ; Ger. Zwirnen 
—pron, tsveer-nen. 


Unbelt—Unbolted. Terms used in con- 
struction, as in the unscrewing of nuts which 
keep bolts of beams, etc., in their places, or 
the releasing of the bolt of a door or gate. 
Syn. Fr. for “to unbolt,” Ouvrir le verrou 
(release the screw) — pron. ooh-vreer leh 
vare-ooh ; also Deverrouiller — pron. day- 
vare-oohl-yay ; also Débarrer la porte (unbar 
the door)—pron. day-barr-eh lah pohrt ; Ger. 
Aufriegeln—pron. owff-ree-geln. 

Unhook, To. As the catch of a window, 
the hasp of a door or gate. Syn. Fr. 
Decrocher — pron. day-kroh-shay ; Ger. 
Aufhaken — pron. owff-hah-ken; also 
Loshaken—pron. lohce-hah-ken. 

Upset. A synonym for overturn, as a 
load of bricks. Syn. Fr. for “to upset,’ 
Verser—pron. vairr-say; Ger. Umwerfen— 
pron, oohm-vairr-fen ; also Umstiirzen-—-pron. 
oohm-stuehr-tsen. 

Upset Price, in sale of buildings, pro- 
perty, etc. The sum or price at which the 
property or buildings is put up or the 


280 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. vi 


competition begun by intending purchasers 
at a sale by auction, and below which the 
property, etc., will not be sold. The term 
is more used in Scotland than in England. 
Syn. Fr. Mise a prix—pron, meeze ah preeh ; 
Ger. Angebot ber Auctionen—pron. ahn-geh- 
boat by owk-tsee-oh-nen ; also das geringste 
Gebot—pron. dass geh-ring-steh geh-boat ; 
also Preisanschlag—pron. price-ahn-shlahg, 
Utensils. A synonym for appliances, 
tools, or implements used in various trades, 
but chiefly in regard to ironmongers’ goods 
for kitchen or domestic purposes. Der. The 
word comes from the Latin utensilis, a thing 
fit for use, and this from utor, usus, to use. 
Syn. Fr. Utensile—pron. ueh-tahn-seel ; also 
Outils—pron. ooh-teel ; Ger. Geschirr—pron, 
geh-shirr, or Werkzeug—pron. vairrk-tsoig. 
Utilisation. A term very frequently 
used in connection with what is one of the 
most striking features of the development 
of modern practical science, the making 
available for useful purposes of certain pro- 
ducts or substances which at one and for a 
long time were considered and classed as 
“waste substances.” Of this development, 
two of the most remarkable, certainly the 
best known, are the utilisation of the waste 
substance or “bye product” of the “gas 
manufacture ”’—coal tar, from which a wide 
variety of colours bringing high prices, 
perfumes, etc., are now produced; and the 
utilisation of the waste products of domestic 
establishments, known far and wide as the 
“ utilisation of town sewage ”—that is, 
making something profitable which might 
otherwise be wasted. Der. The word utili- 
sation comes from the Latin wtilitas, and 
this from wtilis, useful, which again comes 
from utor, to use. Syn. Fr., precisely our 
own word—pron. uuh-teel-ee-zah-seezon ; Ger. 
Verwerthung—-pron. ferr-vairr-toong. 


Vandyke Borders, in Ornamentation. A 
synonym for scalloped, indicating that the 
edge of a body, as a window valance in 
upholstery or in cabinet making, in place of 
being plain, is cut into a succession of 
hollows and projections of varying outline. 
Syn. Fr. Bordures a la Vandyke — pron. 
bohr-duehr ah lah vahn-dyke ; Ger. Zacken- 
rdnder—pron, tsakk-enn-renn-der. 

Variegated. A term applied in Decoration 


to indicate that a surface is coloured or. 


veined, as in marble, with different colours or 
shades of colour. Der. The word is from the 
Latin variegatus, from variegare, to change, 
and this from varius. Syn. Fr. Polychromée 
—pron. poh-lee-krome-eh, or simply Poly- 
chrome; also Diversicolorée or -colore—pron. 
dee-vair-see-koh-lorr-eh ; also Bigarrée — 
pron. bee-garr-eh ; Ger. Bunt—pron. boont ; 
also Vielfarbig — pron. feel-farr-bich (ch 
guttural, see Dissertation). Syn. Fr. for “to 


2 


variegate,” Bigarrer — pron. bee-garr-eh ; 
also Diversicolorer-—pron. dee-vair-see-koll- 
orr-eh ; also Colorer a la polychrome; Ger. 
Bunt machen—pron. boont mach-en; also 
Vielfarbig machen, Syn. Fr. for “ variega- 
tion,” Bigarrure—pron. bee-garr-uehr ; Ger, 
Vielfarbigkeit—pron. feel-farr-bich-kite. 

Vessel. A synonym for a hollow utensil 
or dish, or a hollow body eapable of contain- 
ing a solid, but generally a liquid, substance 
or material, such as the boiler for melting 
asphalte pitch for pavement work, etc., the 
tub for holding water used by masons, 
plasterers, etc. Der. The word is from the 
Latin vasculum, the diminutive of vas, a 
vessel; or it may be from the French 
vaisseau (vay-soh),a ship, a vessel, by which 
term we often designate a ship, or more 
directly from the French vaisselle (vay-sell), 
dishes, plates, etc. 

Viaduct. A synonym for bridge, but 
applied chiefly, if not now exclusively, to 
bridges of several arches, used to take a 
railway across a valley. Der. The word is 
from the Latin via, a way, and ducere, to 
lead. Syn. Fr. Viaduc—pron. vee-ah-duek : 
Ger. der Viaduct—pron. derr fee-ah-dookt ; 
also, but with a more specific application. 
Eisenbahnbriicke (a railway bridge)-—pron, 
ize-en-bahn-bruek-keh. 

Vignette. The carved work in Gothic 
mouldings representing vine leaves and 
tendrils running along the surface of a 
fillet, or within the curve of a cavetto or 
hollow moulding. Der. The word is from 
the French vigne, a vine, and our word is 
purely from the French—pron. vee-nett; 
also F'lewron d’une moulure—pron. fleuh-ron 
duehn mooh-luehr; Ger, Blumenleiste—pron. 
bloom-en-lice-teh. 

Vinery, in Garden Architecture. The 
building or structure specially designed for 
the forced cultivation of vines, to produce 
grapes in climates too rigorous or too 
changeable to ripen them in the open air, 
or to produce fruit at an earlier period of 
the season than it would be produced if 
grown in the open air in fitting climates. 
Der.The word isOld English, the plant which 
grows the grapes from which wine—Latin 
for which is vinum—is produced. Syn. Fr. 
Serre a vignes—pron. sairr ah veehn; also 
Forcerie (hothouse) pour la vigne—pron. 
forr-ser-ree poor lah veen; Ger. Weintrauben 
Treibhaus—pron. vine-trowb-en tripe-house. 

Viscosity. The thick sticky or glutinous 
condition of certain substances used in 
house construction or decoration. Der. The 
word viscous comes from the Latin viscidus, 
sticky, gluey, and this from visum, a sticky 
substance known as birdlime, made from the 
berries of the mistletoe the parasite plant 
found on oaks or apple-trees. Syn. Fr. for 
“viscosity,” Viscosité—pron. veess-coh-zee- 
tay; Ger. Zdhheit (from zah [tsay], clammy, 


81 


Vi 


sticky)—pron. tsay-hite; also Zdhigkeit— 
pron. tsay-ich-kite.. Syn. Fr. for ‘‘ viscous,” 
Visqueuz— pron. veeze-kueh-euh ; Ger, K/e- 
brigkeit (from kleben, to stick—hence the 
English “cleave ’’)—pron. klay-brich-kite ; 
also Schleimig (from Schleim, slime)—pron. 
shlime-ich. 

Vitrified. A term applied to drain tubes 
to indicate that they are fired, so that their 
whole surface, internal and external alike, 
is covered with a hard, shining, glass-like 
substance. Der. The word vitrify comes 
from the Latin vitrum, glass, and facere, to 
make. To vitrify is practically to give or 
make a body with a glazed, or, as we 
popularly call it, a glassy, surface. Syn. Fr. 
for “vitrified,” Vitrifigée— pron. veeh-tree- 
fee-eh ; Ger. Verglasen—pron. ferr-glah-zen. 
Syn. Fr. for “to vitrify,” Vtrifier—pron. 
veeh-tree-fee-eh ; Ger. Glasig machen. 

Volume, A term often, employed as 
synonymous with quantity, mass, bulk, or 
size. It is more specially applied in technics 
to gases or aeriform fluids or to liquids than 
to solid substances. Der. The word comc¢s 
from the Latin volumen, a material rolled 
or wound up, and this from volvere, to roll, 
volutum, rolled up. Syn. Fr. Volume—pron. 
voh-luehm ; also Masse—pron. maahss ; Ger. 
Volumen—pron. voh-loo-men. 

Wolute. The scroll or spiral used in the 
formation of the capital of the column in 
the Ionic order of architecture, used also 
in a modified form in the Corinthian and 
Composite orders. In the Ionic the volutes 
run in the same plane as that of the capital ; 
in the Corinthian and Composite they are 
placed diagonally. Syn. Fr. for “ volute,” 
same word as ours, but pronounced voh-lueht; 
also Hélice—pron. hay-leece ; also Corne du 
bélier (ram’s horn)—pron. korrn dueh bay- 
lee-ay ; also Hyperthyron—pron. hee-pair- 
tee-rohn ; Ger. Volute—pron. voh-loo-teh ; 
also Rolle—pron. rol-leh; also Spirale— 
pron. speeh-rah-leh. Syn. Fr. for ‘“ volute 
of a capital of a column,” Volute du chapiteau 
dune colonne—pron. voh-lueht dueh shah- 
pee-toh duehn koh-lenn; Ger. Sdulenkopf- 
volute—pron. zoy-len-koppf-voh-loo-teh. 


Waste. A term synonymous with useless 
or spoiled materials, etc. For derivation of 
the word see Waste Pipe in text. Syn. Fr. 
for “to waste,” in the sense of spoiling 
work, Louper — pron. loop-eh —a purely 
technical or workshop phrase; Ger. Bdcke 
machen—pron. boek-keh mah-chen ; aiso 
Verderben. Syn. Fr. for “waste,” in the 
sense of being spent or worn out, Usé (used) 
—pron. ueh-zay; also Ce qui a jouce (that 
which has played its part or fulfilled its 
use) — pron. seuh kee ah jooh-eh; Ger, 
Benutzt — pron. beh-nootst. Syn. Fr. for 
“waste land for building,” Terrain superfin 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Addenda 


pour les” bdtiments — pron. tair-aihn sueh- 
pairr-flueh poor Jay bah-tee-mahn; Ger. 
unbenutzter Bodengrund — pron. oohn-beh- 
noots-terr boh-den-groohnt. Syn. Fr. for 
“waste land,” Terrain friche or garigue— 
pron. tare-ahn freesh, garr-eeg ; Ger. bracher 
Grund—pron. brah-cher ; also Steppeland-~ 
pron. step-eh-lant. Syn. Fr. for “ waste 
soil or earth,” Terre or Sol de lavure—pron. 
tairr or soll deh lah-vuehr; Ger. Gekratz- 
grund or -erde—pron. gay-krahtts-groont, 
airr-deh. Syn. Fr. for “waste wood,” fitted 
only for firewood, Méfentes — pron. may- 
fahnt; also Perte de bois—pron, pairt deuh 
bwah; Ger. Holzabfali—pron, hollts-ahp- 
fahll. 

Way. A synonym for passage, path, or 
road, as a passenger way. Der. The word 
is from the Old English weg, a road, track, 
or passage. Syn. Fr. Voie—pron. ywah; 
Ger. Weg—pron. vague. Syn. Fr. for “to 
give way,” as to let a rope loose, or to allow 
a beam to drop, Laisser libre—pron. layss- 
ay lee-berr; Ger. Losmachen—pron, lohss- 
mah-chen. Syn. Fr. for “to give way,” in 
the sense of yielding, as a beam giving to 
or yielding under pressure, S’affaiser (to 
make itself weak or feeble, or to press down 
or sink under)—pron. sah-fay-zay; Ger. 
Sich geben—literally “itself to give ”—pron. 
zich gay-benn. 

Weak. Der. The word is from the Old 
English wac, and this from wican, to yield, 
to give way under, to be depressed. The 
term means generally a want of strength, of 
completeness, an inability to perform the 
work or duty expected of a body, as a beam 
or column, or a stone lintel or pillar. Syn. 
Fr. Faible—pron. fay-bell; also -Débile— 
pron. day -beel; Ger. Schwach — pron. 
shvahch. Syn. Fr. for “to weaken or make 
weak,” Affaibir—pron. ah-fay-bleer ; also 
Attenuer — literally “to *make thinner” — 
pron. ah-tain-ueh-eh; Ger. Schwdchen — 
pron. shvech-en. Syn. Fr, for “to become 
weaker,” as a beam or lintel under continued 
over-pressure, S'attenuer or S’affaiblir; Ger. 
Schwach werden —pyron. shvach vairr-den. 

Wear. Der. The word is from the Old 
English weiran, to carry, to wear, to be 
consumed by use, to suffer or endure. Syn. 
Fr. User—pron. ueh-zay; Ger. Nutzung— 
pron.noot-soong. Syn. Fr. for “to wear out,” 
as a lock, User—pron. ueh-zay ; also Con- 
sumer—pron. kohn-sueh-may ; Gen Abtragen 
—pron. ahp-trah-gen. Syn. Fr. for “wear,” 
in the sense of gradual deterioration or 
weakening through continued use, Usure 
par la détérioration—pron. ueh-zuehrr pahr 
lah day-tare-ee-oh-rah-seeon, or simply 
Usure; Ger, Abnutzwng— pron. ahp-noot- 
soong. Syn. Fr. for “wear and tear of 
roads or paths,” Usure des routes — pron. 
day root; Ger. Strassewehr—pron. strah- 
say-vair, 


282 


P 


1 


Fig 


{ 
t 


fe: 
“ 


ALLELE. 


we 


Plate XXV.—Terms in Carpentry :—Scaffolding; in Masonry :—Pointing. 


Eo 


Fig. 3 


Plate XXVI.—Terms in Masonry :—Retaining Walls—Roofs ; in Brickwork: 
—Reveals. 


\N 7 


y :—Rubble Works ; in Carpentry: Shoring up 


Timbers ; in Masonry: Window Sill. 


Plate XXVII.—Terms in Masonr 


yw iy! ak 
v ‘g eres 4 f 


eo) = 
Pr Ret Sea - 
be 


ae es 


9 ; = x 7 . ; 
Bev ‘ e te . J 
i _ * aa 
: J ay Play 26 ‘ 
| ? % \ ’ 
Vike ae a: net 
PA ; 4 7 7 ‘ a 
ms hs Ms . 
tees ie ' Pest . 
J , “ ‘ 4 
he ‘ ' ; ‘ ; : 
‘ ' i * - 
x AS <% 7. 
# ae Te | ' 
~/ ~ 
p ad re : 4 “ n 
as * i 2 e Ps ; 
; - ¥ ~ ! } 4 ie Sout Ar 
' i] 7 
‘ i 5 wa : + dw * 
; a j P oi 
2, » or 
bn . b * » 
r . ' 
; ~ ? ‘ ’ 
7 a> z ‘ 
a we ra A . i 
‘ oper : e 
bl £ _ * ; 
r ’ 
“at * i 
c é os 
“vi é Ps + ‘. 
ye < . 4 - 
a 
> 5 x . 
ae 7 . ’ . 
‘iu i , P 7 4 + : a) a 
i” E he ee ‘* : : ‘ 
_" 1 ,* ‘ % 
.- bs - 
» og hs 4 - 
& 2 : 
‘ 4 7 
. a é 
fas a ee > 
"es * 2% ‘ P =< 
E: eS ee i Non “4 eX - / hy 
: 4d j é ci Se - 
o 3 Ni 


ad 
a 
- 
a 
> 
, 
< 


i y ¢ +e 
be «4 t ’ ¥ i K x * ; 
oe a : 4 as ¥ - ' 
1 ® eee al “4 bes 
4 + co 
4 - { ‘ie f 


~~ 
: 
. 
’ 


cay 


2° 


|= 


Ms Sle 
WUMUUUI SS 


SS//LILLLIILLLLELL 


SSSSSSSS 


VS 


Nh 
Fig. 4 


Plate XX VIII.—Terms in Carpentry :—Roofs—Joints—Built Beams. 


TOLL LAL LASSE Sy : 
UMUC CTUURMATOTNUH BARA LY 


LULL LL. 


Addenda ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


Wetting. A synonym for moistening or 
damping, as lime or plaster, by sprinkling 
water over them. Der. The word wet comes 
from the Old English waeten, to moisten 
with a liquid. Syn. Fr. for “ wet,” Humide 
—pron, ueh-meed; Ger. Nass, Syn. Fr. for 
“ wetting,” Arrosement—pron. ah-rose-mahn ; 
Ger. Ndssen, or Durchndssen (through 
moistening)—pron. doorch-ness-en. 

Whiten. Generally used as a synonym for 
“to whitewash,” as the walls of a building. 
Der. The word white comes from the Old 
Knglish Awit, without colour, pure. Syn. 
' Fr. for “to whiten,” Blanchir—pron. am es 
sheerr ; Ger. Weissmachen—pron. vice-mah- 
chen. 

Wicker Work. Der. The word wicker 
comes from the Old Engiish or Icelandic 
wider, made of willow twigs, the synonym 
for which is “osier.” Wicker-work is used 
for the protection and fencing of stream 
and river banks. It takes the form of flat 
basket-like work, of bundles called fascines 
~-though the twigs of trees other than 
the willow are used for these—and of 
baskets to hold soil or sand. Syn. Fr. for 
“wicker,” Osier — pron. oh-zee-eh ; Ger. 
Weide—pron. vide-eh. Syn. Fr. for “ wicker 


work,” Quvrage en osier—pron. ooh-vrabj ; 
Ger. Weidenwerk—pron. vide-en-vairrk. 
Wrong. A term meaning the converse 
or opposite of right or correct, as when 
work is badly done it is said to be wrong. 
Der, The word comes from the Old English, 
which, with the difference of a single letter. 
is identical with our wrong. Syn. Fr. for 
the “wrong side” of a body, as a plank 
board or beam, etc., Envers—pron. ahn-vairr ; 
also Contre sens—pron. kohn-terr sahn; Ger. 
unrecht Seite—pron. oohn-recht zy-teh ; also 
verkehrte Seite—pron. ferr-kairr-teh zy-teh. 


Zone. Der. The word is from the Latin 
zona, and this from the Greek zone, from 
zonnunai, to gird or girdle. The term is 
applied in construction to indicate the 
inclosed space of a body, as that which 
affords the bearing or resting-place of 
another body—superposed ; hence called the 
zone of contact. Syn. Fr. for “ zone,” Zone 
-—pron. zohn ; Ger, Giirtel—pron. guerr-tel ; 
also Zone—pron. tsoh-neh. Syn. Fr. for 
* zone of bearing contact ” or “simple zone 
of contact,” Zone de contact — pron. zohn 
deh kohn-tahkt; Ger. Behriihrungszone— 
pron. beh-ruehr-oohngs-tsoh-neh. 


DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE PLATES. 


In many of the terms as given in the text, however carefully worded, the points described cannot 
be fully and clearly understood, and this simply because the importance of those points lies 
wholly in the form, shape, or configuration of certain parts, and in their relation or position to 
one another. It is obvious that descriptive words can only in a few instances convey a correct 
notion of such form, and even where they are admissible they require to be so ample or full, or 
the terms so often repeated, that much space is lost in giving what at the best is but little 
information. But in the great majority of instances no amount of purely descriptive matter 
could convey accurately practical notions of form or shape, or of the relation of one part of 
an object to another, or to the parts of another object or body. Hence the utility of the present 
section, which, in giving illustrations of certain of the terms of the text, will make clear important 
points connected with those terms which, without the illustrations and further explanations or 
descriptions, could not be clear enough for useful purposes. To have carried out the plan upon 
which this present section is based to its fullest extent would have increased the contents of the 
volume far beyond convenient limits. But while reducing the number of illustrations so as to 
include them within reasonable bounds, it is only right to state that the majority of the terms of 
importance are embraced by them. Taking, the this section as a whole, it is put forward with 
some degree of confidence as that which will add largely to the utility of the Technical Dictionary 
of Terms used in Architecture and the Building Arts, as affording information which could not 


otherwise be readily obtained, and which in itself possesses a high practical value. 


Abutment, See text, p. 1; also term 
‘*Arch ” in the present section. 

Annulate. See text, p. 3, and the paper 
on “ Mouldings’’ in this present section. 
(See fig. 3, Plate XIV.) 

Arch. See text, p. 5, for general descrip- 
tion of the peculiar features of an arch; 
and p. 215 for the names and special charac- 
teristics of the different classes or forms of 
arches used in ‘practical construction. Ina 
true arch the stones or bricks employed in 
the construction are so disposed that the 
walls or piers or imposts at the two sides 
of the space to be spanned are joined, so to 
express it, by a structure the under or lower 
side of which—termed technically the “in- 
trados ”—forms a curved line. A flat arch is 
therefore a misnomer—although, not greatly 
to the credit of modern brick construction, 
it is met with, as in forms in fig. 1, Plate I. 
The strongest, as it may be termed the 
truest, arch is that used universally by the 
Romans, and known as the “ semicircular,” 
as illustrated in fig. 5, Plate I. The next 
strougest is the “segmental,” illustrated in 
fig. 7, Plate I. Fig. 3, Plate I, is the 
“elliptical,” strictly designated the “ semi- 


elliptical”; and the “ Gothic” or “ pointed 
arch,” in fig. 4, Plate I. In arch construc- 
tions in brickwork and masonry there is this 
distinetion between them. In masonry the 
stones are cut or shaped to meet the precise 
conditions of the peculiar form or design of 
the arch decided on, the stones being all 
wedge-shaped, more or less pronounced in 
the slope, bevel or angle, one of the stones 
taking the form of a double wedge, as at a 
in fig. 5, Plate I., this being placed at the 
highest parts of the curve of the arch, and 
is called the ‘‘key-stone.” The stones gene- 
rally are designated as “ vonssoirs” (see p. 
200 of text). In arch construction in brick- 
work, as all the bricks are of equal dimen- 
sions, there is no one individual brick which 
possesses a special name, or assumes a special 
place or position in the general arrangement, 
they being all used indiscriminately ; the 
only work necessary to be done is rubbing— 
in some instances cutting or chopping—off 
small parts, so that they will fit in with one 
another with greater or less accuracy in the 
jointing and bond. The names of brickwork 
arches are therefore derived from or given to 
certain arrangements of the bricks affording 


285 


ar 


a peculiar section; and from the way in 
which the individual bricks are set in rela- 
tion to each other, and to the general outline 
or section. The arch—falsely, as we have 
seen, so called—illustrated in fig. 1, Plate L., 
is called a ‘‘straight,” sometimes a ‘‘ flat 
arch.” <A ‘‘camber arch” is that in which 
the lower line, as ae, fig. 1, Plate I., is 
slightly curved, so that the arch has a dis- 
position to camber (for meaning of which 
term see p.19in text). The bevel or oblique 
line a} in this figure, which gives the 
wedge-like shape to the arch, is called the 
‘«skew-back.” What is called a “ relieving 
arch’ is illustrated in fig. 6, Plate I. An 
“invert”: or an ‘inverted arch,” as illus- 
trated in fig. 1, Plate II., is used in founda- 
tion or excavation work, as in culverts or 
drains for conveyance of liquids, the position 
of the arch being simply reversed or in- 
verted. (See the term “Centres” in the 
present section.) 

Architrave, in Mouldings. See p. 6 in 
text, and for illustration aa 6 in section and 
dd in elevation in fig. 2, Plate XV.; alsoi 
in fig. 4, Plate XIX. 

Ashlar Walling, in Stone Work. See 
“ Ashlar” in text, and diagrams in fig. 3, 
Plate IX. ; also diagrams A and B in fig. 2, 
Plate XXV._ 


Backflap. See p. 9 of text, also illustra- 
tion under term “ Windows” in this present 
section, as J, fig. 4,andq in fig.5, Plate XIX. 

Baluster. See p. 9 of text, also fig. 3, 
Plate XVIL., in articles ‘‘ Stairs ” and “ Stair- 
cases’? and ‘‘ Handrail” in this present 
section. 

Bars, of a Window. See p. 10 of text, 
and for illustration see also article“ Window ” 
in this present section, and for illustration 
diagrams J and K, fig. 1, Plate XX., under 
that term, 

Barrel Vault. See p. 10 of text, and 
also article “Vault” in this present section 
for illustration. 

Bird’s Mouth, in Carpentry. See term in 
text, p. 14, also annexed -illustration, fig. 1, 
Plate XXI. 

Bolt-Screw, in General Construction. See 
term in text, pp. 14, 15, and fig.-1, Plate 
XXITI. 

Bond, in Brickwork. See pp. 15 and 222 
in text. The following will illustrate most 
of the points named in the text. In fig. 2, 
Plate II., a@ is a “stretcher” brick, b a 
* header,” both lying on the flat side, tech- 
nically termed “ brick on bed.” If the brick 
is on oné of its narrow sides, it is termed 
“brick on edge”; if on one of its ends, 
“brick on end.” Fig, 2, Plate IL., illustrates 
a “first course” of a nine-inch-thick wall 
in “Flemish bond” (see text). Fig. 1, 
Plate III., illustrates the first and second 
courses of “Old English bond,” in which 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


bo 


each course is made of “stretchers,” 553, 
and of “headers,” as aa, alternately. In 
“Flemish bond,” fig. 2, Plate II., the “ head- 
ers,” as bb, alternate in each course. “ Hori- 
zontal bond” is obtained by disposing the 
bricks in each course as shown in the figures 
above named. The bricks so disposed in 
aiming at horizontal bonds would place them 
so that joints would stand vertically over 
one another, so that, if any unsettlement of 
the foundation took place, the bricks would 
separate at the vertical joints, forming wedge- 
shaped cracks, as shown at the right hand 
of lower diagram in fig. 1, Plate II., the 
line of joint running vertically from bottom 
to top of wall. It is to prevent this that 
“vertical bond” is necessary, and to secure 
it the bricks in their several horizontal 
courses are disposed in relation to each 
other, according to the class of ‘bond ” 
adopted, and so that the solid part of one 
brick, as the “stretcher,” a or 3, fig. 4, 
Plate II., shall lie against or rest upon the 
joint or joints formed by other bricks in 
other courses, as the joints of the “ header ”’ 
bricks gc hin same figure. This is termed 
“breaking joint.” But this vertical bond 
creates this difficulty: namely, that no even 
number of bricks can be used in any two 
contiguous courses ; so that at the ends of 
certain courses voids or unfilled spaces are 
left, as mand. Those spaces are filled in 
by half-bricks, called “ closures” or ‘‘closers.”’ 
To make the terminations of the courses 
more pleasing to the eye, the “closers’”’ are 
not placed at the extreme end of the course, 
as at m or n, fig. 4, Plate II.; but form the 
last piece but one—a ‘‘ header” brick or a 
“ stretcher ” brick finishing the course. 

Bond, in Stone or Mason Work. Is the 
same in principle as in brickwork, the details 
only being different, and this arising from 
the varying shapes or forms and sizes of the 
blocks or pieces of stone used in building 
walls. The pieces or blocks are generally 
termed “stretchers” and “headers,” accord- 
ing as they lie parallel to or at right angles 
with the line of the wall; but frequently a 
header is termed a “short,” as at dd, fig. 2, 
Plate III., or, if it goes from front face to 
back face of wall,a “through.” A stretcher 
is also often called a “long,” as f or g, same 
figure, which illustrates generally the way 
bond is secured in stonework, as also does 
fig. 5, Plate IL., in which the “headers” or 
“shorts” or “throughs” are shown by cross- 
hatched parts, the “ stretchers ” or “ longs” 
by shaded parts. 

Bond Timber, in Bricklaying and Masonry. 
Fig. 2, Plate I., at aa, illustrates one way 
of using bond timber. (See also “ Hoop Iron 
Bond” in this section.) 

Bolster Pieces, in Carpentry. See “ Cen- 
tres” in this section for illustration of the 
term. (See bc,fgh in fig. 1 Plate III.) 


286 


br 


Braces or Struts. See p. 171 in text. 
These synonymous terms indicate those 
members of framed work, as roofs, par- 
titions, and the like, the office of which 
is to support or prop up other members 
abt under certain strains or pressures, 

truts and braces are never placed hori- 
zontally, but are always oblique, or at an 
angle to the horizon. The angle of obliquity 
varies with the conditions of design of the 
framework or framing of which they form 
members. The greater the angle they form 
with the horizontal member, the stronger 
the braces or struts; the nearer they ap- 
proach the horizontal, the weaker. In 
fig. 6, Plate XV., the piece or member d is 
a “strut” or “brace ” resisting the pressure 
put upon the rafter b6. (See also 66 in 
fig. 8, Plate XVI., andcc,k k, sand t, fig. 2, 
Plate XX VII.) 

Breaking Joint, in Construction. See 
term p. 16 in text, also for illustration see 
“Bond” in present section, and at g ch, ad, 
fig. 4, Plate II. 

Brick, Hollow, in Bricklaying. See 
. 17 of text, and in annexed fig. 3, Plate 
XXIII. The four diagrams at bottom— 
various forms of bricks—are shown in the 
figure. « bcdis plan of an ordinary brick, 
ef g h, side or edge, and iy &/ an end view. 
Bricks are made with hollow or depressed 
parts on their upper and lower faces, as at 
mm,pp, wu, and this to give better bond. 

Built Beam, in Carpentry. See p.18 in 
text, and fig. 3, Plate XX VIII. 

Canted Arch. See p. 19 in text, and 
fig. 2, Plate X XI. 

Canted Moulding. See p. 19 of text; 
in fig. 5, Plate VII., a a isthe canted mould- 
ing. ' 

Casement Window. See p. 21 of text, 
and for illustration see article “ Windows ” 
in this section. (See diagram Cc in fig. 1, 
Plate XX.) 

Cavity Walls. See p. 21 in text. This, 
in brickwork, is attained by so disposing 
the bricks that, while good and perfect 
“bond” (see “Bond” in this present section) 
is secured, there shall be a vacant space in 
the interior of the walls. Various bonds 
have been introduced with this object in 
view ; the earliest, simplest, and perbaps in 
many respects the best for ordinary work, is 
that known as Dearn’s. This is illustrated 
in fig. 6, Plate XIX. This gives a “nine- 
inch” hollow wall, the first course of which 
is a row of “stretchers,’’ the next a row of 
“headers” placed on edge. The sketch on 
the left is a vertical section of the wall. 
The hollow in this wall is not throughout its 
height, but only at each alternate course. 
Other methods give hollows or cavities at 
short intervals on each course, but extending 
vertically from top to bottom of wall. 


DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE PLATES, 


ci 


Centres or Centring. See p. 22 in text. 
The timber or wooden construction used 
in building of arches (see “Arch” in this 
section). Generally a centre may be de- 
scribed as a framework designed to sustain 
a given weight or pressure of materials 
during the process of building, or, to use 
the technical term, “turning” the arch, these 
materials resting upon a surface, or what 
may be termed the floor of the centre, formed 
with boards, these being carried by the 
framing which constitutes the centre proper. 
In place of resting upon the boarding or 
floor, narrow strips or battens of wood, 
termed “ bolsters”’ or “ bolster-pieces,’’ are 
used, the stone voussoirs or arch-blocks 
or bricks resting upon these cross-pieces, 
The upper part of the framing and the 
flooring or bolsters when in place (in simu) 
take the form of a curved line, the curve or 
radius of which is the same as that of the 
arch to be turned or constructed. The 
framework, or centre proper is supported by 
vertical props or studs resting on the ground, 
and placed against the wall or the abutments 
at each side of the opening or space across 
which the arch is to be “thrown.” Wedges 
are placed between the sill of framing and 
the sill supported by the upright studs, and 
by driving in or releasing those wedges the 
framing or centre on which the arch is built 
can be raised or lowered. Fig. 1, Plate IV., 
illustrate the simplest form of centres. 
More elaborate framings are used when no 
support is had from the ground; but the 
framing is independent thereof, and quite 
self-supporting, all the strain being thrown 
on to the abutments, thus leaving a free 
span below for traffic, as in crossing a 
stream of water. 

Chamfer. See text, p. 23, and illustration 
in fig. 3, Plate III, in which a6 is the 
corner cut off, as in section at a and 6 in 
elevation. When the chamfer does not 
extend to the extreme end of piece, but 
stops short of the end, as at ee, it is called 
a “stop chamfer.” (See “Stop,” p. 165 in 
text.) 

Chimney Flue. See p. 52, and also 
p. 24 in text, fig. 4, Plate IV. Diagram a 
is the plan of first course of a chimney-flue 
in brickwork, in which there is a flue a of 
the size or dimensions 14 in. x 9 in., used for 
ordinary fireplaces; 6a kitchen flue 14 in. 
square. The division between the two is 
technically called a “with.” Diagram B in 
same figure illustrates the second course. 
A repetition of these courses alternately 
will give a flue of any desired height. The 
system of bonding here illustrated is ob- 
viously applicable to the construction of a 
pier or column of brickwork hollow. 

Cill or Sill. See p. 24 in text, and for 
illustration of window sill see article “ Win- 
dow” in this present section, and in fig. 2, 


287 


cl 


Plate XXIII., at h h, In this hk h is the 
stone * sill,” dd the wood sill—* weathered” 
and “throated ” (see terms)—carried by the 
window-frame, in this case that of a case- 
ment window (see “ Window” in this sec- 
tion). j and g are the sill and moulding 
inside the room. 

Clamp, in Joinery. See p. 25 of text, and 
article “Joints” in the present section. 
(See fig. 3, Plate VIII.) 

Clap-boarding. See p. 25 of text, and 
illustration, fig. 4, Plate XXI. aa is the 
post to which the boards or planks bd are 
secured, 

Closers or Closures. See text, p. 27, and 
also article “ Bond” in present section, and 
fig. 4, Plate II., for illustration. m and n 
are the closers. 

Collar Beam. See p. 28 of text, and in 
fig. 4, Plate XXVI., in which a is the 
“collar beam” connecting the rafters 0 3d, 
and in small span roofs used as a substitute 
for the tie-beam, which see. 

Countersunk. See p. 31 of text, and 
fig. 5, Plate 21, in which aa are sloping 
sides, going all round at top of hole 6 made 
in piece cc on which the sloping head of 
screw d rests. In same figure a countersunk 
rivet for metal-workis shown, the head being 
flush with the general surface of the plate 
as at e. 

Curb Roof. See p. 83 of text, and 
article “ Roof” in the present section for 
illustration. (See No. 7, fig. 2, Plate XVI.) 


Dado. See p. 34 of text, and fig. 6, 
Plate XXI.,in which a is the dado, b the 
upper moulding or cornice, c the base: this 
part alone forms what is called the “skirt- 
ing board ” (see p. 147 of text), dd the line 
of flooring, e the wall or partition. 

Deafening. See p. 35 in text, and article 
“Floors” in the present section; and in 
fig. 4, Plate XXIII., in which aa are the 
flooring joists, b 6 the flooring’ boards, cc 
small-sectioned strips or wood finings nailed 
to joists, aa, at a depth from top edge sufli- 
cient to give space for the deafening material 
(well-haired mortar) to lie, this being’ sup- 
ported by the strips or laths ee, which form 
a floor on which the deafening lies. 

Discharging Areh. See p. 37 of text, 
and article “Arch” in the present section. 
(See fig. 6, Plate I., in which @ is the dis- 
charging arch.) 

Doors. See p. 38 of text. The simplest 
form of a door is the “ledged”; the next 
in complication of parts and finish is the 
“ledged and braced” door, as illustrated in 
fig. 2, Plate VI. Where the “ braces,” as 
a a, otherwise termed “ struts,”’ are not given, 
the door is that named first above — the 
“ledged” door.. The next highest door in 
design is that known as the “ framed, braced 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


fe 


and ledged,” the vertical boards as ce, fig. 1, 
Plate VI.—the braces aa and the ledges, as 
b 6, being all united or bound round together 
or inclosed by a framing, as aa, bd. In 
point of fact, the top, bottom, and middle 
“ledges,” as bb in fig. 2, Plate VL. are re- 
placed by the “top” and “bottom rails,” 
6 and d, fig. 1, Plate VI., and the “ middle 
rail,” c, all of which are flush with the like 
parts, termed styles, aad, in place of pro- 
jecting, as is the case in a true “ledge,” as 
6 in fig. 2, Plate VI. The highest class of 
door is the “ panelled door,” illustrated in 
fig. 1, Plate VII. In this the frame is so 
made as to have four or six, sometimes 
eight, open spaces in the centre of the 
framing, which are filled up by panels 
(which see). The figure shows a * four- 
panelled door,” the different members or 
parts of which bear the following names, 
aa, bb, the “styles.” The style aa is the 
“hanging style,” as that is the style to 
which the hinges are attached, which join 
the door to the side post of the door casing 
or framing in the wall which incloses the 
door on three sides. The style 40d is called 
the “lock style,’ as that which carries the 
lock, the bolt of which is shot into the 
recess made in theside of the “door casing ” 
to receive it. The “rails” joining hori- 
zontally the vertical styles aa, 6b, are three 
in number in a four-panelled door, as c¢ 
the “bottom rail,’ d the “top rail,” and e 
the “middle” or “lock rail,’ which carries 
in conjunction with it the lock style 00. 
The central vertical members, f/f, are 
called ‘“muntins,” an evident corruption of 
“mountings.” For the distinctive terms of 
“panels,” and the method of fitting them 
up, see in the present section. the term 
‘“‘ Panels.” 

Dormer Window. See p. 39 of text, and 
for illustration see article “ Windows” in. 
the present section. In the drawing there 
referred to, diagrams H and I illustrate a 
window of this class. (See fig. 1, Plate XX.) 

Dovetail Joints. See p. 39 in text, and 
article “ Joints’ in the present section ; see 
also fig. 3, Plate XXIV. 

Dripstone. See p. 41 of text, and illus- 
tration fig. 4, Plate III. 


Eaves. See p. 42 of text, and articles 
“Roofs” and “Gutter’’ in the present sec- 
tion. (See fig. 2, Plate XX.) 

Enclosing Wall. See p. 43 of text, and 
article. “ Walls” in the present section. 
(See fig. 2, Plate XIX.) 

Extrados. See article ‘‘Arch” in the 
present section. The outer convex line of 
the curves of the arch, as adc in fig. 1, 
Plate XXII, 


Feather-edged Boards. See p. 47 of 
text, and for illustration see 3, fig. 4, Plate 


288 


XX, in the present section under, the term 
“ Clap-boarding.” 

Finial. See p. 48 of text, and fig. 2, 
Plate XXIV. 

Flushing. See p. 50 of text, and fig. 5, 
Plate XXII., in which a is the joint between 
line ab of sloping roof and vertical side, 
cd, of, say, a chimney stalk ee, the sheet- 
lead laid flat and round the joint as close 
as possible, to prevent rain from passing 
through to the underside of roof ad. As the 
joint with the flat part ae only would open 
and admit rain, it is the object of ‘ flush- 
ing” to cover the joint a. This is done as 
explained in text, and as shown in illustra- 
tion at fg h. 

Flitched Beam. See p. 51 of text, and 
fig. 8, Plate VII, in which ef, gh, are the 
two halves of the timber beam—e d the 
plate or “ flitch ” of wrought iron—the three 
being bolted together as shown at elevation 
at ab. 

Floors. See term in text, p. 51, for 
general classification and description. The 
following are illustrations of the various 
kinds and members of them. Fig. 2, Plate 
VIL., is an illustration of diagram A in plan 
and diagram B in cross-section of a “‘ single 
floor,” in which aa is part of one of the 
walls; 606 the flooring joists resting on 
and built into the walls (in better-class 
work on a wall-plate carried by a brick 
offset); cc the flooring boards running at 
right angles to the joists 64; in the section 
ee is the ground line. Fig. 1, Plate VIIL., 
is a drawing of the second class of floors, 
the “double floor,” in which diagram A is 
plan and diagram B is a cross-section. The 
additional member given to this is the 
“ bridging joist” or “ binder” or ‘ binding 
beam” bb, These binders are carried or 
supported by the wall aa; in better work 
they are carried by small brick or stone 
piers. The joists or ‘flooring joists” cc, 
which run at right angles to the “ binders ” 
or “ bridging joists” 5 6, carry the “‘ flooring 
boards” d d at right angles to the joists, 
and thus parallel to the bridging joists. In 
fig. 2, Plate [X., we give a drawing of the 
third class of floors—the ‘‘double-framed 
floor”—in which the new member known 
as a “girder” is introduced. Diagram A is 
plan, B cross-section, in which aa is part 
of the wall, bd the girder. The ends of 
this rest in a recess made in the wall of 
larger opening or area than the end of beam, 
so as to admit of a free current of air round 
extremity of girder. The girder bd has 
jointed into its sides the ends of the binders 
or bridging joists cc. On these are laid the 
flooring joists dd, to which the flooring 
boards ee are nailed. If the floor is that of 
a second story flat or floor, the lower part 
carries the “ceiling” of the room below 
the floor. The lath and plaster which con- 


DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE PLATES. 


sr 


stitute the ceiling are carried by what are 
called “ceiling joists,” to the under side or 
edge of which the laths are nailed. In fig. 1, 
Plate V., gg show the ‘‘ceiling joists” 
jointed or let into the under side of binding 
or bridging joistsec. This drawing gives 
two views—diagram B being a view of a, 
as ais looked at in the direction of arrow } 
in A. 

Flue Chimney. See p. 52 of text, and 
for two courses of brick flues see fig. 4, 
Plate IV. (See ‘‘Chimney Flue” in this 
section.) 

Flutes or Flutings. See p. 52 of text, 
and fig. 6, Plate XVIII. They are of various 
sections—concave as at a, convex as at J, 
or as atc and d, 

Footings. See p. 52 of text, and fig. 8, 
Plate I. 

Fox-Tail. See p. 53 of text, and for 
illustration see term “Joints” in present 
section, fig. 5, Plate IX. 

Fret. See p. 54 of text, and fig. 4, Plate 
XXIV. 


Gantry. See p. 56 of text, and fig. 1, 
Plate XXV. 

Gauged Arch. See p. 58 of text, and 
also for illustration the term ‘‘ Arch” in 
the present section, fig. 1, Plate 1. 

Girder. See p. 58 of text, and for illustra- 
tion fig. 4, Plate VII., in which 6 represents 
the girder or large beam in a “ double- 
framed floor ” (see “ Floor” in this present 
section); aa the bearing or “binding 
joists,” tenoned in as shown into the face 
of the girder; the dotted lines g show the 
binding joists on other side of girder; e the 
‘‘flooring joists” which carry the flooring 
boards not shown in the figure. The “ ceil- 
ing joists,” which carry the lath and plaster 
of ceiling below the floor, are spaced imme- 
diately below the flooring joists e, as shown 
in the illustration. 

Groins. See p. 62 of text. A “groin,” 
defined technically, is a line formed at the 
junction of arched buildings, such as a 
vault—the arches crossing at right angles, 
All the arches are of the same diameter, 
and consequently of the same height; and 
all are at the same level at their highest 
points. The curve formed by the internal 
surface or intrados constitutes the groin. 
Fig. 2, Plate IX., will, with the following 
description, give a fairly clear notion to 
the student reader of what a groin curve is 
and how it is produced. Let abcd be four 
parts of equal length of four arches of equal 
diameter, as shown at the elevations ef, gh, 
and each standing at its highest point above 
the level of the ground. If these arched 
structures were so placed that they all ~ 
touched each other, as seen in the figure, 
it is obvious that they could not be ad- 


289 


er 
vanced nearer each other; but standing 
thus would form a square ij £1 m, central to 
allof them. But suppose this space was to 
be covered, if a flat roof or plate were placed 
so as to lie equally resting upon each arch, 
there would be of necessity, looking at any 
of the arched openings as in the direction 
of arrow 1, vacant spaces left at each side, 
inasmuch as the plate or roof would only 
touch or rest upon the highest points of 
each arch; and each arch would, so to say, 
fall away from the flat roof. To make a 
perfectly protective and sound roof or ceil- 
ing to the internal space ij kl m, the only 
way would be to cut away, so to say, parts 
of the arches by lines starting from a 
central point in the inner sides of the arches, 
and joining the extremities of the arch 
outside line. All equally cut away, they 
could then approach each other on being 
moved inwards till all the cut-away sides 
would meet in a central point m (fig. 2, 
Plate IX.), the dividing lines between each 
being km, lm, im, gm. But in place of 
these being straight lines, as in the figure, 
they are curved lines, inasmuch as the 
external surfaces of the sections, as ade, 
cdb, are curved, being parts of semicircular 
arches, as shown at f and g, fig. 2, Plate IX. 
When the arches are all of equal diameter, 
as in this figure, the meeting points make a 
square, as at i7, kl. 

Groove and Tongue. See p. 43 of text, 
and the article “Joints” for illustration in 
present section. (See fig. 2, Plate IV.) 

Ground Sill or Cill. See p. 63 of text, 
and article ‘*‘ Partitions’? in the present 
section for illustration, (See aa in fig. 1, 
Plate XVI.) 

Gutter. See p. 63 of text, and fig. 3, 
Plate XX., for an ordinary gutter, forming 
part of the cornice of a house. A “valley” 
gutter is shown in the illustration, fig. 4, 
Plate XXII. 


Half-lap Joint. See p. 64 of text, and 
for illustration the term “Joints” in the 
present section. (See fig. 4, Plate IX.) 

Halving Joint. See preceding term, 

Hammer Beam. See p. 66 in text, and 
fig. 38, Plate XX., in which 6 is the hammer 
beam, c the bracket. 

Handrail. See term in text, p. 66, for 
characteristics of this member of a staircase 
or stair. The handrail of a stair is generally 
made of mahogany, and is highly polished 
on its surface so that the hand can slide 
easily over it. Itisof width and depth such 
as easily to be grasped by the hand when 
its support is required, and is of various 
sections, all of which are more or less 
rounded on the upper surface. The rail is 
carried and supported by the balusters, 
which are, jointed into the surface of the 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


jo 


“treads” of the steps, and which, standing 
vertically and separated some nine inches or 
so from each other, form what may be called. 
the protecting balustrade or railing on the 
open or free side of the staircase. The 
handrail starts from a post or rail of larger 
section than the ordinary balusters, called 
the “newel post,” and is secured to the 
first or lower step, which at that part is 
often finished in a winding scroll, the lower 
step taking, when so treated, the name of a 
“curtail step.” Fig. 3, Plate VL, illustrates 
the connection of newel post with the curtail 
step and the handrail which crowns it at top. 

Haunch of an Arch. See p. 68 in 
text, and for illustration see abe, fig. 1, 
Plate XXII.; also “ Arch” and ‘“Spandril” 
in present section. 

Header Course. See p. 68 of text, and 
article * Bond” for illustration in the present 
section. In fig. 5, Plate IIL, fg hi shows a 
“header,” bc a “stretcher” brick. (See 
also fig. 2 in same Plate.) 

Hip Roof. See p. 71 of text, also article 
“Roofs” in the present section. (See No. 2, 
fig. 2, Plate XVI.) 

Holdfast. See p. 72 of text, and fig. 7, 
Plate XXI. 

Hoop-iron, for Bonding Brickwork. See 
p. 74 of text ; also “Bond” in the present 
section, and fig. 4, Plate XXVIII. If holes 
are punched in the hoop-iron, the rough 
parts left, as at b, give it a better hold of 
the mortar. 

Horse-shoe Arch. 
and fig. 7, Plate XVII. 


See p. 74 in text, 


Impost. Seep. 76 of text, and g h, fig. 1, 
Plate XXII., in this section. 

Indent. See p. 77 of text, and a a, fig. 5, 
Plate X. 

Intrados. See p. 78 of text, and fg, fig. 1, 
Plate XXII. 

Invert Arch. 
“Arch” in the present section. 
Plate I.) 


See p. 79 of text, and 
(See fig. 4, 


Joggle. See p. 80 of text, and next term 
(“Joints ”) in the present section for illus- 
tration. (See fig. 4, Plate XII., at cc, and 
fig. 3, same Plate, at e.) 

Joints. See text, p. 81. The following 
figures illustrate briefly the features of the 
leading forms of joints used in the building 
arts. Fig. 5, Plate IV., illustrates various 
modes of forming ‘“‘true”’ joints at the edges 
of pieces of wood, so as to form a broad 
surface out of two or more narrow pieces. 
Fig. 3, Plate VIII., illustrates a method of 
further securing and keeping together a 
series of boards joined edge to edge by one 
or other of the methods illustrated in fig. 5, 
Plate LV. The board aa crossing the whole 


290 


hie 


breadth of the joined pieces, in place of 
being simply nailed outside of them, is 
secured by the dovetailed joint, as shown 
in the figure. Fig. 2, Plate V., shows how 
a series of flat boards, as aa, joined edge to 
edge, are kept together by a species of out- 
side frame, formed of side-pieces as 4, and 
end-pieces as cc, grooved and tongued as 
shown in section at fand g, and mitred at 
the corners, as. ate. Fig. 4, Plate [X.,isa 
well-known method, known as the “ half- 
lap ” joint, of joining pieces in the direction 
of their length, other joints of this kind 
being shown in figs. 4 and 5, Plate VIII., 
and in fig. 5, Plate X. Joints for pieces at 
right angles to each other are shown in 
fig. 4, Plate VIIL., fig. 5, Plate IX., fig. 1, 
Plate XI., and fig. 3, Plate X. The method 
illustrated in fig. 2, Plate X., is adapted to 
“round” timber. Figs. 1 and 2, Plate X., 
and fig, 2, Plate XI., illustrate methods of 
joining timbers at angles other than right 
angles. The well-known “ mortice and 
tenon ” joint is illustrated in fig. 2, Plate 
XXVIII. All the joints above named are 
used in carpentry and joinery. The leading 
joints used in masonry are illustrated in the 
various diagrams given in Plate XII., and 
in fig. 1, Plate XIII.—which last illustrates 
the method introduced by the celebrated 
engineer John Smeaton in the erection of the 
Eddystone Lighthouse, recently replaced by 
a new structure in which the dovetailing 
system here shown is carried out to the 
fullest extent. 


Keystone. See p. 83 of text, and e, fig. 1, 
Plate XXII. 

King-post Truss. See p. 83 of text, and 
for illustrations see fig. 1, Plate XVI., and 
article in the present section on “ Roofs.” 


Lap Joint. See p. 85 of text, and “ Half- 
lap Joint,” and fig. 4, Plate IX. 

Lattice Girder. See p. 85 of text, and 
jllustration in fig. 2, Plate XXII. 

Lewis. See p. 86 of text, and fig. 3, 
Plate LV., in which aa is the heavy block 
of stone to be lifted by this contrivance; 
Sc the two wedge-shaped pieces, their other 
or flat side being of the same form as the 
dovetail at d@’; d the central piece, flat- 
faced on both sides, with lifting ring ¢ e’ 
passed in between pieces J and c, and secured 
by the pin f/’, with its split-key gj. The 
- lower end of split-key is shown at h with 
its end closed, so that it can be passed down 
the slot 7 in the bolt, and when it is passed 
down to the full depth the ends are opened 
up or “split ” (hence the name), as at. 

Light. Sce p. 87 in text, and for illus- 
tration see article “ Window” in this section 
In fig. 1, Plate XXIV., there referred to, 


DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE PLATES. 


or 


A is a “ one-light,” © and F “two-light,” and 
D, E, and @ “three-light” windows. 

Lining. See p. 88 of text, and for illus- 
tration see “ Windows” in present section 

Lintel. See p. 88 of text, and 54 in 
fig. 6, Plate I. (See also article “Beams” 
in present section. ) 

Lock Rail. See p. 89 of text, and / fig. 4, 
Plate XX. 

Lock Style. 
Plate XX. 

Longs and Shorts. See p. 90 in text, and 
article in present section under term *“ Bond,” 
fand g, fig. 2, Plate lI. See also * Quoins,” 
p. 114 of text. 

Lozenge-shaped. 
fig. 7 at 6, Plate XIX, 


See above, or / in fig. 4, 


See p. 90 of text, and 


Middle Rail. 
fig. 4, Plate XX. 
Mitre. See p. 93 of text, and for illus- 
tration see article in present section under , 
term “ Joints,” and fig. 2, Plate V., at e’. 


See p. 93 in text, and /f/, 


Mortice. See p. 94 of text, and fig. 2, 
Plate XXVIII. 
Mouldings. See p. 95 of text. The 


following illustrations give the contours of 
what are called the classical or Greek and 
Roman mouldings. Fig. 2, Plate XIIL., 
illustrates the “ fillet,” sometimes called the 
“annulet” when used in cylindrical or 
circular work ; its chief office is to connect 
the other mouldings together. The “ bead” 
is illustrated in fig. 3, Plate XIII, the 
“torus”? in fig. 4, and the “ ovolo” or 
“quarter-round” in fig. 5. The “scotia” is 
shown in fig. 6, and the “cavetto,” “hollow,” 
“ gorge,” or “cove” moulding in fig, 7. 
The “cyma recta” is illustrated in fig. 1, 
Plate XIV., and the “cyma reversa” in 
fig. 2. Fig. 3 in same plate illustrates the 
cyma reversa when applied horizontally ; 
this is also called the ogee moulding. 

Mullions. See p. 95 in text; bandc in 
diagram G, fig. 1, Plate X X., are mullions. 

Muntins. See p. 95 of text, and c d in 
fig. 4, Plate XX. 


Newel. See p. 96 of text, and for illus- 
tration see “Staircases” in present section, 
and fig. 8, Plate XVII. 

Notch Board. See p. 97 of text, and 
“Staircases "in present section, and fig. 5, 
Plate XVII. 

Nut. See p. 97 of text, and fig. 1, Plate 
XXIII., in which a is elevation of the nut, 
dd section of it, and a’a@ plan of square 
nut, 


Oriel Window. See p. 98 of text, and 
diagram L, fig. 1, Plate XX. 


291 


pa 


Panels. See p. 100 of text. The follow- 
ing will illustrate: the different kinds of 
panels as used in doors, window-shutters, 
dados, and the like. Fig. 5, Plate XIV., 
illustrates what is called a “square panel,” 
or recessed at both sides. Fig.6, same Plate, 
shows different kinds of the panels ; that at 
66 is thicker in centre than at sides cc, 
being either ‘‘ square,” as at right-hand side, 
or finished with a moulding, as at left-hand. 
The second panel in same diagram is called 
a “flush,” shown also in fig. 1, Plate XV., 
being recessed on one side only. The flat 
_ parts of a panel, as ec, surrounding the 
central raised portion as 03, fig. 6, Plate 
XIV., is termed the “margin.” If there is 
a moulding, as at feh in the margin, the 
panel is called a “ moulded raised” one. In 
“flush panels,” as at cb be, fig. 6, Plate XIV., 
the moulding as at c on the left hand, or 
as fehin third diagram, is worked on the 
vertical sides of the panel, stopping at the 
horizontal rails of the door framing, as gg 
in fig. 1, Plate XV., and the panel is termed 
a “bead butt panel.” If the panel has 
moulded ends as well as sides, with a 
moulding as at fig. 3, Plate XV., it is called 
a “bead flush” one. If the moulding is 
worked out of the solid wood of the panel 
at its sides, as at feh in fig. 6, Plate XIV., 
it is termed “stuck on”; the same term 
being applied when the moulding is cut out 
of the solid part of the styles, as at aa in 
fig. 2, Plate XV.: this style is applicable 
only to “bead butt” panels. When the 
moulding is made separately and nailed on 
to the panel as at f, or to the “styles” asc 
in fig. 3, Plate XV., the moulding is said to 
be “laid on,” and may be made to surround 
the panel ends as well as sides. 

Partitions. See pp. 101 and 102 of text. 
The simplest form of partition is demon- 
strated gin fig 0, (Plate XV." In fig? I, 
Plate XVI., the class known as “framed,” 
frequently as “quartered,” is illustrated, in 
which aais the “sill”; a, 6, the “ posts,” 
otherwise called ‘“ double quarterings” ; cc 
the “head”; dd and fthe “ framing posts,” 
forming the sides of door-openings in the 
partition; ee are “struts” or “braces,” to 
truss or strengthen the framing; iz, hh, 
are the “ filling-in pieces,” sometimes called 
“single quarterings,” to distinguish them 
from the posts ab at the ends, termed 
“double quarterings.” 

Pavilion Roof. See p. 102 of text, and 
article in present section -under term 
“ Roofs,” No. 6 in fig. 2, Plate XVII. 

Pediment. See p. 103 of text; fig. 5, 
Plate VII.,aa6; and fig. 8, Plate XXI. 

Pendent—Pendentive. See p. 103 of 
text; also fig. 6, Plate XXII. 

Pier. See p. 105 of text, and also article 
‘‘Arch” in this section for illustration, 
fig. 1, Plate XXIL., at h. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


ro 


: 

Pointing. See p. 110 of text. Illustra- 
tions of pointing as explained generally in 
text are given in fig. 8, Plate XXV. The 
general appearance presented by walls 
“pointed” is shown in fig. 8, Plate IX., 
and fig. 2, Plate XX V. In upper diagram, a, 
fig. 3, Plate XXV., represents part of bricks 
in two contiguous “ courses”; 6 the mortar 
between them. As this is generally irregu- 
lar on the outer surface, part is taken out, 
as at c, with a sharp-pointed picker or tool, 
and this leaves a space which forms the 
basis of the pointing. Diagrams d and e 
represent “ flue” and “tuck” pointing front- 
face inf; a style of pointing which gives 
an angular face is shown at g. 

Puncheons. See page 113 of text, and 
i in fig. 1, Plate XVI. 

Purlins. See p. 113 of text, and “ Roofs ”’ 
under present section; also fig. 5, Plate 
XXIV., in which a are the purlins secured 
to the rafters 6 as shown, d the common 
rafters. 

Putlogs. See p. 113 of text, and fig. 8, 
Plate XXI., in which a is a putlog inserted 
at the inner end into the wall 64, and lashed 
to and supported by the pole ce. 


Quirk and Quirked Bead. See p. 114 
of text, and ‘‘ Mouldings ” in present section. 
For single quirks see e and e” in fig. 3, 
Plate V. 


Rails. See p.115 of text, and “ Doors ” 
and ‘ Staircases” in present section, also 
J g, fig. 4, Plate XX. : 

Rebate. See p. 116 of text, and “‘ Joints” 
in present section. A half-lap joint is 
practically a rebate, as gi ia fig. 3, Plate 
XXVI., under “ Reveal.” 

Relieving Arch. See p. 118 of text, and 
“Arch” in present section. (See fig. 6, 
Plate I.) 

Retaining Wall. See p. 119 of text, and 
fig. 2, Plate XXVI., in which ee is a re- 
taining wall. 

Reveals. See p. 119 of text, and ‘‘ Bond,” 
in brickwork; also fig. 3, Plate XXVI. & 
is the door falling into the recess or reveal, 
lm, in the brickwork. 

Roofs. See term on p. 122 of text. A 
roof in the popular acceptation of the term 
is the highest or upper part of a building, 
which, while it crowns the edifice more or 
less ornamentally, has for its main pur- 
pose the protecting of the interior from 
the weather, and this more from the cha- 
racter of the covering, such as slate, than 
from any association of ideas concerning 
the mode in which what appears externally 
is constructed, and what the materials. 
used in the construction are. Technically a 
roof consists of two distinct parts: first, 
the covering, or that which is open or 


292 


ro 


displayed to the eye of the spectator; 
and second, the framing which supports or 
carries that covering. We illustrate in the 
first place by simple diagrams the different 
kinds of roofs as they are seen externally. We 
only name the leading forms given in fig. 2, 
Plate XVI. No. 1 represents the simplest 
of all roofs, the ‘‘lean-to”’ or ‘‘ shed” roof ; 
No. 5, the “ gable-ended” or “span” roof ; 
Nos. 2 and 4, the ‘‘ hipped” or “ hip ” roof ; 
No. 6, the “pavilion” or ‘“ coach-house” 
roof; No. 7, the ‘ Mansard,” “curb,” or 
**Continental” roof; No, 11, the “semi- 
circular” or “barrel” roof; No. 12, the 
“ Gothic” or “ high-pitched” roof; No. 13, 
the ‘“domical” or “ hemispherical” roof ; 
No. 15, the “conical” roof; No. 17, the 
“ogee” roof; No. 16, the ‘“‘concave,” re- 
seubling the Chinese or pagoda roof ; and 
No, 18, the “*‘ Moresque” or “ Arabic” roof. 
We now illustrate the leading forms of 
framework or framing used to support or 
carry the roof coverings. Roof framing is 
generally, almost universally, made of timber 
when used for domestic buildings, Iron is 
largely used, but chiefly for roofs of large 
span in public buildings, as railway stations 
and the like. The following illustrate the 
arrangement of the timbers in the leading 
forms of roofs, or, to use the proper designa- 
tion, “trusses”’ or roof framing. Fig 6, 
Plate XV., is the simplest form of roof, 
the ‘‘lean-to.” Fig. 4, Plate XXVI., is 
the next simplest arrangement, termed the 
“span” roof—4s, d, the rafters, ¢, c, walls, a the 
*“collar beam.” ‘The end walls of buildings 
covered by simple span roofs are carried up 
to and finished at the same height and 
angle as the timbers, these end walls being 
termed the “ gable” ends; hence the other 
term, “ gabled” roof, to distinguish it from 
the “hip” roof, in which there are no gables, 
as illustrated in Nos. 2 and 4, fig. 2, Plate 
XVI. Fig.1, Plate XXVIIL., is the “ king- 
post” truss or roof ;cc are the “ principal 
rafters,” carrying pieces gg, the “ purlins,” 
which again carry the “common rafters” 
hh; aa the “tie-beam”; af the “king- 
post.” A “queen-post”’ truss is illustrated 
in fig. 3, Plate XVI.; @ and 6 are the 
“queen posts,” c the “straining beam,” d 
the “straining sill,” g the “principal 
rafters,” fthe “braces” or “struts,” A the 
“ purlins,” 7 the “common rafters,’ & the 
pole plate,” / the “ ridge pole,’ and e the 
“tie-beam.” Fig, 3, Plate XX., is a truss 
for a Gothic or high-pitched roof. 

Rough Walling. Sce p. 125 of text, and 
“Bond” in walls in present section, See 
also fig. 1, Plate XX VII.) 


Sash. See p. 129 of text, and “ Windows” 
in this section ; also abb, cc, diagram A, 
fig. 1, Plate XX. 


Sash Bars. See p. 130 of text, and 


DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE PLATES. 


sh 


‘*Windows” in present section. (See 


‘diagram K, fig. 1, Plate XX.: aa the glass, 


becthe sash bar.) , 

Scaffold. See p. 132 of text, and fig, 6, 
Plate X. 

Searf Joint. 
fig. 5, Plate X. 

Scheme Arch. See p. 134 of text, and 
“Arch” in present section, fig. 1, Plate I. 

Screw Bolt, See p. 135 of text, and 
“Bolt in present section. See c and hin 
fig. 1, Plate XXIII., which is called the 
‘*tail” or “shank” of the bolt, fthe “ head,’’ 

Segmental Arch. See p. 138 of text 
and * Arch” in present section. 

Shoar—Shoar Up. See p. 142 of text, 
and fig. 2, Plate XX VII., in which the two 
upper diagrams illustrate the shoaring up or 
supporting of walls; the two lower illus- 
trate the propping up of the side walls of 
excavations, as cutting for sewers. 

Shutter (Window)—Shutter Boxings. 
See p. 143 of text; also “ Windows” in the 
present section, (See figs. 4 and 5, Plate 
XIX.) 

Shutters for Windows. For the general 
term see “Shutter’’ and “Shutter Boxing,” 
p. 143 of text. The class of shutters most 
generally employed are termed “ folding,” 
inasmuch as they are made up of two or 
more parts according as the window is wide, 
the parts or divisions, called technically 
“ flaps,” being hinged to one another so as 
to fold up and go into little space, as 
shown at fig. 5, Plate XIX. The space 
into which the “ flaps” fall is made either 
in a recess in the wall, as at fig. 5, Plate 
XIX., or in a\casing, asin fig. 4, Plate XTX.., 
projecting from the wall. In both plans 
the recess is termed a “‘ shutter box.’’ The 
“front flap” only, which has its face towards 
the room when the shutters are in the box, 
is panelled ; the other flaps are plain. The 
first flap towards the room is termed the 
“front flap,” as //, fig.5, Plate XIX.; when 
there are only two flaps the second is called 
the ‘back flap,’’ as cbb; when there are 
three, as in the diagram—which shows the 
shutter boxing and shutters for a “ Vene- 
tian window,” diagram D, fig. 1, Plate XX. 
(see ‘“ Windows” in the present section of 
our work for this term)—the third is called 
the “centre flap,” iAh in the drawing. 
What is called the “back lining” is the 
board or boards which line the casing in 
“shutter box,” as bbe, fig. 5, Plate XIX., 
d being the “side lining.” The panels of the 
“front flap” are at mm, fig. 5, Plate XIX., 
jJj being the “styles” into which the panels 
are framed. When the shutter boxing is 
made to project from the wall, not made in 
a recess in the thickness of the wall, the side 
of the box in the room is ornamented or 
concealed by the moulded architrave, as at 
2 i to the right of fig. 4, Plate XIX. 


See p. 133 of text, and 


293 


sk 


Skirting Board. See p. 147 of text, and 
“Dado” in present section. In fig. 6, Plate 
XXI., ff is the skirting board secured to 
wood bricks built into wall gg. See also 
fig. 3, Plate XXVII., in which ee is the 
skirting board secured to the “ grounds” aa, 
c’ plaster of the wall. 

Sole—Sole Plate. See p. 151 of text, 
and “ Partition’’ in present section ; also 
aa, fig. 1, Plate XVI. 

Spandril. See p. 153 of text, and fig. 1, 
Plate XXII., in which a dc is the “spandril,”’ 
the wall being built at the back, d, of the 
arch d fg, which back or line of extrados of 
the arch is called the “ haunch” of the arch; 
h is the pier or abutment of the arch, / is 
a spandril ornamented, 

Splay. See p. 155 of text; n in fig. 3, 
Plate XXVL., is a splayed brick. 

Springing Stone of an Arch. See p. 157 
of text. See also under “ Arch” in present 
section, and / in fig. 1, Plate XXII. 

Stairs and Staircases. See these terms 
also in p. 159 of text. Staircases are in 
practice divided into classes according to 
the way in which the steps are arranged 
within the space in what are called “‘ flights,”’ 
fig. 2, Plate XVIII. Stairs are, then, the 
“steps”? by means of which the inclined 
planes leading from a low to a high level 
of the house can be more easily ascended or 
mounted than if the inclined planes pre- 
sented only smooth or flat surfaces. Stair- 
cases are the spaces of a house in which the 
steps are inclosed. First, then, as to the 
‘*steps.’’ Each step is divided into two 
parts, as in fig. 7, Plate XII. : the horizontal 
part on which the feet rest in ascending or 
descending is called, for clear reasons, tech- 
nically the ‘‘ tread,” a very usual width for 
which is nine inches; the vertical part is 
called the “riser.” Fig. 7, Plate XII., is 
the section of a stone step. When the front 
upper part of the “tread” is rounded off 
ov moulded it is called a “nosing.” In stair- 
cases of small houses the flight of steps is 
generally in one straight line from lower 
floor level to upper floor, which constitutes 
the “landing.” In better-class houses, to 
make the flight less steep, the steps are 
divided into sections, one set going straight 
up for so many steps, then there is a flat 
platform space called. a “landing.” The 
next flight takes then another direction, 
opposite to that of the first flight, at the 
end of which second flight the second land- 
ing is placed, which in ordinary buildings 
is the upper or bedroom floor. Such stairs 
are called “platform stairs,” or “ staircases 
with landings,” and are illustrated in fig. 4, 
Plate XVII. In this all the steps have their 
“treads” or upper surfaces of the same 
width, and are termed “ flyers.” When the 
direction of the steps has to. be changed 
without the use of landings, the steps are 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 


4 
st 


4 


made to wind round by making the treads 
triangular. This, narrower at one end (the 
inner), towards the newel or well-hole, 
makes a step less safe and comfortable than 
flyers. These triangular steps are termed 
“winders,” and are illustrated in fig. 2, 
Plate XVIIL., at 7, 8, 9,10, 11, and 12; all 
the other steps in this are ‘‘flyers.” Fig. 4 
in the same Plate is a section of this. ‘Che 
space between the walls in which. the stair 
is placed is called the “ well-hole.” Where 
there is only one wall, the other ends of the 
steps being open to the lobby or hall, the 
outer ends of the steps are supported by 
pieces of timber, called “carriages” or 
“rough carriages,” the ends of the steps 
being inserted into grooves cut in the inner 
sides of the carriages. The rouzh carriages 
are concealed by plain or panelled boarding, 
termed the “string board.” The open side 
of the stairs is rendered safe by being 
provided with balusters, as shown in fig. 4, 
Plate XVIII. .these carrying the “ handrail.” 

Stile or Style. See p. 163 of text, and 
“Doors’’ in present section, aa, bd, fig. 4, 
Plate XX. 

Strains. See p. 163 of text. Thestrains, 
sometimes also designated as “stresses,” 
frequently as “ pressures,” to which mate- 
rials used in construction are exposed are 
somewhat numerous. ‘The strains, how- 
ever, to which those used by builders, 
masons and carpenters are subject are 
chiefly three. First, the strain of “com- 
pression” (see text for description), tending 
to crush the object placed under it; or, 
if not, to crumble it up into fragments, to 
change its form, as by the bending of pieces 
of an elastic substance, as bars or columns of 
wrought iron, illustrated in fig. 4, Plate XVI. 
Stones are generally subjected to compression 
tending to crumble them up or disintegrate 
them, stone not being an elastic substance 
like iron. All pillars or columns are sub- 
jected to strains of compression ; so also are 
the struts or braces, as n, fig. 2, Plate XVIL., 
and the rafters o o in a roof truss, the strain 
being put upon them by their own weight 
and partly by the materials they support, as 
boarding or slates, etc., represented by the 
weight o acting in the direction of arrow 4, 
and tending to push the walls c, d, outwards 
in the direction of arrows f and g. This 
tendency is counteracted by the tie beam pq, 
fig. 2, Plate XVII., which is thus subjected 
to a strain or stress of “tension” (see text 
and ‘“ Strains”), tending to pull its fibres 
asunder, as in the direction of arrows fandg. 
The different forms of tensile strains are 
illustrated in fig. 1, Plate XVII. The “tie 
beam,” pq in fig. 2, is also subjected to 
the strain known as “ transverse,” or “ cross 
strain,” tending to break it in two by the 
centre bending downwards. In fig. 3 the 
cantalever beam, a b, projecting from and 


294 


J , : 
st 


built into a wall, ¢ e, fig. 8, Plate XVIIL., is 
liable to be broken off by its own weight or 
by materials placed upon it, by the shock of 
transverse or cross strains thrown upon it. 
To avoid this, and to resist the strain thrown 
upon the beam i), the brace or strut 4 / is 
used, this being subjected to a strain of com- 
pression. The beam a b, weighted, is partly 
under a tensile strain; strictly speaking, a 
beam under a cross strain has its upper side 
ee to compression, its lower to tension. 

Stretcher. See p. 169 of text, and “ Bond” 
in this section; also fig. 5, Plate III, 
abed. 

Striking Centres. See p. 169 of text, 
and fig. 1, Plate III., which illustrates the 

method usually adopted, by the double 
wedges p qg lowering the tie-beam o and 7 of 
the centre proper, of which aa is the lower 
part, 56 the upper, with the bolster pieces 
as bf. gh. 

String-Board. See p. 169 of text, and 
“ Stairs” and “‘ Staircases” in this section, 
figs. 3 and 5, Plate XVII. 

‘String-Piece. See p. 170 of text, and 
fig. 3, Plate XXII., in which ais part of 
one of the row of piles driven vertically 
into the soil, J, at one side of the dotted 
centre-line ; c part of the horizontal plat- 
form termed the “ string-piece,” jointed to 
the head d of pile; e a piece longitudinally 
stretching along and secured to the row of 
piles to connect them together, and also to 
support end of string-piece c ; this member e 
is called a “ wale.” 

“Stuck on.” See p. 171 of text, and the 
article under term “ Panels” in this section, 
feh, fig. 6, Plate XIV., and be, fig. 4, 
Plate XV. 

Studs. See p. 171 of text, and “ Parti- 
tions” for illustrations in the present section ; 
Ahi, fig. 1, Plate XVI. 

Swallow-tail Joint. See p. 172 of text, 
and “Joints” in present section. See 
“ Dovetail Joint” for illustration, and fig. 4, 
Plate VIII. 


Tenon. See p. 177 of text, and “ Joints” 
in this section for illustration, fig. 5, Plate 
IX, and fig. 2, Plate XXVIII. 

Through Stones or Throughs. See 
p. 180 of text, and “Bond” in present 
section ; p in fig. 2, Plate IIL., represents a 


‘* through.” 

Tongue. See p. 183 of text, and 4, fig. 2, 
Plate LV. 

Trammel,. See p. 185 of text, and fig. 7, 


Plate XXII, in which aé is the straight- 
edge or long piece of thin, narrow wood, 
light but strong. This is centred in the 
soil or material by the pia c, while the 
curve or circle required is traced out by the 
point d of pin e. 

Transom. See p. 185 of text and illus- 
tration in diagram B, fig. 1, Plate XX., in 


DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE PLATES. 


vo 


which ce is the vertical mullion, de the 
transom. 

Tread, of a Stair. 
and “Stairs” and “Staircases 
section, dc, fig. 7, Plate XII. 

Truss. See p. 189 of text; also fig. 3, 
Plate XVI., and fig. 1, Plate XVII. and 
illustration of “trussed beam” in fig. 6, 
Plate XVII. 


See p. 186 in text, 
” in present 


Uppers. See p. 194 of text, and d in 
fig. 8, Plate X XI.; also in this section under 
“ Putlogs.” 


Valley Board or Valley Rafter. See 
p. 195 of text, and “ Roofs” in present 
section ; see also fig. 4, Plate XXII. in 
which a a are the “valley rafters,’ 6 the 
“valley gutter.” 

Vaults. For description of general 
features and of various classes of vaults 
see p. 196 of text. The chief points con- 
nected with the construction of vaults and 
the lines they form internally and exter- 
nally will be found described under the 
term “Groin” in the present section of this 
work, In that term we give, in fig. 1, 
Plate IX., an illustration of the intersection 
of two “barrel” vaults (see Vault” in 
text, p. 196), from which it will be seen 
that the interior of a single barrel vault, 
terminated or stopped with flat or straight- 
lined ends, presents, when looked at from 
the inside, a concave surface sweeping in 
a curved line overhead, that line being 
clearly a semicircular line. If two barrel 
vaults intersect at right angles, as in fig. 2, 
Plate IX., the concavity at central point 
where they meet will be seen to be made 
up of four parts or sections, concave in 
surface, broad at the lower ends, but 
gradually narrowing till they all meet in 
a@ point right above the head of the spec- 
tator, who is presumed to be standing in 
the centre of the vault thus formed — the 
lines where the concave sections or parts 
meet being parts of ellipses. In a vault 
the section or plan of which is a circle, and 
the “section in elevation,” or its elevation, 
is semicircular, the curve can in practical 
construction be formed only by a series of 
parts or sections, technically termed “ gores,”’ 
Those in a hemispherical vault, as in fig. 1, 
Plate XIX., are broad at base, as d, and 
gradually taper off as they are bent round 
to the curve of the vault till they meet in 
a point at the vertex or upper point of 
the semicircle, as shown by the converging 
lines a be, 

Venetian Window. See p. 198 of text, 
and also “ Windows” in this section, and 
diagram 4G, fig. 1, Plate XX. 

Voussoirs. See p. 200 of text, and 
article “Arch” in present section ; also «, 
fig. 1, Plate XXII. 


295 


wa 


Wall. See p. 201 of text. Fig. 2, Plate 
XIX., illustrates in sectional plan diagrams 
the varieties of walls in use. Diagram aa 
is what is called a straight-running or open 
wall, of uniform thickness and generally of 
uniform height ‘throughout. The second 
class is that in which there is a part which 
runs either fora short ora long distance 
at right angles to the general line of wall. 
This part is termed a “return,” and may 
either be at one end, as at ¢ at end»of wall 
4, or at both ends,as at ee. The third kind 
of wallis that, as in fourth diagram, in which 
a part as g projects at right angles a short 
length from face of wall f. This is, gene- 
rally called a “set-off” or “off-set.” The 
fourth kind of wall is that in which recesses, 
as 7,are built in face of wall. These may 
either run throughout the whole height, or 
may be cut off or stopped at any part of the 
height of wall, and this either with a flat 
or an arched top. These are frequently 
termed niches—always so when made with 
curved or circular back and hemispherical 
or hollow head. The fifth kind of wall is 
that in which the length of plain straight- 
running wall» is terminated by piers, as 
kk. Asixthis that known as the “ retain-- 
ing wall,” to support and back earth or soil 
behind it, as at //. When walls are very 
high or tall, in place of being of equal 
thickness throughout their height, the 
thickness is gradually reduced, the reduc- 
tion taking place at certain intervals— 
these points a, ) and c (see fig. 3 in Plate 
XIX.), being termed offsets. In house walls 
or the like the “offsets” are all in the in- 
terior of the wall, so as to preserve the flat 
exterior face of the wall throughout. The 
offsets are made at the different floors. (See 
also “ Bond” in this section for “ hollow” 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. ~ 


a “e 

+ , - ‘ 
» 

or “cavity wall,” and ‘building of walls — 
generally .) . 

Wall Plate. See p. 201 of text, and for 
illustration article “ Roofs” in the»present 
section. The rectangular piece of timber on 
which the foot of the rafter in fig. 3, Plate 
XX., rests is the “wall plate”; a in fig. 1, 
Plate XI., is also a wall plate, the end of the 
tie beam, abc d, being secured to this, as 
shown. 

Weather. See p. 203 of text, and fig, 4. 
Plate XXVIII: cf is the, “ weathelle, 
See p. 204 of text, 


d the * throating.” 
Well of a Staircase. 
and “Stairs and Staircases” in present 
section. (See figs. 1, 2and4, Plate XVIII.) 
Winder. See p. 206 of text, and “ Stairs 
and Staircases” in present section. The 
angular-formed steps in fig. 2, Plate XVIIL., : 
are “ winders” ; the parallel-faced steps are 


“ flyers?’ 
Windows. See “Window”, in text, 
p. 206; ‘‘ Bay ~Window,” p. 11; “ Bow 


Window,” p. 15; and “ Dormer Window,” 
p. 389. Fig. 1, Plate XX., gives diagrams of 
the various classes of windows. Diagram A 
is the “sash window ”—aa the “ upper,” 
66 the “lower sheets,” each divided into 
two “ panes,’ separated by “sash bars”; 
Ba “casement” or ‘ French” window, the 
“lower sheets,” ab, or “lights,” opening 
right and left like a door—the “upper 
sheets,’ fg, generally fast; c a“ V"’ window 
{plan below in E); Da “bay ” window, with 
central light a, and two side “lights” at 
bc; Ea “bow” window; G&G a “ Venetian” 
window, with three lights, the central, a, 
wider than the two side lights, bc; H a, 
“dormer” window—-a 6 line of roof—front 
elevation in 1; Lan “oriel’’ window; J sash 
bars insersecting ; K detail of sash bar. 


THE END. 


296 


¢ 
Nita Fs 
bt 
a mis af. 
bors 
etek 
rae 


. 
x 


—— ° >. Se atiL~= ta Lermsatat ie te 


oh - . a So hie pf oto 
. eo VY oe ea ge 7a 
“ - P ¥ 
~~“ . ~ P ” - = + - 
- ore Sn — - . ~ S ? 
——EEEa ’ - ~ 2 . 
oh M . : i. P 2 : . 
—{S " . : = 
— s 4 ai Thal - - ~ 
* > **s . a - - ~ - 
~ * -* a = - >» - = <= he oo 
“ - * « . 
SS ee * o -* ~ ; ye ~ - — 


| 


UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA 


HL 


0112 052545842 


